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Advances in Reactor Measurement and Control - McMillan - TOC

This document is a table of contents for a book titled "Advances in Reactor Measurement and Control" by Gregory K. McMillan. The book covers topics such as system dynamics, inferential measurements, reactor characterization, reaction kinetics, and reactor control systems. It includes 6 chapters and 6 appendices on these subjects, with subsections detailing specific concepts and methods within each topic area.

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100% found this document useful (1 vote)
558 views4 pages

Advances in Reactor Measurement and Control - McMillan - TOC

This document is a table of contents for a book titled "Advances in Reactor Measurement and Control" by Gregory K. McMillan. The book covers topics such as system dynamics, inferential measurements, reactor characterization, reaction kinetics, and reactor control systems. It includes 6 chapters and 6 appendices on these subjects, with subsections detailing specific concepts and methods within each topic area.

Uploaded by

nadjib62
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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McMillan-ARCM2015.

book Page iii Thursday, October 16, 2014 12:12 PM

Advances in Reactor
Measurement and
Control
by Gregory K. McMillan
McMillan-ARCM2015.book Page vii Thursday, October 16, 2014 12:12 PM

Contents

Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi

1 – System Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1-1. Sources of Loop Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.1.1 Dead Times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.1.2 Time Constants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.1.3 Open Loop Gains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1-2. Types of Process Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.2.1 Self-Regulating Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.2.2 Integrating Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.2.3 Runaway Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1-3. Controller Tuning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.3.1 Lambda Tuning for Self-Regulating Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
1.3.2 Lambda Tuning for Integrating Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
1.3.3 Lambda Tuning for Runaway Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
1.3.4 Short Cut Method Tuning for Self-Regulating Processes . . . . . . . 35
1.3.5 Short Cut Method Tuning for Integrating Processes . . . . . . . . . . . 36
1.3.6 Short Cut Method Tuning for Runaway Processes. . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
1.3.7 Maximizing Absorption of Variability Tuning
for Surge Tank Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
1.3.8 Window of Allowable Controller Gains. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
1-4. Loop Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
1.4.1 Load Disturbance Accumulated Error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
1.4.2 Load Disturbance Peak Error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
1.4.3 Load Disturbance Lag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
1.4.4 Setpoint Response Rise Time, Overshoot, and Undershoot . . . . . 55

2 – Inferential Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
2-1. Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2-2. Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
2-3. Batch End Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
2-4. Multivariate Statistical Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
2-5. Step Response Models. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
2-6. First Principle Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

vii
McMillan-ARCM2015.book Page viii Thursday, October 16, 2014 12:12 PM

viii Advances in Reactor Measurement and Control

3 – Reactor Characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
3-1. Classification of Dynamic Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
3-2. Residence Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
3-3. Control Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
3-4. Pure Batch versus Fed-Batch versus Continuous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

4 – Reaction Kinetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113


4-1. Reaction Rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
4.1.1 Temperature Implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
4.1.2 Concentration Implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
4-2. Reaction Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
4.2.1 Batch Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
4.2.2 Continuous Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
4-3. Chemical Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
4-4. Biological Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

5 – Reactor Control Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133


5-1. Single Phase Chemical Reactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
5-2. Mixed Phase Chemical Reactors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
5-3. Acid and Base Chemical Reactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
5-4. Yeast Bioreactors (Fermenters) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
5-5. Fungal Bioreactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
5-6. Bacterial Bioreactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
5-7. Mammalian Bioreactors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
5-8. Biological Fed-Batch Profile Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

6 – Cooling and Heating Control Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175


6-1. Jacket and Coil Temperature Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
6-2. Process Recirculation Temperature Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

Appendix A – Top Ten Concepts in Automation


System Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
McMillan-ARCM2015.book Page ix Thursday, October 16, 2014 12:12 PM

Contents ix

Appendix B – Basics of PID Controllers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

Appendix C – Control Loop Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

Appendix D – Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

Appendix E – Enhanced PID Analyzer Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253

Appendix F – First Principle Process Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303

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