TMR Differential Protecon

DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION IN TRANSFORMERS
Category: Power System, Switchgear Protection, Transformer Protection
The differential protection used for transformers is based on the principle of current circulation.
This type of protection is mostly used for transformers as this responds not only to inter turn
fault but also provides protection against phase-to-phase faults. Following are the complicated
features in transformers and there remedial measures:
1. In a power transformer, the currents in primary and

secondary are to be compared.
As these two currents are usually different, therefore the use of identical tr4ansformers
will give differential current and operate the relay even under no load conditions. The difference
in magnitude of currents in primary and secondary of power transformers is compensated by
different turns ratios of C.T.s. If T is the turn’s ratio of power transformer, then the turns ration
of C.T.s on lv side is made T times the turn’s ration of the C.T.s on hv side. When this condition
is fulfilled the secondaries of the two C.T.s will carry same current under normal conditions. And
thus no current will flow through the relay and it remains inoperative.
2. There is usually a phase difference between the

primary and secondary currents of a
3-phase power transformer. Even if C.T.s of proper transformation ratios are used, a differential
current will flow through the relay under normal condition and cause relay operation. The
correction for phase difference is effected by appropriate connections of C.T.s. the C.T.s on one
side of the power transformer are connected in such a way that the resultant current fed into the
pilot wires are displaced in phase from the individual phase currents in the same direction as, and
by an angle equal to, the phase shift between the power transformers primary and secondary
currents. The table below shows the type of connections to be employed for C.T.s in order to
compensate for the phase difference in the primary and secondary currents of power transformer
SL.NO POWER TRANSFORMER CURRENT TRANSFORMER
CONNECTIONS CONNECTIONS
PRIMARY SECONDARY PRIMARY SECONDARY
1 Star with Delta Delta Star

neutral
2 earthed Delta Star Star
3 Delta Star with Delta Delta

neutral
4 Star earthed Star Delta
Delta Star with

neutral
earthed
1. Another factor, which has to be considered, is the

inrush of magnetizing current.
When the transformer is switched to supply the magnetizing current may assume very high
values momentarily and may cause operation of the relay even though they are transient. This
can be avoided by using relays with time delay characteristics.
Fig 8 shows the differential protection for transformer. In this the power transformer is delta-
star connected. On delta side the C.T.s are connected in star and on the star side the C.T.s are
connected in delta as in fig. Under normal working conditions the circulating currents caused
by the primary and secondary load current in the relay circuit will balance; but under fault
conditions the balance will no longer be there and the relay will be energized to trip the circuit
breakers on the primary and secondary side
In order to understand the phase difference in the two sides consider fig 8. The primary is
connected in delta and the set of current transformers CT1 is connected in star, while the
secondary is connected in star and the set of current transformers CT2 is connected in delta.
Fig 9 illustrates the vector diagram in reference to primary and secondary sides of current
transformer. In fig 9.a IRP, IYP and IBP are the phase currents in the primary side, while IR is
the line current on the same side in line R as shown in fig 9.a, the corresponding secondary
current of current transformers CT1 on the primary side is in
phase with IR and is represented as IRS in fig 9.b. the current in the secondary side of the power
transformer is represented as IR, IY and IB in fig 9.c, the phase current in the secondary winding
of the current transformers CT2 is represented as I’R, I’Y and I’B in fig 9.d. the current in pilot
wire of CT2 is represented as IRS. Now when we consider fig 9.b and 9.d its clear that the
currents in the pilot wires are in phase.
In order to understand the phase difference in the two sides consider fig 8. The primary is
connected in delta and the set of current transformers CT1 is connected in star, while the
secondary is connected in star and the set of current transformers CT2 is connected in delta.
Fig 9 illustrates the vector diagram in reference to primary and secondary sides of current
transformer. In fig 9.a IRP, IYP and IBP are the phase currents in the primary side, while IR is
the line current on the same side in line R as shown in fig 9.a, the corresponding secondary
current of current transformers CT1 on the primary side is in
phase with IR and is represented as IRS in fig 9.b. the current in the secondary side of the power
transformer is represented as IR, IY and IB in fig 9.c, the phase current in the secondary winding
of the current transformers CT2 is represented as I’R, I’Y and I’B in fig 9.d. the current in pilot
wire of CT2 is represented as IRS. Now when we consider fig 9.b and 9.d its clear that the
currents in the pilot wires are in phase.

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DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION IN TRANSFORMERS

Category: Power System, Switchgear Protection, Transformer Protection

1. In a power transformer, the currents in primary and

2. There is usually a phase difference between the

1 Star with Delta Delta Star

3 Delta Star with Delta Delta

Delta Star with

1. Another factor, which has to be considered, is the

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