Physics 221 Sec.

500 Optical and Thermal Physics Spring 2017

Instructor: Ed Fry

Office: MPHY 576A; Phone: 845-1910; E-mail: [email protected]

Office Hours: Tu 4:00 pm - 6:00 pm; W 3:30 pm - 4:30 pm

Text: University Physics, H. D. Young and R. A. Freedman (14th edition)

Course ID Code: fry06223

Grading: Exams (I-III:50%, Final: 25%) Homework 11%; Quizzes 14%

Assignments: Homework is assigned at MasteringPhysics and must be completed by

midnight Mondays (none due on Monday after exams). No delays will be accepted.
The best two of the three exams will be counted. There will be 10 short (10 minute)
quizzes per semester. A quiz will test the basic understanding of the material. Out of
the 10 quizzes, the best 7 quizzes will be counted. Frequently, a quiz will be given at
the end of a chapter, but that will not always be the case.
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Course ID: fry06223

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 Chapter 14

Periodic Motion
 Many kinds of motion (such as a
pendulum, musical vibrations, and pistons
in car engines) repeat themselves.

We call such behavior periodic motion or oscillation.

What causes periodic motion?
If a body attached to a spring is
displaced from its equilibrium
position, the spring exerts a
restoring force on it, which tends
to restore the object to the
equilibrium position. This force
causes oscillation of the system,
or periodic motion.
Characteristics of periodic motion
!  The amplitude, A, is the maximum magnitude of displacement
from equilibrium.

!  The period, T, is the time for one cycle.

!  The frequency, f, is the number of cycles per unit time: f =1/T.

!  The angular frequency, ω, is 2π times the frequency: ω = 2πf.

!  The frequency and period are reciprocals of each other:

f = 1/T and T = 1/f.
When x>0, both the force and acceleration are to the left (negative) - regardless of the
direction of v.

When x<0, both the force and acceleration are to the right (positive) - regardless of the
direction of v.
Simple harmonic motion (SHM)
!  When the restoring force is directly proportional to the displacement from
equilibrium, the resulting motion is called simple harmonic motion (SHM).
!  An ideal spring obeys Hooke’s law, so the restoring force is Fx = – kx,
which results in simple harmonic motion.
!  Fx = m ax= md2x/dt2 = –k x ax= d2x/dt2 = –(k/m) x
Simple harmonic motion viewed as a projection

Simple harmonic motion is the projection of uniform circular motion

onto a diameter.

θ = ωt
x =A cos θ = A cos ωt
x =A cos θ = A cos ωt

= ωA

vx = – ω A sin ωt aQ= ω2A

ax = – ω2A cosθ = – ω2x

For a spring, ax= – (k/m) x
k
ω2 = m k
ω= m
Characteristics of SHM
For a body that is vibrating via an ideal spring: F= –k x = m ax= ω 2 x
k
ω= m f=ω = 1 m
k T = 1 = 2ωπ = 2π m
2π 2π f k
The force the spring exerts
is 6.0 N to the left.

Fx −6.0 N
k = − = −
x 0.03 m
= 200 kg /s2

k 200 kg /s2
ω= m=
0.50 kg
= 20 radians/s

ω 20 rad /s 1 1
f= = = 3.2 cycle/s= 3.2 Hz T= = = 0.31 s/cycle
2π 2π rad /cycle f 3.2 cycle/s
Displacement as a function of time in SHM

x =A cos ωt

k m
ω= m T = 2π
k

Changing m, A, or k changes the graph of x versus t

Graphs of displacement, velocity, and acceleration
!  The displacement as a function of !  The graphs below show x, vx , and ax
time for SHM with phase angle ϕ is for ϕ = π/3.
x = Acos(ω t + ϕ).
!  The velocity is
dx/dt = vx= -Aω sin (ω t + ϕ).
!  And the acceleration is
d2x/dt2 = ax = -Aω 2 cos (ω t + ϕ)
=-ω 2x.
Behavior of vx and ax during one cycle

How vx and ax vary during

one cycle.

Fx = –k x  

Fx = m ax= md2x/dt2 = –k x
ax= d2x/dt2 = –(k/m) x
vx= dx/dt
Energy in SHM
The kinetic energy K.E. = K = 1/2 mvx2
The potential energy P.E.= U =1/2 kx2

x(t) = Acos(ωt + ϕ).

vx (t) = − ωA sin (ωt + ϕ).

The total mechanical energy E = K + U is conserved in SHM:

1 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2
K.E. = mv x (t) = mω A sin (ω t+ φ ) = kA sin (ω t + φ )
2 2 2
1 2 1 2
P.E. = kx (t) = kA cos2 (ω t + φ )
2 2

E = 1/2 mvx2 + 1/2 kx2 = 1/2 kA2 = constant

 The total mechanical energy E = K + U is conserved in SHM:
E = 1/2 mvx2 + 1/2 kx2 = 1/2 kA2 = constant
1 2π 4π
x(t) = Acos(ωt + ϕ) → − A ⇒ ωt +φ = , ,...
2 3 3
3 3
vx (t) = − ωA sin (ωt + ϕ) ⇒ vx = − ωA sin (2π/ 3) = −ω A =− v max
4 4
3 3
vx = − ωA sin (4π/ 3) = +ω A =+ v max
4 4

X
Energy diagrams for SHM
1 2 1 2 2
P.E. = kA cos2 (ω t + φ ) K.E. = kA sin (ω t + φ )
2 2

Suppose the total mechanical energy is half

kinetic and half potential at time t' and
position x':
1 2 1 1 1
kA cos2 (ω t' + φ ) = kA2 2
cos (ω t' + φ ) = x' = Acos(ω t' + φ ) = ± A
2 4 2 2
Summary of SHM
k
ω= m
F = – kx

f=ω = 1 m
k T = 1 = 2ωπ = 2π m
2π 2π f k
x(t) = Acos(ω t + ϕ)
x0= x(0) = Acos(ϕ)
dx
v x (t) = = −ω Asin(ω t + φ )
dt
v 0x = v x (0) = −ω Asin(φ )

dv x d2x k F
ax (t) = = = −ω 2 Acos(ω t + φ ) = −ω 2 x(t) = − x(t) =
dt dt 2 m m
1 1 1
K.E. = mv x2 (t) = m ω 2 A2 sin 2 (ω t + φ ) = kA2 sin 2 (ω t + φ )
2 2 2
1 2 1
P.E. = kx (t) = kA2 cos2 (ω t + φ )
2 2
Energy and momentum in SHM

1 2 1 k
E1 = kA1 = Mv12 v1 = A
2 2 M 1
Momentum M
Mv1 = ( M + m) v 2 v2 = v1
conservation: M +m
2
1 2 1 M 2 M ⎛1 2⎞ M
E2 = ( M + m) v 2 = v1 = ⎜ Mv 1⎟ = E1
2 2 M +m M + m⎝ 2 ⎠ M +m
1 2 M ⎛ M ⎞1 2
E2 = kA2 = E1 = ⎜ ⎟ kA1
2 M +m ⎝ M + m⎠ 2

M 1 k
A2 = A1 f2 =
M +m 2π M +m
Energy and momentum in SHM

Amplitude does not change ⇒ Total energy does not change

1 k
f2 =
2π M +m

k k
v1 = A1 v2 = A1
M m+ M