This document discusses sampling and aliasing concepts including:
1) Sampling is the conversion of a continuous signal to a discrete signal by extracting values at points in time.
2) The sampling theorem states a signal can be reconstructed if sampled at twice its highest frequency.
3) Aliasing occurs if sampling is below the Nyquist rate and different frequencies appear as the same signal.
This document discusses sampling and aliasing concepts including:
1) Sampling is the conversion of a continuous signal to a discrete signal by extracting values at points in time.
2) The sampling theorem states a signal can be reconstructed if sampled at twice its highest frequency.
3) Aliasing occurs if sampling is below the Nyquist rate and different frequencies appear as the same signal.
This document discusses sampling and aliasing concepts including:
1) Sampling is the conversion of a continuous signal to a discrete signal by extracting values at points in time.
2) The sampling theorem states a signal can be reconstructed if sampled at twice its highest frequency.
3) Aliasing occurs if sampling is below the Nyquist rate and different frequencies appear as the same signal.
This document discusses sampling and aliasing concepts including:
1) Sampling is the conversion of a continuous signal to a discrete signal by extracting values at points in time.
2) The sampling theorem states a signal can be reconstructed if sampled at twice its highest frequency.
3) Aliasing occurs if sampling is below the Nyquist rate and different frequencies appear as the same signal.
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LAB # 10
SAMPLING AND ALIASING
OBJECTIVE:
To study the relationship between discrete-time and continuous time signals by examining sampling and aliasing.
1. SAMPLING: In signal processing, sampling is the reduction of a continuous-time signal to a discrete-time signal. A common example is the conversion of a sound wave (a continuous signal) to a sequence of samples (a discrete-time signal). A sample is a value or set of values at a point in time and/or space. A sampler is a subsystem or operation that extracts samples from a continuous signal. 2. THE SAMPLING THEORM
“A continuous time signal x (t) with frequencies no higher than Fmax can be reconstructed exactly from its samples x[n] = x (n Ts), if the samples are taken at a rate Fs = 1 / Ts that is greater than 2Fmax” Fs ≥ 2Fmax The minimum sampling rate of 2Fmax is called the Nyquist Rate .From Sampling theorem it follows that the reconstruction of a sinusoid is possible if we have at least 2 samples per period. If we don’t sample at a rate that satisfies the sampling theorem then aliasing occurs
3. CONCEPT OF ALIASING
Consider the general formula for a discrete time sinusoid X = cos ( ŵ π n + Ф ). Now consider x1 = cos ( 0.1 π n ) , x2 = cos ( 2.1 π n ) and x3 = cos ( 1.9 π n ) apparently with different values of “ ŵ ”. If we display the graph of these 3 signals over the range n = 0:40 then we see that all the above 3 signals are equivalent.
4. SAMPLING OF A SINUSOIDAL SIGNAL
In this project you will investigate the sampling of a continuous-time sinusoidal signal xa(t) at various sampling rates. Since MATLAB cannot strictly generate a continuoustime signal, you will generate a sequence {xa(nTH)} from xa(t) by sampling it at a very high rate, 1/TH, such that the samples are very close to each other. A plot of xa(nTH) using the plot command will then look like a continuous-time signal. 5. ALIASING EFFECT IN THE FREQUENCY DOMAIN
The relation between the continuous-time Fourier transform (CTFT) of an arbitrary band limited continuous-time signal and the discrete-time Fourier transform (DTFT) of the discrete-time signal is investigated next in this project. In order to convert a continuous-time signal xa(t) into an equivalent discrete-time signal x[n], the former must be band-limited in the frequency domain (see R5.2). To illustrate the effect of sampling in the frequency domain we choose an exponentially decaying continuous-time signal with a CTFT that is approximately band limited. 6. UPSAMPLING AND DOWNSAMPLING:
UPSAMPLING:
“Up sampling” is the process of inserting zero-valued samples between original samples to increase the sampling rate. (This is called “zero-stuffing”.) Up sampling adds to the original signal undesired spectral images which are centered on multiples of the original sampling rate. clc clear all close all N=6; U=2; f=50;
“decimation” is the process of reducing the sampling rate. In practice, this usually implies low pass-filtering a signal, then throwing away some of its samples. ACTIVITY:
Q1. Run the codes described in section 3, 4 and 5.
Q2. Write a Program for up sampling an exponential sequence by a factor M
