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Engineering Thermodynamics Introduction and Basic Concepts

This document provides an overview of an engineering thermodynamics lecture. It introduces basic concepts like open and closed systems, state, heat, work, and processes. It also covers the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics, units of measurement, system properties, and temperature scales. Recommended textbooks are listed for further reading on thermodynamics principles.

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123 views16 pages

Engineering Thermodynamics Introduction and Basic Concepts

This document provides an overview of an engineering thermodynamics lecture. It introduces basic concepts like open and closed systems, state, heat, work, and processes. It also covers the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics, units of measurement, system properties, and temperature scales. Recommended textbooks are listed for further reading on thermodynamics principles.

Uploaded by

HassanKM
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Engineering Thermodynamics

Lecture 1
Introduction and Basic Concepts
Module Overview
- This part of EG1101 deals with thermodynamics.
- We will investigate thermodynamic concepts of
open and closed systems, state, heat, work,
process.
- We will learn about the Zeroth Law and First Law
of Thermodynamics.
- We will learn how to use energy analysis for
open and closed systems.
Recommended Reading
- “Thermodynamics - An Engineering Approach” - Cengel,
Boles, McGraw-Hill Publication
- “Thermodynamics for Engineers” – MC Potter, CW
Somerton, McGraw-Hill Education (Shaum’s outlines)
- “Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics” – M. J.
Moran, H. N. Shapiro, Wiley
- “Fundamentals of thermodynamics” – C. Borgnakke, R.
E. Sonntag, Wiley
- The Internet can be a useful research tool, but should be
used with caution!
Thermodynamics
• Thermodynamics is concerned with the science of energy focusing
on energy storage and energy conversion processes; therme (heat)
+ dynamis (power);
• Energy: Is the ability to cause change.
• Conservation of energy principle: During an interaction, energy can
change from one form to another but the total amount of energy
remains constant. Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
• Engineering thermodynamics deals with systems and how they
interact with their surrounding.
Thermodynamics
• The first law of thermodynamics: An expression of the conservation
of energy principle. The first law asserts that energy is a
thermodynamic property.
• The second law of thermodynamics: It asserts that energy has
quality as well as quantity, and actual processes occur in the
direction of decreasing quality of energy.
• Classical thermodynamics: A macroscopic approach to the study of
thermodynamics that does not require a knowledge of the behaviour
of individual particles.
• Statistical thermodynamics: A microscopic approach, based on the
average behaviour of large groups of individual particles.
Units
• Any physical quantity can be characterized by dimensions.
• The magnitudes assigned to the dimensions are called units.
• Some basic dimensions such as: mass m, length L, time t, and
temperature T are selected as primary or fundamental
dimensions, while others (velocity, energy, volume) are
secondary dimensions, or derived dimensions.
• Metric SI system: A simple and logical system based on a
decimal relationship between the various units.
• All non-primary units (secondary units) can be formed by
combinations of primary units.
System and control volumes
• System: A quantity of matter or a region in space chosen for study.
• Surroundings: The mass or region outside the system
• Boundary: The real or imaginary surface that separates the system
from its surroundings.
• The boundary of a system can be fixed or movable.
• Systems may be considered to be closed or open. (Example)
Properties of a system
• Property: Any characteristic of a system.
• Some familiar properties are pressure P, temperature T,
volume V, and mass m.
• Properties are considered to be either intensive or extensive.
• Intensive properties: Those that are independent of the mass
of a system, such as temperature, pressure, and density.
• Extensive properties: Those whose values depend on the
size - or extent - of the system.
• Specific properties: Extensive properties per unit mass.
State and equilibrium
• Thermodynamics deals with equilibrium states. At a given state all
the properties of system have fixed values.
• Equilibrium: A state of balance. In an equilibrium state there are no
unbalanced potentials (or driving forces) within the system.
• Thermal equilibrium: If the temperature is the same throughout the
entire system.
• Mechanical equilibrium: If there is no change in pressure at any
point of the system with time.
• Phase equilibrium: If a system involves two phases and when the
mass of each phase reaches an equilibrium level and stays there.
• Chemical equilibrium: If the chemical composition of a system does
not change with time, that is, no chemical reactions occur.
State postulate
• The number of properties required to
fix the state of a system is given by
the state postulate:
The state of a simple
compressible system is
completely specified by two
independent, intensive
properties.
• Simple compressible system: If a
system involves no electrical, The state of nitrogen is
fixed by two independent,
magnetic, gravitational, motion, and intensive properties.
surface tension effects.
Processes and cycles
• Process: Any change that a system undergoes from one equilibrium state to
another. (Example)
• Path: The series of states through which a system passes during a process.
• To describe a process completely, one should specify the initial and final
states, as well as the path it follows, and the interactions with the
surroundings.
• Quasistatic or quasi-equilibrium process: When a process proceeds in
such a manner that the system remains infinitesimally close to an equilibrium
state at all times.
Processes and cycles
• Isothermal process: A process
during which the temperature T
remains constant.
• Isobaric process: A process during
which the pressure P remains
constant.
• Isochoric process: A process during
which the specific volume v remains
constant.
• Cycle: A process during which the
initial and final states are identical. The P-V diagram of a
compression process.
Temperature and the Zeroth Law of
Thermodynamics

• The zeroth law of thermodynamics: If two bodies


are in thermal equilibrium with a third body, they
are also in thermal equilibrium with each other.
• By replacing the third body with a thermometer,
the zeroth law can be restated as two bodies are
in thermal equilibrium if both have the same
temperature reading even if they are not in
contact.
Temperature scale
• All temperature scales are based on some
easily reproducible states such as the
freezing and boiling points of water: the ice
point and the steam point.

• Ice point: A mixture of ice and water that is in


equilibrium with air saturated with vapour at 1
atm pressure (0°C).

• Steam point: A mixture of liquid water and


water vapour (with no air) in equilibrium at 1
atm pressure (100°C).

• Celsius scale, Kelvin scale: in SI unit


system

• Thermodynamic temperature scale: A


temperature scale that is independent of the
properties of any substance.
Pressure
• Absolute pressure: The actual pressure at a given position. It is
measured relative to absolute vacuum (i.e., absolute zero pressure).
• Gage pressure: The difference between the absolute pressure and
the local atmospheric pressure. Most pressure-measuring devices
are calibrated to read zero in the atmosphere, and so they indicate
gage pressure.
• Vacuum pressures: Pressures below atmospheric pressure.
Summary
• In this lecture:
• You have been introduced to the
thermodynamics part of EG1101
• You have learnt basic concepts of
thermodynamics
• You have been introduced to the Zeroth Law of
Thermodynamics
• You have learnt about processes and cycles

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