Table of Contents

About the Author .................................................................................................................. 1

Acknowledgments................................................................................................................. 2
Preface..................................................................................................................................... 3
Chapter 1: Algebra Fundamentals..................................................................................... 4
Review of Real Numbers and Absolute Value ............................................................................................. 5
Operations with Real Numbers................................................................................................................... 35
Square and Cube Roots of Real Numbers................................................................................................... 68
Algebraic Expressions and Formulas ......................................................................................................... 95
Rules of Exponents and Scientific Notation ............................................................................................ 125
Polynomials and Their Operations........................................................................................................... 158
Solving Linear Equations........................................................................................................................... 195
Solving Linear Inequalities with One Variable ....................................................................................... 232
Review Exercises and Sample Exam......................................................................................................... 261
Chapter 2: Graphing Functions and Inequalities ....................................................... 281
Relations, Graphs, and Functions ............................................................................................................. 282
Linear Functions and Their Graphs.......................................................................................................... 325
Modeling Linear Functions ....................................................................................................................... 367
Graphing the Basic Functions ................................................................................................................... 400
Using Transformations to Graph Functions............................................................................................ 434
Solving Absolute Value Equations and Inequalities ............................................................................... 475
Solving Inequalities with Two Variables ................................................................................................. 512
Review Exercises and Sample Exam......................................................................................................... 545
Chapter 3: Solving Linear Systems................................................................................ 580
Linear Systems with Two Variables and Their Solutions ...................................................................... 581
Solving Linear Systems with Two Variables ........................................................................................... 610
Applications of Linear Systems with Two Variables .............................................................................. 647
Solving Linear Systems with Three Variables ........................................................................................ 675
Matrices and Gaussian Elimination.......................................................................................................... 704
Determinants and Cramer’s Rule ............................................................................................................. 735
Solving Systems of Inequalities with Two Variables.............................................................................. 766
Review Exercises and Sample Exam......................................................................................................... 796

iii
Chapter 4: Polynomial and Rational Functions .......................................................... 818
Algebra of Functions.................................................................................................................................. 819
Factoring Polynomials............................................................................................................................... 853
Factoring Trinomials ................................................................................................................................. 889
Solve Polynomial Equations by Factoring ............................................................................................... 923
Rational Functions: Multiplication and Division .................................................................................... 956
Rational Functions: Addition and Subtraction ....................................................................................... 986
Solving Rational Equations ..................................................................................................................... 1018
Applications and Variation ..................................................................................................................... 1051
Review Exercises and Sample Exam....................................................................................................... 1088
Chapter 5: Radical Functions and Equations ............................................................ 1111
Roots and Radicals ................................................................................................................................... 1112
Simplifying Radical Expressions............................................................................................................. 1149
Adding and Subtracting Radical Expressions ....................................................................................... 1179
Multiplying and Dividing Radical Expressions ..................................................................................... 1202
Rational Exponents .................................................................................................................................. 1239
Solving Radical Equations ....................................................................................................................... 1266
Complex Numbers and Their Operations .............................................................................................. 1302
Review Exercises and Sample Exam....................................................................................................... 1332
Chapter 6: Solving Equations and Inequalities......................................................... 1353
Extracting Square Roots and Completing the Square .......................................................................... 1354
Quadratic Formula ................................................................................................................................... 1390
Solving Equations Quadratic in Form .................................................................................................... 1421
Quadratic Functions and Their Graphs.................................................................................................. 1450
Solving Quadratic Inequalities ............................................................................................................... 1493
Solving Polynomial and Rational Inequalities ...................................................................................... 1524
Review Exercises and Sample Exam....................................................................................................... 1548
Chapter 7: Exponential and Logarithmic Functions................................................ 1568
Composition and Inverse Functions ...................................................................................................... 1569
Exponential Functions and Their Graphs.............................................................................................. 1605
Logarithmic Functions and Their Graphs ............................................................................................. 1639
Properties of the Logarithm ................................................................................................................... 1675
Solving Exponential and Logarithmic Equations ................................................................................. 1701
Applications.............................................................................................................................................. 1735
Review Exercises and Sample Exam....................................................................................................... 1765

iv
 About the Author
John Redden

John Redden earned his degrees at California State University–Northridge and

Glendale Community College. He is now a professor of mathematics at the College of
the Sequoias, located in Visalia, California. With over a decade of experience
working with students to develop their algebra skills, he knows just where they
struggle and how to present complex techniques in more understandable ways. His
student-friendly and commonsense approach carries over to his writing of
Intermediate Algebra and various other open-source learning resources.

Author site: http://edunettech.blogspot.com/

1
 Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

1.5 Rules of Exponents and Scientific Notation

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Review the rules of exponents.

2. Review the definition of negative exponents and zero as an exponent.
3. Work with numbers using scientific notation.

Review of the Rules of Exponents

In this section, we review the rules of exponents. Recall that if a factor is repeated
multiple times, then the product can be written in exponential form x n . The
positive integer exponent n indicates the number of times the base x is repeated as
a factor.

Consider the product of x 4 and x 6 ,

Expanding the expression using the definition produces multiple factors of the base
which is quite cumbersome, particularly when n is large. For this reason, we have
useful rules to help us simplify expressions with exponents. In this example, notice
that we could obtain the same result by adding the exponents.

x 4 ⋅ x 6 = x 4+6 = x 10 Product rule f or exponents

In general, this describes the product rule for exponents103. In other words, when

this to raising a factor involving an exponent to a power, such as (x 6 ) .

103. x m ⋅ x n = x m+n; the multiplying two expressions with the same base we add the exponents. Compare
4
product of two expressions
with the same base can be
simplified by adding the
exponents.

125
 Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Here we have 4 factors of x 6 , which is equivalent to multiplying the exponents.

(x ) = x = x Power rule f or exponents

6 4
6⋅4 24

This describes the power rule for exponents104. Now we consider raising grouped
products to a power. For example,

(x y ) = x y ⋅ x y ⋅ x y ⋅ x y
2 3 4 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3

= x 2 ⋅ x 2 ⋅ x 2 ⋅ x 2 ⋅ y3 ⋅ y3 ⋅ y3 ⋅ y3 Commutative property
= x 2+2+2+2 ⋅ y 3+3+3+3
= x 8 y 12

After expanding, we are left with four factors of the product x 2 y 3 . This is
equivalent to raising each of the original grouped factors to the fourth power and
applying the power rule.

(x y ) = (x ) (y ) = x y
2 34 2 4 3 48 12

In general, this describes the use of the power rule for a product as well as the
power rule for exponents. In summary, the rules of exponents streamline the
process of working with algebraic expressions and will be used extensively as we
n
104. (x m ) = x mn ; a power move through our study of algebra. Given any positive integers m and n where
raised to a power can be
simplified by multiplying the
x, y ≠ 0 we have
exponents.

1.5 Rules of Exponents and Scientific Notation 126

 Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Product rule for exponents: x m ⋅ x n = x m+n

m
Quotient rule for exponents: x n = x m−n
x

Power rule for exponents: (x m )n = x m⋅n

(xy) = x y
n n n
Power rule for a product:

(y ) =
n
x xn
Power rule for a quotient: yn

105

106

These rules allow us to efficiently perform operations with exponents.

105. (xy) = x n y n; if a product

n

is raised to a power, then apply

that power to each factor in
the product.

(y ) =
n
x xn
106. y n ; if a quotient is
raised to a power, then apply
that power to the numerator
and the denominator.

1.5 Rules of Exponents and Scientific Notation 127

Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Example 1
4 12
Simplify: 10 ⋅10
3
.
10

Solution:

104 ⋅ 1012 1016

= Product rule
103 103
= 1016−3 Quotient rule
13
= 10

Answer: 1013

In the previous example, notice that we did not multiply the base 10 times itself.
When applying the product rule, add the exponents and leave the base unchanged.

1.5 Rules of Exponents and Scientific Notation 128

Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Example 2

Simplify: (x 5 ⋅ x 4 ⋅ x) .
2

Solution:

Recall that the variable x is assumed to have an exponent of one, x = x 1 .

(x ⋅ x ⋅ x) = (x )
5 4 2 5+4+1 2

= (x 10 )
2

= x 10⋅2
= x 20

Answer: x 20

The base could in fact be any algebraic expression.

1.5 Rules of Exponents and Scientific Notation 129

Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Example 3

Simplify: (x + y) (x + y) .
9 13

Solution:

Treat the expression (x + y) as the base.

(x + y) (x + y) = (x + y)
9 13 9+13

= (x + y)
22

Answer: (x + y)
22

The commutative property of multiplication allows us to use the product rule for
exponents to simplify factors of an algebraic expression.

1.5 Rules of Exponents and Scientific Notation 130

Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Example 4

Simplify: −8x 5 y ⋅ 3x 7 y 3 .

Solution:

Multiply the coefficients and add the exponents of variable factors with the
same base.

−8x 5 y ⋅ 3x 7 y 3 = −8 ⋅ 3 ⋅ x 5 ⋅ x 7 ⋅ y 1 ⋅ y 3 Commutative property

= − 24 ⋅ x 5+7 ⋅ y 1+3 Power rule f or exponents
= −24x 12 y 4

Answer: −24x 12 y 4

Division involves the quotient rule for exponents.

1.5 Rules of Exponents and Scientific Notation 131

Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Example 5

33x 7 y 5 (x−y)
10

.
11x 6 y(x−y)
Simplify: 3

Solution:

33x 7 y 5 (x − y)
⋅ x 7−6 ⋅ y 5−1 ⋅ (x − y)
10
33 10−3

11x 6 y(x − y)
=
3 11

= 3x 1 y 4 (x − y)
7

Answer: 3xy 4 (x − y)
7

The power rule for a quotient allows us to apply that exponent to the numerator
and denominator. This rule requires that the denominator is nonzero and so we will
make this assumption for the remainder of the section.

1.5 Rules of Exponents and Scientific Notation 132

Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Example 6

Simplify: ( −4a4 b ) .
2 3
c

Solution:

First apply the power rule for a quotient and then the power rule for a product.

(−4a b)
2 3 3

( c4 )
−4a2 b
(c4 )
= 3
Power rule f or a quotient

(−4)3 (a2 ) (b)

3 3

( )
= 3
Power rule f or a product
c4
−64a6 b3
=
c12

6 3
Answer: − 64a12b
c

Using the quotient rule for exponents, we can define what it means to have zero as
an exponent. Consider the following calculation:

25 52
1= = 2 = 52−2 = 50
25 5

Twenty-five divided by twenty-five is clearly equal to one, and when the quotient
rule for exponents is applied, we see that a zero exponent results. In general, given
any nonzero real number x and integer n,

1.5 Rules of Exponents and Scientific Notation 133

 Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

xn
1= = x n−n = x 0
xn

This leads us to the definition of zero as an exponent107,

x0 = 1 x ≠ 0

It is important to note that 00 is indeterminate. If the base is negative, then the

result is still positive one. In other words, any nonzero base raised to the zero
power is defined to be equal to one. In the following examples assume all variables
are nonzero.

107. x 0 = 1 ; any nonzero base

raised to the 0 power is defined
to be 1.

1.5 Rules of Exponents and Scientific Notation 134

Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Example 7

Simplify:

a. (−2x)0
b. −2x 0

Solution:

a. Any nonzero quantity raised to the zero power is equal to 1.

(−2x)0 = 1

b. In the example, −2x 0 , the base is x, not −2x.

−2x 0 = −2 ⋅ x 0
= −2 ⋅ 1
= −2

Noting that 20 = 1 we can write,

1 20
3
= 3
= 20−3 = 2−3
2 2

In general, given any nonzero real number x and integer n,

1.5 Rules of Exponents and Scientific Notation 135

 Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

1 x0
= = x 0−n = x −n x ≠ 0
x n x n

This leads us to the definition of negative exponents108:

1
x −n = x≠0
xn

An expression is completely simplified if it does not contain any negative

exponents.

1
108. x −n = x n , given any integer
n, where x is nonzero.

1.5 Rules of Exponents and Scientific Notation 136

Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Example 8

Simplify: (−4x 2 y)
−2
.

Solution:

Rewrite the entire quantity in the denominator with an exponent of 2 and then
simplify further.

(−4x y) =
−2 1
(−4x 2 y)
2
2

1
(−4)2 (x 2 ) (y)
= 2 2

1
=
16x 4 y 2

1
Answer:
16x 4 y 2

Sometimes negative exponents appear in the denominator.

1.5 Rules of Exponents and Scientific Notation 137

 Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Example 9
−3
Simplify: x −4 .
y

Solution:

1
x −3 x3 1 y4 y4
= = 3 ⋅ = 3
y −4 1 x 1 x
y4

y4
Answer:
x3

The previous example suggests a property of quotients with negative

exponents109. Given any integers m and n where x ≠ 0 and y ≠ 0 , then

1
x −n xn 1 ym ym
= = n ⋅ = n
y −m 1 x 1 x
ym

This leads us to the property

x −n ym
=
y −m xn

x −n ym
109. y −m = x n , given any
integers m and n, where
x ≠ 0 and y ≠ 0.

1.5 Rules of Exponents and Scientific Notation 138

Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

In other words, negative exponents in the numerator can be written as positive

exponents in the denominator and negative exponents in the denominator can be
written as positive exponents in the numerator.

Example 10

−5x −3y 3
Simplify:
z −4
.

Solution:

exponent is actually positive one: −5 = (−5) . Hence, the rules of negative

Take care with the coefficient −5, recognize that this is the base and that the
1

exponents do not apply to this coefficient; leave it in the numerator.

−5x −3 y 3 −5 x −3 y 3
=
z −4 z −4
−5 y 3 z 4
=
x3

−5y 3 z 4
Answer:
x3

In summary, given integers m and n where x, y ≠ 0 we have

Zero exponent: x0 = 1

1
Negative exponent: x −n = xn

1.5 Rules of Exponents and Scientific Notation 139

 Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

x −n ym
Quotients with negative exponents:
y −m = xn

Furthermore, all of the rules of exponents defined so far extend to any integer
exponents. We will expand the scope of these properties to include any real number
exponents later in the course.

Try this! Simplify: ( z ) .

2x −2y 3 −4

x 8 z4
Answer:
16y 12

(click to see video)

Scientific Notation

Real numbers expressed using scientific notation110 have the form,

a × 10n

where n is an integer and 1 ≤ a < 10. This form is particularly useful when the
numbers are very large or very small. For example,

9,460,000,000,000,000 m = 9.46 × 1015 m One light year

0.000000000025 m = 2.5 × 10−11 m Radius of a hydrogen atom

It is cumbersome to write all the zeros in both of these cases. Scientific notation is
an alternative, compact representation of these numbers. The factor 10n indicates
the power of ten to multiply the coefficient by to convert back to decimal form:
110. Real numbers expressed the
n
form a × 10 , where n is an
integer and 1 ≤ a < 10.

1.5 Rules of Exponents and Scientific Notation 140

 Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

This is equivalent to moving the decimal in the coefficient fifteen places to the
right.

A negative exponent indicates that the number is very small:

This is equivalent to moving the decimal in the coefficient eleven places to the left.

Converting a decimal number to scientific notation involves moving the decimal as

well. Consider all of the equivalent forms of 0.00563 with factors of 10 that follow:

0.00563 = 0.0563 × 10−1

= 0.563 × 10−2
= 5.63 × 10−3
= 56.3 × 10−4
= 563 × 10−5

While all of these are equal, 5.63 × 10−3 is the only form expressed in correct
scientific notation. This is because the coefficient 5.63 is between 1 and 10 as
required by the definition. Notice that we can convert 5.63 × 10−3 back to decimal
form, as a check, by moving the decimal three places to the left.

111

xm
111. x n = x m−n; the quotient of
two expressions with the same
base can be simplified by
subtracting the exponents.

1.5 Rules of Exponents and Scientific Notation 141

Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Example 11

Write 1,075,000,000,000 using scientific notation.

Solution:

Here we count twelve decimal places to the left of the decimal point to obtain
the number 1.075.

1,075,000,000,000 = 1.075 × 1012

Answer: 1.075 × 1012

Example 12

Write 0.000003045 using scientific notation.

Solution:

Here we count six decimal places to the right to obtain 3.045.

0.000003045 = 3.045 × 10−6

Answer: 3.045 × 10−6

1.5 Rules of Exponents and Scientific Notation 142

Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Often we will need to perform operations when using numbers in scientific

notation. All the rules of exponents developed so far also apply to numbers in
scientific notation.

Example 13

Multiply: (4.36 × 10−5 ) (5.3 × 1012 ) .

Solution:

Use the fact that multiplication is commutative, and apply the product rule for
exponents.

(4.36 × 10 ) (5.30 × 10 ) = (4.36 ⋅ 5.30) × (10 ⋅ 10 )

−5 12 −5 12

= 23.108 × 10−5+12
= 2.3108 × 101 × 107
= 2.3108 × 101+7
= 2.3108 × 108

Answer: 2.3108 × 108

1.5 Rules of Exponents and Scientific Notation 143

Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Example 14

Divide: (3.24 × 108 ) ÷ (9.0 × 10 ) .

−3

Solution:

(3.24 × 10 )
8

( 9.0 ) ( 10−3 )
3.24 108
(9.0 × 10 )
= ×
−3

= 0.36 × 108−(−3)
= 0.36 × 108+3
= 3.6 × 10−1 × 1011
= 3.6 × 10−1+11
= 3.6 × 1010

Answer: 3.6 × 1010

1.5 Rules of Exponents and Scientific Notation 144

Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Example 15

The speed of light is approximately 6.7 × 108 miles per hour. Express this
speed in miles per second.

Solution:

A unit analysis indicates that we must divide the number by 3,600.

 1 hour   1 minutes 
⋅  ⋅

 
 60 seconds 
6.7 × 108 miles
 60 minutes   
6.7 × 108 miles per hour =
1 hour
6.7 × 108 miles
=
3600 seconds

( 3600 )
6.7
= × 108

≈ 0.0019 × 108 rounded to two signif icant digits

= 1.9 × 10−3 × 108
= 1.9 × 10−3+8
= 1.9 × 105

Answer: The speed of light is approximately 1.9 × 105 miles per second.

1.5 Rules of Exponents and Scientific Notation 145

Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Example 16

The Sun moves around the center of the galaxy in a nearly circular orbit. The
distance from the center of our galaxy to the Sun is approximately 26,000 light-
years. What is the circumference of the orbit of the Sun around the galaxy in
meters?

Solution:

One light-year measures 9.46 × 1015 meters. Therefore, multiply this by

26,000 or 2.60 × 104 to find the length of 26,000 light years in meters.

(9.46 × 10 ) (2.60 × 10 ) = 9.46 ⋅ 2.60 × 10 ⋅ 10

15 4 15 4

≈ 24.6 × 1019
= 2.46 × 101 ⋅ 1019
= 2.46 × 1020

The radius r of this very large circle is approximately 2.46 × 1020 meters. Use
the formula C = 2πr to calculate the circumference of the orbit.

C = 2πr
≈ 2 (3.14) (2.46 × 1020 )
= 15.4 × 1020
= 1.54 × 101 ⋅ 1020
= 1.54 × 1021

Answer: The circumference of the Sun’s orbit is approximately 1.54 × 1021

meters.

1.5 Rules of Exponents and Scientific Notation 146

Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Try this! Divide: (3.15 × 10−5 ) ÷ (12 × 10

−13
).

Answer: 2.625 × 107

(click to see video)

KEY TAKEAWAYS

• When multiplying two quantities with the same base, add exponents:
x m ⋅ x n = x m+n .
• When dividing two quantities with the same base, subtract exponents:
xm
xn = x m−n .
n
• When raising powers to powers, multiply exponents: (x m ) = x m⋅n .
• When a grouped quantity involving multiplication and division is raised

the denominator: (xy)

to a power, apply that power to all of the factors in the numerator and
= x n y n and ( xy ) =
n n
xn
yn .
• Any nonzero quantity raised to the 0 power is defined to be equal to 1:
x0 = 1.
• Expressions with negative exponents in the numerator can be rewritten
as expressions with positive exponents in the denominator:
1
x −n = xn .
• Expressions with negative exponents in the denominator can be
rewritten as expressions with positive exponents in the numerator:
1
x −m = xm .
• Take care to distinguish negative coefficients from negative exponents.
• Scientific notation is particularly useful when working with numbers
that are very large or very small.

1.5 Rules of Exponents and Scientific Notation 147

Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

TOPIC EXERCISES

PART A: RULES OF EXPONENTS

Simplify. (Assume all variables represent nonzero numbers.)

1. 10 4 ⋅ 10 7
2. 73 ⋅ 72
10 2 ⋅ 10 4
3.
10 5
75 ⋅ 79
4.
72
5. x3 ⋅ x2
6. y5 ⋅ y3
a8 ⋅ a6
7.
a5
b ⋅ b 10
4
8.
b8
x 2n ⋅ x 3n
9.
xn
x ⋅ x 8n
n
10.
x 3n
(x )
5 3
11.

(y )
4 3
12.

(x y )
4 5 3
13.

(x y)
7 5
14.

(x y z )
2 3 4 4
15.

(xy z )
2 3 2
16.

1.5 Rules of Exponents and Scientific Notation 148

Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

(−5x yz )
2 3 2
17.

(−2xy z )
3 4 5
18.

(x yz )
2 5 n
19.

(xy z )
2 3 2n
20.

(x ⋅ x ⋅ x )
3 2 3
21.

(y ⋅ y ⋅ y)
2 5 2
22.

a2 ⋅ (a4 )
2

23.
a3
a ⋅ a3 ⋅ a2
(a2 )
24.
3

25. (2x + 3) 4 (2x + 3) 9

(3y − 1) (3y − 1)
7 2
26.

(a + b) (a + b)
3 5
27.

(x − 2y) (x − 2y)
7 3
28.

29. 5x 2 y ⋅ 3xy 2
30. −10x 3 y 2 ⋅ 2xy
31. −6x 2 yz 3 ⋅ 3xyz 4
32. 2xyz 2 (−4x 2 y 2 z)
33. 3x n y 2n ⋅ 5x 2 y
34. 8x 5n y n ⋅ 2x 2n y
40x 5 y 3 z
35.
4x 2 y 2 z
8x 2 y 5 z 3
36.
16x 2 yz

1.5 Rules of Exponents and Scientific Notation 149

Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

24a8 b 3 (a − 5b)
10

8a5 b 3 (a − 5b)
37.
2

175m 9 n 5 (m + n) 7
38.

39. (−2x y z)
25m 8 n(m + n) 3
4 2 6

(−3xy z )
4 7 5
40.
3
−3ab 2
( 2c3 )
41.

( 3c2 )
−10a3 b
42.

( z3 )
−2xy 4
43.

( z4 )
−7x 9 y
44.

( z3 )
xy 2
45.

( z )
2x 2 y 3
46.

(−5x)
0
47.

(3x y)
2 0
48.

49. −5x 0
50. 3x 2 y 0

(−2a b c )
2 0 3 5
51.

(−3a b c )
4 2 0 4
52.

1.5 Rules of Exponents and Scientific Notation 150

Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

(9x y z )
3 2 0 2
53.
3xy 2
(−5x y z)
0 5 3
54.
25y 2 z 0
55. −2x −3
56. (−2x) −2
57. a4 ⋅ a−5 ⋅ a2
58. b −8 ⋅ b 3 ⋅ b 4
a8 ⋅ a−3
59.
a−6
−10
b ⋅ b4
60.
b −2
61. 10x −3 y 2
62. −3x −5 y −2
63. 3x −2 y 2 z −1
64. −5x −4 y −2 z 2
25x −3 y 2
65.
5x −1 y −3
−9x −1 y 3 z −5
66.

67. (−5x y z)
3x −2 y 2 z −1
−3 2 −3

(−7x y z )
2 −5 −2 −2
68.
−5

( y2 )
2x −3 z
69.

−3

( 2y −3 )
5x 5 z −2
70.

( 2x 7 yz 8 )
12x 3 y 2 z
71.

1.5 Rules of Exponents and Scientific Notation 151

Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

( 90x 7 y 2 z )
150xy 8 z 2
72.

−4
−9a−3 b 4 c−2
( 3a3 b 5 c−7 )
73.

−3
−15a7 b 5 c−8
( 3a−6 b 2 c3 )
74.

The value in dollars of a new mobile phone can be estimated by using

the formula V = 210(2t + 1)−1 , where t is the number of years after
purchase.

75. How much was the phone worth new?

76. How much will the phone be worth in 1 year?

77. How much will the phone be worth in 3 years?

78. How much will the phone be worth in 10 years?

79. How much will the phone be worth in 100 years?

80. According to the formula, will the phone ever be worthless? Explain.

81. The height of a particular right circular cone is equal to the square of the
radius of the base, h = r2 . Find a formula for the volume in terms of r.
82. A sphere has a radius r = 3x 2 . Find the volume in terms of x.

PART B: SCIENTIFIC NOTATION

Convert to a decimal number.

83. 5.2 × 10 8
84. 6.02 × 10 9
85. 1.02 × 10 −6
86. 7.44 × 10 −5

Rewrite using scientific notation.

1.5 Rules of Exponents and Scientific Notation 152

Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

87. 7,050,000

88. 430,000,000,000

89. 0.00005001

90. 0.000000231

(1.2 × 10 ) (3 × 10 )
Perform the operations.
9 5
91.

(4.8 × 10 ) (1.6 × 10 )
−5 20
92.

(9.1 × 10 ) (3 × 10 )
23 10
93.

(5.5 × 10 ) (7 × 10 )
12 −25
94.

9.6 × 10 16
95.
1.2 × 10 −4
4.8 × 10 −14
96.
2.4 × 10 −6
4 × 10 −8
97.
8 × 10 10
2.3 × 10 23
98.
9.2 × 10 −3
99. 987,000,000,000,000 × 23, 000, 000
100. 0.00000000024 × 0.00000004
101. 0.000000000522 ÷ 0.0000009
102. 81,000,000,000 ÷ 0.0000648
103. The population density of Earth refers to the number of people per square mile
× 10 7 square miles and
of land area. If the total land area on Earth is 5.751
9
the population in 2007 was estimated to be 6.67 × 10 people, then
calculate the population density of Earth at that time.

104. In 2008 the population of New York City was estimated to be 8.364 million
people. The total land area is 305 square miles. Calculate the population
density of New York City.

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Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

105. The mass of Earth is 5.97 × 10 24 kilograms and the mass of the Moon is
22
7.35 × 10 kilograms. By what factor is the mass of Earth greater than the
mass of the Moon?

106. The mass of the Sun is 1.99 × 10 30 kilograms and the mass of Earth is
24
5.97 × 10 kilograms. By what factor is the mass of the Sun greater than
the mass of Earth? Express your answer in scientific notation.

107. The radius of the Sun is 4.322× 10 5 miles and the average distance from
5
Earth to the Moon is 2.392 × 10 miles. By what factor is the radius of the
Sun larger than the average distance from Earth to the Moon?
15
108. One light year, 9.461 × 10 meters, is the distance that light travels in a
vacuum in one year. If the distance from our Sun to the nearest star, Proxima
16
Centauri, is estimated to be 3.991 × 10 meters, then calculate the
number of years it would take light to travel that distance.

109. It is estimated that there are about 1 million ants per person on the planet. If
the world population was estimated to be 6.67 billion people in 2007, then
estimate the world ant population at that time.

110. The radius of the earth is 6.3 × 10 6 meters and the radius of the sun is
8
7.0 × 10 meters. By what factor is the radius of the Sun larger than the
radius of the Earth?
9 6
111. A gigabyte is 1 × 10 bytes and a megabyte is 1 × 10 bytes. If the average
song in the MP3 format consumes about 4.5 megabytes of storage, then how
many songs will fit on a 4-gigabyte memory card?

112. Water weighs approximately 18 grams per mole. If one mole is about
6 × 10 23 molecules, then approximate the weight of each molecule of water.

PART C: DISCUSSION BOARD

113. Use numbers to show that (x + y) ≠ x n + y n .

n

0
114. Why is 0 indeterminate?
2
115. Explain to a beginning algebra student why 2 ⋅ 23 ≠ 45 .
116. René Descartes (1637) established the usage of exponential form: a2 , a3 , and
so on. Before this, how were exponents denoted?

1.5 Rules of Exponents and Scientific Notation 154

Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

ANSWERS

1. 10 11
3. 10
5. x5
7. a9
9. x 4n
11. x 15
13. x 12 y 15
15. x 8 y 12 z 16
17. 25x 4 y 2 z 6
19. x 2n y n z 5n
21. x 18
23. a7
25. (2x + 3) 13

(a + b)
8
27.

29. 15x 3 y 3
31. −18x 3 y 2 z 7
33. 15x n+2 y 2n+1
35. 10x 3 y

3a3 (a − 5b)
8
37.

39. 64x 24 y 12 z 6
27a3 b 6
41. −
8c9
16x 4 y 16
43.
z 12

1.5 Rules of Exponents and Scientific Notation 155

Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

x n y 2n
45.
z 3n
47. 1

49. −5

51. −32a10 c15

53. 27x 5 y 2
2
55. −
x3
57. a
59. a11
10y 2
61.
x3
3y 2
63.
x 2z
5y 5
65.
x2
x9
67. −
125y 6 z 3
x 15 y 10
69.
32z 5
216y 3
71.
x 12 z 21
a24 b 4
73.
81c20
75. $210

77. $30

79. $1.04
1
81. V= 3
πr4
83. 520,000,000

85. 0.00000102

87. 7.05 × 10 6

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Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

89. 5.001 × 10 −5
91. 3.6 × 10 14
93. 2.73 × 10 34
95. 8 × 10 20
97. 5 × 10 −19
99. 2.2701 × 10 22
101. 5.8 × 10 −4
103. About 116 people per square mile

105. 81.2

107. 1.807

109. 6.67 × 10 15 ants

111. Approximately 889 songs

113. Answer may vary

115. Answer may vary

1.5 Rules of Exponents and Scientific Notation 157

 Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

1.6 Polynomials and Their Operations

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Identify a polynomial and determine its degree.

2. Add and subtract polynomials.
3. Multiply and divide polynomials.

Definitions

A polynomial112 is a special algebraic expression with terms that consist of real

number coefficients and variable factors with whole number exponents. Some
examples of polynomials follow:

3 1
3x 2 7xy + 5 2
x 3 + 3x 2 − 2
x + 1 6x 2 y − 4xy 3 + 7

The degree of a term113 in a polynomial is defined to be the exponent of the

variable, or if there is more than one variable in the term, the degree is the sum of
their exponents. Recall that x 0 = 1; any constant term can be written as a product
of x 0 and itself. Hence the degree of a constant term is 0.

Term Degree

112. An algebraic expression

consisting of terms with real
number coefficients and 3x 2 2
variables with whole number
exponents.

113. The exponent of the variable. If

there is more than one variable
in the term, the degree of the
6x 2 y 2+1=3
term is the sum their
exponents.

158
 Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Term Degree

7a2 b3 2+3=5

8 0, since 8 = 8x 0

2x 1, since 2x = 2x 1

The degree of a polynomial114 is the largest degree of all of its terms.

Polynomial Degree

4x 5 − 3x 3 + 2x − 1 5

6x 2 y − 5xy 3 + 7 4, because 5xy 3 has degree 4.

1 5 1 1
2
x+ 4
1, because
2
x= 2
x1

114. The largest degree of all of its

Of particular interest are polynomials with one variable115, where each term is of
terms. the form an x n . Here an is any real number and n is any whole number. Such
polynomials have the standard form:
115. A polynomial where each term
has the form an x n , where an
is any real number and n is any
whole number.

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 Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

an x n + an−1 x n−1 + ⋯ + a1 x + a0

Typically, we arrange terms of polynomials in descending order based on the

degree of each term. The leading coefficient116 is the coefficient of the variable
with the highest power, in this case, an .

Example 1

Write in standard form: 3x − 4x 2 + 5x 3 + 7 − 2x 4 .

Solution:

Since terms are defined to be separated by addition, we write the following:

3x − 4x 2 + 5x 3 + 7 − 2x 4
= 3x + (−4) x 2 + 5x 3 + 7 + (−2) x 4

In this form, we can see that the subtraction in the original corresponds to
negative coefficients. Because addition is commutative, we can write the terms
in descending order based on the degree as follows:

= (−2) x 4 + 5x 3 + (−4) x 2 + 3x + 7
= −2x 4 + 5x 3 − 4x 2 + 3x + 7

Answer: −2x 4 + 5x 3 − 4x 2 + 3x + 7

We classify polynomials by the number of terms and the degree:

116. The coefficient of the term
with the largest degree.

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 Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Expression Classification Degree

5x 7 Monomial (one term) 7

8x 6 − 1 Binomial (two terms) 6

−3x 2 + x − 1 Trinomial (three terms) 2

5x 3 − 2x 2 + 3x − 6 Polynomial (many terms) 3

117

118

119

We can further classify polynomials with one variable by their degree:

Polynomial Name

5 Constant (degree 0)

117. Polynomial with one term.

118. Polynomial with two terms. 2x + 1 Linear (degree 1)

119. Polynomial with three terms.

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 Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Polynomial Name

3x 2 + 5x − 3 Quadratic (degree 2)

x3 + x2 + x + 1 Cubic (degree 3)

7x 4 + 3x 3 − 7x + 8 Fourth-degree polynomial

120

121

122

123

In this text, we call any polynomial of degree n ≥ 4 an nth-degree polynomial. In

other words, if the degree is 4, we call the polynomial a fourth-degree polynomial.
If the degree is 5, we call it a fifth-degree polynomial, and so on.

120. A polynomial with degree 0.

121. A polynomial with degree 1.

122. A polynomial with degree 2.

123. A polynomial with degree 3.

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Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Example 2

State whether the following polynomial is linear or quadratic and give the
leading coefficient: 25 + 4x − x 2 .

Solution:

The highest power is 2; therefore, it is a quadratic polynomial. Rewriting in

standard form we have

−x 2 + 4x + 25

Here −x 2 = −1x 2 and thus the leading coefficient is −1.

Answer: Quadratic; leading coefficient: −1

Adding and Subtracting Polynomials

We begin by simplifying algebraic expressions that look like + (a + b) or

− (a + b) . Here, the coefficients are actually implied to be +1 and −1 respectively
and therefore the distributive property applies. Multiply each term within the
parentheses by these factors as follows:

+ (a + b)= +1 (a + b)= (+1) a + (+1) b= a + b

− (a + b)= −1 (a + b)= (−1) a + (−1) b= −a − b

Use this idea as a means to eliminate parentheses when adding and subtracting
polynomials.

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Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Example 3

Add: 9x 2 + (x 2 − 5) .

Solution:

The property + (a + b) = a + ballows us to eliminate the parentheses, after

which we can then combine like terms.

9x 2 + (x 2 − 5) = 9x 2 + x 2 − 5
= 10x 2 − 5

Answer: 10x 2 − 5

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Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Example 4

Add: (3x 2 y 2 − 4xy + 9) + (2x 2 y 2 − 6xy − 7) .

Solution:

Remember that the variable parts have to be exactly the same before we can
add the coefficients.

(3x y − 4xy + 9) + (2x y − 6xy − 7)

2 2 2 2

= 3x 2 y 2 − 4xy + 9 + 2x 2 y 2 − 6xy − 7
– –– –– – –– ––
– –
2 2
= 5x y − 10xy + 2

Answer: 5x 2 y 2 − 10xy + 2

When subtracting polynomials, the parentheses become very important.

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Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Example 5

Subtract: 4x 2 − (3x 2 + 5x) .

Solution:

The property − (a + b) = −a − ballows us to remove the parentheses after

subtracting each term.

4x 2 − (3x 2 + 5x) = 4x 2 − 3x 2 − 5x
= x 2 − 5x

Answer: x 2 − 5x

Subtracting a quantity is equivalent to multiplying it by −1.

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Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Example 6

Subtract: (3x 2 − 2xy + y 2 ) − (2x 2 − xy + 3y 2 ) .

Solution:

Distribute the −1, remove the parentheses, and then combine like terms.
Multiplying the terms of a polynomial by −1 changes all the signs.

= 3x 2 − 2xy + y 2 − 2x 2 + xy − 3y 2
= x 2 − xy − 2y 2

Answer: x 2 − xy − 2y 2

Try this! Subtract: (7a2 − 2ab + b2 ) − (a − 2ab + 5b ) .

2 2

Answer: 6a2 − 4b2

(click to see video)

Multiplying Polynomials

Use the product rule for exponents, x m ⋅ x n = x m+n , to multiply a monomial times
a polynomial. In other words, when multiplying two expressions with the same
base, add the exponents. To find the product of monomials, multiply the
coefficients and add the exponents of variable factors with the same base. For
example,

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Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

7x 4 ⋅ 8x 3 = 7 ⋅ 8 ⋅ x 4 ⋅ x 3 Commutative property
= 56x 4+3 Product rule f or exponents
7
= 56x

To multiply a polynomial by a monomial, apply the distributive property, and then

simplify each term.

Example 7

Multiply: 5xy 2 (2x 2 y 2 − xy + 1) .

Solution:

Apply the distributive property and then simplify.

= 5xy 2 ⋅ 2x 2 y 2 − 5xy 2 ⋅ xy + 5xy 2 ⋅ 1

= 10x 3 y 4 − 5x 2 y 3 + 5xy 2

Answer: 10x 3 y 4 − 5x 2 y 3 + 5xy 2

To summarize, multiplying a polynomial by a monomial involves the distributive

property and the product rule for exponents. Multiply all of the terms of the
polynomial by the monomial. For each term, multiply the coefficients and add
exponents of variables where the bases are the same.

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Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

In the same manner that we used the distributive property to distribute a

monomial, we use it to distribute a binomial.

(a + b) (c + d) = (a + b) ⋅ c + (a + b) ⋅ d
= ac + bc + ad + bd
= ac + ad + bc + bd
Here we apply the distributive property multiple times to produce the final result.
This same result is obtained in one step if we apply the distributive property to a
and b separately as follows:

This is often called the FOIL method. Multiply the first, outer, inner, and then last
terms.

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 Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Example 8

Multiply: (6x − 1) (3x − 5) .

Solution:

Distribute 6x and −1 and then combine like terms.

(6x − 1) (3x − 5) = 6x ⋅ 3x − 6x ⋅ 5 + (−1) ⋅ 3x − (−1) ⋅ 5

= 18x 2 − 30x − 3x + 5
= 18x 2 − 33x + 5

Answer: 18x 2 − 33x + 5

Consider the following two calculations:

(a + b) = (a + b) (a + b) (a − b) = (a − b) (a − b)
2 2

= a2 + ab + ba + b2 = a2 − ab − ba + b2
= a2 + ab + ab + b2 = a2 − ab − ab + b2
= a2 + 2ab + b2 = a2 − 2ab + b2

This leads us to two formulas that describe perfect square trinomials124:

124. The trinomials obtained by

(a + b) = a + 2ab + b
squaring the binomials
2 2 2

(a − b) = a − 2ab + b .
and
2 2 2

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 Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

(a + b) = a + 2ab + b
2 2 2

(a − b) = a − 2ab + b
2 2 2

We can use these formulas to quickly square a binomial.

Example 9

Multiply: (3x + 5) .
2

Solution:

Here a = 3x and b = 5. Apply the formula:

Answer: 9x 2 + 30x + 25

This process should become routine enough to be performed mentally. Our third
special product follows:

(a + b) (a − b) = a − ab + ba − b
2 2

= a2 − ab + ab − b2
= a2 − b2
This product is called difference of squares125:

125. The special product obtained

(a + b) (a − b) = a − b
by multiplying conjugate

(a + b) (a − b) = a − b .
binomials 2 2
2 2

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 Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

The binomials (a + b) and (a − b) are called conjugate binomials126. When

multiplying conjugate binomials the middle terms are opposites and their sum is
zero; the product is itself a binomial.

Example 10

Multiply: (3xy + 1) (3xy − 1) .

Solution:

(3xy + 1) (3xy − 1) = (3xy) − 3xy + 3xy − 1

2 2

= 9x 2 y 2 − 1

Answer: 9x 2 y 2 − 1

Try this! Multiply: (x 2 + 5y 2 ) (x 2 − 5y 2 ) .

Answer: (x 4 − 25y 4 )

(click to see video)

126. The binomials (a + b) and

(a − b) .

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Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Example 11

Multiply: (5x − 2) .
3

Solution:

Here we perform one product at a time.

Answer: 125x 2 − 150x 2 + 60x − 8

Dividing Polynomials
m
Use the quotient rule for exponents, xx n = x m−n, to divide a polynomial by a
monomial. In other words, when dividing two expressions with the same base,
subtract the exponents. In this section, we will assume that all variables in the
denominator are nonzero.

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Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Example 12

24x 7 y 5
Divide:
8x 3 y 2
.

Solution:

Divide the coefficients and apply the quotient rule by subtracting the
exponents of the like bases.

24x 7 y 5 24 7−3 5−2

= x y
8x 3 y 2 8
= 3x 4 y 3

Answer: 3x 4 y 3

When dividing a polynomial by a monomial, we may treat the monomial as a

common denominator and break up the fraction using the following property:

a+b a b
= +
c c c
Applying this property will result in terms that can be treated as quotients of
monomials.

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Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Example 13

−5x 4 +25x 3 −15x 2

Divide:
5x 2
.

Solution:

Break up the fraction by dividing each term in the numerator by the monomial
in the denominator, and then simplify each term.

−5x 4 + 25x 3 − 15x 2 5x 4 25x 3 15x 2

=− 2 + −
5x 2 5x 5x 2 5x 2
5 25 3−2 15 2−2
= − x 4−2 + x − x
5 5 5
= −1x 2 + 5x 1 − 3x 0
= −x 2 + 5x − 3 ⋅ 1

Answer: −x 2 + 5x − 3

We can check our division by multiplying our answer, the quotient, by the
monomial in the denominator, the divisor, to see if we obtain the original
numerator, the dividend.

Dividend −5x 4 +25x 3 −15x 2

Divisor
= Quotient 5x 2
= −x 2 + 5x −

or or

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 Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Dividend = Divisor ⋅ Quotient −5x 4 + 25x 3 − 15x 2 = 5x 2 (−x 2 + 5x

The same technique outlined for dividing by a monomial does not work for
polynomials with two or more terms in the denominator. In this section, we will
outline a process called polynomial long division127, which is based on the division
algorithm for real numbers. For the sake of clarity, we will assume that all
expressions in the denominator are nonzero.

127. The process of dividing two

polynomials using the division
algorithm.

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Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Example 14

x 3 +3x 2 −8x−4
Divide: x−2
.

Solution:

Here x − 2 is the divisor and x 3 + 3x 2 − 8x − 4 is the dividend. To determine

the first term of the quotient, divide the leading term of the dividend by the
leading term of the divisor.

Multiply the first term of the quotient by the divisor, remembering to

distribute, and line up like terms with the dividend.

Subtract the resulting quantity from the dividend. Take care to subtract both
terms.

Bring down the remaining terms and repeat the process.

Notice that the leading term is eliminated and that the result has a degree that
is one less. The complete process is illustrated below:

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Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Polynomial long division ends when the degree of the remainder is less than
the degree of the divisor. Here, the remainder is 0. Therefore, the binomial
divides the polynomial evenly and the answer is the quotient shown above the
division bar.

x 3 + 3x 2 − 8x − 4
= x 2 + 5x + 2
x−2

To check the answer, multiply the divisor by the quotient to see if you obtain
the dividend as illustrated below:

x 3 + 3x 2 − 8x − 4 = (x − 2) (x 2 + 5x + 2)

This is left to the reader as an exercise.

Answer: x 2 + 5x + 2

Next, we demonstrate the case where there is a nonzero remainder.

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Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Just as with real numbers, the final answer adds to the quotient the fraction where
the remainder is the numerator and the divisor is the denominator. In general,
when dividing we have:

Dividend Remainder
= Quotient +
Divisor Divisor
If we multiply both sides by the divisor we obtain,

Dividend = Quotient × Divisor + Remainder

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Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Example 15

6x 2 −5x+3
Divide: 2x−1
.

Solution:

Since the denominator is a binomial, begin by setting up polynomial long

division.

This is the quotient of the given leading terms: (6x 2 ) ÷ (2x) = 3x. Multiply
To start, determine what monomial times 2x − 1 results in a leading term 6x 2 .

3x times the divisor 2x − 1 , and line up the result with like terms of the
dividend.

Subtract the result from the dividend and bring down the constant term +3.

Subtracting eliminates the leading term. Multiply 2x − 1 by −1 and line up the

result.

Subtract again and notice that we are left with a remainder.

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 Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

The constant term 2 has degree 0 and thus the division ends. Therefore,

6x 2 − 5x + 3 2
= 3x − 1 +
2x − 1 2x − 1

To check that this result is correct, we multiply as follows:

quotient × divisor + remainder = (3x − 1) (2x − 1) + 2

= 6x 2 − 3x − 2x + 1 + 2
= 6x 2 − 5x + 2 = dividend ✓

2
Answer: 3x − 1 + 2x−1

Occasionally, some of the powers of the variables appear to be missing within a

polynomial. This can lead to errors when lining up like terms. Therefore, when first
learning how to divide polynomials using long division, fill in the missing terms
with zero coefficients, called placeholders128.

128. Terms with zero coefficients

used to fill in all missing
exponents within a polynomial.

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Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Example 16

27x 3 +64
Divide: 3x+4
.

Solution:

Notice that the binomial in the numerator does not have terms with degree 2 or
1. The division is simplified if we rewrite the expression with placeholders:

27x 3 + 64 = 27x 3 + 0x 2 + 0x + 64

Set up polynomial long division:

We begin with 27x 3 ÷ 3x = 9x 2 and work the rest of the division algorithm.

Answer: 9x 2 − 12x + 16

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Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Example 17

3x 4 −2x 3 +6x 2 +23x−7

Divide:
x 2 −2x+5
.

Solution:

Begin the process by dividing the leading terms to determine the leading term
of the quotient 3x 4 ÷ x 2 = 3x 2 . Take care to distribute and line up the like
terms. Continue the process until the remainder has a degree less than 2.

The remainder is x − 2. Write the answer with the remainder:

3x 4 − 2x 3 + 6x 2 + 23x − 7 2 x−2
= 3x + 4x − 1 +
x 2 − 2x + 5 x 2 − 2x + 5

x−2
Answer: 3x 2 + 4x − 1 +
x 2 −2x+5

Polynomial long division takes time and practice to master. Work lots of problems
and remember that you may check your answers by multiplying the quotient by the
divisor (and adding the remainder if present) to obtain the dividend.

1.6 Polynomials and Their Operations 183

Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

6x 4 −13x 3 +9x 2 −14x+6

Try this! Divide: 3x−2
.

2
Answer: 2x 3 − 3x 2 + x − 4 − 3x−2

(click to see video)

KEY TAKEAWAYS

• Polynomials are special algebraic expressions where the terms are the
products of real numbers and variables with whole number exponents.
• The degree of a polynomial with one variable is the largest exponent of
the variable found in any term. In addition, the terms of a polynomial
are typically arranged in descending order based on the degree of each
term.
• When adding polynomials, remove the associated parentheses and then
combine like terms. When subtracting polynomials, distribute the −1,
remove the parentheses, and then combine like terms.
• To multiply polynomials apply the distributive property; multiply each
term in the first polynomial with each term in the second polynomial.
Then combine like terms.
• When dividing by a monomial, divide all terms in the numerator by the
monomial and then simplify each term.
• When dividing a polynomial by another polynomial, apply the division
algorithm.

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Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

TOPIC EXERCISES

PART A: DEFINITIONS

Write the given polynomials in standard form.

1. 1 − x − x2
2. y − 5 + y2
3. y − 3y 2 + 5 − y 3
4. 8 − 12a2 + a3 − a
5. 2 − x 2 + 6x − 5x 3 + x 4
6. a3 − 5 + a2 + 2a4 − a5 + 6a

Classify the given polynomial as a monomial, binomial, or trinomial

and state the degree.

7. x2 − x + 2
8. 5 − 10x 3
9. x 2 y 2 + 5xy − 6
10. −2x 3 y 2
11. x4 − 1
12. 5

State whether the polynomial is linear or quadratic and give the

leading coefficient.

13. 1 − 9x 2
14. 10x 2
15. 2x − 3
16. 100x
17. 5x 2 + 3x − 1

1.6 Polynomials and Their Operations 185

Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

18. x−1
19. x − 6 − 2x 2
20. 1 − 5x

PART B: ADDING AND SUBTRACTING POLYNOMIALS

Simplify.

(5x − 3x − 2) + (2x − 6x + 7)
2 2
21.

(x + 7x − 12) + (2x − x + 3)
2 2
22.

(x + 5x + 10) + (x − 10)
2 2
23.

(x − 1) + (4x + 2)
2
24.

(10x + 3x − 2) − (x − 6x + 1)
2 2
25.

(x − 3x − 8) − (2x − 3x − 8)
2 2
26.

(3 x + x − 1) − ( 16 x 2 + x − 12 )
2 2 3 5
27.

(5 x − ) − ( 10 x − x + 35 )
4 2
4 2 5 10 3 2 2
28. x+

(x y + 7xy − 5) − (2x y + 5xy − 4)

8 6 3
2 2 2 2
29.

(x − y ) − (x + 6xy + y )
2 2 2 2
30.

(a b + 5ab − 2) + (7ab − 2) − (4 − a b )
2 2 2 2
31.

(a + 9ab − 6b ) − (a − b ) + 7ab
2 2 2 2
32.

(10x y − 8xy + 5xy ) − (x y − 4xy) + (xy + 4xy)

2 2 2 2
33.

(2m n − 6mn + 9mn ) − (m n + 10mn) − m n

2 2 2 2
34.

(8x y − 5xy + 2) − (x y + 5) + (2xy − 3)

2 2 2 2
35.

(x − y ) − (5x − 2xy − y ) − (x − 7xy)

2 2 2 2 2
36.

( 6 a − 2ab + b 2 ) − ( 53 a2 + b2 ) +
1 2 3 4 11
37.
4 5 8
ab

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Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

( 2 x − 2y ) − ( 5 x − y2) −
5 2 2 7 2 1 7 1
38. xy + xy

(x + 5x n − 2) + (2x 2n − 3x n − 1)
2 3 2
2n
39.

(7x − x n + 5) − (6x 2n − x n − 8)
2n
40.

41. Subtract 4y −3 from y 2 + 7y − 10.

42. Subtract x 2 + 3x − 2 from 2x 2 + 4x − 1.
43. A right circular cylinder has a height that is equal to the radius of the base,
h = r. Find a formula for the surface area in terms of h.
44. A rectangular solid has a width that is twice the height and a length that is 3
times that of the height. Find a formula for the surface area in terms of the
height.

PART C: MULTIPLYING POLYNOMIALS

Multiply.

45. −8x 2 ⋅ 2x
46. −10x 2 y ⋅ 5x 3 y 2
47. 2x (5x − 1)
48. −4x (3x − 5)
49. 7x 2 (2x − 6)
50. −3x 2 (x 2 − x + 3)
51. −5y 4 (y 2 − 2y + 3)

52.
5
a3 (24a2 − 6a + 4)
2xy (x 2 − 7xy + y 2 )
2

−2a2 b (a2 − 3ab + 5b 2 )

53.

54.

55. x n (x 2 + x + 1)
56. x n (x 2n − x n − 1)

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Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

57. (x + 4) (x − 5)
58. (x − 7) (x − 6)
59. (2x − 3) (3x − 1)
60. (9x + 1) (3x + 2)

(3x − y ) (x − 5y )
2 2 2 2
61.

(5y − x ) (2y − 3x )
2 2 2 2
62.

63. (3x + 5) (3x − 5)

64. (x + 6) (x − 6)

(a − b ) (a + b )
2 2 2 2
65.

66. (ab + 7) (ab − 7)

(4x − 5y ) (3x − y)
2 2
67.

68. (xy + 5) (x − y)
(x − 5) (x − 3x + 8)
2
69.

70. (2x − 7) (3x 2 − x + 1)

(x + 7x − 1) (2x − 3x − 1)
2 2
71.

(4x − x + 6) (5x − 4x − 3)
2 2
72.

73. (x + 8) 2
74. (x − 3) 2

(2x − 5)
2
75.

76. (3x + 1) 2

(a − 3b)
2
77.

(7a − b)
2
78.

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Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

(x + 2y )
2 2 2

(x − 6y)
79.
2 2

( a − a + 5)
80.
2 2

(x − 3x − 1)
81.
2 2
82.

83. (x − 3) 3
84. (x + 2) 3
85. (3x + 1) 3
86. (2x − 3) 3
87. (x + 2) 4
88. (x − 3) 4
89. (2x − 1) 4
(3x − 1) 4
(x
+ 5) (x 2n − 5)
90.
2n

(x − 1) (x + 4x − 3)
91.
n 2n n

(x − 1)
92.
2n 2

(x + 1)
93.
3n 2
94.

95. Find the product of 3x −2 and x 2 − 5x − 2.

96. Find the product of x 2 + 4 and x 3 − 1.
97. Each side of a square measures 3x 3 units. Determine the area in terms of x.

98. Each edge of a cube measures 2x 2 units. Determine the volume in terms of x.

PART D: DIVIDING POLYNOMIALS

Divide.
125x 5 y 2
99.
25x 4 y 2

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Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

256x 2 y 3 z 5
100.
64x 2 yz 2
20x 3 − 12x 2 + 4x
101.
4x
15x 4 − 75x 3 + 18x 2
102.
3x 2
12a2 b + 28ab 2 − 4ab
103.
4ab
−2a4 b 3 + 16a2 b 2 + 8ab 3
104.
2ab 2
x 3 + x 2 − 3x + 9
105.
x+3
x − 4x 2 − 9x + 20
3
106.
x−5
6x 3 − 11x 2 + 7x − 6
107.
2x − 3
9x 3 − 9x 2 − x + 1
108.
3x − 1
16x + 8x 2 − 39x + 17
3
109.
4x − 3
12x 3 − 56x 2 + 55x + 30
110.
2x − 5
6x 4 + 13x 3 − 9x 2 − x + 6
111.
3x + 2
25x − 10x + 11x 2 − 7x + 1
4 3
112.
5x − 1
20x 4 + 12x 3 + 9x 2 + 10x + 5
113.
2x + 1
25x 4 − 45x 3 − 26x 2 + 36x − 11
114.
5x − 2
3x + x 2 − 1
4
115.
x−2
x4 + x − 3
116.
x+3
x 3 − 10
117.
x−2

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Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

x 3 + 15
118.
x+3
y5 + 1
119.
y+1
y6 + 1
120.
y+1
x − 4x + 6x 2 − 7x − 1
4 3
121.
x2 − x + 2
6x 4 + x 3 − 2x 2 + 2x + 4
122.
3x 2 − x + 1
2x − 7x 2 + 8x − 3
3
123.
x 2 − 2x + 1
2x 4 + 3x 3 − 6x 2 − 4x + 3
124.
x2 + x − 3
x + 4x 3 − 2x 2 − 4x + 1
4
125.
x2 − 1
4
x +x−1
126.
x2 + 1
x + 6x y + 4xy 2 − y 3
3 2
127.
x+y
2x − 3x y + 4xy 2 − 3y 3
3 2
128.
x−y
8a3 − b 3
129.
2a − b
a3 + 27b 3
130.
a + 3b
131. Find the quotient of 10x 2 − 11x + 3 and 2x − 1.

132. Find the quotient of 12x 2 + x − 11 and 3x − 2.

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Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

ANSWERS

1. −x 2 − x + 1
3. −y 3 − 3y 2 + y + 5
5. x 4 − 5x 3 − x 2 + 6x + 2
7. Trinomial; degree 2

9. Trinomial; degree 4

11. Binomial; degree 4

13. Quadratic, −9

15. Linear, 2

17. Quadratic, 5

19. Quadratic, −2

21. 7x 2 − 9x + 5
23. 2x 2 + 5x
25. 9x 2 + 9x − 3
1 7 1
27.
2
x2 − 4
x− 2

29. −x 2 y 2 + 2xy − 1
31. 2a2 b 2 + 12ab − 8
33. 9x 2 y + 6xy 2
35. 7x 2 y 2 − 3xy − 6
3 5 1
37. − 2
a2 − 8
ab − 20
b2
39. 3x 2n + 2x n − 3
41. y 2 + 3y − 7
43. SA = 4πh 2
45. −16x 3

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Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

47. 10x 2 − 2x
49. 14x 3 − 42x 2
51. −5y 6 + 10y 5 − 15y 4
53. 2x 3 y − 14x 2 y 2 + 2xy 3
55. x n+2 + x n+1 + x n
57. x 2 − x − 20
59. 6x 2 − 11x + 3
61. 3x 4 − 16x 2 y 2 + 5y 4
63. 9x 2 − 25
65. a4 − b 4
67. 12x 3 − 15x 2 y 2 − 4xy + 5y 3
69. x 3 − 8x 2 + 23x − 40
71. 2x 4 + 11x 3 − 24x 2 − 4x + 1
73. x 2 + 16x + 64
75. 4x 2 − 20x + 25
77. a2 − 6ab + 9b 2
79. x 4 + 4x 2 y 2 + 4y 4
81. a4 − 2a3 + 11a − 10a + 25
83. x 3 − 9x 2 + 27x − 27
85. 27x 3 + 27x 2 + 9x + 1
87. x 4 + 8x 3 + 24x 2 + 32x + 16
89. 16x 4 − 32x 3 + 24x 2 − 8x + 1
91. x 4n − 25
93. x 4n − 2x 2n + 1

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Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

95. 3x 3 − 17x 2 + 4x + 4
97. 9x 6 square units

99. 5x
101. 5x 2 − 3x + 1
103. 3a + 7b − 1
105. x 2 − 2x + 3
107. 3x 2 − x + 2
1
109. 4x 2 + 5x − 6 − 4x−3

111. 2x 3 + 3x 2 − 5x + 3
2
113. 10x 3 + x 2 + 4x + 3 + 2x+1
51
115. 3x 3 + 6x 2 + 13x + 26 + x−2
2
117. x 2 + 2x + 4 − x−2

119. y4 − y3 + y2 − y + 1
3
121. x 2 − 3x + 1 −
x2 − x + 2
123. 2x − 3
125. x 2 + 4x − 1
127. x 2 + 5xy − y 2
129. 4a2 + 2ab + b 2
131. 5x − 3

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 Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

1.7 Solving Linear Equations

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Use the properties of equality to solve basic linear equations.

2. Identify and solve conditional linear equations, identities, and
contradictions.
3. Clear fractions from equations.
4. Set up and solve linear applications.

Solving Basic Linear Equations

An equation129 is a statement indicating that two algebraic expressions are equal. A

linear equation with one variable130, x, is an equation that can be written in the
standard form ax + b = 0 where a and b are real numbers and a ≠ 0. For example,

3x − 12 = 0

A solution131 to a linear equation is any value that can replace the variable to
produce a true statement. The variable in the linear equation 3x − 12 = 0 is x and
the solution is x = 4. To verify this, substitute the value 4 in for x and check that
you obtain a true statement.

3x − 12 = 0
129. Statement indicating that two 3(4) − 12 = 0
algebraic expressions are 12 − 12 = 0
equal.
0=0 ✓
130. An equation that can be
written in the standard form
ax + b = 0, where a and b
are real numbers and a ≠ 0.
Alternatively, when an equation is equal to a constant, we may verify a solution by
131. Any value that can replace the substituting the value in for the variable and showing that the result is equal to that
variable in an equation to constant. In this sense, we say that solutions “satisfy the equation.”
produce a true statement.

195
 Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Example 1

Is a = − 12 a solution to −10a + 5 = 25?

Solution:

Recall that when evaluating expressions, it is a good practice to first replace all
variables with parentheses, and then substitute the appropriate values. By
making use of parentheses, we avoid some common errors when working the
order of operations.

( 2)
1
−10a + 5 = −10 − + 5 = 5 + 5 = 10 ≠ 25 ✗

Answer: No, a = − 12 does not satisfy the equation.

Developing techniques for solving various algebraic equations is one of our main
goals in algebra. This section reviews the basic techniques used for solving linear
equations with one variable. We begin by defining equivalent equations132 as
equations with the same solution set.




3x − 5 = 16



3x = 21 Equivalent equations
x=7
132. Equations with the same
solution set.

133. Properties that allow us to Here we can see that the three linear equations are equivalent because they share
obtain equivalent equations by the same solution set, namely, {7}. To obtain equivalent equations, use the following
adding, subtracting,
multiplying, and dividing both properties of equality133. Given algebraic expressions A and B, where c is a nonzero
sides of an equation by number:
nonzero real numbers.

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Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Addition property of
equality:
If A = B, then A + c = B + c

Subtraction property of
equality:
If A = B, then A − c = B − c

Multiplication property of
equality:
If A = B, then cA = cB

Division property of A B
equality:
If A = B, then c = c

Note: Multiplying or dividing both sides of an equation by 0 is carefully avoided.

Dividing by 0 is undefined and multiplying both sides by 0 results in the equation 0
= 0.

We solve algebraic equations by isolating the variable with a coefficient of 1. If

given a linear equation of the form ax + b = c, then we can solve it in two steps.
First, use the appropriate equality property of addition or subtraction to isolate the
variable term. Next, isolate the variable using the equality property of
multiplication or division. Checking the solution in the following examples is left to
the reader.

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Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Example 2

Solve: 7x − 2 = 19.

Solution:

7x − 2 = 19
7x − 2 + 2 = 19 + 2 Add 2 to both sides.
7x = 21
7x 21
= Divide both sides by 7.
7 7
x=3

Answer: The solution is 3.

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 Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Example 3

Solve: 56 = 8 + 12y.

Solution:

When no sign precedes the term, it is understood to be positive. In other words,

think of this as 56 = +8 + 12y. Therefore, we begin by subtracting 8 on both
sides of the equal sign.

56 − 8 = 8 + 12y − 8
48 = 12y
48 12y
=
12 12
4=y

It does not matter on which side we choose to isolate the variable because the
symmetric property134 states that 4 = y is equivalent to y = 4.

Answer: The solution is 4.

134. Allows you to solve for the

variable on either side of the
equal sign, because x = 5 is
equivalent to 5 = x.

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Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Example 4

Solve: 53 x + 2 = −8.

Solution:

Isolate the variable term using the addition property of equality, and then
multiply both sides of the equation by the reciprocal of the coefficient 53 .

5
x + 2 = −8
3
5
x + 2 − 2 = −8 − 2 Subtract 2 on both sides.
3
5
x = −10
3

⋅ ( −10 )
−2
3 5 3 3
⋅ x= Multiply both sides by .
5 3 5 5
1x = 3 ⋅ (−2)
x = −6

Answer: The solution is −6.

In summary, to retain equivalent equations, we must perform the same operation

on both sides of the equation.

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Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Try this! Solve: 23 x + 12 = − 56 .

Answer: x = −2

(click to see video)

General Guidelines for Solving Linear Equations

Typically linear equations are not given in standard form, and so solving them
requires additional steps. When solving linear equations, the goal is to determine
what value, if any, will produce a true statement when substituted in the original
equation. Do this by isolating the variable using the following steps:

• Step 1: Simplify both sides of the equation using the order of

operations and combine all like terms on the same side of the equal
sign.
• Step 2: Use the appropriate properties of equality to combine like
terms on opposite sides of the equal sign. The goal is to obtain the
variable term on one side of the equation and the constant term on the
other.
• Step 3: Divide or multiply as needed to isolate the variable.
• Step 4: Check to see if the answer solves the original equation.

We will often encounter linear equations where the expressions on each side of the
equal sign can be simplified. If this is the case, then it is best to simplify each side
first before solving. Normally this involves combining same-side like terms.

Note: At this point in our study of algebra the use of the properties of equality
should seem routine. Therefore, displaying these steps in this text, usually in blue,
becomes optional.

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Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Example 5

Solve: −4a + 2 − a = 1.

Solution:

First combine the like terms on the left side of the equal sign.

−4a + 2 − a = 1 Combine same-side like terms.

−5a + 2 = 1 Subtract 2 on both sides.
−5a = −1 Divide both sides by − 5.
−1 1
a= =
−5 5

Always use the original equation to check to see if the solution is correct.

(5)
1 1
−4a + 2 − a = −4 +2−
5
4 2 5 1
=− + ⋅ −
5 1 5 5
−4 + 10 + 1
=
5
5
= =1 ✓
5

Answer: The solution is 15 .

Given a linear equation in the form ax + b = cx + d, we begin the solving process

by combining like terms on opposite sides of the equal sign. To do this, use the

1.7 Solving Linear Equations 202

Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

addition or subtraction property of equality to place like terms on the same side so
that they can be combined. In the examples that remain, the check is left to the
reader.

Example 6

Solve: −2y − 3 = 5y + 11.

Solution:

Subtract 5y on both sides so that we can combine the terms involving y on the
left side.

−2y − 3 − 5y = 5y + 11 − 5y
−7y − 3 = 11

From here, solve using the techniques developed previously.

−7y − 3 = 11 Add 3 to both sides.

−7y = 14
14
y= Divide both sides by − 7.
−7
y= −2

Answer: The solution is −2.

Solving will often require the application of the distributive property.

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Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Example 7

Solve: − 12 (10x − 2) + 3 = 7 (1 − 2x) .

Solution:

Simplify the linear expressions on either side of the equal sign first.

1
− (10x − 2) + 3 = 7 (1 − 2x) Distribute.
2
−5x + 1 + 3 = 7 − 14x Combine same-side like terms.
−5x + 4 = 7 − 14x Combine opposite-side like terms.
9x = 3 Solve.
3 1
x= =
9 3

Answer: The solution is 13 .

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Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Example 8

Solve: 5 (3 − a) − 2 (5 − 2a) = 3.

Solution:

Begin by applying the distributive property.

5 (3 − a) − 2 (5 − 2a) = 3
15 − 5a − 10 + 4a = 3
5 − a=3
−a = −2

Here we point out that −a is equivalent to −1a; therefore, we choose to divide

both sides of the equation by −1.

−a = −2
−1a −2
=
−1 −1
a=2

Alternatively, we can multiply both sides of −a = −2 by negative one and

achieve the same result.

−a = −2
(−1) (−a) = (−1) (−2)
a=2

1.7 Solving Linear Equations 205

 Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Answer: The solution is 2.

Try this! Solve: 6 − 3 (4x − 1) = 4x − 7.

Answer: x = 1

(click to see video)

There are three different types of equations. Up to this point, we have been solving
conditional equations135. These are equations that are true for particular values.
An identity136 is an equation that is true for all possible values of the variable. For
example,

x = x Identity

has a solution set consisting of all real numbers, ℝ. A contradiction137 is an

equation that is never true and thus has no solutions. For example,

x + 1 = x Contradiction

has no solution. We use the empty set, Ø , to indicate that there are no solutions.

If the end result of solving an equation is a true statement, like 0 = 0, then the
equation is an identity and any real number is a solution. If solving results in a false
statement, like 0 = 1, then the equation is a contradiction and there is no solution.

135. Equations that are true for

particular values.

136. An equation that is true for all

possible values.

137. An equation that is never true

and has no solution.

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Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Example 9

Solve: 4 (x + 5) + 6 = 2 (2x + 3) .

Solution:

4(x + 5) + 6 = 2(2x + 3)
4x + 20 + 6 = 4x + 6
4x + 26 = 4x + 6
26 = 6 ✗

Solving leads to a false statement; therefore, the equation is a contradiction and

there is no solution.

Answer: Ø

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Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Example 10

Solve: 3 (3y + 5) + 5 = 10 (y + 2) − y.

Solution:

3(3y + 5) + 5 = 10(y + 2) − y
9y + 15 + 5 = 10y + 20 − y
9y + 20 = 9y + 20
9y = 9y
0=0 ✓

Solving leads to a true statement; therefore, the equation is an identity and any
real number is a solution.

Answer: ℝ

The coefficients of linear equations may be any real number, even decimals and
fractions. When this is the case it is possible to use the multiplication property of
equality to clear the fractional coefficients and obtain integer coefficients in a
single step. If given fractional coefficients, then multiply both sides of the equation
by the least common multiple of the denominators (LCD).

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Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Example 11

Solve: 13 x + 15 = 15 x − 1.

Solution:

the given denominators. In this case, it is the LCD (3, 5) = 15.

Clear the fractions by multiplying both sides by the least common multiple of

(3 5) (5 )
1 1 1
15 ⋅ x+ = 15 ⋅ x−1 Multiply both sides by 15.

1 1 1
15 ⋅ x + 15 ⋅ = 15 ⋅ x − 15 ⋅ 1 Simplif y.
3 5 5
5x + 3 = 3x − 15 Solve.
2x = −18
−18
x= = −9
2

Answer: The solution is −9.

It is important to know that this technique only works for equations. Do not try to
clear fractions when simplifying expressions. As a reminder:

Expression Equation

1 5 1 5
2
x+ 3 2
x+ 3
=0

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Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

We simplify expressions and solve equations. If you multiply an expression by 6,

you will change the problem. However, if you multiply both sides of an equation by
6, you obtain an equivalent equation.

Incorrect Correct

1 5 1 5
x+ x+ =0

(2 x + 53 ) 6 ⋅ ( 12 x + 53 ) = 6 ⋅ 0
2 3 2 3
1
≠6⋅
= 3x + 10 ✗ 3x + 10 = 0 ✓

Applications Involving Linear Equations

Algebra simplifies the process of solving real-world problems. This is done by using
letters to represent unknowns, restating problems in the form of equations, and by
offering systematic techniques for solving those equations. To solve problems using
algebra, first translate the wording of the problem into mathematical statements
that describe the relationships between the given information and the unknowns.
Usually, this translation to mathematical statements is the difficult step in the
process. The key to the translation is to carefully read the problem and identify
certain key words and phrases.

Key Words Translation

Sum, increased by, more than, plus, added to, total +

Difference, decreased by, subtracted from, less, minus −

1.7 Solving Linear Equations 210

Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Key Words Translation

Product, multiplied by, of, times, twice ⋅

Quotient, divided by, ratio, per ÷

Is, total, result =

When translating sentences into mathematical statements, be sure to read the

sentence several times and parse out the key words and phrases. It is important to
first identify the variable, “let x represent…” and state in words what the unknown
quantity is. This step not only makes our work more readable, but also forces us to
think about what we are looking for.

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Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Example 12

When 6 is subtracted from twice the sum of a number and 8 the result is 5. Find
the number.

Solution:

Let n represent the unknown number.

To understand why we included the parentheses in the set up, you must study
the structure of the following two sentences and their translations:

“twice the sum of a number and 8” 2 (n + 8)

“the sum of twice a number and 8” 2n + 8

The key was to focus on the phrase “twice the sum,” this prompted us to group
the sum within parentheses and then multiply by 2. After translating the
sentence into a mathematical statement we then solve.

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Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

2 (n + 8) − 6 = 5
2n + 16 − 6 = 5
2n + 10 = 5
2n = −5
−5
n=
2

Check.

( 2 )
5
2(n + 8) − 6 = 2 − + 8 − 6

( 2 )
11
=2 −6

= 11 − 6
=5 ✓

Answer: The number is − 52 .

General guidelines for setting up and solving word problems follow.

• Step 1: Read the problem several times, identify the key words and
phrases, and organize the given information.
• Step 2: Identify the variables by assigning a letter or expression to the
unknown quantities.
• Step 3: Translate and set up an algebraic equation that models the
problem.
• Step 4: Solve the resulting algebraic equation.
• Step 5: Finally, answer the question in sentence form and make sure it
makes sense (check it).

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Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

For now, set up all of your equations using only one variable. Avoid two variables by
looking for a relationship between the unknowns.

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Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Example 13

A rectangle has a perimeter measuring 92 meters. The length is 2 meters less

than 3 times the width. Find the dimensions of the rectangle.

Solution:

The sentence “The length is 2 meters less than 3 times the width,” gives us the
relationship between the two variables.

Let w represent the width of the rectangle.

Let 3w − 2 represent the length.

The sentence “A rectangle has a perimeter measuring 92 meters” suggests an

algebraic set up. Substitute 92 for the perimeter and the expression 3w − 2 for
the length into the appropriate formula as follows:

P= 2l + 2w
⏐
↓ ⏐
↓
92 = 2 (3w − 2) + 2w

Once you have set up an algebraic equation with one variable, solve for the
width, w.

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Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

92 = 2 (3w − 2) + 2w Distribute.
92 = 6w − 4 + 2w Combine like terms.
92 = 8w − 4 Solve f or w.
96 = 8w
12 = w

Use 3w − 2 to find the length.

l = 3w − 2 = 3 (12) − 2 = 36 − 2 = 34

To check, make sure the perimeter is 92 meters.

P = 2l + 2w
= 2 (34) + 2 (12)
= 68 + 24
= 92

Answer: The rectangle measures 12 meters by 34 meters.

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Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Example 14

Given a 4 38 %annual interest rate, how long will it take $2,500 to yield $437.50
in simple interest?

Solution:

Let t represent the time needed to earn $437.50 at 4 38 %.Organize the

information needed to use the formula for simple interest, I = prt.

Given interest for the

time period:
I = $437.50

Given principal: p = $2,500

3
Given rate: r= 4 8
% = 4.375% = 0.04375

Next, substitute all of the known quantities into the formula and then solve for
the only unknown, t.

I = prt
437.50 = 2500 (0.04375) t
437.50 = 109.375t
437.50 109.375t
=
109.375 109.375
4=t

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Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Answer: It takes 4 years for $2,500 invested at 4 38 %to earn $437.50 in simple
interest.

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Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Example 15

Susan invested her total savings of $12,500 in two accounts earning simple
interest. Her mutual fund account earned 7% last year and her CD earned 4.5%.
If her total interest for the year was $670, how much was in each account?

Solution:

The relationship between the two unknowns is that they total $12,500. When a
total is involved, a common technique used to avoid two variables is to
represent the second unknown as the difference of the total and the first
unknown.

Let x represent the amount invested in the mutual fund.

Let 12,500 − x represent the remaining amount invested in the CD.

Organize the data.

I = prt
Interest earned in the mutual
fund:
= x ⋅ 0.07 ⋅ 1
= 0.07x

I = prt
Interest earned in the CD: = (12, 500 − x) ⋅ 0.045 ⋅ 1
= 0.045(12, 500 − x)

Total interest: $670

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Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

The total interest is the sum of the interest earned from each account.

mutual f und interest + CD interest = total interest

0.07x + 0.045 (12,500 − x) = 670

This equation models the problem with one variable. Solve for x.

0.07x + 0.045 (12,500 − x) = 670

0.07x + 562.5 − 0.045x = 670
0.025x + 562.5 = 670
0.025x = 107.5
107.5
x=
0.025
x = 4,300

Use 12, 500 − x to find the amount in the CD.

12,500 − x = 12,500 − 4,300 = 8,200

Answer: Susan invested $4,300 at 7% in a mutual fund and $8,200 at 4.5% in a

CD.

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Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

KEY TAKEAWAYS

• Solving general linear equations involves isolating the variable, with

coefficient 1, on one side of the equal sign. To do this, first use the
appropriate equality property of addition or subtraction to isolate the
variable term on one side of the equal sign. Next, isolate the variable
using the equality property of multiplication or division. Finally, check
to verify that your solution solves the original equation.
• If solving a linear equation leads to a true statement like 0 = 0, then the
equation is an identity and the solution set consists of all real numbers,
ℝ.
• If solving a linear equation leads to a false statement like 0 = 5, then the
equation is a contradiction and there is no solution, Ø.
• Clear fractions by multiplying both sides of an equation by the least
common multiple of all the denominators. Distribute and multiply all
terms by the LCD to obtain an equivalent equation with integer
coefficients.
• Simplify the process of solving real-world problems by creating
mathematical models that describe the relationship between unknowns.
Use algebra to solve the resulting equations.

1.7 Solving Linear Equations 221

Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

TOPIC EXERCISES

PART A: SOLVING BASIC LINEAR EQUATIONS

Determine whether or not the given value is a solution.

1. −5x + 4 = −1 ; x = −1
2. 4x − 3 = −7 ; x = −1
9
3. 3y − 4 = 5 ; y = 3
5
4. −2y + 7 = 12 ; y = − 2

5. 3a − 6 = 18 − a; a = −3
6. 5 (2t − 1) = 2 − t; t = 2
b
7. ax − b = 0; x = a
b
8. ax + b = 2b ; x = a

Solve.

9. 5x − 3 = 27
10. 6x − 7 = 47
11. 4x + 13 = 35
12. 6x − 9 = 18
13. 9a + 10 = 10
14. 5 − 3a = 5
15. −8t + 5 = 15
16. −9t + 12 = 33
2 1
17. x+ =1
3 2
3 5 3
18. x+ =
8 4 2
1 − 3y
19. =2
5

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Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

2 − 5y
20. = −8
6
21. 7 − y = 22
22. 6 − y = 12
23. Solve for x: ax −b=c
24. Solve for x: ax +b=0

PART B: SOLVING LINEAR EQUATIONS

Solve.

25. 6x − 5 + 2x = 19
26. 7 − 2x + 9 = 24
27. 12x − 2 − 9x = 5x + 8
28. 16 − 3x − 22 = 8 − 4x
29. 5y − 6 − 9y = 3 − 2y + 8
30. 7 − 9y + 12 = 3y + 11 − 11y
31. 3 + 3a − 11 = 5a − 8 − 2a
32. 2 − 3a = 5a + 7 − 8a
1 3 5 5 1
33.
3
x− 2
+ 2
x= 6
x+ 4
5 1 3 3 1
34.
8
+ 5
x− 4
= 10
x− 4

35. 1.2x − 0.5 − 2.6x = 2 − 2.4x

36. 1.59 − 3.87x = 3.48 − 4.1x − 0.51
37. 5 − 10x = 2x + 8 − 12x
38. 8x − 3 − 3x = 5x − 3
39. 5 (y + 2) = 3 (2y − 1) + 10
40. 7 (y − 3) = 4 (2y + 1) − 21
41. 7 − 5 (3t − 9) = 22

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Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

42. 10 − 5 (3t + 7) = 20
43. 5 − 2x = 4 − 2 (x − 4)
44. 2 (4x − 5) + 7x = 5 (3x − 2)
45. 4 (4a − 1) = 5 (a − 3) + 2 (a − 2)
46. 6 (2b − 1) + 24b = 8 (3b − 1)
2 1
47. (x + 18) + 2 = x − 13

(6x − 3) =
3 3
2 1 4
48.
5
x− 2 3

49. 1.2 (2x + 1) + 0.6x = 4x

50. 6 + 0.5 (7x − 5) = 2.5x + 0.3
51. 5 (y + 3) = 15 (y + 1) − 10y
52. 3 (4 − y) − 2 (y + 7) = −5y
1 1 1 1
53.
5
(2a + 3) − 2
= 3
a+ 10

(a + 5)
3 3 1
54.
2
a= 4
(1 + 2a) − 5

55. 6 − 3 (7x + 1) = 7 (4 − 3x)

56. 6 (x − 6) − 3 (2x − 9) = −9

(y − 2) + (2y + 3) = 3
3 2
57.
4 3

(4y − 3) = (y − 1)
5 1 2
58.
4
− 2 5

59. −2 (3x + 1) − (x − 3) = −7x + 1

60. 6 (2x + 1) − (10x + 9) = 0
61. Solve for w: P = 2l + 2w
62. Solve for a: P =a+b+c
63. Solve for t: D = rt
64. Solve for w: V = lwh
1
65. Solve for b: A = bh
2

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Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

1
66. Solve for a: s = at 2

h (a + b)
2
1
67. Solve for a: A = 2
1
68. Solve for h: V = 3
πr2 h
5
69. Solve for F: C= 9
(F − 32)
70. Solve for x: ax +b=c

PART C: APPLICATIONS

Set up an algebraic equation then solve.

Number Problems

71. When 3 is subtracted from the sum of a number and 10 the result is 2. Find the
number.

72. The sum of 3 times a number and 12 is equal to 3. Find the number.

73. Three times the sum of a number and 6 is equal to 5 times the number. Find
the number.

74. Twice the sum of a number and 4 is equal to 3 times the sum of the number and
1. Find the number.

75. A larger integer is 1 more than 3 times another integer. If the sum of the
integers is 57, find the integers.

76. A larger integer is 5 more than twice another integer. If the sum of the integers
is 83, find the integers.

77. One integer is 3 less than twice another integer. Find the integers if their sum
is 135.

78. One integer is 10 less than 4 times another integer. Find the integers if their
sum is 100.

79. The sum of three consecutive integers is 339. Find the integers.

80. The sum of four consecutive integers is 130. Find the integers.

81. The sum of three consecutive even integers is 174. Find the integers.

82. The sum of four consecutive even integers is 116. Find the integers.

1.7 Solving Linear Equations 225

Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

83. The sum of three consecutive odd integers is 81. Find the integers.

84. The sum of four consecutive odd integers is 176. Find the integers.

Geometry Problems

85. The length of a rectangle is 5 centimeters less than twice its width. If the
perimeter is 134 centimeters, find the length and width.

86. The length of a rectangle is 4 centimeters more than 3 times its width. If the
perimeter is 64 centimeters, find the length and width.

87. The width of a rectangle is one-half that of its length. If the perimeter
measures 36 inches, find the dimensions of the rectangle.

88. The width of a rectangle is 4 inches less than its length. If the perimeter
measures 72 inches, find the dimensions of the rectangle.

89. The perimeter of a square is 48 inches. Find the length of each side.

90. The perimeter of an equilateral triangle is 96 inches. Find the length of each
side.

91. The circumference of a circle measures 80π units. Find the radius.

92. The circumference of a circle measures 25 centimeters. Find the radius

rounded off to the nearest hundredth.

Simple Interest Problems

1
93. For how many years must $1,000 be invested at 5 % to earn $165 in simple
2
interest?
1
94. For how many years must $20,000 be invested at 6 % to earn $3,125 in simple
4
interest?

95. At what annual interest rate must $6500 be invested for 2 years to yield $1,040
in simple interest?

96. At what annual interest rate must $5,750 be invested for 1 year to yield $333.50
in simple interest?

97. If the simple interest earned for 5 years was $1,860 and the annual interest rate
was 6%, what was the principal?

98. If the simple interest earned for 2 years was $543.75 and the annual interest
3
rate was 3 %, what was the principal?
4

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Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

99. How many years will it take $600 to double earning simple interest at a 5%
annual rate? (Hint: To double, the investment must earn $600 in simple
interest.)

100. How many years will it take $10,000 to double earning simple interest at a 5%
annual rate? (Hint: To double, the investment must earn $10,000 in simple
interest.)

101. Jim invested $4,200 in two accounts. One account earns 3% simple interest and
the other earns 6%. If the interest after 1 year was $159, how much did he
invest in each account?

102. Jane has her $6,500 savings invested in two accounts. She has part of it in a CD
at 5% annual interest and the rest in a savings account that earns 4% annual
interest. If the simple interest earned from both accounts is $303 for the year,
then how much does she have in each account?

103. Jose put last year’s bonus of $8,400 into two accounts. He invested part in a CD
with 2.5% annual interest and the rest in a money market fund with 1.5%
annual interest. His total interest for the year was $198. How much did he
invest in each account?

104. Mary invested her total savings of $3,300 in two accounts. Her mutual fund
account earned 6.2% last year and her CD earned 2.4%. If her total interest for
the year was $124.80, how much was in each account?

105. Alice invests money into two accounts, one with 3% annual interest and
another with 5% annual interest. She invests 3 times as much in the higher
yielding account as she does in the lower yielding account. If her total interest
for the year is $126, how much did she invest in each account?
1
106. James invested an inheritance in two separate banks. One bank offered 5 %
2
1
annual interest rate and the other 6 %. He invested twice as much in the
4
higher yielding bank account than he did in the other. If his total simple
interest for 1 year was $5,760, then what was the amount of his inheritance?

Uniform Motion Problems

1
107. If it takes Jim 1 hours to drive the 40 miles to work, then what is Jim’s
4
average speed?
1
108. It took Jill 3 hours to drive the 189 miles home from college. What was her
2
average speed?
3
109. At what speed should Jim drive if he wishes to travel 176 miles in 2 hours?
4

1.7 Solving Linear Equations 227

Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

110. James and Martin were able to drive the 1,140 miles from Los Angeles to
Seattle. If the total trip took 19 hours, then what was their average speed?

PART D: DISCUSSION BOARD

111. What is regarded as the main business of algebra? Explain.

112. What is the origin of the word algebra?

113. Create an identity or contradiction of your own and share it on the discussion
board. Provide a solution and explain how you found it.

114. Post something you found particularly useful or interesting in this section.
Explain why.

115. Conduct a web search for “solving linear equations.” Share a link to website or
video tutorial that you think is helpful.

1.7 Solving Linear Equations 228

Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

ANSWERS

1. No

3. Yes

5. No

7. Yes

9. 6
11
11.
2
13. 0
5
15. − 4
3
17.
4
19. −3

21. −15
b+c
23. x= a

25. 3

27. −5
17
29. − 2
31. ℝ
7
33.
8

35. 2.5

37. Ø

39. 3

41. 2

43. Ø
5
45. − 3

1.7 Solving Linear Equations 229

Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

47. −81

49. 1.2

51. ℝ
53. 0

55. Ø
6
57.
5

59. ℝ
P − 2l
61. w=
2
D
63. t =
r
2A
65. b =
h
2A
67. a = −b
h
9
69. F = C + 32
5
71. −5

73. 9

75. 14, 43

77. 46, 89

79. 112, 113, 114

81. 56, 58, 60

83. 25, 27, 29

85. Width: 24 centimeters; length: 43 centimeters

87. Width: 6 inches; length: 12 inches

89. 12 inches

91. 40 units

93. 3 years

95. 8%

1.7 Solving Linear Equations 230

Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

97. $6,200

99. 20 years

101. He invested $3,100 at 3% and $1,100 at 6%.

103. Jose invested $7,200 in the CD and $1,200 in the money market fund.

105. Alice invested $700 at 3% and $2,100 at 5%.

107. 32 miles per hour

109. 64 miles per hour

111. Answer may vary

113. Answer may vary

115. Answer may vary

1.7 Solving Linear Equations 231

 Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

1.8 Solving Linear Inequalities with One Variable

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Identify linear inequalities and check solutions.

2. Solve linear inequalities and express the solutions graphically on a
number line and in interval notation.
3. Solve compound linear inequalities and express the solutions
graphically on a number line and in interval notation.
4. Solve applications involving linear inequalities and interpret the results.

Linear Inequalities

A linear inequality138 is a mathematical statement that relates a linear expression

as either less than or greater than another. The following are some examples of
linear inequalities, all of which are solved in this section:

5x + 7 < 22 −2 (x + 8) + 6 ≥ 20 −2 (4x − 5) < 9 − 2 (x − 2)

A solution to a linear inequality139 is a real number that will produce a true

statement when substituted for the variable. Linear inequalities have either
infinitely many solutions or no solution. If there are infinitely many solutions,
graph the solution set on a number line and/or express the solution using interval
notation.

138. Linear expressions related with

the symbols ≤, <, ≥, and >.

139. A real number that produces a

true statement when its value
is substituted for the variable.

232
Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Example 1

Are x = −4 and x = 6 solutions to 5x + 7 < 22?

Solution:

Substitute the values in for x, simplify, and check to see if we obtain a true
statement.

Check x = −4 Check x =6

5 (−4) + 7 < 22 5 (6) + 7 < 22

−20 + 7 < 22 30 + 7 < 22
−13 < 22 ✓ 37 < 22 ✗

Answer: x = −4 is a solution and x = 6 is not.

All but one of the techniques learned for solving linear equations apply to solving
linear inequalities. You may add or subtract any real number to both sides of an
inequality, and you may multiply or divide both sides by any positive real number to
create equivalent inequalities. For example:

10 > −5
10 − 7 > −5 − 7 Subtract 7 on both sides.
3 > −12 ✓ True

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Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

10 > −5
10 −5
> Divide both sides by 5.
5 5
2 > −1 ✓ True

Subtracting 7 from each side and dividing each side by positive 5 results in an
inequality that is true.

1.8 Solving Linear Inequalities with One Variable 234

Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Example 2

Solve and graph the solution set: 5x + 7 < 22.

Solution:

5x + 7 < 22
5x + 7 − 7 < 22 − 7
5x < 15
5x 15
<
5 5
x<3

It is helpful to take a minute and choose a few values in and out of the solution
set, substitute them into the original inequality, and then verify the results. As
indicated, you should expect x = 0 to solve the original inequality and that
x = 5 should not.

Check x =0 Check x =5

5 (5) + 7 < 22
5 (0) + 7 < 22
25 + 7 < 22
7 < 22 ✓
32 < 22 ✗

1.8 Solving Linear Inequalities with One Variable 235

Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Checking in this manner gives us a good indication that we have solved the
inequality correctly.

We can express this solution in two ways: using set notation and interval
notation.

{x||x < 3} Set notation

(−∞, 3) Interval notation

In this text we will choose to present answers using interval notation.

Answer: (−∞, 3)

When working with linear inequalities, a different rule applies when multiplying or
dividing by a negative number. To illustrate the problem, consider the true
statement 10 > −5 and divide both sides by −5.

10 > −5
10 −5
> Divide both sides by − 5.
−5 −5
−2 > 1 ✗ False

Dividing by −5 results in a false statement. To retain a true statement, the inequality

must be reversed.

1.8 Solving Linear Inequalities with One Variable 236

 Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

10 > −5
10 −5
< Reverse the inequality.
−5 −5
−2 < 1 ✓ True

The same problem occurs when multiplying by a negative number. This leads to the
following new rule: when multiplying or dividing by a negative number, reverse the
inequality. It is easy to forget to do this so take special care to watch for negative
coefficients. In general, given algebraic expressions A and B, where c is a positive
nonzero real number, we have the following properties of inequalities140:

Addition property of
inequalities:
If A < B then, A + c < B + c

Subtraction property of
inequalities:
If A < B, then A − c < B − c

If A < B, then cA < cB

Multiplication property of
inequalities:
If A < B, then − cA > −cB

A B
If A < B, then c < c
Division property of
inequalities:
A B
If A < B, then −c > −c

140. Properties used to obtain We use these properties to obtain an equivalent inequality141, one with the same
equivalent inequalities and solution set, where the variable is isolated. The process is similar to solving linear
used as a means to solve them. equations.
141. Inequalities that share the
same solution set.

1.8 Solving Linear Inequalities with One Variable 237

Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Example 3

Solve and graph the solution set: −2 (x + 8) + 6 ≥ 20.

Solution:

−2 (x + 8) + 6 ≥ 20 Distribute.
−2x − 16 + 6 ≥ 20 Combine like terms.
−2x − 10 ≥ 20 Solve f or x.
−2x ≥ 30 Divide both sides by − 2.
−2x 30
≤ Reverse the inequality.
−2 −2
x ≤ −15

Answer: Interval notation (−∞, − 15]

1.8 Solving Linear Inequalities with One Variable 238

Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Example 4

Solve and graph the solution set: −2 (4x − 5) < 9 − 2 (x − 2) .

Solution:

−2 (4x − 5) < 9 − 2 (x − 2)
−8x + 10 < 9 − 2x + 4
−8x + 10 < 13 − 2x
−6x < 3
−6x 3
> Reverse the inequality.
−6 −6
1
x>−
2

Answer: Interval notation (− 12 , ∞)

1.8 Solving Linear Inequalities with One Variable 239

Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Example 5

( 4 x − 9) + 1.
7
Solve and graph the solution set: 12 x − 2 ≥ 12

Solution:

2 (4 )
1 1 7
x − 2≥ x−9 +1
2
1 7 9
x − 2≥ x − + 1
2 8 2
1 7 7
x − x≥− + 2
2 8 2
3 3
− x≥−
8 2

( 3) ( 8 ) ( 3) ( 2)
8 3 8 3
− − x ≤ − − Reverse the inequality.

x≤4

Answer: Interval notation: (−∞, 4]

Try this! Solve and graph the solution set: 10 − 5 (2x + 3) ≤ 25.

Answer: [−3, ∞) ;

(click to see video)

1.8 Solving Linear Inequalities with One Variable 240

 Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Compound Inequalities

Following are some examples of compound linear inequalities:

−13 < 3x − 7 < 17 4x + 5 ≤ −15 or 6x − 11 > 7

These compound inequalities142 are actually two inequalities in one statement

joined by the word and or by the word or. For example,

−13 < 3x − 7 < 17

is a compound inequality because it can be decomposed as follows:

−13 < 3x − 7 and 3x − 7 < 17

We can solve each inequality individually; the intersection of the two solution sets
solves the original compound inequality. While this method works, there is another
method that usually requires fewer steps. Apply the properties of this section to all
three parts of the compound inequality with the goal of isolating the variable in the
middle of the statement to determine the bounds of the solution set.

142. Two or more inequalities in

one statement joined by the
word “and” or by the word
“or.”

1.8 Solving Linear Inequalities with One Variable 241

Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Example 6

Solve and graph the solution set: −13 < 3x − 7 < 17.

Solution:

−13 < 3x − 7 < 17

−13 + 7 < 3x − 7 + 7 < 17 + 7
−6 < 3x < 24
−6 3x 24
< <
3 3 3
−2 < x < 8

Answer: Interval notation: (−2, 8)

1.8 Solving Linear Inequalities with One Variable 242

Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Example 7

Solve and graph the solution set: 56 ≤ 13 ( 2 x + 4) < 2.

1

Solution:

3 (2 )
5 1 1
≤ x+4 <2
6
5 1 4
≤ x+ <2
6 6 3

(6) (6 3)
5 1 4
6⋅ ≤6⋅ x+ < 6 ⋅ (2)

5 ≤ x + 8 < 12
5 − 8 ≤ x + 8 − 8 < 12 − 8
−3 ≤ x < 4

Answer: Interval notation [−3, 4)

It is important to note that when multiplying or dividing all three parts of a

compound inequality by a negative number, you must reverse all of the inequalities
in the statement. For example:

−10 < −2x < 20

−10 −2x 20
> >
−2 −2 −2
5 > x > −10
The answer above can be written in an equivalent form, where smaller numbers lie
to the left and the larger numbers lie to the right, as they appear on a number line.

1.8 Solving Linear Inequalities with One Variable 243

Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

−10 < x < 5

Using interval notation, write: (−10, 5) .

Try this! Solve and graph the solution set: −3 ≤ −3 (2x − 3) < 15.

Answer: (−1, 2];

(click to see video)

For compound inequalities with the word “or” you work both inequalities
separately and then consider the union of the solution sets. Values in this union
solve either inequality.

1.8 Solving Linear Inequalities with One Variable 244

Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Example 8

Solve and graph the solution set: 4x + 5 ≤ −15 or 6x − 11 > 7 .

Solution:

Solve each inequality and form the union by combining the solution sets.

4x + 5 ≤ −15 6x − 11 > 7
4x ≤ −20 or 6x > 18
x ≤ −5 x>3

Answer: Interval notation (−∞, −5] ∪ (3, ∞)

5 (x − 3) < −20 or 2 (5 − 3x) < 1.

Try this! Solve and graph the solution set:

Answer: (−∞, −1) ∪ ( 2 , ∞);

3

(click to see video)

Applications of Linear Inequalities

Some of the key words and phrases that indicate inequalities are summarized
below:

1.8 Solving Linear Inequalities with One Variable 245

Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Key Phrases Translation

A number is at least 5.

x≥5

A number is 5 or more inclusive.

A number is at most 3.

x≤3

A number is 3 or less inclusive.

A number is strictly less than 4.

x<4

A number is less than 4, noninclusive.

A number is greater than 7.

x>7

A number is more than 7, noninclusive.

A number is in between 2 and 10. 2 < x < 10

A number is at least 5 and at most 15. 5 ≤ x ≤ 15

1.8 Solving Linear Inequalities with One Variable 246

Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Key Phrases Translation

A number may range from 5 to 15.

As with all applications, carefully read the problem several times and look for key
words and phrases. Identify the unknowns and assign variables. Next, translate the
wording into a mathematical inequality. Finally, use the properties you have
learned to solve the inequality and express the solution graphically or in interval
notation.

1.8 Solving Linear Inequalities with One Variable 247

Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Example 9

Seven less than 3 times the sum of a number and 5 is at most 11. Find all
numbers that satisfy this condition.

Solution:

First, choose a variable for the unknown number and identify the key words
and phrases.

Let n represent the unknown indicated by “a number.”

Solve for n.

3 (n + 5) − 7 ≤ 11
3n + 15 − 7 ≤ 11
3n + 8 ≤ 11
3n ≤ 3
n≤1

Answer: Any number less than or equal to 1 will satisfy the statement.

1.8 Solving Linear Inequalities with One Variable 248

Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

Example 10

To earn a B in a mathematics course the test average must be at least 80% and
less than 90%. If a student earned 92%, 96%, 79%, and 83% on the first four tests,
what must she score on the fifth test to earn a B?

Solution:

Set up a compound inequality where the test average is between 80% and 90%.
In this case, include the lower bound, 80.

Let x represent the score on the fifth test.

80 ≤ test average < 90

92 + 96 + 79 + 83 + x
80 ≤ < 90
5
350 + x
5 ⋅ 80 ≤ 5⋅ < 5 ⋅ 90
5
400 ≤ 350 + x < 450
50 ≤ x < 100

Answer: She must earn a score of at least 50% and less than 100%.

In the previous example, the upper bound 100% was not part of the solution set.
What would happen if she did earn a 100% on the fifth test?

92 + 96 + 79 + 83 + 100
average =
5
450
=
5
= 90

1.8 Solving Linear Inequalities with One Variable 249

Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

As we can see, her average would be 90%, which would earn her an A.

KEY TAKEAWAYS

• Inequalities typically have infinitely many solutions. The solutions are

presented graphically on a number line or using interval notation or
both.
• All but one of the rules for solving linear inequalities are the same as
solving linear equations. If you divide or multiply an inequality by a
negative number, reverse the inequality to obtain an equivalent
inequality.
• Compound inequalities involving the word “or” require us to solve each
inequality and form the union of each solution set. These are the values
that solve at least one of the given inequalities.
• Compound inequalities involving the word “and” require the
intersection of the solution sets for each inequality. These are the values
that solve both or all of the given inequalities.
• The general guidelines for solving word problems apply to applications
involving inequalities. Be aware of a new list of key words and phrases
that indicate a mathematical setup involving inequalities.

1.8 Solving Linear Inequalities with One Variable 250

Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

TOPIC EXERCISES

PART A: LINEAR INEQUALITIES

Determine whether or not the given value is a solution.

1. 5x − 1 < −2; x = −1
2. −3x + 1 > −10; x = 1
3. 2x − 3 < −5; x = 1
4. 5x − 7 < 0; x = 2
5. 9y − 4 ≥ 5 ; y = 1
6. −6y + 1 ≤ 3 ; y = −1
1
7. 12a + 3 ≤ −2; a = − 3
4
8. 25a − 2 ≤ −22 ; a = − 5
1
9. −10 < 2x − 5 < −5 ; x = − 2

10. 3x + 8 < −2 or 4x − 2 > 5 ; x = 2

Graph all solutions on a number line and provide the corresponding

interval notation.

11. 3x + 5 > −4
12. 2x + 1 > −1
13. 5 − 6y < −1
14. 7 − 9y > 43
15. 6−a≤6
16. −2a + 5 > 5
5x+6
17.
3
≤7
4x+11 1
18.
6
≤ 2

1.8 Solving Linear Inequalities with One Variable 251

Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

1 5 1
19.
2
y+ 4
≥ 4
1 2 5
20.
12
y+ 3
≤ 6

21. 2 (3x + 14) < −2

22. 5 (2y + 9) > −15
23. 5 − 2 (4 + 3y) ≤ 45
24. −12 + 5 (5 − 2x) < 83
25. 6 (7 − 2a) + 6a ≤ 12
26. 2a + 10 (4 − a) ≥ 8
27. 9 (2t − 3) − 3 (3t + 2) < 30
28. −3 (t − 3) − (4 − t) > 1

(5x + 4) +
1 5 4
29.
2 6
x>− 3
2 1 1
+ (2x − 3) ≥
30.
5 6 15
31. 5x − 2 (x − 3) < 3 (2x − 1)
32. 3 (2x − 1) − 10 > 4 (3x − 2) − 5x
33. −3y ≥ 3 (y + 8) + 6 (y − 1)
34. 12 ≤ 4 (y − 1) + 2 (2y + 1)
35. −2 (5t − 3) − 4 > 5 (−2t + 3)
36. −7 (3t − 4) > 2 (3 − 10t) − t

( x + 5) −
1 1 7 3
37. (2x + 3) > x+
2 3 6 2

4 (
x − 6) ≥
1 1 1 3
38. − (2x − 3) + x−
4 (3x + 4) ≥ 3 (6x + 5) − 6x
3 12 4
39.

40. 1 − 4 (3x + 7) < −3 (x + 9) − 9x

41. 6 − 3 (2a − 1) ≤ 4 (3 − a) + 1

1.8 Solving Linear Inequalities with One Variable 252

Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

42. 12 − 5 (2a + 6) ≥ 2 (5 − 4a) − a

PART B: COMPOUND INEQUALITIES

Graph all solutions on a number line and provide the corresponding

interval notation.

43. −1 < 2x + 1 < 9

44. −4 < 5x + 11 < 16
45. −7 ≤ 6y − 7 ≤ 17
46. −7 ≤ 3y + 5 ≤ 2
3x+1
47. −7 < 2
≤8
2x+7
48. −1 ≤ 3
<1
49. −4 ≤ 11 − 5t < 31
50. 15 < 12 − t ≤ 16
1 1 1 1
51. − 3
≤ 6
a+ 3
≤ 2
1 1 5 3
52. − 6
< 3
a+ 6
< 2
53. 5x + 2 < −3 or 7x − 6 > 15
54. 4x + 15 ≤ −1 or 3x − 8 ≥ −11
55. 8x − 3 ≤ 1 or 6x − 7 ≥ 8
56. 6x + 1 < −3 or 9x − 20 > −5
57. 8x − 7 < 1 or 4x + 11 > 3
58. 10x − 21 < 9 or 7x + 9 ≥ 30
59. 7 + 2y < 5 or 20 − 3y > 5
60. 5 − y < 5 or 7 − 8y ≤ 23
61. 15 + 2x < −15 or 10 − 3x > 40
1 1
62. 10 − 3
x ≤ 5 or 5 − 2
x ≤ 15

1.8 Solving Linear Inequalities with One Variable 253

Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

63. 9 − 2x ≤ 15 and 5x − 3 ≤ 7
64. 5 − 4x > 1 and 15 + 2x ≥ 5
65. 7y − 18 < 17 and 2y − 15 < 25
66. 13y + 20 ≥ 7 and 8 + 15y > 8
67. 5 − 4x ≤ 9 and 3x + 13 ≤ 1
68. 17 − 5x ≥ 7 and 4x − 7 > 1
69. 9y + 20 ≤ 2 and 7y + 15 ≥ 1
70. 21 − 6y ≤ 3 and − 7 + 2y ≤ −1
71. −21 < 6 (x − 3) < −9
72. 0 ≤ 2 (2x + 5) < 8
73. −15 ≤ 5 + 4 (2y − 3) < 17
74. 5 < 8 − 3 (3 − 2y) ≤ 29
75. 5 < 5 − 3 (4 + t) < 17
76. −3 ≤ 3 − 2 (5 + 2t) ≤ 21
77. −40 < 2 (x + 5) − (5 − x) ≤ −10
78. −60 ≤ 5 (x − 4) − 2 (x + 5) ≤ 15
1 1 1
79. − < (x − 10) <
2 30 3
1 1 1
80. − ≤ (x − 7) ≤
5 15 3
a + 2 (a − 2)
81. −1 ≤ ≤0
5
5 + 2 (a − 1)
82. 0 < <2
6

PART C: APPLICATIONS

Find all numbers that satisfy the given condition.

1.8 Solving Linear Inequalities with One Variable 254

Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

83. Three less than twice the sum of a number and 6 is at most 13.

84. Five less than 3 times the sum of a number and 4 is at most 10.

85. Five times the sum of a number and 3 is at least 5.

86. Three times the difference between a number and 2 is at least 12.

87. The sum of 3 times a number and 8 is between 2 and 20.

88. Eight less than twice a number is between −20 and −8.

89. Four subtracted from three times some number is between −4 and 14.

90. Nine subtracted from 5 times some number is between 1 and 11.

Set up an algebraic inequality and then solve.

91. With a golf club membership, costing $120 per month, each round of golf costs
only $35.00. How many rounds of golf can a member play if he wishes to keep
his costs $270 per month at most?

92. A rental truck costs $95 per day plus $0.65 per mile driven. How many miles
can be driven on a one-day rental to keep the cost at most $120?

93. Mark earned 6, 7, and 10 points out of 10 on the first three quizzes. What must
he score on the fourth quiz to average at least 8?

94. Joe earned scores of 78, 82, 88 and 70 on his first four algebra exams. What
must he score on the fifth exam to average at least 80?

95. A gymnast scored 13.2, 13.0, 14.3, 13.8, and 14.6 on the first five events. What
must he score on the sixth event to average at least 14.0?

96. A dancer scored 7.5 and 8.2 from the first two judges. What must her score
from the third judge come in as if she is to average 8.4 or higher?

97. If two times an angle is between 180 degrees and 270 degrees, then what are
the bounds of the original angle?

98. The perimeter of a square must be between 120 inches and 460 inches. Find the
length of all possible sides that satisfy this condition.

99. A computer is set to shut down if the temperature exceeds 45°C. Give an
5
equivalent statement using degrees Fahrenheit. Hint: C = (F − 32).
9

100. A certain antifreeze is effective for a temperature range of −35°C to 120°C. Find
the equivalent range in degrees Fahrenheit.

1.8 Solving Linear Inequalities with One Variable 255

Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

PART D: DISCUSSION BOARD

101. Often students reverse the inequality when solving 5x + 2 < −18 ? Why do
you think this is a common error? Explain to a beginning algebra student why
we do not.

102. Conduct a web search for “solving linear inequalities.” Share a link to website
or video tutorial that you think is helpful.

103. Write your own 5 key takeaways for this entire chapter. What did you find to
be review and what did you find to be new? Share your thoughts on the
discussion board.

1.8 Solving Linear Inequalities with One Variable 256

Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

ANSWERS

1. Yes

3. No

5. Yes

7. No

9. Yes

11. (−3, ∞) ;

13. (1, ∞) ;

15. [0, ∞) ;

17. (−∞, 3] ;

19. [−2, ∞) ;

21. (−∞, −5) ;

23. [−8, ∞) ;

25. [5, ∞) ;

27. (−∞, 7) ;

29. (−1, ∞) ;

1.8 Solving Linear Inequalities with One Variable 257

Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

31. (3, ∞) ;

(−∞, − 2 ] ;
3
33.

35. Ø;

37. (−∞, 0) ;

39. ℝ;

41. [−2, ∞) ;

43. (−1, 4) ;

45. [0, 4] ;

47. (−5, 5] ;

49. (−4, 3] ;

51. [−4, 1] ;

53. (−∞, −1) ∪ (3, ∞) ;

(−∞, 2 ] ∪ [ 2 , ∞) ;
1 5
55.

1.8 Solving Linear Inequalities with One Variable 258

Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

57. ℝ;

59. (−∞, 5) ;

61. (−∞, −10) ;

63. [−3, 2] ;

65. (−∞, 5) ;

67. Ø;

69. −2;

(− , 32 );
1
71.
2

73. [−1, 3) ;

75. (−8, −4) ;

77. (−15, −5] ;

79. (−5, 20) ;

[− 3]
1 4
81.
3
, ;

1.8 Solving Linear Inequalities with One Variable 259

Chapter 1 Algebra Fundamentals

83. (−∞, 2]
85. [−2, ∞)
87. (−2, 4)
89. (0, 6)
91. Members may play 4 rounds or fewer.

93. Mark must earn at least 9 points on the fourth quiz.

95. He must score a 15.1 on the sixth event.

97. The angle is between 90 degrees and 135 degrees.

99. The computer will shut down when the temperature exceeds 113°F.

101. Answer may vary

103. Answer may vary

1.8 Solving Linear Inequalities with One Variable 260

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

4.2 Factoring Polynomials

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Determine the greatest common factor (GCF) of monomials.

2. Factor out the GCF of a polynomial.
3. Factor a four-term polynomial by grouping.
4. Factor special binomials.

Determining the GCF of Monomials

The process of writing a number or expression as a product is called factoring5. If

we write the monomial 8x 7 = 2x 5 ⋅ 4x 2 , we say that the product 2x 5 ⋅ 4x 2 is a
factorization6 of 8x 7 and that 2x 5 and 4x 2 are factors7. Typically, there are many
ways to factor a monomial. Some factorizations of 8x 7 follow:




8x 7 = 2x 5 ⋅ 4x 2


8x 7 = 8x 6 ⋅ x Factorizations of 8x 7
8x 7 = 2x ⋅ 2x 2 ⋅ 2x 4 

Given two or more monomials, it will be useful to find the greatest common
monomial factor (GCF)8 of each. The GCF of the monomials is the product of the
common variable factors and the GCF of the coefficients.

5. The process of writing a

number or expression as a
product.

6. Any combination of factors,

multiplied together, resulting
in the product.

7. Any of the numbers or

expressions that form a
product.

8. The product of the common

variable factors and the GCF of
the coefficients.

853
Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Example 1

Find the GCF of 25x 7 y 2 z and 15x 3 y 4 z 2 .

Solution:

Begin by finding the GCF of the coefficients. In this case, 25 = 5 ⋅ 5 and

15 = 3 ⋅ 5. It should be clear that

GCF (25, 15) = 5

Next determine the common variable factors with the smallest exponents.

25x 7 y 2 z and 15x 3 y 4 z 2

The common variable factors are x 3 , y 2 , and z. Therefore, given the two
monomials,

GCF = 5x 3 y 2 z

Answer: 5x 3 y 2 z

It is worth pointing out that the GCF divides both expressions evenly.

4.2 Factoring Polynomials 854

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

25x 7 y 2 z 15x 3 y 4 z 2
= 5x 4 and = 3y 2 z
5x y z
3 2 5x y z
3 2

Furthermore, we can write the following:

25x 7 y 2 z = 5x 3 y 2 z ⋅ 5x 4 and 15x 3 y 4 z 2 = 5x 3 y 2 z ⋅ 3y 2 z

The factors 5x 4 and 3y 2 z share no common monomial factors other than 1; they
are relatively prime9.

9. Expressions that share no

common factors other than 1.

4.2 Factoring Polynomials 855

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Example 2

Determine the GCF of the following three expressions: 12a5 b2 (a + b) ,

5

60a4 b3 c (a + b) , and 24a2 b7 c3 (a + b) .

3 2

Solution:

Begin by finding the GCF of the coefficients. To do this, determine the prime
factorization of each and then multiply the common factors with the smallest
exponents.

12 = 22 ⋅ 3
60 = 22 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5
24 = 23 ⋅ 3

Therefore, the GCF of the coefficients of the three monomials is

GCF (12, 60, 24) = 22 ⋅ 3 = 12

Next, determine the common factors of the variables.

12a5 b2 (a + b) 60a4 b3 c (a + b) 24a2 b7 c3 (a + b

5 3
and and

The variable factors in common are a2 , b2 , and (a + b) . Therefore,

2

4.2 Factoring Polynomials 856

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

GCF = 12 ⋅ a2 ⋅ b2 ⋅ (a + b)
2

Note that the variable c is not common to all three expressions and thus is not
included in the GCF.

Answer: 12a2 b2 (a + b)
2

Factoring out the GCF

The application of the distributive property is the key to multiplying polynomials.

For example,

6xy 2 (2xy + 1) = 6xy 2 ⋅ 2xy + 6xy 2 ⋅ 1 Multiplying

= 12x 2 y 3 + 6xy 2

The process of factoring a polynomial involves applying the distributive property in

reverse to write each polynomial as a product of polynomial factors.

a (b + c) = ab + ac Multiplying
ab + ac = a (b + c) Factoring

Consider factoring the result of the opening example:

4.2 Factoring Polynomials 857

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

12x 2 y 3 + 6xy 2 = 6xy 2 ⋅ 2xy + 6xy 2 ⋅ 1 Factoring

= 6xy 2 ( ? )
= 6xy 2 (2xy + 1)

12x 2 y 3 + 6xy 2 as a product of the two factors 6xy 2 and (2xy + 1) . Note that in
We see that the distributive property allows us to write the polynomial

this case, 6x 2 y is the GCF of the terms of the polynomial.

GCF (12x 2 y 3 , 6xy 2 ) = 6xy 2

Factoring out the greatest common factor (GCF)10 of a polynomial involves

rewriting it as a product where a factor is the GCF of all of its terms.

8x 3 + 4x 2 − 16x = 4x (2x 2 + x − 4) 


9ab2 − 18a2 b − 3ab = 3ab (3b − 6a − 1) 
Factoring out the GCF

To factor out the GCF of a polynomial, we first determine the GCF of all of its terms.
Then we can divide each term of the polynomial by this factor as a means to
determine the remaining factor after applying the distributive property in reverse.

10. The process of rewriting a

polynomial as a product using
the GCF of all of its terms.

4.2 Factoring Polynomials 858

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Example 3

Factor out the GCF: 18x 7 − 30x 5 + 6x 3 .

Solution:

In this case, the GCF(18, 30, 6) = 6, and the common variable factor with the
smallest exponent is x 3 . The GCF of the polynomial is 6x 3 .

18x 7 − 30x 5 + 6x 3 = 6x 3 ( ? )

The missing factor can be found by dividing each term of the original
expression by the GCF.

18x 7 −30x 5 +6x 3

= 3x 4 = −5x 2 = +1
6x 3 6x 3 6x 3

Apply the distributive property (in reverse) using the terms found in the
previous step.

18x 7 − 30x 5 + 6x 3 = 6x 3 (3x 4 − 5x 2 + 1)

If the GCF is the same as one of the terms, then, after the GCF is factored out, a
constant term 1 will remain. The importance of remembering the constant
term becomes clear when performing the check using the distributive property.

4.2 Factoring Polynomials 859

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

6x 3 (3x 4 − 5x 2 + 1) = 6x 3 ⋅ 3x 4 − 6x 3 ⋅ 5x 2 + 6x 3 ⋅ 1
= 18x 7 − 30x 5 + 6x 3 ✓

Answer: 6x 3 (3x 4 − 5x 2 + 1)

4.2 Factoring Polynomials 860

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Example 4

Factor out the GCF: 27x 5 y 5 z + 54x 5 yz − 63x 3 y 4 .

Solution:

The GCF of the terms is 9x 3 y. The last term does not have a variable factor of z,
and thus z cannot be a part of the greatest common factor. If we divide each
term by 9x 3 y , we obtain

27x 5 y 5 z 54x 5 yz −63x 3 y 4

= 3x 2 y 4 z = 6x 2 z = −7y 3
9x y3 9x y
3 9x y
3

and can write

27x 5 y 5 z + 54x 5 yz − 63x 3 y 4 = 9x 3 y ( ? )

= 9x 3 y (3x 2 y 4 z + 6x 2 z − 7y 3 )

Answer: 9x 3 y (3x 2 y 4 z + 6x 2 z − 7y 3 )

Try this! Factor out the GCF: 12x 3 y 4 − 6x 2 y 3 − 3xy 2

Answer: 3xy 2 (4x 2 y 2 − 2xy − 1)

(click to see video)

4.2 Factoring Polynomials 861

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Of course, not every polynomial with integer coefficients can be factored as a

product of polynomials with integer coefficients other than 1 and itself. If this is the
case, then we say that it is a prime polynomial11. For example, a linear factor such
as 10x − 9 is prime. However, it can be factored as follows:

( x) ( 5)
9 9
10x − 9 = x 10 − or 10x − 9 = 5 2x −

If an x is factored out, the resulting factor is not a polynomial. If any constant is

factored out, the resulting polynomial factor will not have integer coefficients.
Furthermore, some linear factors are not prime. For example,

5x − 10 = 5 (x − 2)

In general, any linear factor of the form ax + b, where a and b are relatively prime
integers, is prime.

Factoring by Grouping

In this section, we outline a technique for factoring polynomials with four terms.
First, review a preliminary example where the terms have a common binomial
factor.

11. A polynomial with integer

coefficients that cannot be
factored as a product of
polynomials with integer
coefficients other than 1 and
itself.

4.2 Factoring Polynomials 862

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Example 5

Factor: 7x (3x − 2) − (3x − 2) .

Solution:

Begin by rewriting the second term − (3x − 2) as −1 (3x − 2) . Next, consider

(3x − 2) as a common binomial factor and factor it out as follows:

7x (3x − 2) − (3x − 2) = 7x (3x − 2) − 1 (3x − 2)

= (3x − 2) ( ? )
= (3x − 2) (7x − 1)

Answer: (3x − 2) (7x − 1)

Factoring by grouping12 is a technique that enables us to factor polynomials with

four terms into a product of binomials. This involves an intermediate step where a
common binomial factor will be factored out. For example, we wish to factor

3x 3 − 12x 2 + 2x − 8

Begin by grouping the first two terms and the last two terms. Then factor out the
GCF of each grouping:

12. A technique for factoring In this form, the polynomial is a binomial with a common binomial factor, (x − 4) .
polynomials with four terms.

4.2 Factoring Polynomials 863

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

= (x − 4) ( ? )
= (x − 4) (3x 2 + 2)

Therefore,

3x 3 − 12x 2 + 2x − 8 = (x − 4) (3x 2 + 2)

We can check by multiplying.

(x − 4) (3x 2 + 2) = 3x 3 + 2x − 12x 2 − 8
= 3x 3 − 12x 2 + 2x − 8 ✓

4.2 Factoring Polynomials 864

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Example 6

Factor by grouping: 24a4 − 18a3 − 20a + 15.

Solution:

The GCF for the first group is 6a3 . We have to choose 5 or −5 to factor out of the
second group.

Factoring out +5 does not result in a common binomial factor. If we choose to

factor out −5, then we obtain a common binomial factor and can proceed. Note
that when factoring out a negative number, we change the signs of the factored
terms.

Answer: (4a − 3) (6a3 − 5) .Check by multiplying; this is left to the reader as

an exercise.

Sometimes we must first rearrange the terms in order to obtain a common factor.

4.2 Factoring Polynomials 865

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Example 7

Factor: ab − 2a2 b + a3 − 2b2 .

Solution:

Simply factoring the GCF out of the first group and last group does not yield a
common binomial factor.

We must rearrange the terms, searching for a grouping that produces a

common factor. In this example, we have a workable grouping if we switch the
terms a3 and ab.

Answer: (a − 2b) (a2 + b)

Try this! Factor: x 3 − x 2 y − xy + y 2 .

Answer: (x − y) (x 2 − y)

(click to see video)

Not all factorable four-term polynomials can be factored with this technique. For
example,

4.2 Factoring Polynomials 866

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

3x 3 + 5x 2 − x + 2

This four-term polynomial cannot be grouped in any way to produce a common

binomial factor. Despite this, the polynomial is not prime and can be written as a
product of polynomials. It can be factored as follows:

3x 3 + 5x 2 − x + 2 = (x + 2) (3x 2 − x + 1)

Factoring such polynomials is something that we will learn to do as we move

further along in our study of algebra. For now, we will limit our attempt to factor
four-term polynomials to using the factor by grouping technique.

Factoring Special Binomials

A binomial is a polynomial with two terms. We begin with the special binomial
called difference of squares13:

a2 − b2 = (a + b) (a − b)

To verify the above formula, multiply.

(a + b) (a − b) = a − ab + ba − b
2 2

= a2 − ab + ab − b2
= a2 − b2

13. a2 − b = (a + b) (a − b) ,
We use this formula to factor certain special binomials.
2

where a and b represent

algebraic expressions.

4.2 Factoring Polynomials 867

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Example 8

Factor: x 2 − 9y 2 .

Solution:

Identify the binomial as difference of squares and determine the square factors
of each term.

Here we can write

x 2 − 9y 2 = ( x ) − ( 3y )
2 2

Substitute into the difference of squares formula where a = x and b = 3y.

a2 − b2 = ( a + b ) ( a − b )
⏐
↓ ⏐ ↓ ⏐ ↓ ⏐ ↓
x 2 − 9y 2 = ( x + 3y ) ( x − 3y )

Multiply to check.

4.2 Factoring Polynomials 868

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

(x + 3y) (x − 3y) = x − 3xy + 3yx − 9y

2 2

= x 2 − 3xy + 3xy − 9y 2
= x 2 − 9y 2 ✓

Answer: (x + 3y) (x − 3y)

4.2 Factoring Polynomials 869

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Example 9

Factor: x 2 − (2x − 1)2 .

Solution:

First, identify this expression as a difference of squares.

x 2 − (2x − 1)2 = ( x ) − ( 2x − 1 )
2 2

Use a = x and b = 2x − 1 in the formula for a difference of squares and then

simplify.

a2 − b2 = (a + b) (a − b)

x 2 − (2x − 1)2 = [ x + (2x − 1)] [x − (2x − 1)]

= ( x + 2x − 1) (x − 2x + 1)
= (3x − 1) (−x + 1)

Answer: (3x − 1) (−x + 1)

Given any real number b, a polynomial of the form x 2 + b2 is prime. Furthermore,

2
14. a2 + b , where a and b
the sum of squares14 a2 + b2 does not have a general factored equivalent. Care
represent algebraic should be taken not to confuse this with a perfect square trinomial.
expressions. This does not have
a general factored equivalent.

4.2 Factoring Polynomials 870

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

(a + b) = (a + b) (a + b)
2

= a2 + ab + ba + b2
= a2 + 2ab + b2

Therefore,

(a + b) ≠ a + b
22 2

For example, the sum of squares binomial x 2 + 9 is prime. Two other special
binomials of interest are the sum15 and difference of cubes16:

a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 − ab + b2 )
a3 − b3 = (a − b) (a2 + ab + b2 )

We can verify these formulas by multiplying.

(a + b) (a − ab + b ) = a − a b + ab + a b − ab + b
2 2 3 2 2 2 2 3

= a3 + b3 ✓
a3 + b3
15. ,
= (a + b)(a2 − ab + b2 )
where a and b represent

(a − b) (a + ab + b ) = a + a b + ab − a b − ab − b
algebraic expressions.
2 2 3 2 2 2 2 3
a3 − b3
16. ,
= (a − b)(a2 + ab + b2 ) = a3 − b3 ✓
where a and b represent
algebraic expressions.

4.2 Factoring Polynomials 871

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

The process for factoring sums and differences of cubes is very similar to that of
differences of squares. We first identify a and b and then substitute into the
appropriate formula. The separate formulas for the sum and difference of cubes
allow us to always choose a and b to be positive.

4.2 Factoring Polynomials 872

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Example 10

Factor: x 3 − 8y 3 .

Solution:

First, identify this binomial as a difference of cubes.

Next, identify what is being cubed.

x 3 − 8y 3 = (x)3 − (2y)
3

In this case, a = x and b = 2y. Substitute into the difference of cubes formula.

a3 + b3 = ( a − b ) ( a2 + a ⋅ b + b2 )
⏐
↓ ⏐ ↓ ⏐
↓ ⏐
↓ ⏐ ↓ ⏐
↓
x 3 − 8y 3 = ( x − 2y ) ( (x)2 + x ⋅ 2y + (2y) )
2

= ( x − 2y ) ( x 2 + 2xy + 4y 2 )

We can check this factorization by multiplying.

4.2 Factoring Polynomials 873

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

(x − 2y) (x + 2xy + 4y ) = x + 2x y + 4xy − 2x y − 4xy − 8y

2 2 3 2 2 2 2 3

= x 3 + 2x 2 y + 4xy 2 − 2x 2 y − 4xy 2 − 8y 3
= x 3 − 8y 3 ✓

Answer: (x − 2y) (x 2 + 2xy + 4y 2 )

It may be the case that the terms of the binomial have a common factor. If so, it will
be difficult to identify it as a special binomial until we first factor out the GCF.

4.2 Factoring Polynomials 874

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Example 11

Factor: 81x 4 y + 3xy 4 .

Solution:

The terms are not perfect squares or perfect cubes. However, notice that they
do have a common factor. First, factor out the GCF, 3xy.

81x 4 y + 3xy 4 = 3xy (27x 3 + y 3 )

The resulting binomial factor is a sum of cubes with a = 3x and b = y.

81x 4 y + 3xy 4 = 3xy (27x 3 + y 3 )

= 3xy (3x + y) (9x 2 − 3xy + y 2 )

Answer: 3xy (3x + y) (9x 2 − 3xy + y 2 )

When the degree of the special binomial is greater than two, we may need to apply
the formulas multiple times to obtain a complete factorization. A polynomial is
completely factored17 when it is prime or is written as a product of prime
polynomials.

17. A polynomial that is prime or

written as a product of prime
polynomials.

4.2 Factoring Polynomials 875

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Example 12

Factor completely: x 4 − 81y 4 .

Solution:

First, identify what is being squared.

x 4 − 81y 4 = ( ) − ( )
2 2

To do this, recall the power rule for exponents, (x m )n = x mn . When exponents

are raised to a power, multiply them. With this in mind, we find

x 4 − 81y 4 = ( x 2 ) − ( 9y 2 )
2 2

Therefore, a = x 2 and b = 9y 2 . Substitute into the formula for difference of

squares.

x 4 − 81y 4 = (x 2 + 9y 2 ) (x 2 − 9y 2 )

At this point, notice that the factor (x 2 − 9y 2 ) is itself a difference of two

(x + 9y ) is prime and cannot be factored using real numbers.

squares and thus can be further factored using a = x 2 and b = 3y. The factor
2 2

4.2 Factoring Polynomials 876

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

x 4 − 81y 4 = (x 2 + 9y 2 ) (x 2 − 9y 2 )
= (x 2 + 9y 2 ) (x + 3y) (x − 3y)

Answer: (x 2 + 9y 2 ) (x + 3y) (x − 3y)

When factoring, always look for resulting factors to factor further.

4.2 Factoring Polynomials 877

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Example 13

Factor completely: 64x 6 − y 6 .

Solution:

This binomial is both a difference of squares and difference of cubes.

64x 6 − y 6 = ( 4x 2 ) − ( y 2 )
3 3
Dif f erence of cubes

64x 6 − y 6 = ( 8x 3 ) − ( y 3 )
2 2
Dif f erence of squares

When confronted with a binomial that is a difference of both squares and cubes,
as this is, make it a rule to factor using difference of squares first. Therefore,
a = 8x 3 and b = y 3 . Substitute into the difference of squares formula.

64x 6 − y 6 = (8x 3 + y 3 ) (8x 3 − y 3 )

The resulting two binomial factors are sum and difference of cubes. Each can be
factored further. Therefore, we have

The trinomial factors are prime and the expression is completely factored.

Answer: (2x + y) (4x 2 − 2xy + y 2 ) (2x − y) (4x 2 + 2xy + y 2 )

4.2 Factoring Polynomials 878

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

As an exercise, factor the previous example as a difference of cubes first and then
compare the results. Why do you think we make it a rule to factor using difference
of squares first?

Try this! Factor: a6 b6 − 1

Answer: (ab + 1) (a2 b2 − ab + 1) (ab − 1) (a2 b2 + ab + 1)

(click to see video)

KEY TAKEAWAYS

• The GCF of two or more monomials is the product of the GCF of the
coefficients and the common variable factors with the smallest power.
• If the terms of a polynomial have a greatest common factor, then factor
out that GCF using the distributive property. Divide each term of the
polynomial by the GCF to determine the terms of the remaining factor.
• Some four-term polynomials can be factored by grouping the first two
terms and the last two terms. Factor out the GCF of each group and then
factor out the common binomial factor.
• When factoring by grouping, you sometimes have to rearrange the
terms to find a common binomial factor. After factoring out the GCF, the
remaining binomial factors must be the same for the technique to work.
• When factoring special binomials, the first step is to identify it as a sum
or difference. Once we identify the binomial, we then determine the
values of a and b and then substitute into the appropriate formula.
• If a binomial is both a difference of squares and cubes, then first factor it
as a difference of squares.

4.2 Factoring Polynomials 879

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

TOPIC EXERCISES

PART A: FACTORING OUT THE GCF

Determine the GCF of the given expressions.

1. 9x 5 , 27x 2 , 15x 7
2. 20y 4 , 12y 7 , 16y 3
3. 50x 2 y 3 , 35xy 3 , 10x 3 y 2
4. 12x 7 y 2 , 36x 4 y 2 , 18x 3 y
5. 15a7 b 2 c5 , 75a7 b 3 c , 45ab 4 c3
6. 12a6 b 3 c2 , 48abc3 , 125a2 b 3 c
7. 60x 2 (2x − 1) 3 , 42x(2x − 1) 3 , 6x 3 (2x − 1)

14y 5 (y − 8) , 28y 2 (y − 8) , 35y(y − 8)

2 3
8.

10a2 b 3 (a + b) , 48a5 b 2 (a + b) , 26ab 5 (a + b)

5 2 3
9.

45ab 7 (a − b) , 36a2 b 2 (a − b) , 63a4 b 3 (a − b)

7 3 2
10.

Determine the missing factor.

11. 18x 4 − 6x 3 + 2x 2 = 2x 2 ( ? )
12. 6x 5 − 9x 3 − 3x = 3x ( ? )
13. −10y 6 + 6y 4 − 4y 2 = −2y 2 ( ? )
14. −27y 9 − 9y 6 + 3y 3 = −3y 3 ( ? )
15. 12x 3 y 2 − 8x 2 y 3 + 8xy = 4xy ( ? )
16. 10x 4 y 3 − 50x 3 y 2 + 15x 2 y 2 = 5xy ( ? )
17. 14a4 b 5 − 21a3 b 4 − 7a2 b 3 = 7a2 b 3 ( ? )

4.2 Factoring Polynomials 880

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

18. 15a5 b 4 + 9a4 b 2 − 3a2 b = 3a2 b ( ? )

19. x 3n + x 2n + x n = x n ( ? )
20. y 4n + y 3n − y 2n = y 2n ( ? )

Factor out the GCF.

21. 12x 4 − 16x 3 + 4x 2

22. 15x 5 − 10x 4 − 5x 3
23. 20y 8 + 28y 6 + 40y 3
24. 18y 7 − 24y 5 − 30y 3
25. 2a4 b 3 − 6a3 b 2 + 8a2 b
26. 28a3 b 3 − 21a2 b 4 − 14ab 5
27. 2x 3 y 5 − 4x 4 y 4 + x 2 y 3
28. 3x 5 y − 2x 4 y 2 + x 3 y 3
29. 5x 2 (2x + 3) − 3 (2x + 3)
30. y 2 (y − 1) + 9 (y − 1)
31. 9x 2 (3x − 1) + (3x − 1)
32. 7y 2 (5y + 2) − (5y + 2)
33. x 5n − x 3n + x n
34. y 6n − y 3n − y 2n

PART B: FACTORING BY GROUPING

Factor by grouping.

35. 2x 3 + 3x 2 + 2x + 3
36. 5x 3 + 25x 2 + x + 5
37. 6x 3 − 3x 2 + 4x − 2

4.2 Factoring Polynomials 881

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

38. 3x 3 − 2x 2 − 15x + 10
39. x 3 − x 2 − 3x + 3
40. 6x 3 − 15x 2 − 2x + 5
41. 2x 3 + 7x 2 − 10x − 35
42. 3x 3 − x 2 + 24x − 8
43. 14y 4 + 10y 3 − 7y − 5
44. 5y 4 + 2y 3 + 20y + 8
45. x 4n + x 3n + 2x n + 2
46. x 5n + x 3n + 3x 2n + 3
47. x 3 − x 2 y + xy 2 − y 3
48. x 3 + x 2 y − 2xy 2 − 2y 3
49. 3x 3 y 2 + 9x 2 y 3 − x − 3y
50. 2x 3 y 3 − x 2 y 3 + 2x − y
51. a2 b − 4ab 2 − 3a + 12b
52. a2 b + 3ab 2 + 5a + 15b
53. a4 + a2 b 3 + a2 b + b 4
54. a3 b + 2a2 + 3ab 4 + 6b 3
55. 3ax + 10by − 5ay − 6bx
56. a2 x − 5b 2 y − 5a2 y + b 2 x
57. x 4 y 2 − x 3 y 3 + x 2 y 4 − xy 5
58. 2x 5 y 2 + 4x 4 y 2 + 18x 3 y + 36x 2 y
59. a5 b 2 + a4 b 4 + a3 b 3 + a2 b 5
60. 3a6 b + 3a5 b 2 + 9a4 b 2 + 9a3 b 3

4.2 Factoring Polynomials 882

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

PART C: FACTORING SPECIAL BINOMIALS

Factor.

61. x 2 − 64
62. x 2 − 100
63. 9 − 4y 2
64. 25 − y 2
65. x 2 − 81y 2
66. x 2 − 49y 2
67. a2 b 2 − 4
68. 1 − 9a2 b 2
69. a2 b 2 − c2
70. 4a2 − b 2 c2
71. x 4 − 64
72. 36 − y 4

(2x + 5) − x
2
2
73.

(3x − 5) − x
2
2
74.

y 2 − (y − 3)
2
75.

y 2 − (2y + 1)
2
76.

(2x + 5) − (x − 3)
2 2
77.

78. (3x − 1) 2 − (2x − 3) 2

79. x 4 − 16
80. 81x 4 − 1
81. x 4y4 − 1

4.2 Factoring Polynomials 883

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

82. x 4 − y4
83. x 8 − y8
84. y8 − 1
85. x 2n − y 2n
86. x 2n y 2n − 4
87. x 4n − y 4n
88. x 4n y 4n − 16
89. x 3 − 27
90. 8x 3 − 125
91. 8y 3 + 27
92. 64x 3 + 343
93. x 3 − y3
94. x 3 + y3
95. 8a3 b 3 + 1
96. 27a3 − 8b 3
97. x 3 y 3 − 125
98. 216x 3 + y 3
99. x 3 + (x + 3) 3

y 3 − (2y − 1)
3
100.

101. (2x + 1) 3 − x 3

(3y − 5) − y
33
102.

103. x 3n − y 3n
104. x 3n + y 3n
105. a6 + 64

4.2 Factoring Polynomials 884

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

106. 64a6 − 1
107. x 6 − y6
108. x 6 + y6
109. x 6n − y 6n
110. x 6n + y 6n
111. Given f (x) = 2x − 1 , show that (f + f ) (x) = 2f (x) .
112. Given f (x) = x 2 − 3x + 2 , show that (f + f ) (x) = 2f (x) .
113. Given f (x) = mx + b , show that (f + f ) (x) = 2f (x) .
114. Given f (x) = ax 2 + bx + c, show that (f + f ) (x) = 2f (x) .
115. Given f (x) = ax 2 + bx + c, show that (f − f ) (x) = 0.
116. Given f (x) = mx + b , show that (f − f ) (x) = 0.

PART D: DISCUSSION BOARD

117. What can be said about the degree of a factor of a polynomial? Give an
example.

118. If a binomial falls into both categories, difference of squares and difference of
cubes, which would be best to use for factoring, and why? Create an example
that illustrates this situation and factor it using both formulas.

119. Write your own examples for each of the three special types of binomial.
Factor them and share your results.

4.2 Factoring Polynomials 885

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

ANSWERS

1. 3x 2
3. 5xy 2
5. 15ab 2 c
7. 6x (2x − 1)

2ab 2 (a + b)
2
9.

(9x − 3x + 1)
2
11.

(5y − 3y + 2)
4 2
13.

(3x y − 2xy + 2)
2 2
15.

(2a b − 3ab − 1)
2 2
17.

(x + x n + 1)
2n
19.

21. 4x 2 (3x 2 − 4x + 1)
23. 4y 3 (5y 5 + 7y 3 + 10)

25. 2a2 b (a2 b 2 − 3ab + 4)

27. x 2 y 3 (2xy 2 − 4x 2 y + 1)
29. (2x + 3) (5x 2 − 3)
31. (3x − 1) (9x 2 + 1)
33. x n (x 4n − x 2n + 1)
35. (2x + 3) (x 2 + 1)
37. (2x − 1) (3x 2 + 2)
39. (x − 1) (x 2 − 3)
41. (2x + 7) (x 2 − 5)

4.2 Factoring Polynomials 886

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

(7y + 5) (2y − 1)
3
43.

45. (x n + 1) (x 3n + 2)

(x − y) (x + y )
2 2
47.

(x + 3y) (3x y − 1)
2 2
49.

51. (a − 4b) (ab − 3)

(a + b) (a + b )
2 2 3
53.

55. (a − 2b) (3x − 5y)

57. xy 2 (x − y) (x 2 + y 2 )

59. a2 b 2 (a2 + b) (a + b 2 )
61. (x + 8) (x − 8)
63. (3 + 2y) (3 − 2y)
65. (x + 9y) (x − 9y)
67. (ab + 2) (ab − 2)
69. (ab + c) (ab − c)
(x + 8) (x − 8)
2 2
71.

73. (3x + 5) (x + 5)
75. 3 (2y − 3)
77. (3x + 2) (x + 8)

(x + 4) (x + 2) (x − 2)
2
79.

(x y + 1) (xy + 1) (xy − 1)
2 2
81.

(x + y ) (x + y ) (x + y) (x − y)
4 4 2 2
83.

(x + y ) (x − y )
n n n n
85.

4.2 Factoring Polynomials 887

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

(x + y 2n ) (x n + y n ) (x n − y n )
2n
87.

89. (x − 3) (x 2 + 3x + 9)

(2y + 3) (4y − 6y + 9)
2
91.

(x − y) (x + xy + y )
2 2
93.

(2ab + 1) (4a b − 2ab + 1)

2 2
95.

(xy − 5) (x y + 5xy + 25)

2 2
97.

99. (2x + 3) (x 2 + 3x + 9)
101. (x + 1) (7x 2 + 5x + 1)

(x − y ) (x + x y + y )
n n 2n n n 2n
103.

(a + 4) (a − 4a + 16)
2 4 2
105.

(x + y) (x − xy + y ) (x − y) (x + xy + y )
2 2 2 2

(x + y ) (x − x y + y )
107.
n n 2n n n 2n

× (x n − y n ) (x 2n + x n y n + y 2n )
109.

111. Answer may vary

113. Answer may vary

115. Answer may vary

117. Answer may vary

119. Answer may vary

4.2 Factoring Polynomials 888

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

4.3 Factoring Trinomials

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Factor trinomials of the form x 2 + bx + c.

2. Factor trinomials of higher degree.
3. Factor trinomials of the form ax 2 + bx + c.
4. Factor trinomials using the AC method.

Factoring Trinomials of the Form x 2 + bx + c

Some trinomials of the form x 2 + bx + c can be factored as a product of binomials.
If a trinomial of this type factors, then we have:

x 2 + bx + c = (x + m) (x + n)
= x 2 + nx + mx + mn
= x 2 + (n + m)x + mn

This gives us

b = n + m and c = mn

In short, if the leading coefficient of a factorable trinomial is 1, then the factors of

the last term must add up to the coefficient of the middle term. This observation is
the key to factoring trinomials using the technique known as the trial and error
(or guess and check) method18.

18. Describes the method of

factoring a trinomial by
systematically checking factors
to see if their product is the
original trinomial.

889
Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Example 1

Factor: x 2 + 12x + 20.

Solution:

We begin by writing two sets of blank parentheses. If a trinomial of this form

factors, then it will factor into two linear binomial factors.

x 2 + 12x + 20 = ( )( )

Write the factors of the first term in the first space of each set of parentheses.
In this case, factor x 2 = x ⋅ x.

x 2 + 12x + 20 = (x ) (x )

Determine the factors of the last term whose sum equals the coefficient of the
middle term. To do this, list all of the factorizations of 20 and search for factors
whose sum equals 12.

20= 1 ⋅ 20 → 1 + 20 = 21
= 2 ⋅ 10 → 2 + 10 = 12
=4 ⋅ 5 → 4 + 5 =9

Choose 20 = 2 ⋅ 10 because 2 + 10 = 12. Write in the last term of each binomial

using the factors determined in the previous step.

4.3 Factoring Trinomials 890

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

x 2 + 12x + 20 = (x + 2) (x + 10)

This can be visually interpreted as follows:

Check by multiplying the two binomials.

(x + 2) (x + 10)= x 2 + 10x + 2x + 20
= x 2 + 12x + 20 ✓

Answer: (x + 2) (x + 10)

Since multiplication is commutative, the order of the factors does not matter.

x 2 + 12x + 20 = (x + 2) (x + 10)
= (x + 10) (x + 2)

If the last term of the trinomial is positive, then either both of the constant factors
must be negative or both must be positive.

4.3 Factoring Trinomials 891

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Example 2

Factor: x 2 y 2 − 7xy + 12.

Solution:

First, factor x 2 y 2 = xy ⋅ xy.

x 2 y 2 − 7xy + 12 = (xy ?) (xy ?)

Next, search for factors of 12 whose sum is −7.

12= 1 ⋅ 12 → − 1 + (−12)= −13

= 2 ⋅ 6 → − 2 + (−6) = −8
= 3 ⋅ 4 → − 3 + (−4) = −7

In this case, choose −3 and −4 because (−3) (−4) = +12 and

−3 + (−4) = −7.

x 2 y 2 − 7xy + 12 = (xy ?) (xy ?)

= (xy − 3) (xy − 4)

Check.

4.3 Factoring Trinomials 892

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

(xy − 3) (xy − 4) = x y − 4xy − 3xy + 12

2 2

= x 2 y 2 − 7xy + 12 ✓

Answer: (xy − 3) (xy − 4)

If the last term of the trinomial is negative, then one of its factors must be negative.

4.3 Factoring Trinomials 893

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Example 3

Factor: x 2 − 4xy − 12y 2 .

Solution:

Begin by factoring the first term x 2 = x ⋅ x.

x 2 − 4xy − 12y 2 = (x ?) ( x ?)

The factors of 12 are listed below. In this example, we are looking for factors
whose sum is −4.

12= 1 ⋅ 12 → 1 + (−12) = −11

=2 ⋅ 6 → 2 + (−6) = −4
=3 ⋅ 4 → 3 + (−4) = −1

Therefore, the coefficient of the last term can be factored as −12 = 2 (−6),
where 2 + (−6) = −4. Because the last term has a variable factor of y 2 , use
−12y 2 = 2y (−6y) and factor the trinomial as follows:

x 2 − 4xy − 12y 2 = (x ?) (x ?)
= (x + 2y) (x − 6y)

Multiply to check.

4.3 Factoring Trinomials 894

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

(x + 2y) (x − 6y) = x − 6xy + 2yx − 12y

2 2

= x 2 − 6xy + 2xy − 12y 2

= x 2 − 4xy − 12y 2 ✓

Answer: (x + 2y) (x − 6y)

Often our first guess will not produce a correct factorization. This process may
require repeated trials. For this reason, the check is very important and is not
optional.

4.3 Factoring Trinomials 895

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Example 4

Factor: a2 + 10a − 24.

Solution:

The first term of this trinomial, a2 , factors as a ⋅ a.

a2 + 10a − 24 = (a ?) (a ?)

Consider the factors of 24:

24= 1 ⋅ 24
= 2 ⋅ 12
=3 ⋅ 8
=4 ⋅ 6

Suppose we choose the factors 4 and 6 because 4 + 6 = 10, the coefficient of the
middle term. Then we have the following incorrect factorization:

a2 + 10a − 24 = (a + 4) (a + 6) Incorrect Factorization

?

When we multiply to check, we find the error.

4.3 Factoring Trinomials 896

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

(a + 4) (a + 6)= a2 + 6a + 4a + 24
= a2 + 10a + 24 ✗

In this case, the middle term is correct but the last term is not. Since the last
term in the original expression is negative, we need to choose factors that are
opposite in sign. Therefore, we must try again. This time we choose the factors
−2 and 12 because −2 + 12 = 10.

a2 + 10a − 24 = (a − 2) (a + 12)

Now the check shows that this factorization is correct.

(a − 2) (a + 12)= a2 + 12a − 2a − 24
= a2 + 10a − 24 ✓

Answer: (a − 2) (a + 12)

If we choose the factors wisely, then we can reduce much of the guesswork in this
process. However, if a guess is not correct, do not get discouraged; just try a
different set of factors. Keep in mind that some polynomials are prime. For
example, consider the trinomial x 2 + 3x + 20 and the factors of 20:

20= 1 ⋅ 20
= 2 ⋅ 10
=4 ⋅ 5

4.3 Factoring Trinomials 897

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

There are no factors of 20 whose sum is 3. Therefore, the original trinomial cannot
be factored as a product of two binomials with integer coefficients. The trinomial is
prime.

Factoring Trinomials of Higher Degree

We can use the trial and error technique to factor trinomials of higher degree.

4.3 Factoring Trinomials 898

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Example 5

Factor: x 4 + 6x 2 + 5.

Solution:

Begin by factoring the first term x 4 = x 2 ⋅ x 2 .

x 4 + 6x 2 + 5 = (x 2 ?) (x 2 ?)

Since 5 is prime and the coefficient of the middle term is positive, choose +1 and
+5 as the factors of the last term.

x 4 + 6x 2 + 5 = (x 2 ?) (x 2 ?)
= ( x 2 + 1) ( x 2 + 5)

Notice that the variable part of the middle term is x 2 and the factorization
checks out.

(x + 1) (x + 5)= x + 5x + x + 5
2 2 4 2 2

= x 4 + 6x 2 + 5 ✓

Answer: (x 2 + 1) (x 2 + 5)

4.3 Factoring Trinomials 899

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Example 6

Factor: x 2n + 4x n − 21 where n is a positive integer.

Solution:

Begin by factoring the first term x 2n = x n ⋅ x n .

x 2n + 4x n − 21 = (x n ?) (x n ?)

Factor −21 = 7 (−3) because 7 + (−3) = +4 and write

x 2n + 4x n − 21 = (x n ?) (x n ?)
= (x n + 7) (x n − 3)

Answer: (x n + 7) (x n − 3) The check is left to the reader.

Try this! Factor: x 6 − x 3 − 42.

Answer: (x 3 + 6) (x 3 − 7)

(click to see video)

4.3 Factoring Trinomials 900

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Factoring Trinomials of the Form ax 2 + bx + c

Factoring trinomials of the form ax 2 + bx + c can be challenging because the
middle term is affected by the factors of both a and c. In general,

ax 2 + bx + c= (px + m) (qx + n)
= pqx 2 + pnx + qmx + mn
= pqx 2 + (pn + qm) x + mn

This gives us,

a = pq and b = pn + qm, where c = mn

In short, when the leading coefficient of a trinomial is something other than 1,

there will be more to consider when determining the factors using the trial and

obtained. Multiply (5x + 3) (2x + 3) and carefully follow the formation of the
error method. The key lies in the understanding of how the middle term is

middle term.

As we have seen before, the product of the first terms of each binomial is equal to
the first term of the trinomial. The middle term of the trinomial is the sum of the
products of the outer and inner terms of the binomials. The product of the last
terms of each binomial is equal to the last term of the trinomial. Visually, we have
the following:

4.3 Factoring Trinomials 901

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

For this reason, we need to look for products of the factors of the first and last
terms whose sum is equal to the coefficient of the middle term. For example, to
factor 6x 2 + 29x + 35, look at the factors of 6 and 35.

6 = 1 ⋅ 6 35= 1 ⋅ 35
=2 ⋅ 3 =5 ⋅ 7

The combination that produces the coefficient of the middle term is

2 ⋅ 7 + 3 ⋅ 5 = 14 + 15 = 29. Make sure that the outer terms have coefficients 2
and 7, and that the inner terms have coefficients 5 and 3. Use this information to
factor the trinomial.

6x 2 + 29x + 35 = (2x ? ) (3x ? )

= (2x + 5) (3x + 7)

We can always check by multiplying; this is left to the reader.

4.3 Factoring Trinomials 902

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Example 7

Factor: 5x 2 + 16xy + 3y 2 .

Solution:

Since the leading coefficient and the last term are both prime, there is only one
way to factor each.

5 = 1 ⋅ 5 and 3 = 1 ⋅ 3

Begin by writing the factors of the first term, 5x 2 , as follows:

5x 2 + 16xy + 3y 2 = (x ?) (5x ?)

The middle and last term are both positive; therefore, the factors of 3 are
chosen as positive numbers. In this case, the only choice is in which grouping to
place these factors.

(x + y) (5x + 3y) or (x + 3y) (5x + y)

Determine which grouping is correct by multiplying each expression.

4.3 Factoring Trinomials 903

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

(x + y) (5x + 3y) = 5x + 3xy + 5xy + 3y

2 2

= 5x 2 + 8xy + 3y 2 ✗
(x + 3y) (5x + y) = 5x + xy + 15xy + 3y
2 2

= 5x 2 + 16xy + 3y 2 ✓

Answer: (x + 3y) (5x + y)

4.3 Factoring Trinomials 904

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Example 8

Factor: 18a2 b2 − ab − 4.

Solution:

First, consider the factors of the coefficients of the first and last terms.

18= 1 ⋅ 18 4 = 1 ⋅ 4
=2 ⋅ 9 =2 ⋅ 2
=3 ⋅ 6

We are searching for products of factors whose sum equals the coefficient of
the middle term, −1. After some thought, we can see that the sum of 8 and −9 is
−1 and the combination that gives this follows:

2 (4) + 9 (−1) = 8 − 9 = −1

Factoring begins at this point with two sets of blank parentheses.

18a2 b2 − ab − 4 = ( )( )

Use 2ab and 9ab as factors of 18a2 b2 .

4.3 Factoring Trinomials 905

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

18a2 b2 − ab − 4 = (2ab ?) (9ab ?)

Next use the factors 1 and 4 in the correct order so that the inner and outer
products are −9ab and 8ab respectively.

18a2 b2 − ab − 4 = (2ab − 1) (9ab + 4)

Answer: (2ab − 1) (9ab + 4) .The complete check is left to the reader.

It is a good practice to first factor out the GCF, if there is one. Doing this produces a
trinomial factor with smaller coefficients. As we have seen, trinomials with smaller
coefficients require much less effort to factor. This commonly overlooked step is
worth identifying early.

4.3 Factoring Trinomials 906

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Example 9

Factor: 12y 3 − 26y 2 − 10y.

Solution:

Begin by factoring out the GCF.

12y 3 − 26y 2 − 10y = 2y (6y 2 − 13y − 5)

After factoring out 2y , the coefficients of the resulting trinomial are smaller

and 5 = (5) (1) . Notice that these factors can produce −13 in two ways:
and have fewer factors. We can factor the resulting trinomial using 6 = 2 (3)

2 (−5) + 3 (−1) = −10 − 3 = −13

2 (1) + 3 (−5) = 2 − 15 = −13

Because the last term is −5, the correct combination requires the factors 1 and 5
to be opposite signs. Here we use 2(1) = 2 and 3(−5) = −15 because the sum is −13
and the product of (1)(−5) = −5.

12y 3 − 26y 2 − 10y = 2y (6y 2 − 13y − 5)

= 2y (2y ?) (3y ?)
= 2y (2y − 5) (3y + 1)

4.3 Factoring Trinomials 907

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Check.

2y (2y − 5) (3y + 1) = 2y (6y 2 + 2y − 15y − 5)

= 2y (6y 2 − 13y − 5)
= 12y 3 − 26y 2 − 10y ✓

The factor 2y is part of the factored form of the original expression; be sure to
include it in the answer.

Answer: 2y (2y − 5) (3y + 1)

It is a good practice to consistently work with trinomials where the leading

coefficient is positive. If the leading coefficient is negative, factor it out along with
any GCF. Note that sometimes the factor will be −1.

4.3 Factoring Trinomials 908

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Example 10

Factor: −18x 6 − 69x 4 + 12x 2 .

Solution:

In this example, the GCF is 3x 2 . Because the leading coefficient is negative we

begin by factoring out −3x 2 .

−18x 6 − 69x 4 + 12x 2 = −3x 2 (6x 4 + 23x 2 − 4)

At this point, factor the remaining trinomial as usual, remembering to write the
−3x 2 as a factor in the final answer. Use 6 = 1(6) and −4 = 4(−1) because
1 (−1) + 6 (4) = 23.Therefore,

−18x 6 − 69x 4 + 12x 2 = −3x 2 (6x 4 + 23x 2 − 4)

= −3x 2 (x 2 ) (6x
2
)
= −3x (x + 4) (6x − 1)
2 2 2

Answer: −3x 2 (x 2 + 4) (6x 2 − 1) .The check is left to the reader.

Try this! Factor: −12a5 b + a3 b3 + ab5 .

Answer: −ab (3a2 − b2 ) (4a2 + b2 )

(click to see video)

4.3 Factoring Trinomials 909

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Factoring Using the AC Method

An alternate technique for factoring trinomials, called the AC method19, makes use
of the grouping method for factoring four-term polynomials. If a trinomial in the
form ax 2 + bx + c can be factored, then the middle term, bx, can be replaced with
two terms with coefficients whose sum is b and product is ac. This substitution
results in an equivalent expression with four terms that can be factored by
grouping.

19. Method used for factoring

trinomials by replacing the
middle term with two terms
that allow us to factor the
resulting four-term polynomial
by grouping.

4.3 Factoring Trinomials 910

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Example 11

Factor using the AC method: 18x 2 − 31x + 6.

Solution:

Here a = 18, b = −31, and c = 6.

ac = 18(6)
= 108

Factor 108, and search for factors whose sum is −31.

108= −1(−108)
= −2(−54)
= −3(−36)
= −4(−27) ✓
= −6(−18)
= −9(−12)

In this case, the sum of the factors −27 and −4 equals the middle coefficient, −31.
Therefore, −31x = −27x − 4x , and we can write

18x 2 − 31x + 6 = 18x 2 − 27x − 4x + 6

4.3 Factoring Trinomials 911

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Factor the equivalent expression by grouping.

18x 2 − 31x + 6 = 18x 2 − 27x − 4x + 6

= 9x (2x − 3) − 2 (2x − 3)
= (2x − 3) (9x − 2)

Answer: (2x − 3) (9x − 2)

4.3 Factoring Trinomials 912

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Example 12

Factor using the AC method: 4x 2 y 2 − 7xy − 15.

Solution:

Here a = 4, b = −7, and c = −15.

ac = 4(−15)
= −60

Factor −60 and search for factors whose sum is −7.

−60= 1(−60)
= 2(−30)
= 3(−20)
= 4(−15)
= 5(−12) ✓
= 6 (−10)

The sum of factors 5 and −12 equals the middle coefficient, −7. Replace −7xy
with 5xy − 12xy.

4x 2 y 2 − 7xy − 15 = 4x 2 y 2 + 5xy − 12xy − 15 Factor by grouping.

= xy (4xy + 5) − 3 (4xy + 5)
= (4xy + 5) (xy − 3)

4.3 Factoring Trinomials 913

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Answer: (4xy + 5) (xy − 3) . The check is left to the reader.

If factors of ac cannot be found to add up to b then the trinomial is prime.

KEY TAKEAWAYS

• If a trinomial of the form x 2 + bx + c factors into the product of two

binomials, then the coefficient of the middle term is the sum of factors
of the last term.
• If a trinomial of the form ax 2 + bx + c factors into the product of
two binomials, then the coefficient of the middle term will be the sum of
certain products of factors of the first and last terms.
• If the trinomial has a greatest common factor, then it is a best practice
to first factor out the GCF before attempting to factor it into a product of
binomials.
• If the leading coefficient of a trinomial is negative, then it is a best
practice to first factor that negative factor out before attempting to
factor the trinomial.
• Factoring is one of the more important skills required in algebra. For
this reason, you should practice working as many problems as it takes to
become proficient.

4.3 Factoring Trinomials 914

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

TOPIC EXERCISES

PART A: FACTORING TRINOMIALS OF THE FORM

x 2 + bx + c
Factor.

1. x 2 + 5x − 6
2. x 2 + 5x + 6
3. x 2 + 4x − 12
4. x 2 + 3x − 18
5. x 2 − 14x + 48
6. x 2 − 15x + 54
7. x 2 + 11x − 30
8. x 2 − 2x + 24
9. x 2 − 18x + 81
10. x 2 − 22x + 121
11. x 2 − xy − 20y 2
12. x 2 + 10xy + 9y 2
13. x 2 y 2 + 5xy − 50
14. x 2 y 2 − 16xy + 48
15. a2 − 6ab − 72b 2
16. a2 − 21ab + 80b 2
17. u 2 + 14uv − 32v 2
18. m 2 + 7mn − 98n 2

(x + y) − 2 (x + y) − 8
2
19.

4.3 Factoring Trinomials 915

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

(x − y) − 2 (x − y) − 15
2
20.

21. x 4 − 7x 2 − 8
22. x 4 + 13x 2 + 30
23. x 4 − 8x 2 − 48
24. x 4 + 25x 2 + 24
25. y 4 − 20y 2 + 100
26. y 4 + 14y 2 + 49
27. x 4 + 3x 2 y 2 + 2y 4
28. x 4 − 8x 2 y 2 + 15y 4
29. a4 b 4 − 4a2 b 2 + 4
30. a4 + 6a2 b 2 + 9b 4
31. x 6 − 18x 3 − 40
32. x 6 + 18x 3 + 45
33. x 6 − x 3 y 3 − 6y 6
34. x 6 + x 3 y 3 − 20y 6
35. x 6 y 6 + 2x 3 y 3 − 15
36. x 6 y 6 + 16x 3 y 3 + 48
37. x 2n + 12x n + 32
38. x 2n + 41x n + 40
39. x 2n + 2ax n + a2
40. x 2n − 2ax n + a2

4.3 Factoring Trinomials 916

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

PART B: FACTORING TRINOMIALS OF THE FORM

ax 2 + bx + c
Factor.

41. 3x 2 + 20x − 7
42. 2x 2 − 9x − 5
43. 6a2 + 13a + 6
44. 4a2 + 11a + 6
45. 6x 2 + 7x − 10
46. 4x 2 − 25x + 6
47. 24y 2 − 35y + 4
48. 10y 2 − 23y + 12
49. 14x 2 − 11x + 9
50. 9x 2 + 6x + 8
51. 4x 2 − 28x + 49
52. 36x 2 − 60x + 25
53. 27x 2 − 6x − 8
54. 24x 2 + 17x − 20
55. 6x 2 + 23xy − 4y 2
56. 10x 2 − 21xy − 27y 2
57. 8a2 b 2 − 18ab + 9
58. 12a2 b 2 − ab − 20
59. 8u 2 − 26uv + 15v 2
60. 24m 2 − 26mn + 5n 2
61. 4a2 − 12ab + 9b 2

4.3 Factoring Trinomials 917

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

62. 16a2 + 40ab + 25b 2

5(x + y) − 9 (x + y) + 4
2
63.

7(x − y) + 15 (x − y) − 18
2
64.

65. 7x 4 − 22x 2 + 3
66. 5x 4 − 41x 2 + 8
67. 4y 6 − 3y 3 − 10
68. 12y 6 + 4y 3 − 5
69. 5a4 b 4 − a2 b 2 − 18
70. 21a4 b 4 + 5a2 b 2 − 4
71. 6x 6 y 6 + 17x 3 y 3 + 10
72. 16x 6 y 6 + 46x 3 y 3 + 15
73. 8x 2n − 10x n − 25
74. 30x 2n − 11x n − 6
75. 36x 2n + 12ax n + a2
76. 9x 2n − 12ax n + 4a2
77. −3x 2 + 14x + 5
78. −2x 2 + 13x − 20
79. −x 2 − 10x + 24
80. −x 2 + 8x + 48
81. 54 − 12x − 2x 2
82. 60 + 5x − 5x 2
83. 4x 3 + 16x 2 + 20x
84. 2x 4 − 12x 3 + 14x 2
85. 2x 3 − 8x 2 y − 24xy 2

4.3 Factoring Trinomials 918

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

86. 6x 3 − 9x 2 y − 6xy 2
87. 4a3 b − 4a2 b 2 − 24ab 3
88. 15a4 b − 33a3 b 2 + 6a2 b 3
89. 3x 5 y + 30x 3 y 3 + 75xy 5
90. 45x 5 y 2 − 60x 3 y 4 + 20xy 6

Factor.

91. 4 − 25x 2
92. 8x 3 − y 3
93. 9x 2 − 12xy + 4y 2
94. 30a2 − 57ab − 6b 2
95. 10a2 − 5a − 6ab + 3b
96. 3x 3 − 4x 2 + 9x − 12
97. x 2 + 4y 2
98. x2 − x + 2
99. 15a3 b 2 + 6a2 b 3 − 3ab 4
100. 54x 2 − 63x

PART D: DISCUSSION BOARD

101. Create your own trinomial of the form ax 2 + bx + c that factors. Share it,
along with the solution, on the discussion board.

102. Create a trinomial of the form ax 2 + bx + c that does not factor and share
it along with the reason why it does not factor.

4.3 Factoring Trinomials 919

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

ANSWERS

1. (x − 1) (x + 6)
3. (x − 2) (x + 6)
5. (x − 6) (x − 8)
7. Prime

9. (x − 9) 2
11. (x − 5y) (x + 4y)
13. (xy − 5) (xy + 10)
15. (a + 6b) (a − 12b)
17. (u − 2v) (u + 16v)
19. (x + y − 4) (x + y + 2)
(x − 8) (x + 1)
2 2
21.

(x + 4) (x − 12)
2 2
23.

(y − 10)
2 2
25.

(x + y ) (x + 2y )
2 2 2 2
27.

(a b − 2)
2 2 2
29.

(x − 20) (x + 2)
3 3
31.

(x + 2y ) (x − 3y )
3 3 3 3
33.

(x y − 3) (x y + 5)
3 3 3 3
35.

37. (x n + 4) (x n + 8)
39. (x n + a)2
41. (3x − 1) (x + 7)

4.3 Factoring Trinomials 920

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

43. (2a + 3) (3a + 2)

45. (6x − 5) (x + 2)
47. (8y − 1) (3y − 4)
49. Prime

51. (2x − 7) 2
53. (9x + 4) (3x − 2)
55. (6x − y) (x + 4y)
57. (4ab − 3) (2ab − 3)
59. (2u − 5v) (4u − 3v)

(2a − 3b)
2
61.

63. (x + y − 1) (5x + 5y − 4)
(x − 3) (7x − 1)
2 2
65.

(y − 2) (4y + 5)
3 3
67.

(a b − 2) (5a b + 9)
2 2 2 2
69.

(6x y + 5) (x y + 2)
3 3 3 3
71.

(2x − 5) (4x + 5)
n n
73.

(6x + a)
n 2
75.

77. − (x − 5) (3x + 1)
79. − (x − 2) (x + 12)
81. −2 (x − 3) (x + 9)
83. 4x (x 2 + 4x + 5)
85. 2x (x + 2y) (x − 6y)
87. 4ab (a − 3b) (a + 2b)

4.3 Factoring Trinomials 921

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

3xy(x 2 + 5y 2 )
2
89.

91. (2 − 5x) (2 + 5x)

(3x − 2y)
2
93.

95. (2a − 1) (5a − 3b)

3ab 2 (5a2 + 2ab − b 2 )

97. Prime

99.

101. Answer may vary

4.3 Factoring Trinomials 922

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

4.4 Solve Polynomial Equations by Factoring

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Review general strategies for factoring.

2. Solve polynomial equations by factoring.
3. Find roots of a polynomial function.
4. Find polynomial equations given the solutions.

Reviewing General Factoring Strategies

We have learned various techniques for factoring polynomials with up to four

terms. The challenge is to identify the type of polynomial and then decide which
method to apply. The following outlines a general guideline for factoring
polynomials:

1. Check for common factors. If the terms have common factors, then
factor out the greatest common factor (GCF).
2. Determine the number of terms in the polynomial.

1. Factor four-term polynomials by grouping.

2. Factor trinomials (3 terms) using “trial and error” or the AC
method.
3. Factor binomials (2 terms) using the following special products:

a2 − b2 = (a + b) (a − b)
Difference of squares:
Sum of squares: a2 + b2 no general f ormula
Difference of cubes: a3 − b3 = (a − b) (a2 + ab + b2 )
Sum of cubes: a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 − ab + b2 )

3. Look for factors that can be factored further.

4. Check by multiplying.

Note: If a binomial is both a difference of squares and a difference cubes, then first
factor it as difference of squares. This will result in a more complete factorization.
In addition, not all polynomials with integer coefficients factor. When this is the
case, we say that the polynomial is prime.

923
Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

If an expression has a GCF, then factor this out first. Doing so is often overlooked
and typically results in factors that are easier to work with. Furthermore, look for
the resulting factors to factor further; many factoring problems require more than
one step. A polynomial is completely factored when none of the factors can be
factored further.

Example 1

Factor: 54x 4 − 36x 3 − 24x 2 + 16x.

Solution:

This four-term polynomial has a GCF of 2x. Factor this out first.

54x 4 − 36x 3 − 24x 2 + 16x = 2x (27x 3 − 18x 2 − 12x + 8)

Now factor the resulting four-term polynomial by grouping and look for
resulting factors to factor further.

Answer: 2x(3x − 2)2 (3x + 2) . The check is left to the reader.

4.4 Solve Polynomial Equations by Factoring 924

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Example 2

Factor: x 4 − 3x 2 − 4.

Solution:

This trinomial does not have a GCF.

x 4 − 3x 2 − 4 = (x 2 ) (x
2
)
= (x + 1) (x − 4)
2 2
Dif f erence of squares
= (x 2 + 1) (x + 2) (x − 2)

The factor (x 2 + 1) is prime and the trinomial is completely factored.

Answer: (x 2 + 1) (x + 2) (x − 2)

4.4 Solve Polynomial Equations by Factoring 925

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Example 3

Factor: x 6 + 6x 3 − 16.

Solution:

Begin by factoring x 6 = x 3 ⋅ x 3 and look for the factors of 16 that add to 6.

x 6 + 6x 3 − 16 = (x 3 ) (x )
3

= (x 3 − 2) (x 3 + 8) sum of cubes
= (x 3 − 2) (x + 2) (x 2 − 2x + 4)

The factor (x 3 − 2) cannot be factored any further using integers and the
factorization is complete.

Answer: (x 3 − 2) (x + 2) (x 2 + 2x + 4)

Try this! Factor: 9x 4 + 17x 2 − 2

Answer: (3x + 1) (3x − 1) (x 2 + 2)

(click to see video)

Solving Polynomial Equations by Factoring

In this section, we will review a technique that can be used to solve certain
polynomial equations. We begin with the zero-product property20:

20. A product is equal to zero if a ⋅ b = 0 if and only if a = 0 or b = 0

and only if at least one of the
factors is zero.

4.4 Solve Polynomial Equations by Factoring 926

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

The zero-product property is true for any number of factors that make up an
equation. In other words, if any product is equal to zero, then at least one of the
variable factors must be equal to zero. If an expression is equal to zero and can be
factored into linear factors, then we will be able to set each factor equal to zero and
solve for each equation.

Example 4

Solve: 2x (x − 4) (5x + 3) = 0.

Solution:

Set each variable factor equal to zero and solve.

2x = 0 or x − 4=0 or 5x + 3 = 0
2x 0 5x −3
= x=4 =
2 2 5 5
3
x=0 x=−
5

To check that these are solutions we can substitute back into the original
equation to see if we obtain a true statement. Note that each solution produces
a zero factor. This is left to the reader.

Answer: The solutions are 0, 4, and − 35 .

Of course, most equations will not be given in factored form.

4.4 Solve Polynomial Equations by Factoring 927

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Example 5

Solve: 4x 3 − x 2 − 100x + 25 = 0.

Solution:

Begin by factoring the left side completely.

4x 3 − x 2 − 100x + 25 = 0 Factor by grouping.

2
x (4x − 1) − 25(4x − 1) = 0
(4x − 1)(x 2 − 25) = 0 Factor as a dif f erence of squares.
(4x − 1)(x + 5)(x − 5) = 0

Set each factor equal to zero and solve.

4x − 1 = 0 or x + 5 = 0 or x − 5 = 0
4x = 1 x = −5 x=5
1
x=
4

Answer: The solutions are 14 , −5, and 5.

Using the zero-product property after factoring an equation that is equal to zero is
the key to this technique. However, the equation may not be given equal to zero,
and so there may be some preliminary steps before factoring. The steps required to
21. The process of solving an solve by factoring21 are outlined in the following example.
equation that is equal to zero
by factoring it and then setting
each variable factor equal to
zero.

4.4 Solve Polynomial Equations by Factoring 928

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Example 6

Solve: 15x 2 + 3x − 8 = 5x − 7.

Solution:

Step 1: Express the equation in standard form, equal to zero. In this example,
subtract 5x from and add 7 to both sides.

15x 2 + 3x − 8 = 5x − 7
15x 2 − 2x − 1 = 0

Step 2: Factor the expression.

(3x − 1) (5x + 1) = 0

Step 3: Apply the zero-product property and set each variable factor equal to
zero.

3x − 1 = 0 or 5x + 1 = 0

Step 4: Solve the resulting linear equations.

4.4 Solve Polynomial Equations by Factoring 929

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

3x − 1 = 0 or 5x + 1 = 0
3x = 1 5x = −1
1 1
x= x=−
3 5

Answer: The solutions are 13 and − 15 .The check is optional.

4.4 Solve Polynomial Equations by Factoring 930

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Example 7

Solve: (3x + 2) (x + 1) = 4.

Solution:

This quadratic equation appears to be factored; hence it might be tempting to

set each factor equal to 4. However, this would lead to incorrect results. We
must rewrite the equation equal to zero, so that we can apply the zero-product
property.

(3x + 2) (x + 1) = 4
3x 2 + 3x + 2x + 2 = 4
3x 2 + 5x + 2 = 4
3x 2 + 5x − 2 = 0

Once it is in standard form, we can factor and then set each factor equal to zero.

(3x − 1) (x + 2) = 0

3x − 1 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
3x = 1 x = −2
1
x=
3

Answer: The solutions are 13 and −2.

4.4 Solve Polynomial Equations by Factoring 931

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Finding Roots of Functions

Recall that any polynomial with one variable is a function and can be written in the
form,

f (x) = an x n + an−1 x n−1 + ⋯ + a1 x + a0

A root22 of a function is a value in the domain that results in zero. In other words,
the roots occur when the function is equal to zero, f (x) = 0.

22. A value in the domain of a

function that results in zero.

4.4 Solve Polynomial Equations by Factoring 932

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Example 8

Find the roots: f (x) = (x + 2)2 − 4.

Solution:

To find roots we set the function equal to zero and solve.

f (x) = 0
2
(x + 2) − 4 = 0
x 2 + 4x + 4 − 4 = 0
x 2 + 4x = 0
x (x + 4) = 0

Next, set each factor equal to zero and solve.

x=0 or x + 4 =0
x = −4

We can show that these x-values are roots by evaluating.

f (0) = (0 + 2)2 − 4 f (−4)= (−4 + 2)2 − 4

=4 − 4 = (−2)2 − 4
=0 ✓ =4 − 4
=0 ✓

4.4 Solve Polynomial Equations by Factoring 933

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Answer: The roots are 0 and −4.

If we graph the function in the previous example we will see that the roots
correspond to the x-intercepts of the function. Here the function f is a basic
parabola shifted 2 units to the left and 4 units down.

4.4 Solve Polynomial Equations by Factoring 934

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Example 9

Find the roots: f (x) = x 4 − 5x 2 + 4.

Solution:

To find roots we set the function equal to zero and solve.

f (x) = 0
x 4 − 5x 2 + 4 = 0
(x − 1) (x − 4) = 0
2 2

(x + 1) (x − 1) (x + 2) (x − 2) = 0

Next, set each factor equal to zero and solve.

x + 1= 0 or x − 1=0 or x + 2= 0 or x − 2=0
x = −1 x=1 x = −2 x=2

Answer: The roots are −1, 1, −2, and 2.

Graphing the previous function is not within the scope of this course. However, the
graph is provided below:

4.4 Solve Polynomial Equations by Factoring 935

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Notice that the degree of the polynomial is 4 and we obtained four roots. In general,
for any polynomial function with one variable of degree n, the fundamental
theorem of algebra23 guarantees n real roots or fewer. We have seen that many
polynomials do not factor. This does not imply that functions involving these
unfactorable polynomials do not have real roots. In fact, many polynomial functions
that do not factor do have real solutions. We will learn how to find these types of
roots as we continue in our study of algebra.

23. Guarantees that there will be

as many (or fewer) roots to a
polynomial function with one
variable as its degree.

4.4 Solve Polynomial Equations by Factoring 936

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Example 10

Find the roots: f (x) = −x 2 + 10x − 25.

Solution:

To find roots we set the function equal to zero and solve.

f (x) = 0
−x 2 + 10x − 25 = 0
− (x 2 − 10x + 25) = 0
− (x − 5) (x − 5) = 0

Next, set each variable factor equal to zero and solve.

x − 5 = 0 or x − 5 = 0
=5 x=5

A solution that is repeated twice is called a double root24. In this case, there is
only one solution.

Answer: The root is 5.

The previous example shows that a function of degree 2 can have one root. From
the factoring step, we see that the function can be written

24. A root that is repeated twice.

4.4 Solve Polynomial Equations by Factoring 937

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

f (x) = −(x − 5)
2

In this form, we can see a reflection about the x-axis and a shift to the right 5 units.
The vertex is the x-intercept, illustrating the fact that there is only one root.

Try this! Find the roots of f (x) = x 3 + 3x 2 − x − 3.

Answer: ±1, −3

(click to see video)

4.4 Solve Polynomial Equations by Factoring 938

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Example 11

Assuming dry road conditions and average reaction times, the safe stopping
1
distance in feet is given by d (x) = 20 x 2 + x, where x represents the speed of
the car in miles per hour. Determine the safe speed of the car if you expect to
stop in 40 feet.

Solution:

We are asked to find the speed x where the safe stopping distance d (x) = 40
feet.

d (x) = 40
1 2
x + x = 40
20

To solve for x, rewrite the resulting equation in standard form. In this case, we
will first multiply both sides by 20 to clear the fraction.

( 20 )
1 2
20 x + x = 20 (40)

x 2 + 20x = 800
x 2 + 20x − 800 = 0

Next factor and then set each factor equal to zero.

4.4 Solve Polynomial Equations by Factoring 939

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

x 2 + 20x − 800 = 0
(x + 40) (x − 20) = 0
x + 40 = 0 orx − 20 = 0
x = −40 x = 20

The negative answer does not make sense in the context of this problem.
Consider x = 20 miles per hour to be the only solution.

Answer: 20 miles per hour

Finding Equations with Given Solutions

We can use the zero-product property to find equations, given the solutions. To do
this, the steps for solving by factoring are performed in reverse.

4.4 Solve Polynomial Equations by Factoring 940

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Example 12

Find a quadratic equation with integer coefficients, given solutions − 32 and 13 .

Solution:

Given the solutions, we can determine two linear factors. To avoid fractional
coefficients, we first clear the fractions by multiplying both sides by the
denominator.

3 1
x=− or x=
2 3
2x = −3 3x = 1
2x + 3 = 0 3x − 1 = 0

The product of these linear factors is equal to zero when x = − 32 or x = 13 .

(2x + 3) (3x − 1) = 0

Multiply the binomials and present the equation in standard form.

6x 2 − 2x + 9x − 3 = 0
6x 2 + 7x − 3 = 0

We may check our equation by substituting the given answers to see if we

obtain a true statement. Also, the equation found above is not unique and so

4.4 Solve Polynomial Equations by Factoring 941

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

the check becomes essential when our equation looks different from someone
else’s. This is left as an exercise.

Answer: 6x 2 + 7x − 3 = 0

Example 13

Find a polynomial function with real roots 1, −2, and 2.

Solution:

Given solutions to f (x) = 0 we can find linear factors.

x = 1 or x = −2 or x=2
x − 1=0 x + 2=0 x − 2=0

Apply the zero-product property and multiply.

(x − 1) (x + 2) (x − 2) = 0
(x − 1) (x 2 − 4) = 0
x 3 − 4x − x 2 + 4 = 0
x 3 − x 2 − 4x + 4 = 0

Answer: f (x) = x 3 − x 2 − 4x + 4

4.4 Solve Polynomial Equations by Factoring 942

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Try this! Find a polynomial equation with integer coefficients, given solutions
1
2
and − 34 .

Answer: 8x 2 + 2x − 3 = 0

(click to see video)

KEY TAKEAWAYS

• Factoring and the zero-product property allow us to solve equations.

• To solve a polynomial equation, first write it in standard form. Once it is
equal to zero, factor it and then set each variable factor equal to zero.
The solutions to the resulting equations are the solutions to the original.
• Not all polynomial equations can be solved by factoring. We will learn
how to solve polynomial equations that do not factor later in the course.
• A polynomial function can have at most a number of real roots equal to
its degree. To find roots of a function, set it equal to zero and solve.
• To find a polynomial equation with given solutions, perform the process
of solving by factoring in reverse.

4.4 Solve Polynomial Equations by Factoring 943

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

TOPIC EXERCISES

PART A: GENERAL FACTORING

Factor completely.

1. 50x 2 − 18
2. 12x 3 − 3x
3. 10x 3 + 65x 2 − 35x
4. 15x 4 + 7x 3 − 4x 2
5. 6a4 b − 15a3 b 2 − 9a2 b 3
6. 8a3 b − 44a2 b 2 + 20ab 3
7. 36x 4 − 72x 3 − 4x 2 + 8x
8. 20x 4 + 60x 3 − 5x 2 − 15x
9. 3x 5 + 2x 4 − 12x 3 − 8x 2
10. 10x 5 − 4x 4 − 90x 3 + 36x 2
11. x 4 − 23x 2 − 50
12. 2x 4 − 31x 2 − 16
13. −2x 5 − 6x 3 + 8x
14. −36x 5 + 69x 3 + 27x
15. 54x 5 − 78x 3 + 24x
16. 4x 6 − 65x 4 + 16x 2
17. x 6 − 7x 3 − 8
18. x 6 − 25x 3 − 54
19. 3x 6 + 4x 3 + 1
20. 27x 6 − 28x 3 + 1

4.4 Solve Polynomial Equations by Factoring 944

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

PART B: SOLVING POLYNOMIAL EQUATIONS BY

FACTORING

Solve.

21. (6x − 5) (x + 7) = 0
22. (x + 9) (3x − 8) = 0
23. 5x (2x − 5) (3x + 1) = 0
24. 4x (5x − 1) (2x + 3) = 0
25. (x − 1) (2x + 1) (3x − 5) = 0
26. (x + 6) (5x − 2) (2x + 9) = 0
27. (x + 4) (x − 2) = 16
28. (x + 1) (x − 7) = 9
29. (6x + 1) (x + 1) = 6
30. (2x − 1) (x − 4) = 39
31. x 2 − 15x + 50 = 0
32. x 2 + 10x − 24 = 0
33. 3x 2 + 2x − 5 = 0
34. 2x 2 + 9x + 7 = 0
1 7 1
35.
10
x2 − 15
x− 6
=0
1 4
36.
4
− 9
x2 = 0
37. 6x 2 − 5x − 2 = 30x + 4
38. 6x 2 − 9x + 15 = 20x − 13
39. 5x 2 − 23x + 12 = 4 (5x − 3)
40. 4x 2 + 5x − 5 = 15 (3 − 2x)
41. (x + 6) (x − 10) = 4 (x − 18)

4.4 Solve Polynomial Equations by Factoring 945

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

42. (x + 4) (x − 6) = 2 (x + 4)
43. 4x 3 − 14x 2 − 30x = 0
44. 9x 3 + 48x 2 − 36x = 0
1 3
45.
3
x3 − 4
x=0
1 1
46.
2
x3 − 50
x=0
47. −10x 3 − 28x 2 + 48x = 0
48. −2x 3 + 15x 2 + 50x = 0
49. 2x 3 − x 2 − 72x + 36 = 0
50. 4x 3 − 32x 2 − 9x + 72 = 0
51. 45x 3 − 9x 2 − 5x + 1 = 0
52. x 3 − 3x 2 − x + 3 = 0
53. x 4 − 5x 2 + 4 = 0
54. 4x 4 − 37x 2 + 9 = 0

Find the roots of the given functions.

55. f (x) = x 2 + 10x − 24

56. f (x) = x 2 − 14x + 48
57. f (x) = −2x 2 + 7x + 4
58. f (x) = −3x 2 + 14x + 5
59. f (x) = 16x 2 − 40x + 25
60. f (x) = 9x 2 − 12x + 4
61. g (x) = 8x 2 + 3x
62. g (x) = 5x 2 − 30x
63. p (x) = 64x 2 − 1
64. q (x) = 4x 2 − 121

4.4 Solve Polynomial Equations by Factoring 946

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

1 1 1
65. f (x) = 5
x 3 − 1x 2 − 20
x+ 4
1 1 4
66. f (x) = 3
x3 + 2
x2 − 3
x−2
67. g (x) = x 4 − 13x 2 + 36
68. g (x) = 4x 4 − 13x 2 + 9

f (x) = (x + 5) − 1
2
69.

g (x) = −(x + 5) + 9
2
70.

f (x) = −(3x − 5)
2
71.

72. g (x) = −(x + 2) 2 + 4

Given the graph of a function, determine the real roots.

73.

4.4 Solve Polynomial Equations by Factoring 947

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

74.

75.

76.
77. The sides of a square measure x − 2 units. If the area is 36 square units, then
find x.

4.4 Solve Polynomial Equations by Factoring 948

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

78. The sides of a right triangle have lengths that are consecutive even integers.
Find the lengths of each side. (Hint: Apply the Pythagorean theorem)

79. The profit in dollars generated by producing and selling n bicycles per week is
given by the formula P (n) = −5n 2 + 400n − 6000. How many bicycles
must be produced and sold to break even?

80. The height in feet of an object dropped from the top of a 64-foot building is
given by h (t) = −16t 2 + 64 where t represents the time in seconds after
it is dropped. How long will it take to hit the ground?

81. A box can be made by cutting out the corners and folding up the edges of a
square sheet of cardboard. A template for a cardboard box of height 2 inches is
given.

What is the length of each side of the cardboard sheet if the volume of the box
is to be 98 cubic inches?

82. The height of a triangle is 4 centimeters less than twice the length of its base. If
the total area of the triangle is 48 square centimeters, then find the lengths of
the base and height.

83. A uniform border is to be placed around an 8 × 10 inch picture.

4.4 Solve Polynomial Equations by Factoring 949

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

If the total area including the border must be 168 square inches, then how wide
should the border be?

84. The area of a picture frame including a 3-inch wide border is 120 square
inches.

If the width of the inner area is 2 inches less than its length, then find the
dimensions of the inner area.

85. Assuming dry road conditions and average reaction times, the safe stopping
1
distance in feet is given by d (x) = 20
x 2 + x where x represents the speed
of the car in miles per hour. Determine the safe speed of the car if you expect
to stop in 75 feet.

86. A manufacturing company has determined that the daily revenue in thousands
of dollars is given by the formula R (n) = 12n − 0.6n 2 where n represents
the number of palettes of product sold (0 ≤ n < 20). Determine the
number of palettes sold in a day if the revenue was 45 thousand dollars.

4.4 Solve Polynomial Equations by Factoring 950

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

PART C: FINDING EQUATIONS WITH GIVEN SOLUTIONS

Find a polynomial equation with the given solutions.

87. −3, 5

88. −1, 8
1
89. 2,
3
3
90. − 4
,5

91. 0, −4

92. 0,7

93. ±7

94. ±2

95. −3, 1, 3

96. −5, −1, 1

Find a function with the given roots.

1 2
97. ,
2 3
2 1
98. ,−
5 3
3
99. ± 4
5
100. ± 2
101. 5 double root

102. −3 double root

103. −1, 0, 3

104. −5, 0, 2

Recall that if |X| = p , then X = −p or X = p. Use this to solve the

following absolute value equations.

105. ||x 2 − 8|| = 8

4.4 Solve Polynomial Equations by Factoring 951

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

106. ||2x 2 − 9|| = 9

107. ||x 2 − 2x − 1|| = 2

108. ||x 2 − 8x + 14|| = 2

109. ||2x 2 − 4x − 7|| = 9

110. ||x 2 − 3x − 9|| = 9

PART D: DISCUSSION BOARD

111. Explain to a beginning algebra student the difference between an equation and
an expression.

112. What is the difference between a root and an x-intercept? Explain.

113. Create a function with three real roots of your choosing. Graph it with a
graphing utility and verify your results. Share your function on the discussion
board.

114. Research and discuss the fundamental theorem of algebra.

4.4 Solve Polynomial Equations by Factoring 952

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

ANSWERS

1. 2 (5x + 3) (5x − 3)
3. 5x (x + 7) (2x − 1)
5. 3a2 b (2a + b) (a − 3b)
7. 4x (x − 2) (3x + 1) (3x − 1)
9. x 2 (3x + 2) (x + 2) (x − 2)

(x + 2) (x + 5) (x − 5)
2

−2x (x 2 + 4) (x − 1) (x + 1)
11.

13.
15. 6x (x + 1) (x − 1) (3x + 2) (3x − 2)
17. (x + 1) (x 2 − x + 1) (x − 2) (x 2 + 2x + 4)

(3x + 1) (x + 1) (x − x + 1)
3 2
19.

5
21. −7,
6
5 1
23. 0, ,−
2 3
1 5
25. − 2
, 1,
3

27. −6, 4
5 1
29. − ,
3 2

31. 5, 10
5
33. − 3
,1

1
35. − 3
,5

1
37. − 6
,6

3
39. ,8
5

41. 2, 6
3
43. 0, − ,5
2

4.4 Solve Polynomial Equations by Factoring 953

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

3
45. 0, ±
2
6
47. −4, 0,
5
1
49. ±6,
2
1 1
51. ± ,
3 5

53. ±1, ±2

55. 2, −12
1
57. − 2
,4

5
59.
4
3
61. − 8
,0

1
63. ± 8
1
65. ± 2
,5

67. ±2, ±3

69. −6, −4
5
71.
3

73. −3, −1, 0, 2

75. −2, 3

77. 8 units

79. 20 or 60 bicycles

81. 11 in

83. 2 inches

85. 30 miles per hour

87. x 2 − 2x − 15 = 0
89. 3x 2 − 7x + 2 = 0
91. x 2 + 4x = 0

4.4 Solve Polynomial Equations by Factoring 954

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

93. x 2 − 49 = 0
95. x 3 − x 2 − 9x + 9 = 0
97. f (x) = 6x 2 − 7x + 2
99. f (x) = 16x 2 − 9
101. f (x) = x 2 − 10x + 25
103. f (x) = x 3 − 2x 2 − 3x
105. ±4, 0

107. ±1, 3

109. −2, 1, 4

111. Answer may vary

113. Answer may vary

4.4 Solve Polynomial Equations by Factoring 955

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

4.5 Rational Functions: Multiplication and Division

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Identify restrictions to the domain of a rational function.

2. Simplify rational functions.
3. Multiply and divide rational functions.

Identifying Restrictions and Simplifying Rational Functions

Rational functions25 have the form

p (x)
r (x) = ,
q (x)
where p(x) and q(x) are polynomials and q(x) ≠ 0. The domain of a rational
function26 consists of all real numbers x except those where the denominator
q(x) = 0. Restrictions27 are the real numbers for which the expression is not
defined. We often express the domain of a rational function in terms of its
restrictions. For example, consider the function

x 2 − 4x + 3
f (x) =
x 2 − 5x + 6

25. Functions of the form which can be written in factored form

p(x)
r (x) = q(x)
, where p(x) and
q(x) are polynomials and
q(x) ≠ 0.
(x − 1) (x − 3)
26. The set of real numbers for f (x) =
which the rational function is (x − 2) (x − 3)
defined.

27. The set of real numbers for

which a rational function is not
defined.

956
Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Because rational expressions are undefined when the denominator is 0, we wish to

find the values for x that make it 0. To do this, apply the zero-product property. Set
each factor in the denominator equal to 0 and solve.

(x − 2) (x − 3) = 0

x−2=0 or x−3=0
x=2 x=3

Therefore, the original function is defined for any real number except 2 and 3. We
can express its domain using notation as follows:

Set-builder notation Interval notation

{x||x ≠ 2, 3} (−∞, 2) ∪ (2, 3) ∪ (3, ∞)

The restrictions to the domain of a rational function are determined by the

denominator. Once the restrictions are determined we can cancel factors and obtain
an equivalent function as follows:

It is important to note that 1 is not a restriction to the domain because the

expression is defined as 0 when the numerator is 0. In fact, x = 1 is a root. This
function is graphed below:

4.5 Rational Functions: Multiplication and Division 957

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Notice that there is a vertical asymptote at the restriction x = 2 and the graph is
left undefined at the restriction x = 3 as indicated by the open dot, or hole, in the
graph. Graphing rational functions in general is beyond the scope of this textbook.
However, it is useful at this point to know that the restrictions are an important
part of the graph of rational functions.

4.5 Rational Functions: Multiplication and Division 958

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Example 1
7
State the restrictions and simplify: g (x) = 24x5 .
6x

Solution:

In this example, the function is undefined where x is 0.

24(0)7 0
g (0) = = undef ined
6(0)5 0

Therefore, the domain consists of all real numbers x, where x ≠ 0. With this
understanding, we can simplify by reducing the rational expression to lowest
terms. Cancel common factors.

4 x2
24 x7
g (x) = = 4x 2
6 x5

Answer: g (x) = 4x 2 , where x ≠ 0

4.5 Rational Functions: Multiplication and Division 959

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Example 2

2x 2 +5x−3
State the restrictions and simplify: f (x) = .
4x 2 −1

Solution:

First, factor the numerator and denominator.

2x 2 + 5x − 3 (2x − 1) (x + 3)
f (x) = =
4x − 1
2 (2x + 1) (2x − 1)

Any x-value that makes the denominator zero is a restriction. To find the
restrictions, first set the denominator equal to zero and then solve

(2x + 1) (2x − 1) = 0

2x + 1 = 0 or 2x − 1 = 0
2x = −1 2x = 1
1 1
x=− x=
2 2

Therefore, x ≠ ± 12 . With this understanding, we can cancel any common

factors.

4.5 Rational Functions: Multiplication and Division 960

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

(2x − 1) (x + 3)
f (x) =
(2x + 1) (2x − 1)
x+3
=
2x + 1

x+3
Answer: f (x) = 2x+1 , where x ≠ ± 12

We define the opposite of a polynomial P to be −P. Finding the opposite of a

polynomial requires the application of the distributive property. For example, the
opposite of the polynomial (x − 3) is written as

− (x − 3) = −1 ⋅ (x − 3)
= −x + 3
=3 − x

This leads us to the opposite binomial property28, − (a − b) = (b − a) .Care

should be taken not to confuse this with the fact that (a + b) = (b + a) .This is
the case because addition is commutative. In general,

−(a − b) = (b − a) (a + b) = (b + a)
or or
b−a b+a
= −1 =1
a−b a+b

Also, it is important to recall that

28. If given a binomial a − b, then

− (a − b) = b − a.
the opposite is

4.5 Rational Functions: Multiplication and Division 961

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

−a a a
=− =
b b −b

In other words, a negative fraction is shown by placing the negative sign in either
the numerator, in front of the fraction bar, or in the denominator. Generally,
negative denominators are avoided.

Example 3

25−x 2
State the restrictions and simplify:
x 2 −10x+25
.

Solution:

Begin by factoring the numerator and denominator.

25 − x 2 (5 − x ) (5 + x)
x 2 − 10x + 25 (x − 5) (x − 5)
=

−1 ⋅ (x − 5) (5 + x)
(x − 5) (x − 5)
= Opposite binomial property

−1 ⋅ (x − 5) (5 + x)

(x − 5) (x − 5)
= Cancel.

x+5
=−
x−5

x+5
Answer: − x−5 , where x ≠ 5

It is important to remember that we can only cancel factors of a product. A common

mistake is to cancel terms. For example,

4.5 Rational Functions: Multiplication and Division 962

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

x 2 + 7x − 30 x + 10 2x−1
x 2 − 7x + 12 x −4 x−1
incorrect! incorrect! incorrect!

2
Try this! State the restrictions and simplify: x−2x .
4x −x
4 2

1
Answer: − x(2x+1) , where x ≠ 0, ± 12

(click to see video)

In some examples, we will make a broad assumption that the denominator is

nonzero. When we make that assumption, we do not need to determine the
restrictions.

4.5 Rational Functions: Multiplication and Division 963

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Example 4

x 3 −2x 2 y+4xy 2 −8y 3

Simplify:
x 4 −16y 4
. (Assume all denominators are nonzero.)

Solution:

Factor the numerator by grouping. Factor the denominator using the formula
for a difference of squares.

x 3 + 4xy 2 − 2x 2 y − 8y 3 x (x + 4y ) − 2y (x + 4y )
2 2 2 2

(x 2 + 4y 2 ) (x 2 − 4y 2 )
=
x 4 − 16y 4

(x + 4y ) (x − 2y)
2 2

(x 2 + 4y 2 ) (x + 2y) (x − 2y)
=

Next, cancel common factors.

(x 2 + 4y 2 ) (x − 2y)
1 1

(x 2 + 4y 2 ) (x + 2y) (x − 2y)
=

1
=
x + 2y

Note: When the entire numerator or denominator cancels out a factor of 1

always remains.

1
Answer: x+2y

4.5 Rational Functions: Multiplication and Division 964

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Example 5

f (x)−f (3)
Given f (x) = x 2 − 2x + 5, simplify x−3
.

Solution:

Begin by calculating f (3) .

f (3) = (3)2 − 2 (3) + 5

=9 − 6 + 5
=3 + 5
=8

Next, substitute into the quotient that is to be simplified.

f (x) − f (3) x 2 − 2x + 5 − 8
=
x−3 x−3
2
x − 2x − 3
=
x−3
(x + 1) (x − 3)
=
(x − 3)
=x + 1

Answer: x + 1 , where x ≠ 3

29. The mathematical quantity

f (x+h)−f (x) An important quantity in higher level mathematics is the difference quotient29:
h
, where h ≠ 0,
which represents the slope of a
secant line through a function
f.

4.5 Rational Functions: Multiplication and Division 965

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

f (x + h) − f (x)
, where h ≠ 0
h

This quantity represents the slope of the line connecting two points on the graph of
a function. The line passing through the two points is called a secant line30.

Calculating the difference quotient for many different functions is an important

skill to learn in intermediate algebra. We will encounter this quantity often as we
proceed in this textbook. When calculating the difference quotient we assume the
denominator is nonzero.

30. Line that intersects two points

on the graph of a function.

4.5 Rational Functions: Multiplication and Division 966

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Example 6

g(x+h)−g(x)
Given g (x) = −2x 2 + 1, simplify h
.

Solution:

g (x + h) − g (x) (−2(x + h) + 1) − (−2x + 1)

2 2

−2 (x + 2xh + h2 ) + 1 + 2x 2 − 1
h h
2
=
h
−2x − 4xh − 2h2 + 1 + 2x 2 − 1
2
=
h
2
−4xh − 2h
=
h
= −4x − 2h

Answer: −4x − 2h

f (x+h)−f (x)
Try this! Given f (x) = x 2 − x − 1, simplify h
.

Answer: 2x − 1 + h

(click to see video)

Multiplying and Dividing Rational Functions

When multiplying fractions, we can multiply the numerators and denominators

together and then reduce. Multiplying rational expressions is performed in a

4.5 Rational Functions: Multiplication and Division 967

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

similar manner. In general, given polynomials P, Q, R, and S, where Q ≠ 0 and

S ≠ 0 , we have

P R PR
⋅ =
Q S QS

The restrictions to the domain of a product consist of the restrictions of each

function.

4.5 Rational Functions: Multiplication and Division 968

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Example 7

, find (f ⋅ g) (x) and determine the

9x 2 −25 2
Given f (x) = x−5
and g (x) = x −2x−15
3x+5
restrictions to the domain.

Solution:

In this case, the domain of f consists of all real numbers except 5, and the
domain of g consists of all real numbers except − 53 .Therefore, the domain of
the product consists of all real numbers except 5 and − 53 .Multiply the
functions and then simplify the result.

(f ⋅ g) (x) = f (x) ⋅ g (x)

9x 2 − 25 x 2 − 2x − 15
= ⋅
x−5 3x + 5
(3x + 5) (3x − 5) (x − 5) (x + 3)
= ⋅ Factor.
x−5 3x + 5
(3x + 5) (3x − 5) (x − 5) (x + 3)

(x − 5) (3x + 5)
= Cancel.

= (3x − 5) (x + 3)

Answer: (f ⋅ g) (x) = (3x − 5) (x + 3), where x ≠ 5, − 53

To divide two fractions, we multiply by the reciprocal of the divisor. Dividing

rational expressions is performed in a similar manner. In general, given
polynomials P, Q, R, and S, where Q ≠ 0, R ≠ 0 , and S ≠ 0 , we have

4.5 Rational Functions: Multiplication and Division 969

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

P R P S PS
÷ = ⋅ =
Q S Q R QR

The restrictions to the domain of a quotient will consist of the restrictions of each
function as well as the restrictions on the reciprocal of the divisor.

4.5 Rational Functions: Multiplication and Division 970

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Example 8

, find (f /g) (x) and determine

2x 2 +13x−7 2x 2 +5x−3
Given f (x) = and g (x) =
x 2 −4x−21 49−x 2
the restrictions.

Solution:

(f /g) (x)= f (x) ÷ g (x)

2x 2 + 13x − 7 2x 2 + 5x − 3
= 2 ÷
x − 4x − 21 49 − x 2
2x 2 + 13x − 7 49 − x 2
= 2 ⋅ 2 Multiply by the reciprocal of th
x − 4x − 21 2x + 5x − 3
(2x − 1) (x + 7) (7 + x) (7 − x)
= ⋅ Factor.
(x + 3) (x − 7) (2x − 1) (x + 3)
(2x − 1) (x + 7) (7 + x) (−1) (x − 7)
= Cancel.
(x + 3) (x − 7) (2x − 1) (x + 3)
(x + 7)2
=−
(x + 3)2

In this case, the domain of f consists of all real numbers except −3 and 7, and
the domain of g consists of all real numbers except 7 and −7. In addition, the
reciprocal of g(x) has a restriction of −3 and 12 . Therefore, the domain of this
quotient consists of all real numbers except −3, 12 , and ±7.

Answer: (f /g) (x) = −

(x+7) 2
2
, where x ≠ −3, 12 , ±7
(x+3)

Recall that multiplication and division operations are to be performed from left to
right.

4.5 Rational Functions: Multiplication and Division 971

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Example 9

4x 2 −1 2x+1 27x 4
Simplify:
6x 2 +3x
÷ x 2 +2x+1
⋅ 2x 2 +x−1
(.Assume all denominators are nonzero.)

Solution:

Begin by replacing the factor that is to be divided by multiplication of its

reciprocal.

4x 2 − 1 2x + 1 27x 4
÷ ⋅
6x 2 + 3x x 2 + 2x + 1 2x 2 + x − 1
4x 2 − 1 x 2 + 2x + 1 27x 4
= ⋅ ⋅
6x 2 + 3x 2x + 1 2x 2 + x − 1
(2x + 1)(2x − 1) (x + 1)(x + 1) 27x 4
= ⋅ ⋅
3x(2x + 1) (2x + 1) (2x − 1)(x + 1)
9 x3
(2x + 1) (2x − 1) (x + 1) (x + 1) ⋅ 27 x4
=
3 x (2x + 1) (2x + 1) (2x − 1) (x + 1)
9x 3 (x + 1)
=
(2x + 1)

9x 3 (x+1)
Answer: (2x+1)

4.5 Rational Functions: Multiplication and Division 972

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

, calculate (f /g) (x)

2x+5 6x 2 +13x−5
Try this! Given f (x) = and g (x) = x+5
3x 2 +14x−5
and determine the restrictions.

Answer: (f /g) (x) = 1

, where x ≠ −5, − 5
2
, 1
3
(3x−1) 2

(click to see video)

If a cost function C represents the cost of producing x units, then the average
–
cost31 C is the cost divided by the number of units produced.

– C (x)
C (x) =
x

31. The total cost divided by the

number of units produced,
which can be represented by
– C(x)
C(x) = x , where C(x) is
a cost function.

4.5 Rational Functions: Multiplication and Division 973

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Example 10

A manufacturer has determined that the cost in dollars of producing sweaters

is given by C (x) = 0.01x 2 − 3x + 1200, where x represents the number of
sweaters produced daily. Determine the average cost of producing 100, 200, and
300 sweaters per day.

Solution:

Set up a function representing the average cost.

– C (x) 0.01x 2 − 3x + 1200

C (x) = =
x x

– – –
Next, calculate C (100), C (200), and C (300) .

– 0.01(100)2 − 3(100) + 1200 100 − 300 + 1200 1000

C(100) = = = = 10.00
(100) 100 100
– 0.01(200)2 − 3(200) + 1200 400 − 600 + 1200 1000
C(200) = = = = 5.00
(200) 200 200
– 0.01(300)2 − 3(300) + 1200 900 − 900 + 1200 1200
C(300) = = = = 4.00
(300) 300 300

Answer: The average cost of producing 100 sweaters per day is $10.00 per
sweater. If 200 sweaters are produced, the average cost per sweater is $5.00. If
300 are produced, the average cost per sweater is $4.00.

4.5 Rational Functions: Multiplication and Division 974

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

KEY TAKEAWAYS

• Simplifying rational expressions is similar to simplifying fractions. First,

factor the numerator and denominator and then cancel the common
factors. Rational expressions are simplified if there are no common
factors other than 1 in the numerator and the denominator.
• Simplified rational functions are equivalent for values in the domain of
the original function. Be sure to state the restrictions unless the
problem states that the denominators are assumed to be nonzero.
• After multiplying rational expressions, factor both the numerator and
denominator and then cancel common factors. Make note of the
restrictions to the domain. The values that give a value of 0 in the
denominator for all expressions are the restrictions.
• To divide rational expressions, multiply the numerator by the reciprocal
of the divisor.
• The restrictions to the domain of a product consist of the restrictions to
the domain of each factor.

4.5 Rational Functions: Multiplication and Division 975

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

TOPIC EXERCISES

PART A: SIMPLIFYING RATIONAL FUNCTIONS

Simplify the function and state its domain using interval notation.
25x 9
1. f (x) =
5x 5
64x 8
2. f (x) =
16x 3
x 2 − 64
3. f (x) =
x 2 + 16x + 64
x 2 + x − 20
4. f (x) =
x 2 − 25
9 − 4x 2
5. g (x) =
2x 2 − 5x + 3
x − 3x 2
6. g (x) =
9x 2 − 6x + 1
2x 2 − 8x − 42
7. g (x) =
2x 2 + 5x − 3
6x 2 + 5x − 4
8. g (x) =
3x 2 + x − 4
x + x2 − x − 1
3
9. h (x) =
x 2 + 2x + 1
2x − 5x 2 − 8x + 20
3
10. h (x) =
2x 2 − 9x + 10

66x (2x − 5)
State the restrictions and simplify the given rational expressions.

18x 3 (2x − 5)
11.
2

26x 4 (5x + 2)
3

20x 5 (5x + 2)
12.

x 2 + 5x + 6
13.
x 2 − 5x − 14

4.5 Rational Functions: Multiplication and Division 976

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

x 2 − 8x + 12
14.
x 2 − 2x − 24
1 − x2
15.
5x 2 + x − 6
4 − 9x 2
16.
3x 2 − 8x + 4
4x 2 + 15x + 9
17.
9 − x2
6x 2 + 13x − 5
18.
25 − 4x 2
x 2 − 5x + 4
19.
x 3 − x 2 − 16x + 16
x 4 + 4x 2
20.
x 3 + 3x 2 + 4x + 12
Simplify the given rational expressions. Assume all variable
expressions in the denominator are nonzero.

50ab 3 (a + b)
2

200a2 b 3 (a + b)
21.
3

36a5 b 7 (a − b)
2

9a3 b (a − b)
22.

a2 − b 2
23.
a2 + 2ab + b 2
a2 − 2ab + b 2
24.
a2 − b 2
6x 2 − xy
25.
6x 2 − 7xy + y 2
y−x
26.
2x 3 − 4x 2 y + 2xy 2
x 2 y 2 − 2xy 3
27.
x 2 y 2 − xy 3 − 2y 4
x 4y − x 2y3
28.
x 3 y + 2x 2 y 2 + xy 3
x 3 − x 2 y + xy 2 − y 3
29.
x 4 − y4

4.5 Rational Functions: Multiplication and Division 977

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

y4 − x 4
30.
x 3 + x 2 y + xy 2 + y 3
a2 − (b + c)
2

(a + b) − c2
31.
2

(a + b) − c
2 2
32.
(a + c)2 − b 2
x 3 + y3
33.
x 2 + 2xy + y 2
x 3 y + x 2 y 2 + xy 3
34.
x 3 − y3
Given the function, simplify the rational expression.

f (x)−f (5)
35. Given f (x) = x 2 − 8, simplify x−5
.
f (x)−f (2)
36. Given f (x) = x 2 + 4x − 1 , simplify x−2
.
g(x)−g(−1)
37. Given g (x) = x 2 − 3x + 1 , simplify x+1
.
g(x)−g(−4)
38. Given g (x) = x 2 − 2x , simplify x+4
.
f (x)−f ( 12 )
2
39. Given f (x) = 4x + 6x + 1 , simplify .
2x−1

f (x)−f (− 13 )
2
40. Given f (x) = 9x + 1, simplify .
3x+1

For the given function, simplify the difference quotient

f (x+h)−f (x)
h
, where h ≠ 0.
41. f (x) = 5x − 3
42. f (x) = 3 − 2x
43. f (x) = x 2 − 3
44. f (x) = x 2 + 8x
45. f (x) = x 2 − x + 5

4.5 Rational Functions: Multiplication and Division 978

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

46. f (x) = 4x 2 + 3x − 2
47. f (x) = ax 2 + bx + c
48. f (x) = ax 2 + bx
49. f (x) = x 3 + 1
50. f (x) = x 3 − x + 2

PART B: MULTIPLYING AND DIVIDING RATIONAL

FUNCTIONS

Simplify the product f ⋅ g and state its domain using interval notation.
52x 4 (x − 2) 3
51. f (x) = , g (x) =
(x − 2) 2 12x 5
46(2x − 1) 3 25x 3
52. f (x) = , g (x) =
15x 6 23 (2x − 1)
3
10x x2 − 4
53. f (x) = , g (x) =
x 2 + 4x + 4 50x 4
2
25 − x 12x 3
54. f (x) = , g (x) = 2
46x 5 x + 10x + 25
5 − 3x x 2 − 6x + 5
55. f (x) = , g (x) =
x 2 − 10x + 25 3x 2 − 8x + 5
2
1 − 4x 12x 2
56. f (x) = , g (x) =
6x 2 + 3x 4x 2 − 4x + 1
Simplify the quotient f /g and state its domain using interval notation.
12x 3 6x 2
5(5x − 1) 25(5x − 1)
57. f (x) = 3
, g (x) = 4

7x 2 (x + 9) 49x 3 (x + 9)
58. f (x) = , g (x) =
(x − 8) 2 (x − 8) 4
25x 2 − 1 25x 2 + 10x + 1
59. f (x) = , g (x) =
3x 2 − 15x x 3 − 5x 2
x2 − x − 6 x 2 − 6x + 9
60. f (x) = , g (x) =
2x 2 + 13x + 15 4x 2 + 12x + 9

4.5 Rational Functions: Multiplication and Division 979

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

x 2 − 64
61. f (x) = , g (x) = 2x 2 + 19x + 24
x 2
2 2
62. f (x) = 2x + 11x − 6, g (x) = 36 − x

Multiply or divide as indicated, state the restrictions, and simplify.

14(x + 12) 2 45x 4
63. ⋅
5x 3 2(x + 12) 3
27x 6 (x − 7) 5
64. ⋅
20(x − 7) 3 54x 7
x 2 − 64 12x 3
65. ⋅ 2
36x 4 x + 4x − 32
50x 5 x 2 − 81
66. ⋅
x 2 + 6x − 27 125x 3
2x 2 + 7x + 5 15x 3 − 30x 2
67. ⋅
3x 2 2x 2 + x − 10
3x + 14x − 5 4x 2 + 4x + 1
2
68. ⋅
2x 2 + 11x + 5 6x 2 + x − 1
x 2 + 4x − 21 x 2 − 6x + 9
69. ÷
5x 2 + 10x x 2 + 9x + 14
2
x − 49 2x 2 − 13x − 7
70. ÷
9x 2 − 24x + 16 6x 2 − 5x − 4
2
5x + x − 6 1 − x2
71. ÷
4x 2 − 7x − 15 4x 2 + 9x + 5
6x 2 − 8x − 8 3x 2 − 4x − 4
72. ÷
4 − 9x 2 9x 2 + 12x + 4
2
x + 4x − 12 2x 2 − 13x + 18
73. ÷
x 2 − 2x − 15 6x 2 − 31x + 5
2
8x + x − 9 2x 2 − x − 1
74. ÷
25x 2 − 1 10x 2 − 3x − 1
Perform the operations and simplify. Assume all variable expressions
in the denominator are nonzero.

50a2 (a − b)
2
1 6b
a (a − b)
75. ⋅ ⋅
12ab a2 − b 2

4.5 Rational Functions: Multiplication and Division 980

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

b 2 − a2 12a (a − b) 9ab (a − b)

(a − b)
76. ⋅ ⋅
2 36a2 b a+b
x 3 + y3 x 2 − y2 25x 2 y
(y + x)
77. ⋅ 2 ⋅
5xy x − 2xy + y 2 2

3xy 2 2x 2 + 5xy + 2y 2 x 3 + 8y 3
( )
78. ⋅ ⋅
2y + x
2 9x 2 6xy 2 + 3y 3
2x + 5 x 2 − 9 2x 2 + 15x + 25
79. ⋅ ÷
x−3 5x 4 25x 5
2
5x − 15x 3x − 2 x−3
80. ⋅ ÷
9x 2 − 4 20x 3 3x 2 − x − 2
2 2
x + 5x − 50 x − 25 x−2
81. ÷ ⋅
x 2 + 5x − 14 x 2 − 49 x 2 + 3x − 70
2 2
x − x − 56 2x + 11x − 21 4x 2 − 12x + 9
82. ÷ ⋅
4x 2 − 4x − 3 25 − 9x 2 3x 2 − 19x − 40
2 2
20x − 8x − 1 1 − 100x 10x − 1
83. ÷ ⋅
6x 2 + 13x + 6 3x 2 − x − 2 2x 2 − 3x + 1
( ) 12x 2 − 11x − 1
12x 2 − 13x + 1 2 x 2 + 14x + 45
84. ÷ 144x − 1 ⋅
x 2 + 18x + 81
85. A manufacturer has determined that the cost in dollars of producing bicycles is
given by C (x) = 0.5x 2 − x + 6200 , where x represents the number of
bicycles produced weekly. Determine the average cost of producing 50, 100,
and 150 bicycles per week.

86. The cost in dollars of producing custom lighting fixtures is given by the
function C (x) = x 2 − 20x + 1200 , where x represents the number of
fixtures produced in a week. Determine the average cost per unit if 20, 40, and
50 units are produced in a week.

87. A manufacturer has determined that the cost in dollars of producing electric
scooters is given by the function C (x) = 3x (x − 100) + 32,000 ,
where x represents the number of scooters produced in a month. Determine
the average cost per scooter if 50 are produced in a month.

88. The cost in dollars of producing a custom injected molded part is given by
C (n) = 1,900 + 0.01n , where n represents the number of parts
produced. Calculate the average cost of each part if 2,500 custom parts are
ordered.

4.5 Rational Functions: Multiplication and Division 981

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

C (p) =
89. The cost in dollars of an environmental cleanup is given by the function
25,000p

cleaned up (0 ≤ p < 1) . Use the function to determine the cost of cleaning

, where p represents the percentage of the area to be
1−p

up 50% of an affected area and the cost of cleaning up 80% of the area.
−1
90. The value of a new car is given by the function V (t) = 16,500(t + 1)
where t represents the age of the car in years. Determine the value of the car
when it is 6 years old.

PART D: DISCUSSION BOARD

1
91. Describe the restrictions to the rational expression . Explain.
x 2 −y 2
1
92. Describe the restrictions to the rational expression . Explain.
x 2 +y 2
1 x−5
93. Explain why x = 5 is a restriction to ÷ x .
x+5

94. Explain to a beginning algebra student why we cannot cancel x in the rational
x+2
expression x .
95. Research and discuss the importance of the difference quotient. What does it
represent and in what subject does it appear?

4.5 Rational Functions: Multiplication and Division 982

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

ANSWERS

1. f (x) = 5x 4 ;
Domain: (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞)

; Domain: (−∞, −8) ∪ (−8, ∞)

x−8
3. f (x) =

∪ (1, 32 ) ∪ ( 32 , ∞)
x+8

; Domain: (−∞, 1)
2x+3
5. g (x) = −

∪ (−3, 12 ) ∪ ( 12 , ∞)
x−1

; Domain: (−∞, −3)

2(x−7)
7. g (x) =

h (x) = x − 1 ; Domain: (−∞, −1) ∪ (−1, ∞)

2x−1

9.

3x 2 (2x−5)
11 5
11. ;x ≠ 0, 2

x+3
13. x−7 ; x ≠ −2, 7
x+1 6
15. − 5x+6
;x ≠− 5
,1
4x+3
17. − 3−x
;x ≠ ±3
1
19. ;x ≠ 1, ±4
x+4
1
21.
4a(a+b)
a−b
23.
a+b
x
25. x−y

x
27. x+y

1
29. x+y

a−b−c
31.
a+b−c
x 2 −xy+y 2
33. x+y

35. x + 5 , where x ≠ 5
37. x − 4 , where x ≠ −1

4.5 Rational Functions: Multiplication and Division 983

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

1
39. 2 (x + 2) , where x ≠ 2
41. 5

43. 2x + h
45. 2x − 1 + h
47. 2ax + b + ah
49. 3x 2 + 3xh + h 2

(f ⋅ g) (x) = ; Domain: (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, 2) ∪ (2, ∞)

13(x−2)
51.
3x

(f ⋅ g) (x) = ; Domain: (−∞, −2) ∪ (−2, 0) ∪ (0, ∞)

x−2
53.
5x(x+2)

(f ⋅ g) (x) = − x−5 ; Domain:

1

(−∞, 1) ∪ (1, 3 ) ∪ ( 3 , 5) ∪ (5, ∞)

55.
5 5

57. (f /g) (x) = 10x (5x − 1) ; Domain: (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, 15 ) ∪ ( 15 , ∞)

(f /g) (x) =
x(5x−1)
2(5x+1)

(−∞, − 5 ) ∪ (− 15 , 0) ∪ (0, 5) ∪ (5, ∞)

59. ; Domain:
1

(f /g) (x) = x 2 (2x+3) ; Domain:

x−8

(−∞, −8) ∪ (−8, − 2 ) ∪ (− , 0) ∪ (0, ∞)

61.
3 3
2
63x
63. ;x ≠ −12, 0
x+12
x−8
65. ;x ≠ −8, 0, 4
3x(x−4)
5
67. 5 (x + 1) ; x ≠ − 2
, 0, 2
(x+7) 2
69. ;x ≠ −7, −2, 0, 3
5x(x−3)
5x+6 5
71. − x−3
;x ≠− 4
, −1, 1, 3
(x+6)(6x−1) 1 9
73. ;x ≠ −3, , 2, ,5
(x+3)(2x−9) 6 2
25
75.
a+b

4.5 Rational Functions: Multiplication and Division 984

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

5x (x 2 − xy + y 2 )
77.
x−y
5x (x + 3)
79.
x+5
1
81.
x+5
1
83. −
2x + 3
85. If 50 bicycles are produced, the average cost per bicycle is $148. If 100 are
produced, the average cost is $111. If 150 bicycles are produced, the average
cost is $115.33.

87. If 50 scooters are produced, the average cost of each is $490.

89. A 50% cleanup will cost $25,000. An 80% cleanup will cost $100,000.

91. Answer may vary

93. Answer may vary

95. Answer may vary

4.5 Rational Functions: Multiplication and Division 985

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

4.6 Rational Functions: Addition and Subtraction

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Add and subtract rational functions.

2. Simplify complex rational expressions.

Adding and Subtracting Rational Functions

Adding and subtracting rational expressions is similar to adding and subtracting

fractions. Recall that if the denominators are the same, we can add or subtract the
numerators and write the result over the common denominator. When working
with rational expressions, the common denominator will be a polynomial. In
general, given polynomials P, Q, and R, where Q ≠ 0, we have the following:

P R P±R
± =
Q Q Q

The set of restrictions to the domain of a sum or difference of rational expressions

consists of the restrictions to the domains of each expression.

986
Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Example 1

4x 3x+8
Subtract:
x 2 −64
− x 2 −64
.

Solution:

The denominators are the same. Hence we can subtract the numerators and
write the result over the common denominator. Take care to distribute the
negative 1.

4x 3x + 8 4x − (3x + 8)
− = Subtract the numerators.
x 2 − 64 x 2 − 64 x 2 − 64
4x − 3x − 8
= Simplif y.
x 2 − 64
1
x−8
= Cancel.
(x + 8) (x − 8)
1
= Restrictions x ≠ ±8
x+8

1
Answer: x+8 , where x ≠ ±8

To add rational expressions with unlike denominators, first find equivalent

expressions with common denominators. Do this just as you have with fractions. If
the denominators of fractions are relatively prime, then the least common
denominator (LCD) is their product. For example,

1 1
+ ⇒ LCD = x ⋅ y = xy
x y

4.6 Rational Functions: Addition and Subtraction 987

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Multiply each fraction by the appropriate form of 1 to obtain equivalent fractions

with a common denominator.

1 1 1⋅y 1⋅x
+ = +
x y x⋅y y⋅x
y x
= + Equivalent f ractions with a common denominator
xy xy
y+x
=
xy

In general, given polynomials P, Q, R, and S, where Q ≠ 0 and S ≠ 0 , we have the

following:

P R PS ± QR
± =
Q S QS

4.6 Rational Functions: Addition and Subtraction 988

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Example 2

5x 2
Given f (x) = 3x+1 and g (x) = x+1 , find f + g and state the restrictions.

Solution:

Here the LCD is the product of the denominators (3x + 1) (x + 1) . Multiply by

the appropriate factors to obtain rational expressions with a common
denominator before adding.

(f + g)(x)= f (x) + g(x)

5x 2
= +
3x + 1 x+1
5x (x + 1) 2 (3x + 1)
= ⋅ + ⋅
(3x + 1) (x + 1) (x + 1) (3x + 1)
5x(x + 1) 2(3x + 1)
= +
(3x + 1)(x + 1) (x + 1)(3x + 1)
5x(x + 1) + 2(3x + 1)
=
(3x + 1)(x + 1)
5x 2 + 5x + 6x + 2
=
(3x + 1)(x + 1)
5x 2 + 11x + 2
=
(3x + 1)(x + 1)
(5x + 1)(x + 2)
=
(3x + 1)(x + 1)

The domain of f consists all real numbers except − 13, and the domain of g
consists of all real numbers except −1. Therefore, the domain of f + g consists of
all real numbers except −1 and − 13 .

Answer: (f + g) (x) = (3x+1)(x+1) , where x ≠ −1, − 13

(5x+1)(x+2)

4.6 Rational Functions: Addition and Subtraction 989

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

It is not always the case that the LCD is the product of the given denominators.
Typically, the denominators are not relatively prime; thus determining the LCD
requires some thought. Begin by factoring all denominators. The LCD is the product
of all factors with the highest power.

4.6 Rational Functions: Addition and Subtraction 990

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Example 3

3x
Given f (x) = 3x−1 and g (x) = 4−14x , find f − g and state the restrictions
3x 2 −4x+1
to the domain.

Solution:

To determine the LCD, factor the denominator of g.

(f − g) (x) = f (x) − g (x)

3x 4 − 14x
= − 2
3x − 1 3x − 4x + 1
3x 4 − 14x
= −
(3x − 1) (3x − 1) (x − 1)

In this case the LCD = (3x − 1) (x − 1) . Multiply f by 1 in the form of

(x−1)
(x−1)
to obtain equivalent algebraic fractions with a common denominator and
then subtract.

3x (x − 1) 4 − 14x
= ⋅ −
(3x − 1) (x − 1) (3x − 1) (x − 1)
3x (x − 1) − 4 + 14x
=
(3x − 1) (x − 1)
3x 2 + 11x − 4
=
(3x − 1) (x − 1)
(3x − 1) (x + 4)
=
(3x − 1) (x − 1)
(x + 4)
=
(x − 1)

4.6 Rational Functions: Addition and Subtraction 991

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

The domain of f consists of all real numbers except 13 , and the domain of g
consists of all real numbers except 1 and 13 . Therefore, the domain of f − g
consists of all real numbers except 1 and 13 .

Answer: (f − g) (x) = x−1, where x ≠ 13 , 1

x+4

4.6 Rational Functions: Addition and Subtraction 992

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Example 4

3x 18(x−2)
Simplify and state the restrictions: −2x
x+6
− 6−x − x 2 −36 .

Solution:

Begin by applying the opposite binomial property 6 − x = − (x − 6) .

−2x 3x 18 (x − 2)
− − 2
x+6 6−x x − 36
−2x 3x 18 (x − 2)
(x + 6) −1 ⋅ (x − 6) (x + 6) (x − 6)
= − −

−2x 3x 18 (x − 2)
(x + 6) (x − 6) (x + 6) (x − 6)
= + −

Next, find equivalent fractions with the LCD = (x + 6) (x − 6) and then

simplify.

4.6 Rational Functions: Addition and Subtraction 993

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

−2x (x − 6) 3x (x + 6) 18 (x − 2)
(x + 6) (x − 6) (x − 6) (x + 6) (x + 6) (x − 6)
= ⋅ + ⋅ −

−2x (x − 6) + 3x (x + 6) − 18 (x − 2)
(x + 6) (x − 6)
=

−2x 2 + 12x + 3x 2 + 18x − 18x + 36

(x + 6) (x − 6)
=

x 2 + 12x + 36
(x + 6) (x − 6)
=

(x + 6) (x + 6)

(x + 6) (x − 6)
=

x+6
=
x−6

x+6
Answer: x−6 , where x ≠ ±6

x+1 2 4
Try this! Simplify and state the restrictions: − x 2 −1
−
(x−1) 2 (x+1)(x−1) 2

1
Answer: x−1 , where x ≠ ±1

(click to see video)

Rational expressions are sometimes expressed using negative exponents. In this

case, apply the rules for negative exponents before simplifying the expression.

4.6 Rational Functions: Addition and Subtraction 994

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Example 5

Simplify and state the restrictions: 5a−2 + (2a + 5) .

−1

Solution:

Recall that x −n = x1n . Begin by rewriting the rational expressions with

negative exponents as fractions.

5a−2 + (2a + 5)
−1 5 1
(2a + 5)
= +
a2 1

Then find the LCD and add.

5 1 5 (2a + 5) 1 a2
a2 (2a + 5) (2a + 5) a2
(2a + 5)
+ = ⋅ + ⋅
a2 1

5 (2a + 5) a2
a2 (2a + 5) a2 (2a + 5)
= + Equivalent expressions with a com

10a + 25 + a2
a2 (2a + 5)
= Add.

a2 + 10a + 25
a2 (2a + 5)
= Simplf iy.

(a + 5) (a + 5)
a2 (2a + 5)
=

4.6 Rational Functions: Addition and Subtraction 995

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

(a+5)
2

, where a ≠ − 52 , 0
(2a+5)
Answer:
a2

Simplifying Complex Rational Expressions

A complex rational expression32 is defined as a rational expression that contains

one or more rational expressions in the numerator or denominator or both. For
example,

12 9
4− x + x2
5 3
2− x + x2

is a complex rational expression. We simplify a complex rational expression by

finding an equivalent fraction where the numerator and denominator are
polynomials. There are two methods for simplifying complex rational expressions,
and we will outline the steps for both methods. For the sake of clarity, assume that
variable expressions used as denominators are nonzero.

Method 1: Simplify Using Division

We begin our discussion on simplifying complex rational expressions using division.

Before we can multiply by the reciprocal of the denominator, we must simplify the
numerator and denominator separately. The goal is to first obtain single algebraic
fractions in the numerator and the denominator. The steps for simplifying a
complex algebraic fraction are illustrated in the following example.

32. A rational expression that

contains one or more rational
expressions in the numerator
or denominator or both.

4.6 Rational Functions: Addition and Subtraction 996

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Example 6
9
4− 12
x + x2
Simplify: 5 3
.
2− x +
x2

Solution:

Step 1: Simplify the numerator and denominator to obtain a single algebraic

fraction divided by another single algebraic fraction. In this example, find
equivalent terms with a common denominator in both the numerator and
denominator before adding and subtracting.

12 9 4 x2 12 x 9
4− x + x2 1
⋅ x2
− x ⋅ x + x2
5 3
=
2 x2 5 x 3
2− x + x2 1
⋅ − x ⋅ x +
x2 x2
4x 2 12x 9
x2
− x2
+ x2
= Equivalent f ractions with common denominat
2x 2 5x 3
x2
− x2
+ x2
4x 2 −12x+9
x2
= Add the f ractions in the numerator and denom
2x 2 −5x+3
x2

At this point we have a single algebraic fraction divided by another single

algebraic fraction.

Step 2: Multiply the numerator by the reciprocal of the denominator.

4x 2 −12x+9
x2 4x 2 − 12x + 9 x2
= ⋅
2x −5x+3
2
x2 2x 2 − 5x + 3
x2

4.6 Rational Functions: Addition and Subtraction 997

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Step 3: Factor all numerators and denominators completely.

(2x − 3) (2x − 3) x2
= ⋅
x2 (2x − 3) (x − 1)

Step 4: Cancel all common factors.

(2x − 3) (2x − 3) x2
= ⋅
x2 (2x − 3) (x − 1)
2x − 3
=
x−1

Answer: 2x−3
x−1

4.6 Rational Functions: Addition and Subtraction 998

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Example 7
2x 7
x−1
+ x+3
Simplify: 2x 5
.
x−1
− x−3

Solution:

Obtain a single algebraic fraction in the numerator and in the denominator.

2x 7 2x (x+3) 7 (x−1)
x−1
+ x+3 x−1
⋅ (x+3)
+ x+3
⋅ (x−1)
2x 5
= (x−3) (x−1)
− 2x 5
x−1 x−3 x−1
⋅ (x−3)
− x−3
⋅ (x−1)
2x(x+3)+7(x−1)
(x−1)(x+3)
= 2x(x−3)−5(x−1)
(x−1)(x−3)
2x 2 +6x+7x−7
(x−1)(x+3)
=
2x 2 −6x−5x+5
(x−1)(x−3)
2x 2 +13x−7
(x−1)(x+3)
=
2x 2 −11x+5
(x−1)(x−3)

Next, multiply the numerator by the reciprocal of the denominator, factor, and
then cancel.

4.6 Rational Functions: Addition and Subtraction 999

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

2x 2 + 13x − 7 (x − 1) (x − 3)
= ⋅
(x − 1) (x + 3) 2x 2 − 11x + 5
(2x − 1) (x + 7) (x − 1) (x − 3)
(2x − 1) (x − 5)
= ⋅
(x − 1) (x + 3)
(x + 7) (x − 3)
(x + 3) (x − 5)
=

(x+7)(x−3)
(x+3)(x−5)
Answer:

1 1
−
y2 x2
Try this! Simplify using division: 1
.
y + 1x

x−y
Answer: xy

(click to see video)

Sometimes complex rational expressions are expressed using negative exponents.

4.6 Rational Functions: Addition and Subtraction 1000

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Example 8

2y −1−x −1
Simplify: .
x −2−4y −2

Solution:

We begin by rewriting the expression without negative exponents.

2 1
2y −1 − x −1 y − x
=
x −2 − 4y −2 1
− 4
x2 y2

Obtain single algebraic fractions in the numerator and denominator and then
multiply by the reciprocal of the denominator.

2 1 2x−y
y − x xy
1 4
=
y 2 −4x 2
x2
− y2 x 2y2

2x − y x 2 y2
= ⋅ 2
xy y − 4x 2
2x − y x 2 y2
(y − 2x) (y + 2x)
= ⋅
xy

Apply the opposite binomial property (y − 2x) = − (2x − y) and then

cancel.

4.6 Rational Functions: Addition and Subtraction 1001

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

(2x − y)
x y
x2 y2

− (2x − y) (y + 2x)
= ⋅
x y

xy
=−
y + 2x

xy
Answer: − y+2x

Method 2: Simplify Using the LCD

An alternative method for simplifying complex rational expressions involves

clearing the fractions by multiplying the expression by a special form of 1. In this
method, multiply the numerator and denominator by the least common
denominator (LCD) of all given fractions.

4.6 Rational Functions: Addition and Subtraction 1002

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Example 9
9
4− 12
x + x2
Simplify: 5 3
.
2− x +
x2

Solution:

Step 1: Determine the LCD of all the fractions in the numerator and
denominator. In this case, the denominators of the given fractions are 1, x , and
x 2 . Therefore, the LCD is x 2 .

Step 2: Multiply the numerator and denominator by the LCD. This step should
clear the fractions in both the numerator and denominator.

(4 − )⋅x
12 9 2
4− 12
+ 9
x + x2
x x2
= Multiply numerator and denominator
(2 − )⋅
5 3
2− x + x2
5
+ 3
x2
x x2
12 9
4 ⋅ x2 − x ⋅ x2 + x2
⋅ x2
= 5 3
Distribute and then cancel.
2 ⋅ x2 − x ⋅ x2 + x2
⋅ x2
4x 2 − 12x + 9
=
2x 2 − 5x + 3

This leaves us with a single algebraic fraction with a polynomial in the

numerator and in the denominator.

Step 3: Factor the numerator and denominator completely.

4.6 Rational Functions: Addition and Subtraction 1003

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

4x 2 − 12x + 9
=
2x 2 − 5x + 3
(2x − 3) (2x − 3)
=
(x − 1) (2x − 3)

Step 4: Cancel all common factors.

(2x − 3) (2x − 3)
=
(x − 1) (2x − 3)
2x − 3
=
x−1

Note: This was the same problem presented in Example 6 and the results here
are the same. It is worth taking the time to compare the steps involved using
both methods on the same problem.

Answer: 2x−3
x−1

It is important to point out that multiplying the numerator and denominator by the
same nonzero factor is equivalent to multiplying by 1 and does not change the
problem.

1 1
−
y2 x2
Try this! Simplify using the LCD: 1
.
y + 1x

x−y
Answer: xy

(click to see video)

4.6 Rational Functions: Addition and Subtraction 1004

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

KEY TAKEAWAYS

• Adding and subtracting rational expressions is similar to adding and

subtracting fractions. A common denominator is required. If the
denominators are the same, then we can add or subtract the numerators
and write the result over the common denominator.
• The set of restrictions to the domain of a sum or difference of rational
functions consists of the restrictions to the domains of each function.
• Complex rational expressions can be simplified into equivalent
expressions with a polynomial numerator and polynomial denominator.
They are reduced to lowest terms if the numerator and denominator are
polynomials that share no common factors other than 1.
• One method of simplifying a complex rational expression requires us to
first write the numerator and denominator as a single algebraic fraction.
Then multiply the numerator by the reciprocal of the denominator and
simplify the result.
• Another method for simplifying a complex rational expression requires
that we multiply it by a special form of 1. Multiply the numerator and
denominator by the LCD of all the denominators as a means to clear the
fractions. After doing this, simplify the remaining rational expression.

4.6 Rational Functions: Addition and Subtraction 1005

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

TOPIC EXERCISES

PART A: ADDING AND SUBTRACTING RATIONAL

FUNCTIONS

State the restrictions and simplify.

3x 2
1. +
3x + 4 3x + 4
3x 2x + 1
2. −
2x − 1 2x − 1
x−2 x+3
3. +
2x 2 − 11x − 6 2x 2 − 11x − 6
4x − 1 x−6
4. −
3x 2 + 2x − 5 3x 2 + 2x − 5
1
5. − 2x
x
4 1
6. −
x3 x
1
7. +5
x−1
1
8. −1
x+7
1 1
9. −
x−2 3x + 4
2 x
10. +
5x − 2 x+3
1 1
11. +
x2 x−2
2x 2
12. +
x x−2
3x − 7 1
13. +
x (x − 7) 7−x
2
2 3x − 1
14. + 2
8−x x (x − 8)
x−1 2
15. −
x 2 − 25 x 2 − 10x + 25
x+1 x
16. −
2x 2 + 5x − 3 4x 2 − 1

4.6 Rational Functions: Addition and Subtraction 1006

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

x 2
17. −
x 2 + 4x x 2 + 8x + 16
2x − 1 3
18. −
4x 2 + 8x − 5 4x 2 + 20x + 25
5−x x+2
19. −
7x + x 2 49 − x 2
2x x+1
20. −
4x 2 + x 8x 2 + 6x + 1
x−1 2x − 1
21. +
2x 2 − 7x − 4 x 2 − 5x + 4
2 (x + 3) 4−x
22. +
3x 2 − 5x − 2 3x 2 + 10x + 3
x2 2
23. −
4 + 2x 2 x 4 + 2x 2
3x 2x 2
24. −
4x 4 + 6x 3 6x 3 + 9x 2
2
3x − 12 x2 + 2
25. −
x 4 − 8x 2 + 16 4 − x2
2 2
x 6x − 24
26. +
2x 2 + 1 2x 4 − 7x 2 − 4
Given f and g , simplify the sum f + g and difference f − g. Also, state
the domain using interval notation.
1 5
27. f (x) = , g (x) = 2
x x
1 2
28. f (x) = , g (x) =
x+2 x−1
x−2 x+2
29. f (x) = , g (x) =
x+2 x−2
x 2x
30. f (x) = , g (x) =
2x − 1 2x + 1
6 18
31. f (x) = , g (x) =
3x 2 + x 9x 2 + 6x + 1
x−1 x−2
32. f (x) = , g (x) =
x 2 − 8x + 16 x 2 − 4x
x x−1
33. f (x) = , g (x) =
x 2 − 25 x 2 − 4x − 5
2x − 3 x
34. f (x) = , g (x) =
x2 − 4 2x 2 + 3x − 2

4.6 Rational Functions: Addition and Subtraction 1007

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

1 1
35. f (x) = , g (x) = −
3x 2 − x − 2 4x 2 − 3x − 1
6 2
36. f (x) = , g (x) = −
6x 2 + 13x − 5 2x 2 + x − 10
State the restrictions and simplify.
3 5x − 1
37. 1+ −
x x2
2 6x − 1
38. 4 + −
x x2
2x 1 2x + 9
39. − −
x−8 3x + 1 3x 2 − 23x − 8
4x 10 19x + 18
40. − −
x−2 3x + 1 3x 2 − 5x − 2
1 1 1
41. + −
x−1 (x − 1) 2 x2 − 1
1 1 1
42. − 2 +
x−2 x −4 (x − 2) 2
2x + 1 3x x+1
43. − +
x−1 2x 2 − 3x + 1 x − 2x 2
5x 2 x 2 − 4x 4 + 2x 2
44. − +
2x 2 + 2x x 2 − 2x 4 + 2x − 2x 2
x+2 4x 3x + 2
45. + −
2x (3x − 2) (x − 2) (3x − 2) 2x (x − 2)
2
10x 2x 5x
x (x − 5) (2x − 5) (x − 5) x (2x − 5)
46. − −

Simplify the given algebraic expressions. Assume all variable

expressions in the denominator are nonzero.

47. x −2 + y −2

x −2 + (2y)
−2
48.

49. 2x −1 + y −2
50. x −2 − 4y −1
51. 16x −2 + y 2

4.6 Rational Functions: Addition and Subtraction 1008

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

52. xy −1 − yx −1

3(x + y)
−1
53. + x −2

2(x − y) − (x − y)
−2 −1
54.

a−2 − (a + b)
−1
55.

(a − b) − (a + b)
−1 −1
56.

57. x −n + y −n
58. xy −n + yx −n

PART B: SIMPLIFYING COMPLEX RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS

Simplify. Assume all variable expressions in the denominators are

nonzero.
75x 2
(x−3) 2
59.
25x 3
x−3
x+5
36x 3
(x+5)
60. 3

9x 2
x 2 −36
32x 5
61.
x−6
4x 3
x−8
56x 2
62.
x 2 −64
7x 3
5x+1
2x 2 +x−10
63.
25x 2 +10x+1
4x 2 −25
4x 2 −27x−7
4x 2 −1
64.
x−7
6x 2 −x−1

4.6 Rational Functions: Addition and Subtraction 1009

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

x 2 −4x−5
2x 2 +3x+1
65.
x 2 −10x+25
2x 2 +7x+3
5x 2 +9x−2
x 2 +4x+4
66.
10x 2 +3x−1
4x 2 +7x−2
2
x
67.
1
5
− 3x
4
x −3
68.
2x 2
1
3
− 1x
69.
1
9
− x12
2
5
+ 1x
70.
4
25
− x12
1
y2
− 36
71.
6 − 1y
1
5
− 1y
72.
1 1
y2
− 25
6 8
1− x + x2
73.
5 2
3− x − x2
13 7
2+ x − x2
74.
1 10
3+ x − x2
12 4
9− x + x2
75.
4
9− x2
25
4− x2
76.
4 − 8x − x52
1 5
x + 3x−1
77.
2 1
3x−1
− x

4.6 Rational Functions: Addition and Subtraction 1010

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

2
x−5
− 1x
78.
1 3
x − x−5
1 2
x+1
+ x−2
79.
2 1
x−3
− x−2
4 1
x+5
− x−3
80.
3 1
x−3
+ 2x−1
x−1 1
3x−1
− x+1
81.
x−1 2
x+1
− x+1
x+1 1
3x+5
− x+3
82.
x+3
2
− x+1
x+3
2x+3
2x−3
+ 2x−3
2x+3
83.
2x+3
2x−3
− 2x−3
2x+3
x−1 x+1
x+1
− x−1
84.
x+1
x−1
− x−1x+1
1
2x+5
− 2x−5 + 4x 24x−25
1
85.
1
2x+5
+ 2x−5 1
+ 4x 24x−25
1 1
3x−1
+ 3x+1
86.
3x
3x−1
− 3x+1 1
− 9x6x2 −1
1
87.
1
1+
1+ 1x
1
x
88.
1 − 11
1+ x
1 1
y − x
89.
1 1
y2
− x2
2 1
y + x
90.
4 1
y2
− x2

4.6 Rational Functions: Addition and Subtraction 1011

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

1 1
25y 2
− x2
91.
1 1
x − 5y
1
16y 2 − x2
92.
1
x − 4y
1
b
+ 1a
93.
1 1
+ a3
b3
1 1
a − b
94.
1 1
− a3
b3
x y
y − x
95.
1 2 1
y2
− xy + x2
2 5
y − x
96.
25y 2
4x − x
x −1 + y −1
97.
y −2 − x −2
y −2 − 25x −2
98.
5x −1 − y −1
1 − x −1
99.
x − x −1
16 − x −2
100.
x −1 − 4
1 − 4x −1 − 21x −2
101.

x −1 − 4(3x 2 )
1 − 2x −1 − 15x −2
−1

3 − 8x −1 + 16(3x 2 )
102.
−1

(x − 3) −1 + 2x −1
103.
x −1 − 3(x − 3) −1
(4x − 5) + x
−1 −2
104.
x −2 + (3x − 10) −1
1 f (b)−f (a)
105. Given f (x) = x , simplify b−a
.

4.6 Rational Functions: Addition and Subtraction 1012

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

1 f (b)−f (a)
106. Given f (x) = x−1
, simplify
b−a
.
1 f (x+h)−f (x)
107. Given f (x) = x , simplify the difference quotient
h
.
1 f (x+h)−f (x)
108. Given f (x) = x + 1, simplify the difference quotient h
.

PART C: DISCUSSION BOARD

109. Explain why the domain of a sum of rational functions is the same as the
domain of the difference of those functions.

110. Two methods for simplifying complex rational expressions have been
presented in this section. Which of the two methods do you feel is more
efficient, and why?

4.6 Rational Functions: Addition and Subtraction 1013

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

ANSWERS

3x+2 4
1. ;x ≠−
3x+4 3
1 1
3. ;x ≠− ,6
x−6 2
1−2x 2
5. x ;x ≠0
5x−4
7. ;x ≠1
x−1
2(x+3) 4
9. ;x ≠− ,2
(x−2)(3x+4) 3
(x−1)(x+2)
11. ;x ≠ 0, 2
x 2 (x−2)
2x−7
13. ;x ≠ 0, 7
x(x−7)

x 2 −8x−5
;x ≠ ±5
(x+5)(x−5)
15. 2

x+2
17. ;x ≠ 0, −4
(x+4) 2

7(5−2x)
19. ;x ≠ −7, 0, 7
x(7+x)(7−x)

x(5x−2) 1
21. ;x ≠− , 1, 4
(x−4)(x−1)(2x+1) 2

x 2 −2
23. ;x ≠0
2x 2
x 2 +5
25. ;x ≠ ±2
(x+2)(x−2)

(f + g) (x) = x 2 ; (f − g) (x) =
x+5 x−5

(−∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞)
27. ; Domain:
x2

(f + g) (x) = (x+2)(x−2) ; (f − g) (x) = −

2(x 2 +4) 8x

(−∞, −2) ∪ (−2, 2) ∪ (2, ∞)

29. ; Domain:
(x+2)(x−2)

(f + g) (x) = x(3x+1) 2 ; (f − g) (x) =

6(6x+1) 6

(−∞, − 3 ) ∪ (− 3 , 0) ∪ (0, ∞)
31. ; Domain:
x(3x+1) 2
1 1

4.6 Rational Functions: Addition and Subtraction 1014

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

(f + g) (x) = (x+1)(x+5)(x−5) (
− g) (x) = −
2x 2 +5x−5
(x+1)(x+5)(x−5)
3x−5
33. ; f ;

Domain: (−∞, −5) ∪ (−5, −1) ∪ (−1, 5) ∪ (5, ∞)

(f + g) (x) = (3x+2)(4x+1) ; (f − g) (x) = − (x−1)(3x+2)(4x+1)

1 7x+3

Domain: (−∞, − ) ∪ (− , ) ∪ ( , 1) ∪ (1, ∞)

35. ;
2 2 1 1
3 3 4 4
(x−1) 2
37. ;x ≠0
x2
2x−1 1
39. ;x ≠− ,8
x−8 3
x 2 +1
41. ;x ≠ ±1
(x−1) 2 (x+1)
2x+1 1
43. x ;x ≠ 0, 2
,1
2
45. 0; x ≠ 0, ,2
3
y2 + x 2
47.
x 2y2
x + 2y 2
49.
xy 2
x 2 y 2 + 16
51.
x2
2
3x + x + y
x 2 (x + y)
53.

a + b − a2
a2 (a + b)
55.

x n + yn
57.
x nyn
3
59.
x (x − 3)
x+6
61.
8x 2
2x − 5
(x − 2) (5x + 1)
63.

x+3
65.
x−5

4.6 Rational Functions: Addition and Subtraction 1015

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

5x 3
67.
x − 15
3x
69.
x+3
6y + 1
71. −
y
x−4
73.
3x + 1
3x − 2
75.
3x + 2
8x − 1
77. −
x−1
3x (x − 3)
79.
(x + 1) (x − 1)
x
81.
3x − 1
4x 2 +9
83.
12x
2x − 5
85.
4x
x+1
87.
2x + 1
xy
89.
x+y
x + 5y
91. −
5xy
2 2
ab
93.

xy (x + y)
a2 − ab + b 2
95.
x−y
xy
97.
x−y
1
99.
x+1
x−7
101.
x−5
3 (x − 2)
103. −
2x + 3

4.6 Rational Functions: Addition and Subtraction 1016

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

1
105. −
ab
1
x (x + h)
107. −

109. Answer may vary

4.6 Rational Functions: Addition and Subtraction 1017

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

4.7 Solving Rational Equations

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Solve rational equations.

2. Solve literal equations, or formulas, involving rational expressions.
3. Solve applications involving the reciprocal of unknowns.

Solving Rational Equations

A rational equation33 is an equation containing at least one rational expression.

Rational expressions typically contain a variable in the denominator. For this
reason, we will take care to ensure that the denominator is not 0 by making note of
restrictions and checking our solutions. Solving rational equations involves clearing
fractions by multiplying both sides of the equation by the least common
denominator (LCD).

33. An equation containing at least

one rational expression.

1018
Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Example 1

x+9
Solve: 1x + 22 = .
x 2x
2

Solution:

We first make a note of the restriction on x, x ≠ 0. We then multiply both sides

by the LCD, which in this case equals 2x 2 .

(x x ) ( 2x 2 )
1 2 x+9
2x 2 ⋅ + 2 = 2x 2 ⋅ Multiply both sides by the LCD.

1 2 x+9
2x 2 ⋅ + 2x 2 ⋅ 2 = 2x 2 ⋅ Distribute.
x x 2x 2
2x + 4 = x + 9 Simplif y and then solve.
x=5

Check your answer. Substitute x = 5 into the original equation and see if you
obtain a true statement.

1 2 x+9
+ 2= Original equation
x x 2x 2
1 2 5+9
2(5)
+ 2= Check x = 5.
5 5 2

1 2 14
+ =
5 25 2 ⋅ 25
5 2 7
+ =
25 25 25
7 7
= ✓
25 25

4.7 Solving Rational Equations 1019

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Answer: The solution is 5.

After multiplying both sides of the previous example by the LCD, we were left with a
linear equation to solve. This is not always the case; sometimes we will be left with
quadratic equation.

4.7 Solving Rational Equations 1020

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Example 2

3(x+2) x+4 x−2

Solve: x−4 − x−2
= x−4
.

Solution:

In this example, there are two restrictions, x ≠ 4 and x ≠ 2. Begin by

multiplying both sides by the LCD, (x − 2) (x − 4) .

( x−4 x−2) (x − 4
3 (x + 2) x+4 x−2
(x − 2) (x − 4) ⋅ − = (x − 2) (x − 4) ⋅

3 (x + 2) x+4 x−2
(x − 2) (x − 4) ⋅ − (x − 2) (x − 4) ⋅ = (x − 2) (x − 4) ⋅
x−4 x−2 x−4
3 (x + 2) (x − 2) − (x + 4) (x − 4) = (x − 2) (x − 2)
3 (x 2 − 4) − (x 2 − 16) = x 2 − 2x − 2x + 4
3x 2 − 12 − x 2 + 16 = x 2 − 4x + 4
2x 2 + 4 = x 2 − 4x + 4

After distributing and simplifying both sides of the equation, a quadratic

equation remains. To solve, rewrite the quadratic equation in standard form,
factor, and then set each factor equal to 0.

2x 2 + 4 = x 2 − 4x + 4
x 2 + 4x = 0
x (x + 4) = 0

x = 0 or x + 4 = 0
x = −4

4.7 Solving Rational Equations 1021

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Check to see if these values solve the original equation.

3 (x + 2) x+4 x−2
− =
x−4 x−2 x−4

Check x =0 Check x = −4

3(0 +2)
3(− 4+2)
0 +4 0 −2
0 −4
− 0 −2
= 0 −4 − 4+4 − 4−2
− 4−4
− − 4−2
= − 4− 4
6 4 −2
−4
− −2
= −4 3(−2) 0 −6
−8
− −6 = −8
− 32 +2 = 1
2 −6 3
−8
−0 = 4
− 32 + 4
2
= 1
2 3 3
1 1 4
= 4
✓
2
= 2
✓

Answer: The solutions are 0 and −4.

Up to this point, all of the possible solutions have solved the original equation.
However, this may not always be the case. Multiplying both sides of an equation by
variable factors may lead to extraneous solutions34, which are solutions that do
not solve the original equation. A complete list of steps for solving a rational
equation is outlined in the following example.

34. A solution that does not solve

the original equation.

4.7 Solving Rational Equations 1022

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Example 3

2x 1 4(x−1)
Solve: 3x+1 = x−5 − 3x 2 −14x−5 .

Solution:

Step 1: Factor all denominators and determine the LCD.

2x 1 4 (x − 1)
= − 2
3x + 1 x − 5 3x − 14x − 5
2x 1 4 (x − 1)
(3x + 1) (x − 5) (3x + 1) (x − 5)
= −

The LCD is (3x + 1) (x − 5) .

Step 2: Identify the restrictions. In this case, x ≠ − 13 and x ≠ 5.

Step 3: Multiply both sides of the equation by the LCD. Distribute carefully and
then simplify.

(3x + 1) (x − 5) ⋅ = (3x + 1) (x − 5) ⋅
( (x − 5) (3x + 1) (x − 5)
2x 1 4 (x − 1)
−
(3x + 1)

(3x + 1) (x − 5) ⋅ = (3x + 1) (x − 5) ⋅ − (3x + 1) (x − 5)

2x 1
(3x + 1) (x − 5 )
2x (x − 5) = (3x + 1) − 4 (x − 1)

4.7 Solving Rational Equations 1023

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Step 4: Solve the resulting equation. Here the result is a quadratic equation.
Rewrite it in standard form, factor, and then set each factor equal to 0.

2x(x − 5) = (3x + 1) − 4(x − 1)

2x 2 − 10x = 3x + 1 − 4x + 4
2x 2 − 10x = −x + 5
2x 2 − 9x − 5 = 0
(2x + 1)(x − 5) = 0

2x + 1 = 0 or x − 5 = 0
2x = −1 x=5
1
x=−
2

Step 5: Check for extraneous solutions. Always substitute into the original
equation, or the factored equivalent. In this case, choose the factored
equivalent to check:

2x 1 4 (x − 1)
(x − 5) (3x + 1) (x − 5)
= −
(3x + 1)

4.7 Solving Rational Equations 1024

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Check x = − 12 Check x =5

2(− 1
) 4((− 1
)−1)
2 1 2
= −
(3(− )+1) ((− )−5) (3(− )+1)((− )−5)
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2

4(− 3 )
−1 1 2 2⋅5
= −
(3⋅5 +1) (5 −
=
(− ) (− ) (− )(− )
1 11 1 11
2 2 2 2
10 1
2 = − 2
− −6 = −
( )
11 16 0
11
4
10 1
2 24 16
= 0
−
2 = − 11
+ 11
22
2 = 11
2 = 2 ✓

Undef in

Here 5 is an extraneous solution and is not included in the solution set. It is

important to note that 5 is a restriction.

Answer: The solution is − 12 .

If this process produces a solution that happens to be a restriction, then disregard it

as a solution.

4.7 Solving Rational Equations 1025

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

4(x−3) 1 2x
Try this! Solve:
36−x 2
= 6−x
+ 6+x
.

Answer: − 32

(click to see video)

Sometimes all potential solutions are extraneous, in which case we say that there is
no solution to the original equation. In the next two examples, we demonstrate two
ways in which rational equation can have no solutions.

4.7 Solving Rational Equations 1026

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Example 4

5x+22 x+4
Solve: 1 + = x−1
.
x 2 +3x−4

Solution:

To identify the LCD, first factor the denominators.

5x + 22 x+4
1+ =
x 2 + 3x − 4 x − 1
5x + 22 x+4
1+ =
(x + 4) (x − 1) (x − 1)

Multiply both sides by the LCD, (x + 4) (x − 1), distributing carefully.

( (x + 4)(x − 1) )
5x + 22 x+4
(x + 4)(x − 1) ⋅ 1+ = (x + 4)(x − 1) ⋅
(x − 1)
(5x + 22) (x + 4)
(x + 4)(x − 1) ⋅ 1 + (x + 4)(x − 1) ⋅ = (x + 4)(x − 1) ⋅
(x + 4)(x − 1) (x − 1)
(x + 4)(x − 1) + (5x + 22) = (x + 4)(x + 4)
x 2 − x + 4x − 4 + 5x + 22 = x 2 + 4x + 4x + 16
x 2 + 8x + 18 = x 2 + 8x + 16
18 = 16 False

The equation is a contradiction and thus has no solution.

Answer: No solution, Ø

4.7 Solving Rational Equations 1027

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Example 5

3x 3(4x+3) x
Solve: 2x−3 − 4x 2 −9 = 2x+3.

Solution:

First, factor the denominators.

3x 3 (4x + 3) x
− =
(2x − 3) (2x + 3) (2x − 3) (2x + 3)

Take note that the restrictions on the domain are x ≠ ± 32 . To clear the
fractions, multiply by the LCD, (2x + 3) (2x − 3) .

3x ⋅ (2x + 3)(2x − 3) 3(4x + 3) ⋅ (2x + 3)(2x − 3) x ⋅ (2x + 3)(2x − 3)

− =
(2x − 3) (2x + 3)(2x − 3) (2x + 3)
3x(2x + 3) − 3(4x + 3) = x(2x − 3)
6x 2 + 9x − 12x − 9 = 2x 2 − 3x
6x 2 − 3x − 9 = 2x 2 − 3x
4x 2 − 9 = 0
(2x + 3)(2x − 3) = 0

2x + 3 = 0 or 2x − 3 = 0
2x = −3 2x = 3
3 3
x=− x=
2 2

4.7 Solving Rational Equations 1028

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Both of these values are restrictions of the original equation; hence both are
extraneous.

Answer: No solution, Ø

It is important to point out that this technique for clearing algebraic fractions only
works for equations. Do not try to clear algebraic fractions when simplifying
expressions. As a reminder, an example of each is provided below.

Expression Equation

1 x 1 x
x + 2x+1 x + 2x+1
=0

Expressions are to be simplified and equations are to be solved. If we multiply the

expression by the LCD, x (2x + 1) , we obtain another expression that is not
equivalent.

Incorrect Correct

1 x
1 x x + 2x+1
= 0
+
x (2x + 1) ⋅ ( 1x + ) = x (2x + 1)
x 2x+1

(x )
x
1 x 2x+1
≠ x (2x + 1) ⋅ + 2x+1
2
2x + 1 + x 2 = 0
= 2x + 1 + x ✗
x 2 + 2x + 1 = 0 ✓

4.7 Solving Rational Equations 1029

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Rational equations are sometimes expressed using negative exponents.

4.7 Solving Rational Equations 1030

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Example 6

Solve: 6 + x −1 = x −2 .

Solution:

Begin by removing the negative exponents.

6 + x −1 = x −2
1 1
6+ = 2
x x

Here we can see the restriction, x ≠ 0. Next, multiply both sides by the LCD,
x2.

( x) ( x2 )
1 1
x2 ⋅ 6+ =x2 ⋅

1 1
x2 ⋅ 6 + x2 ⋅ =x2 ⋅ 2
x x
2
6x + x = 1
6x 2 + x − 1 = 0
(3x − 1) (2x + 1) = 0

3x − 1 = 0 or 2x + 1 = 0
3x = 1 2x = −1
1 1
x= x=−
3 2

4.7 Solving Rational Equations 1031

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Answer: − 12, 13

A proportion35 is a statement of equality of two ratios.

a c
=
b d

This proportion is often read “a is to b as c is to d.” Given any nonzero real numbers
a, b, c, and d that satisfy a proportion, multiply both sides by the product of the
denominators to obtain the following:

a c
=
b d
a c
bd ⋅ = bd ⋅
b d
ad = bc

This shows that cross products are equal, and is commonly referred to as cross
multiplication36.

a c
If = then ad = bc
b d

Cross multiply to solve proportions where terms are unknown.

35. A statement of equality of two

ratios.
a c
36. If b = d
then ad = bc.

4.7 Solving Rational Equations 1032

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Example 7

Solve: 5n−1
5
= 3n
2
.

Solution:

When cross multiplying, be sure to group 5n − 1.

(5n − 1) ⋅ 2 = 5 ⋅ 3n

Apply the distributive property in the next step.

(5n − 1) ⋅ 2 = 5 ⋅ 3n
10n − 2 = 15n Distribute.
−2 = 5n Solve.
−2
=n
5

Answer: n = − 25

Cross multiplication can be used as an alternate method for solving rational

equations. The idea is to simplify each side of the equation to a single algebraic
fraction and then cross multiply.

4.7 Solving Rational Equations 1033

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Example 8

Solve: 12 − 4x = − x8 .

Solution:

Obtain a single algebraic fraction on the left side by subtracting the equivalent
fractions with a common denominator.

1 x 4 2 x
⋅ − ⋅ =−
2 x x 2 8
x 8 x
− =−
2x 2x 8
x−8 x
=−
2x 8

Note that x ≠ 0 , cross multiply, and then solve for x.

x − 8 −x
=
2x 8
8 (x − 8) = −x ⋅ 2x
8x − 64 = −2x 2
2x 2 + 8x − 64 = 0
2 (x 2 + 4x − 32) = 0
2 (x − 4) (x + 8) = 0

Next, set each variable factor equal to zero.

4.7 Solving Rational Equations 1034

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

x − 4 = 0 or x + 8 = 0
x=4 x = −8

The check is left to the reader.

Answer: −8, 4

2(2x−5) x−4
Try this! Solve: x−1
=− 2x−5
.

Answer: 2, 3

(click to see video)

Solving Literal Equations and Applications Involving Reciprocals

Literal equations, or formulas, are often rational equations. Hence the techniques
described in this section can be used to solve for particular variables. Assume that
all variable expressions in the denominator are nonzero.

4.7 Solving Rational Equations 1035

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Example 9

The reciprocal of the combined resistance R of two resistors R 1 and R 2 in

parallel is given by the formula R1 = R1 + R1 S. olve for R in terms of R 1 and
1 2
R2 .

Solution:

The goal is to isolate R on one side of the equation. Begin by multiplying both
sides of the equation by the LCD, RR 1 R 2 .

1 1 1
RR 1 R 2 ⋅ = RR 1 R 2 ⋅ + RR 1 R 2 ⋅
R R1 R2
R 1 R 2 = RR 2 + RR 1
R 1 R 2 = R (R 2 + R 1 )
R1 R2
=R
R2 + R1

R R
Answer: R = R 1+R2
1 2

4.7 Solving Rational Equations 1036

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

2y+5
Try this! Solve for y: x = y−3 .

3x+5
Answer: y = x−2

(click to see video)

Recall that the reciprocal of a nonzero number n is 1n . For example, the reciprocal
of 5 is 15 and 5 ⋅ 15 = 1.In this section, the applications will often involve the key
word “reciprocal.” When this is the case, we will see that the algebraic setup results
in a rational equation.

4.7 Solving Rational Equations 1037

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Example 10

A positive integer is 3 less than another. If the reciprocal of the smaller integer
1
is subtracted from twice the reciprocal of the larger, then the result is 20 . Find
the two integers.

Solution:

Let n represent the larger positive integer.

Let n − 3 represent the smaller positive integer.

Set up an algebraic equation.

Solve this rational expression by multiplying both sides by the LCD. The LCD is
20n(n − 3).

2 1 1
− =
n n − 3 20

(n n − 3) ( 20 )
2 1 1
20n (n − 3) ⋅ − = 20n (n − 3) ⋅

( 20 )
2 1 1
20n (n − 3) ⋅ − 20n (n − 3) ⋅ = 20n (n − 3) ⋅
n n−3

4.7 Solving Rational Equations 1038

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

40 (n − 3) − 20n = n (n − 3)
40n − 120 − 20n = n2 − 3n
20n − 120 = n2 − 3n
0 = n2 − 23n + 120
0 = (n − 8) (n − 15)

n − 8 = 0 or n − 15 = 0
n=8 n = 15

Here we have two viable possibilities for the larger integer n. For this reason,
we will we have two solutions to this problem.

If n = 8, then n − 3 = 8 − 3 = 5.

If n = 15, then n − 3 = 15 − 3 = 12.

As a check, perform the operations indicated in the problem.

(n)
1 1 1
2 − =
n−3 20

4.7 Solving Rational Equations 1039

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Check 8 and 5. Check 15 and 12.

2 ( 18 ) − 1
5
= 1
4
− 15 2 ( 15
1
)−
1
12
= 2
15
− 1
12
5 4 8 5
= 20
− 20 = 60
− 60
1 3 1
= 20
✓ = 60
= 20
✓

Answer: Two sets of positive integers solve this problem: {5, 8} and {12, 15}.

Try this! When the reciprocal of the larger of two consecutive even integers is
subtracted from 4 times the reciprocal of the smaller, the result is 56 . Find the
integers.

Answer: 4, 6

(click to see video)

KEY TAKEAWAYS

• Begin solving rational equations by multiplying both sides by the LCD.

The resulting equivalent equation can be solved using the techniques
learned up to this point.
• Multiplying both sides of a rational equation by a variable expression
introduces the possibility of extraneous solutions. Therefore, we must
check the solutions against the set of restrictions. If a solution is a
restriction, then it is not part of the domain and is extraneous.
• When multiplying both sides of an equation by an expression, distribute
carefully and multiply each term by that expression.
• If all of the resulting solutions are extraneous, then the original
equation has no solutions.

4.7 Solving Rational Equations 1040

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

TOPIC EXERCISES

PART A: SOLVING RATIONAL EQUATIONS

Solve.
3 1
1. +2=
x 3x
1 1
2. 5 − =−
2x x
7 3 1
3. + =
x2 2x x2
4 1 1
4. + =
3x 2 2x 3x 2
1 2 7
5. + =
6 3x 2x 2
1 1 1
6. − = 2
12 3x x
3 7
7. 2 + + =0
x x (x − 3)
20 x + 44
8. − =3
x x (x + 2)
2x 4 x − 18
9. + =
2x − 3 x x (2x − 3)
2x 2 (4x + 7) 1
x (x − 5)
10. + =−
x−5 x
4 1 2
11. − =
4x − 1 x−1 4x − 1
5 1 2
12. − =
2x − 3 x+3 2x − 3
4x 4 1
13. + 2 =−
x−3 x − 2x − 3 x+1
2x 15 24
14. − = 2
x−2 x+4 x + 2x − 8
x 8 56
15. − = 2
x−8 x−1 x − 9x + 8
2x 9 11
16. + + =0
x−1 3x − 1 3x 2 − 4x + 1

4.7 Solving Rational Equations 1041

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

3x 14 2
17. − =
x−2 2x 2 − x − 6 2x + 3
x 4 4
18. − =− 2
x−4 x−5 x − 9x + 20
2x 1 2x
19. − = 2
5+x 5−x x − 25
2x 1 6
20. − =
2x + 3 2x − 3 9 − 4x 2
1 8 16
21. 1 + = − 2
2 (6x + 5)
x+1 x−1 x −1
1 2x
22. 1 − = −
3x + 5 3x − 5 9x 2 − 25
x 3 x+2 5 (x + 3)
23. − = + 2
x−2 x+8 x+8 x + 6x − 16
2x 1 x+3 x 2 − 5x + 5
24. + = + 2
x − 10 x−3 x − 10 x − 13x + 30
5 x+3 5
25. + =
x 2 + 9x + 18 x 2 + 7x + 6 x 2 + 4x + 3
1 x−6 1
26. + =
x 2 + 4x − 60 x 2 + 16x + 60 x 2 − 36
4 2 (x + 3) x+7
27. + =
x 2 + 10x + 21 x 2 + 6x − 7 x 2 + 2x − 3
x−1 x−1 x−4
28. + =
x 2 − 11x + 28 x 2 − 5x + 4 x 2 − 8x + 7
5 x+1 5
29. + =
x 2 + 5x + 4 x 2 + 3x − 4 x2 − 1
1 x−9 1
30. + =
x 2 − 2x − 63 x 2 + 10x + 21 x 2 − 6x − 27
4 2 (x − 2) x+2
31. + =
x2 − 4 x 2 − 4x − 12 x 2 − 8x + 12
x+2 x+2 x−1
32. + =
x 2 − 5x + 4 x2 + x − 2 x 2 − 2x − 8
Solve the following equations involving negative exponents.

33. 2x −1 = 2x −2 − x −1
34. 3 + x(x + 1) −1 = 2(x + 1) −1
35. x −2 − 64 = 0

4.7 Solving Rational Equations 1042

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

36. 1 − 4x −2 = 0
37. x − (x + 2) −1 = −2
38. 2x − 9(2x − 1) −1 = 1
39. 2x −2 + (x − 12) −1 = 0
40. −2x −2 + 3(x + 4) −1 = 0

Solve by cross multiplying.

5 3
41. =−
n n−2
2n − 1 1
42. =−
2n 2
5n + 2
43. −3 =
3n
n+1 1
44. =
2n − 1 3
x+2 x+4
45. =
x−5 x−2
x+1 x−5
46. =
x+5 x
2x + 1 x+5
47. =
6x − 1 3x − 2
6 (2x + 3) 3x
48. =
4x − 1 x+2
3 (x + 1) x+3
49. =
1−x x+1
8 (x − 2) 5−x
50. =
x+1 x−2
x+3 x+3
3 (5 − x)
51. =
x+7
x+1 −8 (x + 4)
52. =
x+4 x+7
Simplify or solve, whichever is appropriate.
1 2 2
53. + =−
x x−3 3

4.7 Solving Rational Equations 1043

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

1 3 1
54. − =
x−3 4 x
x−2 2−x
55. −
3x − 1 x
5 x 1
56. + −
2 2x − 1 2x
x−1 2 5
57. + −
3x x+1 6
x−1 2 5
58. + =
3x x+1 6
2x + 1 1
59. +2=
2x − 3 2x
3x + 1 1
60. 5 − +
2x x+1
Find the roots of the given function.
2x − 1
61. f (x) =
x−1
3x + 1
62. f (x) =
x+2
x 2 − 81
63. g (x) =
x 2 − 5x
x 2 − x − 20
64. g (x) =
x2 − 9
4x 2 − 9
65. f (x) =
2x − 3
2
3x − 2x − 1
66. f (x) =
x2 − 1
1
67. Given f (x) = x + 5, find x when f (x) = 2.
1 1
68. Given f (x) = x−4
, find x when f (x) = 2
.
1
69. Given f (x) = x+3
+ 2, find x when f (x) = 1.
1
70. Given f (x) = x−2
+ 5, find x when f (x) = 3.

Find the x- and y-intercepts.

1
71. f (x) = x+1
+4

4.7 Solving Rational Equations 1044

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

1
72. f (x) = x−2
−6
1
73. f (x) = x−3
+2
1
74. f (x) = x+1
−1
1
75. f (x) = x −3
1
76. f (x) = x+5

Find the points where the given functions coincide. (Hint: Find the
points where f (x) = g (x) . )
1
77. f (x) = x , g (x) =x
1
78. f (x) = − x , g (x) = −x
1
79. f (x) = x−2
+ 3, g (x) = x + 1
1
80. f (x) = x+3
− 1, g (x) = x + 2

Recall that if |X| = p , then X = −p or X = p. Use this to solve the

following absolute value equations.
| 1 |
| |
81. |x + 1 | = 2
| |
| 2x |
82. || |=1
|
|x + 2 |
| 3x − 2 |
83. || |=4
|
| x − 3 |
| 5x − 3 |
84. || |=3
|
| 2x + 1 |
| x2 |
85. | |
| 5x + 6 | = 1
| |
| x 2 − 48 |
86. | |=2
| x |
| |

PART B: SOLVING LITERAL EQUATIONS

Solve for the given variable.

4.7 Solving Rational Equations 1045

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

P−2l
87. Solve for P: w = 2
A−P
88. Solve for A: t = Pr
1 1 1
89. Solve for t: t
1
+ t2 = t
r
90. Solve for n: P =1+ n
y−y 0
91. Solve for y: m = x−x 0
m1 m2
92. Solve for m 1 : F =G r2
2y−1
93. Solve for y: x = y−1
3y+2
94. Solve for y: x = y+3
2y
95. Solve for y: x = 2y+5
5y+1
96. Solve for y: x = 3y
a c a
97. Solve for x: x + b
= c
a 1
98. Solve for y: y − a =b

Use algebra to solve the following applications.

99. The value in dollars of a tablet computer is given by the function

V (t) = 460(t + 1)−1 , where t represents the age of the tablet. Determine
the age of the tablet if it is now worth $100.

V (t) = 24,000(0.5t + 1)
100. The value in dollars of a car is given by the function
−1
, where t represents the age of the car.
Determine the age of the car if it is now worth $6,000.

Solve for the unknowns.

101. When 2 is added to 5 times the reciprocal of a number, the result is 12. Find the
number.

102. When 1 is subtracted from 4 times the reciprocal of a number, the result is 11.
Find the number.

4.7 Solving Rational Equations 1046

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

12
103. The sum of the reciprocals of two consecutive odd integers is
35
. Find the
integers.
9
104. The sum of the reciprocals of two consecutive even integers is
40
. Find the
integers.

105. An integer is 4 more than another. If 2 times the reciprocal of the larger is
1
subtracted from 3 times the reciprocal of the smaller, then the result is
8
.
Find the integers.

106. An integer is 2 more than twice another. If 2 times the reciprocal of the larger
5
is subtracted from 3 times the reciprocal of the smaller, then the result is
14
.
Find the integers.

107. If 3 times the reciprocal of the larger of two consecutive integers is subtracted
1
from 2 times the reciprocal of the smaller, then the result is
2
. Find the two
integers.

108. If 3 times the reciprocal of the smaller of two consecutive integers is

1
subtracted from 7 times the reciprocal of the larger, then the result is
2
. Find
the two integers.

109. A positive integer is 5 less than another. If the reciprocal of the smaller integer
1
is subtracted from 3 times the reciprocal of the larger, then the result is
12
.
Find the two integers.

110. A positive integer is 6 less than another. If the reciprocal of the smaller integer
3
is subtracted from 10 times the reciprocal of the larger, then the result is 7 .
Find the two integers.

PART C: DISCUSSION BOARD

111. Explain how we can tell the difference between a rational expression and a
rational equation. How do we treat them differently? Give an example of each.

112. Research and discuss reasons why multiplying both sides of a rational equation
by the LCD sometimes produces extraneous solutions.

4.7 Solving Rational Equations 1047

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

ANSWERS

4
1. − 3

3. −4

5. −7, 3
1
7. − 2
,2

3
9. −2, −
2
1
11. − 2
1
13. − 4
15. Ø
5
17. −2,
6
1
19.
2
21. 6

23. Ø

25. −8, 2

27. 5

29. −6, 4

31. 10
2
33.
3
1
35. ± 8

37. −3, −1

39. −6, 4
5
41.
4
1
43. − 7

4.7 Solving Rational Equations 1048

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

45. −16
1
47.
10

49. −2, 0

51. −3, 2
3
53. Solve; −3,
2
(4x−1)(x−2)
55. Simplify;
x(3x−1)
(x−2)(3x−1)
57. Simplify; −
6x(x+1)
1
59. Solve;
2
1
61.
2
63. ±9
3
65. − 2
1
67. x=− 3

x = −4
71. x-intercept: (− , 0); y-intercept: (0, 5)
69.
5

73. x-intercept: ( , 0); y-intercept: (0, 53 )

4
5

75. x-intercept: ( , 0); y-intercept: none

2
1
3

77. (−1, −1) and (1, 1)

79. (1, 2) and (3, 4)

3 1
81. − 2
,−
2
83. 2, 10

85. −3, −2, −1, 6

87. P = 2l + 2w
t1 t2
89. t=
t1 + t2

4.7 Solving Rational Equations 1049

Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions

91. y = m (x − x 0 ) + y 0
x−1
93. y =
x−2
5x
95. y = −
2x − 2
abc
97. x =
ab − c2
99. 3.6 years old
1
101.
2
103. 5, 7

105. {−8, −4} and {12, 16}

107. {1, 2} or {−4, −3}

109. {4, 9} or {15, 20}

111. Answer may vary

4.7 Solving Rational Equations 1050

 Chapter 5
Radical Functions and Equations

1111
Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

5.1 Roots and Radicals

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Identify and evaluate square and cube roots.

2. Determine the domain of functions involving square and cube roots.
3. Evaluate nth roots.
4. Simplify radicals using the product and quotient rules for radicals.

Square and Cube Roots

Recall that a square root1 of a number is a number that when multiplied by itself
yields the original number. For example, 5 is a square root of 25, because 52 = 25.
Since (−5) = 25, we can say that −5 is a square root of 25 as well. Every positive
2

real number has two square roots, one positive and one negative. For this reason,
we use the radical sign √ to denote the principal (nonnegative) square root2 and
a negative sign in front of the radical −√ to denote the negative square root.

⎯⎯⎯⎯
√25 = 5 Positive square root of 25
⎯⎯⎯⎯
−√25 = −5 Negative square root of 25

Zero is the only real number with one square root.

⎯⎯
√0 = 0 because 02 = 0

1. A number that when multiplied

by itself yields the original
number.

2. The positive square root of a

positive real number, denoted
with the symbol √ .

1112
Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 1

Evaluate.

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
a. √121
⎯⎯⎯⎯
b. −√81

Solution:

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
a. √121 = √112 = 11
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
b. − √81 = −√92 = −9

If the radicand3, the number inside the radical sign, can be factored as the square
of another number, then the square root of the number is apparent. In this case, we
have the following property:

⎯⎯⎯⎯
√a2 = a if a≥0

Or more generally,

⎯⎯⎯⎯
√a2 = |a| if a ∈ ℝ

The absolute value is important because a may be a negative number and the
radical sign denotes the principal square root. For example,

√(−8) = |−8| = 8
3. The expression A within a ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯ 2
radical sign, √A .
n

5.1 Roots and Radicals 1113

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Make use of the absolute value to ensure a positive result.

Example 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
Simplify: √(x − 2)2 .

Solution:

Here the variable expression x − 2 could be negative, zero, or positive. Since

the sign depends on the unknown quantity x, we must ensure that we obtain
the principal square root by making use of the absolute value.

√(x − 2) = |x − 2|
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2

Answer: |x − 2|

The importance of the use of the absolute value in the previous example is apparent
when we evaluate using values that make the radicand negative. For example, when
x = 1,

√(x − 2) = |x − 2|
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2

= |1 − 2|
= |−1|
=1

5.1 Roots and Radicals 1114

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Next, consider the square root of a negative number. To determine the square root
of −25, you must find a number that when squared results in −25:

√−25 =? or ( ? ) = − 25
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2

However, any real number squared always results in a positive number. The square
root of a negative number is currently left undefined. For now, we will state that
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√−25 is not a real number. Therefore, the square root function4 given by
⎯⎯
f (x) = √x is not defined to be a real number if the x-values are negative. The
⎯⎯
smallest value in the domain is zero. For example, f (0) = √0 = 0 and
⎯⎯
f (4) = √4 = 2. Recall the graph of the square root function.

[0, ∞) . To determine the domain of a function involving a square root we look at

The domain and range both consist of real numbers greater than or equal to zero:

the radicand and find the values that produce nonnegative results.

4. The function defined by

⎯⎯
f (x) = √x .

5.1 Roots and Radicals 1115

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
Determine the domain of the function defined by f (x) = √2x + 3 .

Solution:

Here the radicand is 2x + 3. This expression must be zero or positive. In other

words,

2x + 3 ≥ 0

Solve for x.

2x + 3 ≥ 0
2x ≥ −3
3
x≥−
2

Answer: Domain: [− 32 , ∞)

A cube root5 of a number is a number that when multiplied by itself three times
yields the original number. Furthermore, we denote a cube root using the symbol
√3
, where 3 is called the index6. For example,
5. A number that when used as a
factor with itself three times
yields the original number,
denoted with the symbol √ .
3

3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 64 = 4, because 43 = 64
6. The positive integer n in the
notation √ that is used to
n

indicate an nth root.

5.1 Roots and Radicals 1116

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

The product of three equal factors will be positive if the factor is positive and
negative if the factor is negative. For this reason, any real number will have only
one real cube root. Hence the technicalities associated with the principal root do
not apply. For example,

3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ −64 = −4, because (−4)3 = −64

In general, given any real number a, we have the following property:

3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ a3 = a if a∈ℝ

When simplifying cube roots, look for factors that are perfect cubes.

5.1 Roots and Radicals 1117

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 4

Evaluate.

⎯⎯
a. √8
3

3 ⎯⎯
b. √ 0
√ 27
⎯⎯⎯⎯
3 1
c.
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
d. √ −1
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
e. √−125

Solution:

⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
a. √8 = √23 = 2
3

3 ⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 0 = √03 = 0
√( 3 ) = 3
b.

√ 27
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯3⎯
3 1 1 1
c. = 3

3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
d. √ −1 = √(−1)3 = −1
−125 = √ (−5) = −5
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯3⎯
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
e. √ 3

It may be the case that the radicand is not a perfect square or cube. If an integer is
⎯⎯
not a perfect power of the index, then its root will be irrational. For example, √2 is
3

an irrational number that can be approximated on most calculators using the root
button √
x
. Depending on the calculator, we typically type in the index prior to
pushing the button and then the radicand as follows:

x ⎯⎯
y
3 √ 2 =

Therefore, we have

5.1 Roots and Radicals 1118

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

3 ⎯⎯
√ 2 ≈ 1.260, because 1.260 ^ 3 ≈ 2

Since cube roots can be negative, zero, or positive we do not make use of any
absolute values.

Example 5

Simplify: √(y − 7) .
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯3⎯
3

Solution:

The cube root of a quantity cubed is that quantity.

√(y − 7) = y − 7
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯3⎯
3

Answer: y − 7

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
Try this! Evaluate: √−1000.
3

Answer: −10

(click to see video)

Next, consider the cube root function7:

7. The function defined by

3 ⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯
f (x) = √ x. f (x) = √ x Cube root f unction.

5.1 Roots and Radicals 1119

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Since the cube root could be either negative or positive, we conclude that the
domain consists of all real numbers. Sketch the graph by plotting points. Choose
some positive and negative values for x, as well as zero, and then calculate the
corresponding y-values.

3 ⎯⎯
x f (x) = √ x Ordered Pairs
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
−8 −2 f (−8) = √ −8 = −2 (−8, −2)
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
−1 −1 f (−1) = √ −1 = −1 (−1, −1)
3 ⎯⎯
0 0 f (0) = √ 0 =0 (0, 0)
3 ⎯⎯
1 1 f (1) = √ 1 =1 (1, 1)
3 ⎯⎯
8 2 f (8) = √ 8 =2 (8, 2)

Plot the points and sketch the graph of the cube root function.

The graph passes the vertical line test and is indeed a function. In addition, the
range consists of all real numbers.

5.1 Roots and Radicals 1120

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 6
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
Given g(x) = √x + 1 + 2, find g (−9), g (−2), g (−1), and g (0) . Sketch the
3

graph of g.

Solution:

Replace x with the given values.

3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
x g(x) g(x) = √ x+1+2 Ordered Pairs
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
−9 0 g(−9) = √3
−9 + 1 + 2 = √
3
−8 + 2 = −2 + 2 = 0 (−9, 0)
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
−2 1 g(−2) = √ −2 + 1 + 2 = √
3
−1 + 2 = −1 + 2 = 1 (−2, 1)
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯
−1 2 g(−1) = √ −1 + 1 + 2 = √ 0 + 2 =0 + 2 =2 (−1, 2)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
0 3 g(0) = √ 3
0 + 1 + 2 =√ 3
1 + 2 =1 + 2 =3 (0, 3)

We can also sketch the graph using the following translations:

3 ⎯⎯
y=√ x Basic cube root f unction
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
y=√
3
x+1 Horizontal shif t lef t 1 unit
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
y=√ x + 1 + 2 Vertical shif t up 2 units

Answer:

5.1 Roots and Radicals 1121

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

nth Roots

For any integer n ≥ 2, we define an nth root8 of a positive real number as a

number that when raised to the nth power yields the original number. Given any
nonnegative real number a, we have the following property:

n ⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ an = a, if a≥0

Here n is called the index and an is called the radicand. Furthermore, we can refer
⎯⎯⎯
to the entire expression √A as a radical9. When the index is an integer greater
n

than or equal to 4, we say “fourth root,” “fifth root,” and so on. The nth root of any
number is apparent if we can write the radicand with an exponent equal to the
index.

8. A number that when raised to

the nth power (n ≥ 2) yields
the original number.

9. Used when referring to an

⎯⎯⎯
expression of the form √A .
n

5.1 Roots and Radicals 1122

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 7

Simplify.

⎯⎯⎯⎯
a. √81
4

5 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
b. √32
7 ⎯⎯
c. √1
d. √
⎯⎯⎯⎯
4 1
16

Solution:

⎯⎯⎯⎯ 4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
a. √81 = √34 = 3
4

5 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 5 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
b. √32 = √25 = 2
7 ⎯⎯ 7 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
c. √1 = √17 = 1
d. √ √( 2 ) =
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯4⎯
4 1 1 1
16
= 4
2

Note: If the index is n = 2, then the radical indicates a square root and it is
2 ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
customary to write the radical without the index; √ a = √a.

We have already taken care to define the principal square root of a real number. At
this point, we extend this idea to nth roots when n is even. For example, 3 is a
fourth root of 81, because 34 = 81. And since (−3)4 = 81, we can say that −3 is a
fourth root of 81 as well. Hence we use the radical sign √n
to denote the principal
(nonnegative) nth root10 when n is even. In this case, for any real number a, we use
the following property:

n ⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ an = |a| When n is even

For example,
10. The positive nth root when n is
even.

5.1 Roots and Radicals 1123

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 81 = √34 = |3| = 3

81 = √
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 4
(−3)4 = |−3| = 3

The negative nth root, when n is even, will be denoted using a negative sign in front
of the radical −√
n
.

4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
−√ 81 = −√34 = −3

We have seen that the square root of a negative number is not real because any real
number that is squared will result in a positive number. In fact, a similar problem
arises for any even index:

−81 =? or ( ? ) = −81
4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 4
√

We can see that a fourth root of −81 is not a real number because the fourth power
of any real number is always positive.

√−4 

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯

−81 

4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ These radicals are not real numbers.
−64 
6 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√

You are encouraged to try all of these on a calculator. What does it say?

5.1 Roots and Radicals 1124

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 8

Simplify.

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
a. √(−10)4
4

4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
b. √−104
c. √(2y + 1)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯6⎯
6

Solution:

Since the indices are even, use absolute values to ensure nonnegative results.

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
a. √(−10)4 = |−10| = 10
4

4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
b. √−104 = √ −10,000 is not a real number.
c. √(2y + 1) = ||2y + 1||
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯6⎯
6

When the index n is odd, the same problems do not occur. The product of an odd
number of positive factors is positive and the product of an odd number of negative
factors is negative. Hence when the index n is odd, there is only one real nth root
for any real number a. And we have the following property:

n ⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ an = a When n is odd

5.1 Roots and Radicals 1125

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 9

Simplify.

a. √(−10)5
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
5

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
b. √−32
5

c. √(2y + 1)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯7⎯
7

Solution:

Since the indices are odd, the absolute value is not used.

a. √(−10)5 = −10
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
5

b. √−32 = √(−2)5 = −2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
5 5

c. √(2y + 1) = 2y + 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯7⎯
7

In summary, for any real number a we have,

n ⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ an = || a || When n is even
n ⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ an = a When n is odd

When n is odd, the nth root is positive or negative depending on the sign of the
radicand.

3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 27 = √33 =3

−27 = √
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 3
(−3)3 = −3

5.1 Roots and Radicals 1126

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

When n is even, the nth root is positive or not real depending on the sign of the
radicand.

4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 16 = √24 =2

16 = √
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 4
(−2)4 = |−2|= 2
4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ −16 Not a real number

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
Try this! Simplify: −8√−32.
5

Answer: 16

(click to see video)

Simplifying Radicals

It will not always be the case that the radicand is a perfect power of the given index.
If it is not, then we use the product rule for radicals11 and the quotient rule for
⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
⎯
radicals12 to simplify them. Given real numbers √A and √B ,
n n

⎯⎯⎯
11. Given real numbers √A and n ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ n ⎯⎯⎯ n ⎯⎯
⎯
n

⎯⎯
⎯ Product Rule for Radicals: √ A ⋅ B =√ A ⋅√ B
√B ,
n

n ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ n ⎯⎯⎯ n ⎯⎯
⎯
√ A⋅B =√ A ⋅√ B.
n ⎯⎯⎯

√ B = √n B
12. Given real numbers √A and ⎯A⎯⎯⎯ √n A
B, √
⎯ n ⎯A⎯⎯⎯ √n A
n ⎯⎯ Quotient Rule for Radicals: n
√ B
= n where
√B
B ≠ 0.
13. A radical where the radicand
does not consist of any factors
that can be written as perfect
A radical is simplified13 if it does not contain any factors that can be written as
powers of the index. perfect powers of the index.

5.1 Roots and Radicals 1127

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 10
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
Simplify: √150.

Solution:

Here 150 can be written as 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 52 .

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√150 = √2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 52 Apply the product rule f or radicals.
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
= √2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ √52 Simplif y.
⎯⎯
= √6 ⋅ 5
⎯⎯
= 5√6

We can verify our answer on a calculator:

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
√150 ≈ 12.25 and 5√6 ≈ 12.25

Also, it is worth noting that

12.252 ≈ 150

⎯⎯
Answer: 5√6

5.1 Roots and Radicals 1128

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

⎯⎯
Note: 5√6 is the exact answer and 12.25 is an approximate answer. We present
exact answers unless told otherwise.

5.1 Roots and Radicals 1129

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 11
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
Simplify: √160.
3

Solution:

Use the prime factorization of 160 to find the largest perfect cube factor:

160 = 25 ⋅ 5
= 23 ⋅ 22 ⋅ 5

Replace the radicand with this factorization and then apply the product rule for
radicals.

3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 160 = √23 ⋅ 22 ⋅ 5 Apply the product rule f or radicals.
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
= √23 ⋅ √22 ⋅ 5 Simplif y.
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
=2 ⋅ √ 20

We can verify our answer on a calculator.

3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 160 ≈ 5.43 and 2√ 20 ≈ 5.43

⎯⎯⎯⎯
Answer: 2√20
3

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Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 12
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
Simplify: √−320.
5

Solution:

Here we note that the index is odd and the radicand is negative; hence the
result will be negative. We can factor the radicand as follows:

− 320 = −1 ⋅ 32 ⋅ 10 = (−1)5 ⋅ (2)5 ⋅ 10

Then simplify:

√
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 5 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
5 5
⎯
√−320
5
= (−1) ⋅ (2) ⋅ 10 Apply the product rule f or radicals.

=√ (−1)5 ⋅ √
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
5 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
5 5
(2)5 ⋅ √ 10 Simplif y.
5 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
= −1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ √ 10
⎯⎯⎯⎯
= −2 ⋅ √ 5
10

⎯⎯⎯⎯
Answer: −2√10
5

5.1 Roots and Radicals 1131

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 13

Simplify: √
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
8
3
− 64 .

Solution:

In this case, consider the equivalent fraction with −8 = (−2)3 in the

numerator and 64 = 43 in the denominator and then simplify.

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 64 √ 64
8 −8
− =
3 3
Apply the quotient rule f or radicals.
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯3⎯
√ (−2)
= 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ Simplif y.
√43
−2
=
4
1
=−
2

Answer: − 12

Try this! Simplify: √

⎯⎯⎯⎯
4 80
81

4
2√ 5
Answer: 3

(click to see video)

5.1 Roots and Radicals 1132

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

KEY TAKEAWAYS

• To simplify a square root, look for the largest perfect square factor of
the radicand and then apply the product or quotient rule for radicals.
• To simplify a cube root, look for the largest perfect cube factor of the
radicand and then apply the product or quotient rule for radicals.
• When working with nth roots, n determines the definition that applies.
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
We use √ an = awhen n is odd and √ an = |a|when n is even.
n n

• To simplify nth roots, look for the factors that have a power that is equal
to the index n and then apply the product or quotient rule for radicals.
Typically, the process is streamlined if you work with the prime
factorization of the radicand.

5.1 Roots and Radicals 1133

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

TOPIC EXERCISES

PART A: SQUARE AND CUBE ROOTS

Simplify.
⎯⎯⎯⎯
1. √ 36
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2. √ 100
⎯⎯⎯⎯
√9
4
3.
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 64
1
4.

⎯⎯⎯⎯
5. −√ 16
⎯⎯
6. −√ 1

√(−5)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯2⎯
7.

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
8. √ (−1) 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
9. √ −4
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
10. √ −5 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
11. −√ (−3) 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
12. −√ (−4) 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯
13. √x 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
14. √ (−x) 2

√(x − 5)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯2⎯
15.

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
16. √ (2x − 1) 2
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
17. √ 64

5.1 Roots and Radicals 1134

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
18. √ 216
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
19. √ −216
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
20. √ −64
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
21. √ −8
3 ⎯⎯
22. √ 1
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯3⎯
23. −√ (−2)
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯3⎯
24. −√ (−7)
⎯⎯⎯⎯
√8
3
1
25.
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 27
3
8
26.

√(−y)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯3⎯
3
27.

3 ⎯⎯⎯3⎯
28. −√ y

√(y − 8)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯3⎯
3
29.

3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯3⎯
30. √ (2x − 3)

Determine the domain of the given function.

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
31. g (x) = √ x + 5
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
32. g (x) = √ x − 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
33. f (x) = √ 5x + 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
34. f (x) = √ 3x + 4
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
35. g (x) = √ −x + 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
36. g (x) = √ −x − 3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
37. h (x) = √ 5 − x

5.1 Roots and Radicals 1135

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
38. h (x) = √ 2 − 3x
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
39. g (x) = √ x+4
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
40. g (x) = √ x−3

Evaluate given the function definition.

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
41. Given f (x) = √ x − 1 , find f (1) , f (2) , and f (5)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
42. Given f (x) = √ x + 5 , find f (−5) , f (−1) , and f (20)
⎯⎯
43. Given f (x) = √ x + 3, find f (0) , f (1) , and f (16)
⎯⎯
44. Given f (x) = √ x − 5, find f (0) , f (1) , and f (25)

3 ⎯⎯
45. Given g(x) = √ x , find g(−1) , g(0) , and g(1)
3 ⎯⎯
46. Given g(x) = √ x − 2, find g(−1) , g(0) , and g(8)
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
47. Given g(x) = √ x + 7 , find g(−15) , g(−7) , and g(20)
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
48. Given g(x) = √ x − 1 + 2 , find g(0) , g(2) , and g(9)

Sketch the graph of the given function and give its domain and range.
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
49. f (x) = √ x + 9
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
50. f (x) = √ x − 3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
51. f (x) = √ x − 1 + 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
52. f (x) = √ x + 1 + 3
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
53. g (x) = √ x−1
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
54. g (x) = √ x+1
3 ⎯⎯
55. g (x) = √ x −4
3 ⎯⎯
56. g (x) = √ x +5
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
57. g (x) = √ x+2 −1

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Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
58. g (x) = √ x−2 +3
3 ⎯⎯
59. f (x) = −√ x
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
60. f (x) = −√ x−1

PART B: NTH ROOTS

Simplify.
4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
61. √ 64
4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
62. √ 16
4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
63. √ 625
4 ⎯⎯
64. √ 1
4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
65. √ 256
4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
66. √ 10, 000
5 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
67. √ 243
5 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
68. √ 100, 000
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 32
5
1
69.
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 243
5
1
70.

4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
71. −√ 16
6 ⎯⎯
72. −√ 1
5 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
73. √ −32
5 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
74. √ −1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
75. √ −1
4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
76. √ −16

5.1 Roots and Radicals 1137

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
77. −6√ −27
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
78. −5√ −8
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
79. 2√ −1, 000
5 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
80. 7√ −243
4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
81. 6√ −16
6 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
82. 12√ −64
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 16
25
83. 3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 9
16
84. 6
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 125
27
85. 5 3

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 75
32
86. 7 5

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 27
8
87. −5 3

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 16
625
88. −8 4

5 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
89. 2√ 100, 000
7 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
90. 2√ 128

PART C: SIMPLIFYING RADICALS

Simplify.
⎯⎯⎯⎯
91. √ 96
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
92. √ 500
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
93. √ 480

5.1 Roots and Radicals 1138

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
94. √ 450
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
95. √ 320
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
96. √ 216
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
97. 5√ 112
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
98. 10√ 135
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
99. −2√ 240
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
100. −3√ 162
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 49
150
101.
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 9
200
102.
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 121
675
103.
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 81
192
104.

3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
105. √ 54
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
106. √ 24
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
107. √ 48
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
108. √ 81
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
109. √ 40
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
110. √ 120
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
111. √ 162
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
112. √ 500
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 125
3
54
113.

5.1 Roots and Radicals 1139

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 343
3
40
114.

3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
115. 5√ −48
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
116. 2√ −108
4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
117. 8√ 96
4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
118. 7√ 162
5 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
119. √ 160
5 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
120. √ 486
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 243
224
121. 5
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 32
5
5
122.
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 32
1
123. 5
−
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 64
1
124. 6
−

Simplify. Give the exact answer and the approximate answer rounded
to the nearest hundredth.
⎯⎯⎯⎯
125. √ 60
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
126. √ 600
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 49
96
127.
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 25
192
128.

3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
129. √ 240
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
130. √ 320
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 125
3
288
131.

5.1 Roots and Radicals 1140

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 8
3
625
132.

4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
133. √ 486
5 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
134. √ 288

Rewrite the following as a radical expression with coefficient 1.

⎯⎯⎯⎯
135. 2√ 15
⎯⎯
136. 3√ 7
⎯⎯⎯⎯
137. 5√ 10
⎯⎯
138. 10√ 3
3 ⎯⎯
139. 2√ 7
3 ⎯⎯
140. 3√ 6
4 ⎯⎯
141. 2√ 5
4 ⎯⎯
142. 3√ 2
143. Each side of a square has a length that is equal to the square root of the
square’s area. If the area of a square is 72 square units, find the length of each
of its sides.

144. Each edge of a cube has a length that is equal to the cube root of the cube’s
volume. If the volume of a cube is 375 cubic units, find the length of each of its
edges.

= √ RP where P
⎯⎯⎯⎯
145. The current I measured in amperes is given by the formula I
is the power usage measured in watts and R is the resistance measured in
ohms. If a 100 watt light bulb has 160 ohms of resistance, find the current
needed. (Round to the nearest hundredth of an ampere.)

√s
146. The time in seconds an object is in free fall is given by the formula t = 4
where s represents the distance in feet the object has fallen. How long will it
take an object to fall to the ground from the top of an 8-foot stepladder?
(Round to the nearest tenth of a second.)

5.1 Roots and Radicals 1141

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

PART D: DISCUSSION BOARD

147. Explain why there are two real square roots for any positive real number and
one real cube root for any real number.

148. What is the square root of 1 and what is the cube root of 1? Explain why.
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
149. Explain why √ −1 is not a real number and why √ −1 is a real number.
3

150. Research and discuss the methods used for calculating square roots before the
common use of electronic calculators.

5.1 Roots and Radicals 1142

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

ANSWERS

1. 6
2
3.
3

5. −4

7. 5

9. Not a real number

11. −3

13. |x|
15. |x − 5||
17. 4

19. −6

21. −2

23. 2
1
25.
2
27. −y
29. y−8
31. [−5, ∞)

[ 5 )
1
33. − ,∞

35. (−∞, 1]
37. (−∞, 5]
39. (−∞, ∞)
41. f (1) = 0; f (2) = 1; f (5) = 2
43. f (0) = 3; f (1) = 4; f (16) = 7
45. g(−1) = −1 ; g(0) = 0 ; g(1) = 1

5.1 Roots and Radicals 1143

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

47. g(−15) = −2 ; g(−7) = 0 ; g(20) = 3

49. Domain: [−9, ∞) ; range: [0, ∞)

51. Domain: [1, ∞) ; range: [2, ∞)

53. Domain: ℝ ; range: ℝ

5.1 Roots and Radicals 1144

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

55. Domain: ℝ ; range: ℝ

57. Domain: ℝ ; range: ℝ

5.1 Roots and Radicals 1145

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

59. Domain: ℝ ; range: ℝ

61. 4

63. 5

65. 4

67. 3
1
69.
2
71. −2

73. −2

75. Not a real number

77. 18

79. −20

81. Not a real number

15
83.
4
85. 3
10
87. − 3

89. 20
⎯⎯
91. 4√ 6

5.1 Roots and Radicals 1146

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

⎯⎯⎯⎯
93. 4√ 30
⎯⎯
95. 8√ 5
⎯⎯
97. 20√ 7
⎯⎯⎯⎯
99. −8√ 15
⎯⎯
5√ 6
101.
7 ⎯⎯
15√ 3
103.
11
3 ⎯⎯
105. 3√ 2
3 ⎯⎯
107. 2√ 6
3 ⎯⎯
109. 2√ 5
3 ⎯⎯
111. 3√ 6
3 ⎯⎯
3√ 2
113.
5
3 ⎯⎯
115. −10√ 6
4 ⎯⎯
117. 16√ 6
5 ⎯⎯
119. 2√ 5
5 ⎯⎯
2√ 7
121.
3
1
123. − 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯
125. 2√ 15 ; 7.75
4√6
127. 7
; 1.40

3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
129. 2√ 30 ; 6.21
3
2√ 36
131. ; 1.32
5

5.1 Roots and Radicals 1147

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

4 ⎯⎯
133. 3√ 6 ; 4.70
⎯⎯⎯⎯
135. √ 60
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
137. √ 250
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
139. √ 56
4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
141. √ 80
⎯⎯
143. 6√ 2 units
145. Answer: 0.79 ampere

147. Answer may vary

149. Answer may vary

5.1 Roots and Radicals 1148

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

5.2 Simplifying Radical Expressions

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Simplify radical expressions using the product and quotient rule for
radicals.
2. Use formulas involving radicals.

Simplifying Radical Expressions

An algebraic expression that contains radicals is called a radical expression14. We

use the product and quotient rules to simplify them.

Example 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
Simplify: √27x 3 .
3

Solution:

⎯⎯⎯⎯
a = a when n is odd.
n n
Use the fact that √

3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯3⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 27x = √33 ⋅ x 3 Apply the product rule f or radicals.
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
= √33 ⋅ √x 3 Simplif y.
=3 ⋅ x
= 3x

Answer: 3x

14. An algebraic expression that

contains radicals.

1149
Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
Simplify: √
4
16y 4 .

Solution:

⎯⎯⎯⎯
a = |a| when n is even.
n n
Use the fact that √

√ √2 y
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
4 4 4
16y
4
= 4
Apply the product rule f or radicals.

= √24 ⋅ √
4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯
4
y 4 Simplif y.
= 2 ⋅ ||y||
= 2 ||y||

Since y is a variable, it may represent a negative number. Thus we need to

ensure that the result is positive by including the absolute value.

Answer: 2 ||y||

5.2 Simplifying Radical Expressions 1150

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Important Note

Typically, at this point in algebra we note that all variables are assumed to be
positive. If this is the case, then y in the previous example is positive and the
absolute value operator is not needed. The example can be simplified as follows.

√ √2 y
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
4 4 4
16y
4
= 4

= √24 ⋅ √
4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯
4
y4
= 2y

In this section, we will assume that all variables are positive. This allows us to
focus on calculating nth roots without the technicalities associated with the
principal nth root problem. For this reason, we will use the following property
for the rest of the section,

n ⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ an = a, if a ≥ 0 nth root

When simplifying radical expressions, look for factors with powers that match the
index.

5.2 Simplifying Radical Expressions 1151

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
Simplify: √12x 6 y 3 .

Solution:

Begin by determining the square factors of 12, x 6 , and y 3 .



12 = 22 ⋅ 3
x 6 = (x 3 )  Square f actors

2

y3 = y2 ⋅ y 

Make these substitutions, and then apply the product rule for radicals and
simplify.

√ √ ( )
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯
6 3 2 3 2 2
12x y = 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ x ⋅ y ⋅ y Apply the product rule f or radicals.

= √22 ⋅ √(x 3 ) ⋅ √y 2 ⋅ √3y Simplif y.

⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯2⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯
= 2 ⋅ x 3 ⋅ y ⋅ √3y
⎯⎯⎯⎯
= 2x 3 y√3y

⎯⎯⎯⎯
Answer: 2x 3 y√3y

5.2 Simplifying Radical Expressions 1152

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 4

Simplify: √ 18a8 .
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯5⎯
b

Solution:

Begin by determining the square factors of 18, a5 , and b8 .




18 = 2 ⋅ 32
a5 = a2 ⋅ a2 ⋅ a = (a2 ) ⋅ a  Square f actors

2


= (b4 ) 
2
b8 = b4 ⋅ b4

Make these substitutions, apply the product and quotient rules for radicals, and
then simplify.

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
18a   ( )
⎯
=
2 ⋅ 3 2
⋅ a 2 2 ⋅a

√ b
5

( )
Apply the product and quotient rule f or radicals.

8 4 2
b

√32 ⋅ √(a2 ) ⋅ √2a

⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯2⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
= Simplif y.

√(b )
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯2⎯
4

⎯⎯⎯⎯
3a2 √2a
=
b4

3a2 √2a
Answer:
b4

5.2 Simplifying Radical Expressions 1153

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 5
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
Simplify: √
3
80x 5 y 7 .

Solution:

Begin by determining the cubic factors of 80, x 5 , and y 7 .



80 = 24 ⋅ 5 = 23 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 5
 Cubic f actors

x5 =x3 ⋅ x2
y 7 = y 6 ⋅ y = (y 2 ) ⋅ y 
3

Make these substitutions, and then apply the product rule for radicals and
simplify.

√ √
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯
5 7 3 3 2 2 3
80x
3
y = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 5 ⋅ x ⋅ x ⋅ (y ) ⋅ y

= √2 ⋅ √x ⋅ √(y 2 ) ⋅ √
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯3⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3 ⎯⎯⎯3⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯3⎯
2 ⋅ 5 ⋅ x2 ⋅ y
3 3

= 2 ⋅ xy 2 ⋅ √
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3
10x 2 y

= 2xy 2 √
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3
10x 2 y

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
Answer: 2xy 2 √
3
10x 2 y

5.2 Simplifying Radical Expressions 1154

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 6

√y z .
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
9x 6
⎯
3
Simplify 3 9

Solution:

The coefficient 9 = 32 , and thus does not have any perfect cube factors. It will
be left as the only remaining radicand because all of the other factors are cubes,
as illustrated below:

x 6 = (x 2 ) 


3

y 3 = (y)  Cubic f actors


3


z 9 = (z 3 ) 
3

Replace the variables with these equivalents, apply the product and quotient
rules for radicals, and then simplify.

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
 ( )
=
⎯
9 ⋅ x 2 3

√y z
9x 6

y 3 ⋅ (z 3 )

3 3
3 9 3

9⋅√ (x 2 )
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯3⎯
3 ⎯⎯
√ 3

√(z )
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯3⎯
3 ⎯⎯⎯3⎯
√ y ⋅ 3 3

3 ⎯⎯
√ 9 ⋅ x2
=
y ⋅ z3
3 ⎯⎯
x2 √ 9
=
yz 3

5.2 Simplifying Radical Expressions 1155

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

3
x 2√ 9
Answer:
yz 3

Example 7
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
Simplify: √81a4 b5 .
4

Solution:

Determine all factors that can be written as perfect powers of 4. Here, it is

important to see that b5 = b4 ⋅ b. Hence the factor b will be left inside the
radical.

4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 81a4 b5 = √34 ⋅ a4 ⋅ b4 ⋅ b
4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 4 ⎯⎯
= √34 ⋅ √a4 ⋅ √b4 ⋅ √ b
4 ⎯⎯
=3 ⋅ a ⋅ b ⋅ √ b
⎯⎯
= 3ab√ 4
b

⎯⎯
Answer: 3ab√b
4

5.2 Simplifying Radical Expressions 1156

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 8
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
Simplify: √
5
−32x 3 y 6 z 5 .

Solution:

Notice that the variable factor x cannot be written as a power of 5 and thus will
be left inside the radical. In addition, y 6 = y 5 ⋅ y ; the factor y will be left inside
the radical as well.

√ √(−2) ⋅ x ⋅ y ⋅ y ⋅ z
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3 6 5 5 3 5 5
−32x
5
y z = 5

=√ (−2)5 ⋅ √ y 5 ⋅ √z 5 ⋅ √
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 5 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
5 5 5
x3 ⋅ y

= −2 ⋅ y ⋅ z ⋅ √
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
5
x3 ⋅ y

= −2yz√
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
5
x3y

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
Answer: −2yz√
5
x3y

Tip: To simplify finding an nth root, divide the powers by the index.

⎯⎯⎯⎯
√a6 = a3 , which is a6÷2 = a3
3 ⎯⎯⎯6⎯
√ b = b2 , which is b6÷3 = b2
6 ⎯⎯⎯ ⎯
√ c6 = c , which is c6÷6 = c1

If the index does not divide into the power evenly, then we can use the quotient and
remainder to simplify. For example,

5.2 Simplifying Radical Expressions 1157

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

⎯⎯⎯⎯
√a5 = a2 ⋅ √⎯⎯a, which is a5÷2 = a2 r 1
3 ⎯⎯⎯5⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ b = b ⋅ √b2 , which is b5÷3 = b1 r 2
5 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯ 5 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ c14 = c2 ⋅ √c4 , which is c14÷5 = c2 r 4

The quotient is the exponent of the factor outside of the radical, and the remainder
is the exponent of the factor left inside the radical.

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
Try this! Simplify: √162a7 b5 c4 .
3

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
Answer: 3a2 bc√6ab2 c
3

(click to see video)

Formulas Involving Radicals

Formulas often consist of radical expressions. For example, the period of a

pendulum, or the time it takes a pendulum to swing from one side to the other and
back, depends on its length according to the following formula.

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 32
L
T = 2π

Here T represents the period in seconds and L represents the length in feet of the
pendulum.

5.2 Simplifying Radical Expressions 1158

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 9

If the length of a pendulum measures 1 12 feet, then calculate the period

rounded to the nearest tenth of a second.

Solution:

Substitute 1 12 = 32 for L and then simplify.

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 32
L
T = 2π
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
= 2π √
3
2
32
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 2 32
3 1
= 2π ⋅ Apply the quotient rule f or radicals.
⎯⎯
√3
= 2π Simplif y.
⎯⎯⎯⎯
√64
⎯⎯
2π √3
=
8
⎯⎯
π √3
= ≈ 1.36
4

Answer: The period is approximately 1.36 seconds.

Frequently you need to calculate the distance between two points in a plane. To do
this, form a right triangle using the two points as vertices of the triangle and then
apply the Pythagorean theorem. Recall that the Pythagorean theorem states that if
given any right triangle with legs measuring a and b units, then the square of the
measure of the hypotenuse c is equal to the sum of the squares of the legs:

5.2 Simplifying Radical Expressions 1159

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

a2 + b2 = c2 . In other words, the hypotenuse of any right triangle is equal to the

square root of the sum of the squares of its legs.

5.2 Simplifying Radical Expressions 1160

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 10

Find the distance between (−5, 3) and (1, 1).

Solution:

Form a right triangle by drawing horizontal and vertical lines though the two
points. This creates a right triangle as shown below:

The length of leg b is calculated by finding the distance between the x-values of
the given points, and the length of leg a is calculated by finding the distance
between the given y-values.

a = 3 − 1 = 2 units
b = 1 − (−5) = 1 + 5 = 6 units

Next, use the Pythagorean theorem to find the length of the hypotenuse.

5.2 Simplifying Radical Expressions 1161

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
c = √22 + 62
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
= √4 + 36
⎯⎯⎯⎯
= √40
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
= √4 ⋅ 10
⎯⎯⎯⎯
= 2√10 units

⎯⎯⎯⎯
Answer: The distance between the two points is 2√10 units.

Generalize this process to produce a formula that can be used to algebraically

calculate the distance between any two given points.

Given two points, ( x 1 , y 1 ) and ( x 2 , y 2 ) , the distance, d, between them is given

by the distance formula15, d = √(x 2 − x 1 )2 + (y 2 − y 1 ) .

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯2⎯

15. Given two points (x 1 , y 1 ) and

(x 2 , y 2 ), calculate the
distance d between them using
the formula
d=

√(x 2 − x 1 ) + (y 2 − y 1 ) .
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 2

5.2 Simplifying Radical Expressions 1162

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 11

Calculate the distance between (−4, 7) and (2, 1).

Solution:

Use the distance formula with the following points.

( x1 , y1 ) ( x2 , y2 )
(−4, 7) (2, 1)

It is a good practice to include the formula in its general form before

substituting values for the variables; this improves readability and reduces the
probability of making errors.

d = √(x 2 − x 1 )2 + (y 2 − y 1 )2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯

= √(2 − (−4))2 + (1 − 7)2

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯

= √(2 + 4)2 + (1 − 7)2

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯

= √(6)2 + (−6)2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
= √36 + 36
⎯⎯⎯⎯
= √72
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
= √36 ⋅ 2
⎯⎯
= 6√2

⎯⎯
Answer: The distance between the two points is 6√2 units.

5.2 Simplifying Radical Expressions 1163

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 12

Do the three points (2, −1), (3, 2), and (8, −3) form a right triangle?

Solution:

The Pythagorean theorem states that having side lengths that satisfy the
property a2 + b2 = c2 is a necessary and sufficient condition of right
triangles. In other words, if you can show that the sum of the squares of the leg
lengths of the triangle is equal to the square of the length of the hypotenuse,
then the triangle must be a right triangle. First, calculate the length of each
side using the distance formula.

Geometry Calculation

Points: (2, −1) and (8, −3)

a = √(8 − 2)2 + [−3 − (−1)]

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯2⎯

= √(6) + (−3 + 1)2

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2
⎯

= √36 + (−2)2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
= √36 + 4
⎯⎯⎯⎯
= √40
⎯⎯⎯⎯
= 2√10

5.2 Simplifying Radical Expressions 1164

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Geometry Calculation

Points: (2, −1) and (3, 2)

b = √(3 − 2)2 + [2 − (−1)]

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯2⎯

= √(1)2 + (2 + 1)2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯

= √1 + (3)2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
= √1 + 9
⎯⎯⎯⎯
= √10

Points: (3, 2) and (8, −3)

c = √(8 − 3)2 + (−3 − 2)2

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯

= √(5) + (−5)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 2
⎯

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
= √25 + 25
⎯⎯⎯⎯
= √50
⎯⎯
= 5√2

Now we check to see if a2 + b2 = c2 .

5.2 Simplifying Radical Expressions 1165

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

a2 + b2 = c2

( ) ( ) ( 2)
⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2 ⎯⎯ 2
2 √10 + √ 10 = 5 √

4(√10) + (√10) = 25(√2)

⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2 ⎯⎯ 2

4 ⋅ 10 + 10 = 25 ⋅ 2
50 = 50 ✓

Answer: Yes, the three points form a right triangle.

Try this! The speed of a vehicle before the brakes were applied can be
estimated by the length of the skid marks left on the road. On wet concrete, the
⎯⎯⎯⎯
speed v in miles per hour can be estimated by the formula v = 2√3d , where d
represents the length of the skid marks in feet. Estimate the speed of a vehicle
before applying the brakes if the skid marks left behind measure 27 feet. Round
to the nearest mile per hour.

Answer: 18 miles per hour

(click to see video)

5.2 Simplifying Radical Expressions 1166

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

KEY TAKEAWAYS

• To simplify a radical expression, look for factors of the radicand with

powers that match the index. If found, they can be simplified by
applying the product and quotient rules for radicals, as well as the
⎯⎯⎯⎯
property √ an = a, where a is nonnegative.
n

• A radical expression is simplified if its radicand does not contain any

factors that can be written as perfect powers of the index.
• We typically assume that all variable expressions within the radical are
nonnegative. This allows us to focus on simplifying radicals without the
technical issues associated with the principal nth root. If this
assumption is not made, we will ensure a positive result by using
absolute values when simplifying radicals with even indices.

5.2 Simplifying Radical Expressions 1167

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

TOPIC EXERCISES

PART A: SIMPLIFYING RADICAL EXPRESSIONS

Assume that the variable could represent any real number and then
simplify.
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1. √ 9x 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2. √ 16y 2
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯3⎯
3. √ 8y
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯
4. √ 125a3
4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯
5. √ 64x 4
4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯
6. √ 81y 4
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
7. √ 36a4
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
8. √ 100a8
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
9. √ 4a6
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
10. √ a10
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
11. √ 18a4 b 5
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
12. √ 48a5 b 3
6 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
13. √ 128x 6 y 8
6 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯
14. √ a6 b 7 c8

√(5x − 4)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯2⎯
15.

√(3x − 5)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯4⎯
16.

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
17. √ x 2 − 6x + 9

5.2 Simplifying Radical Expressions 1168

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
18. √ x 2 − 10x + 25
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
19. √ 4x 2 + 12x + 9
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
20. √ 9x 2 + 6x + 1

Simplify. (Assume all variable expressions represent positive numbers.)

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
21. √ 49a2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
22. √ 64b 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
23. √x 2 y 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
24. √ 25x 2 y 2 z 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
25. √ 180x 3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
26. √ 150y 3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
27. √ 49a3 b 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
28. √ 4a4 b 3 c
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
29. √ 45x 5 y 3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
30. √ 50x 6 y 4
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
31. √ 64r2 s6 t 5
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
32. √ 144r8 s6 t 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
33. √ (x + 1) 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
34. √ (2x + 3) 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
35. √ 4(3x − 1) 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
36. √ 9(2x + 3) 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯

√ 25y 2
9x 3
37.

5.2 Simplifying Radical Expressions 1169

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯

√ 9y 4
4x 5
38.

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯
√ 36n 4
m7
39.
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯9 ⎯
√ n6
147m
40.
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯
√ 25t 4
2r2 s5
41.
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯5 ⎯
√ s2 t 6
36r
42.

3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
43. √ 27a3
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
44. √ 125b 3
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯
45. √ 250x 4 y 3
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯
46. √ 162a3 b 5
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯
47. √ 64x 3 y 6 z 9
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯
48. √ 216x 12 y 3
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
49. √ 8x 3 y 4
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯
50. √ 27x 5 y 3
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
51. √ a4 b 5 c6
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
52. √ a7 b 5 c3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯

√ 27y 3
8x 4
53. 3

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯

√ 125y 6
x5
54. 3

3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
55. √ 360r5 s12 t 13
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
56. √ 540r3 s2 t 9

5.2 Simplifying Radical Expressions 1170

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯
57. √ 81x 4
4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
58. √ x 4y4
4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯
59. √ 16x 4 y 8
4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯
60. √ 81x 12 y 4
4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯
61. √ a4 b 5 c6
4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯
62. √ 5 4 a6 c8
4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯
63. √ 128x 6
4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯
64. √ 243y 7
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ n5
5
32m 10
65.
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯

√ n 10
5
37 m 9
66.

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
67. −3√ 4x 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
68. 7√ 9y 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
69. −5x√ 4x 2 y
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
70. −3y√ 16x 3 y 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
71. 12ab√ a5 b 3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
72. 6a2 b√ 9a7 b 2
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
73. 2x√ 8x 6
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
74. −5x 2 √ 27x 3
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
75. 2ab√ −8a4 b 5
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
76. 5a2 b√ −27a3 b 3

Rewrite the following as a radical expression with coefficient 1.

5.2 Simplifying Radical Expressions 1171

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

⎯⎯⎯⎯
77. 3x√ 6x
⎯⎯⎯⎯
78. 5y√ 5y
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
79. ab√ 10a
⎯⎯
80. 2ab 2 √ a
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
81. m 2 n√ mn
⎯⎯⎯⎯
82. 2m 2 n 3 √ 3n
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
83. 2x√ 3x
3 ⎯⎯⎯2⎯
84. 3y√ y
4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
85. 2y 2 √ 4y
5 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯
86. x 2 y√ 9xy 2

PART B: FORMULAS INVOLVING RADICALS

The period T in seconds of a pendulum is given by the formula

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 32
L
T = 2π

where L represents the length in feet of the pendulum. Calculate the period,
given each of the following lengths. Give the exact value and the approximate
value rounded to the nearest tenth of a second.

87. 8 feet

88. 32 feet
1
89. foot
2
1
90. foot
8

The time t in seconds an object is in free fall is given by the formula

5.2 Simplifying Radical Expressions 1172

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

⎯
√s
t=
4
where s represents the distance in feet the object has fallen. Calculate the time
it takes an object to fall, given each of the following distances. Give the exact
value and the approximate value rounded to the nearest tenth of a second.

91. 48 feet

92. 80 feet

93. 192 feet

94. 288 feet

95. The speed of a vehicle before the brakes were applied can be estimated by the
length of the skid marks left on the road. On dry pavement, the speed v in
⎯⎯⎯⎯
miles per hour can be estimated by the formula v = 2√ 6d , where d
represents the length of the skid marks in feet. Estimate the speed of a vehicle
before applying the brakes on dry pavement if the skid marks left behind
measure 27 feet. Round to the nearest mile per hour.
3
√ 6π 2 V
96. The radius r of a sphere can be calculated using the formula r = ,
2π
where V represents the sphere’s volume. What is the radius of a sphere if the
volume is 36π cubic centimeters?

Given the function find the y-intercept

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
97. f (x) = √ x + 12
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
98. f (x) = √ x + 8 − 3
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
99. f (x) = √ x−8
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
100. f (x) = √ x + 27
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
101. f (x) = √ x + 16
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
102. f (x) = √ x+3 −1

Use the distance formula to calculate the distance between the given
two points.

103. (5, −7) and (3, −8)

5.2 Simplifying Radical Expressions 1173

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

104. (−9, 7) and (−8, 4)

105. (−3, −4) and (3, −6)

106. (−5, −2) and (1, −6)

107. (−1, 1) and (−4, 10)

108. (8, −3) and (2, −12)

109. (0, −6) and (−3, 0)

( 2 , − 2 )and (−1, 2 )
110. (0, 0) and (8, −4)
1 1 3
111.

(− , 2) and ( 53 , − 23 )
1
112.
3

Determine whether or not the three points form a right triangle. Use
the Pythagorean theorem to justify your answer.

113. (2,−1), (−1,2), and (6,3)

114. (−5,2), (−1, −2), and (−2,5)

115. (−5,0), (0,3), and (6,−1)

116. (−4,−1), (−2,5), and (7,2)

117. (1,−2), (2,3), and (−3,4)

118. (−2,1), (−1,−1), and (1,3)

119. (−4,0), (−2,−10), and (3,−9)

120. (0,0), (2,4), and (−2,6)

PART D: DISCUSSION BOARD

⎯⎯⎯⎯
121. Give a value for x such that √ x 2 ≠ x. Explain why it is important to assume
that the variables represent nonnegative numbers.

122. Research and discuss the accomplishments of Christoph Rudolff. What is he

credited for?

123. What is a surd, and where does the word come from?

5.2 Simplifying Radical Expressions 1174

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

124. Research ways in which police investigators can determine the speed of a
vehicle after an accident has occurred. Share your findings on the discussion
board.

5.2 Simplifying Radical Expressions 1175

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

ANSWERS

1. 3 |x|
3. 2y
5. 2 |x|
7. 6a2
9. 2 ||a3 ||
⎯⎯⎯⎯
11. 3a2 b 2 √ 2b
6 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯2⎯
13. 2 ||xy|| √ 2y
15. |5x − 4||
17. |x − 3|
19. |2x + 3||
21. 7a
23. xy
⎯⎯⎯⎯
25. 6x√ 5x
⎯⎯
27. 7ab√ a
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
29. 3x 2 y√ 5xy

31. 8rs3 t 2 √ t
33. x+1
35. 2 (3x − 1)
⎯⎯
3x√ x
37.
5y
3 ⎯⎯⎯
m √m
39.
6n 2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
rs2 √ 2s
41.
5t 2
43. 3a

5.2 Simplifying Radical Expressions 1176

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
45. 5xy√ 2x
47. 4xy 2 z 3
3 ⎯⎯
49. 2xy√ y
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
51. abc2 √ ab 2
3 ⎯⎯
2x√ x
53.
3y
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
55. 2rs4 t 4 √ 45r2 t
57. 3x
59. 2xy 2
4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
61. abc√ bc2
4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
63. 2x√ 8x 2
2m 2
65.
n
67. −6x
69. −10x 2 √ ⎯⎯
y
⎯⎯⎯⎯
71. 12a3 b 2 √ ab
73. 4x 3
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
75. −4a2 b 2 √ ab 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
77. √ 54x 3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
79. √ 10a3 b 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
81. √m 5 n3
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
83. √ 24x 4
4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
85. √ 64y 9
87. π seconds; 3.1 seconds

5.2 Simplifying Radical Expressions 1177

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

π
89. seconds; 0.8 seconds
4
⎯⎯
91. √ 3 seconds; 1.7 seconds
⎯⎯
93. 2√ 3 seconds; 3.5 seconds
95. 25 miles per hour

( 3)
⎯⎯
97. 0, 2 √

99. (0, −2)

( 2)
3 ⎯⎯
101. 0, 2 √
⎯⎯
103. √ 5 units
⎯⎯⎯⎯
105. 2√ 10 units
⎯⎯⎯⎯
107. 3√ 10 units
⎯⎯
109. 3√ 5 units
5
111. units
2
113. Right triangle

115. Not a right triangle

117. Right triangle

119. Right triangle

121. Answer may vary

123. Answer may vary

5.2 Simplifying Radical Expressions 1178

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

5.3 Adding and Subtracting Radical Expressions

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Add and subtract like radicals.

2. Simplify radical expressions involving like radicals.

Adding and Subtracting Like Radicals

Adding and subtracting radical expressions is similar to adding and subtracting like
terms. Radicals are considered to be like radicals16, or similar radicals17, when
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
they share the same index and radicand. For example, the terms 2√6 and 5√6
contain like radicals and can be added using the distributive property as follows:

2√6 + 5√6 = (2 + 5) √6
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
⎯⎯
= 7√6

Typically, we do not show the step involving the distributive property and simply
write,

⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
2√6 + 5√6 = 7√6

When adding terms with like radicals, add only the coefficients; the radical part
remains the same.

16. Radicals that share the same

index and radicand.

17. Term used when referring to

like radicals.

1179
Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 1
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
Add: 7√5 + 3√5.
3 3

Solution:

The terms are like radicals; therefore, add the coefficients.

3 ⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯
7√ 5 + 3√ 5 = 10√ 5

⎯⎯
Answer: 10√5
3

Subtraction is performed in a similar manner.

5.3 Adding and Subtracting Radical Expressions 1180

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
Subtract: 4√10 − 5√10.

Solution:

4√10 − 5√10 = (4 − 5) √10

⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯
= −1√10
⎯⎯⎯⎯
= −√10

⎯⎯⎯⎯
Answer: −√10

If the radicand and the index are not exactly the same, then the radicals are not
similar and we cannot combine them.

5.3 Adding and Subtracting Radical Expressions 1181

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 3
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
Simplify: 10√5 + 6√2 − 9√5 − 7√2.

Solution:

⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
10√5 + 6√2 − 9√5 − 7√2 = 10√5 − 9√5 + 6√2 − 7√2
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
= √5 − √2
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
We cannot simplify any further because √5 and √2 are not like radicals; the
radicands are not the same.

⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
Answer: √5 − √2

⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
Caution: It is important to point out that √5 − √2 ≠ √5 − 2. We can verify this
by calculating the value of each side with a calculator.

⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
√5 − √2 ≈ 0.82
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
√5 − 2 = √3 ≈ 1.73

⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
In general, note that √
n
a ± √b ≠ √
n
a ± b.
n

5.3 Adding and Subtracting Radical Expressions 1182

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 4
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
Simplify: 5√10 + 3√10 − √10 − 2√10.
3 3

Solution:

3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯

5√ 10 + 3√10 − √ 10 − 2√10 = 5 √ 10 − √ 10 + 3√10 − 2√10
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
= 4√ 10 + √10
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
We cannot simplify any further, because √10 and √10 are not like radicals;
3

the indices are not the same.

⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
Answer: 4√10 + √10
3

Adding and Subtracting Radical Expressions

Often, we will have to simplify before we can identify the like radicals within the
terms.

5.3 Adding and Subtracting Radical Expressions 1183

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 5
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
Subtract: √32 − √18 + √50.

Solution:

At first glance, the radicals do not appear to be similar. However, after

simplifying completely, we will see that we can combine them.

⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯

√32 − √18 + √50 = √16 ⋅ 2 − √9 ⋅ 2 + √25 ⋅ 2
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
= 4√2 − 3√2 + 5√2
⎯⎯
= 6√2

⎯⎯
Answer: 6√2

5.3 Adding and Subtracting Radical Expressions 1184

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 6
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
Simplify: √108 + √24 − √32 − √81.
3 3 3 3

Solution:

Begin by looking for perfect cube factors of each radicand.

3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯

√ 108 + √ 24 − √ 32 − √ 81 = √ 27 ⋅ 4 + √ 8⋅3−√ 8⋅4−√ 27 ⋅ 3 Simplif y.
3 ⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯
= 3√ 4 + 2√ 3 − 2√ 4 − 3√ 3 Combine lik
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
=√ 3
4−√ 3
3

⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
Answer: √4 − √3
3 3

⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯

Try this! Simplify: √20 + √27 − 3√5 − 2√12.

⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
Answer: −√5 − √3

(click to see video)

Next, we work with radical expressions involving variables. In this section, assume
all radicands containing variable expressions are nonnegative.

5.3 Adding and Subtracting Radical Expressions 1185

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 7
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
Simplify: −9√5x − √2x + 10√5x .
3 3 3

Solution:

Combine like radicals.

3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯

−9√ 5x − √ 2x + 10√ 5x = −9 √ 5x + 10 √ 5x − √ 2x
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
= √
3
5x − √ 3
2x

We cannot combine any further because the remaining radical expressions do

not share the same radicand; they are not like radicals. Note:
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 5x − √ 2x ≠ √ 5x − 2x .

⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
Answer: √5x − √2x
3 3

We will often find the need to subtract a radical expression with multiple terms. If
this is the case, remember to apply the distributive property before combining like
terms.

5.3 Adding and Subtracting Radical Expressions 1186

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 8

Simplify: (5√x − 4√y ) − (4√x − 7√y ) .

⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯

Solution:

(5√x − 4√y ) − (4√x − 7√y ) = 5√x − 4√y − 4√x + 7√y Distribute.

⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
= 5√x − 4√x − 4√⎯⎯
y + 7√⎯⎯
y
⎯⎯
= √x + 3√⎯⎯
y

⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
Answer: √x + 3√y

Until we simplify, it is often unclear which terms involving radicals are similar. The
general steps for simplifying radical expressions are outlined in the following
example.

5.3 Adding and Subtracting Radical Expressions 1187

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 9

Simplify: 5√3x 4 + √24x 3 − (x √24x + 4 √3x 3 ) .

3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯

Solution:

Step 1: Simplify the radical expression. In this case, distribute and then
simplify each term that involves a radical.

5√3x 4 + √24x 3 − (x √ 24x + 4√3x 3 )

3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯

3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯

= 5√3x 4 + √24x 3 − x √ 24x − 4√3x 3
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
= 5√3 ⋅ x ⋅ x 3 + √8 ⋅ 3 ⋅ x 3 − x √ 8 ⋅ 3x − 4√3x 3
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯
= 5x √ 3x + 2x √ 3 − 2x √ 3x − 4x √ 3

Step2: Combine all like radicals. Remember to add only the coefficients; the
variable parts remain the same.

3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯
= 5x √ 3x + 2x√ 3 − 2x √ 3x − 4x √ 3
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
= 3x √
3
3x − 2x√
3
3

⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
Answer: 3x√3x − 2x√3
3 3

5.3 Adding and Subtracting Radical Expressions 1188

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 10
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
Simplify: 2a√125a2 b − a2 √80b + 4√20a4 b.

Solution:

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯

2a√125a2 b − a2 √80b + 4√20a4 b

= 2a√25 ⋅ 5 ⋅ a2 ⋅ b − a2 √16 ⋅ 5 ⋅ b + 4√4 ⋅ 5 ⋅ (a2 ) b Factor.

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 ⎯

⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯

= 2a ⋅ 5 ⋅ a√5b − a2 ⋅ 4√5b + 4 ⋅ 2 ⋅ a2 √5b Simplif y.
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
= 10a2 √5b − 4a2 √5b + 8a2 √5b Combine like terms.
⎯⎯⎯⎯
= 14a2 √5b

⎯⎯⎯⎯
Answer: 14a2 √5b

xy 3 − (y √27x − 2x√ 2x 3 y )
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
Try this! √
3
2x 6 y + √
3 3 3

⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
Answer: 3x 2 √
3
2y − 2y√
3
x

(click to see video)

5.3 Adding and Subtracting Radical Expressions 1189

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Tip

Take careful note of the differences between products and sums within a
radical. Assume both x and y are nonnegative.

Products Sums

√x y = xy √x + y ≠ x + y
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 2 2 2

√ √x + y ≠ x + y
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3 3 3 3
3
x y = xy 3

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
The property √a ⋅ b = √ a ⋅ √b says that we can simplify radicals when the
n n n

operation in the radicand is multiplication. There is no corresponding property

for addition.

5.3 Adding and Subtracting Radical Expressions 1190

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 11

Calculate the perimeter of the triangle formed by the points (−2, −1), (−3, 6),
and (2, 1) .

Solution:

The formula for the perimeter of a triangle is P = a + b + c where a, b, and c

represent the lengths of each side. Plotting the points we have,

Use the distance formula to calculate the length of each side.

a = √[−3 − (−2)] + [6 − (−1)] b = √[2 − (−2)] + [1 − (−1)]

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 2
⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 2
⎯

= √(−3 + 2)2 + (6 + 1) = √(2 + 2)2 + (1 + 1)2

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯2⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯

= √(−1)2 + (7)2 = √(4)2 + (2)2

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
= √1 + 49 = √16 + 4
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
= √50 = √20
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
= 5√2 = 2√5

5.3 Adding and Subtracting Radical Expressions 1191

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Similarly we can calculate the distance between (−3, 6) and (2,1) and find that
⎯⎯
c = 5√2 units. Therefore, we can calculate the perimeter as follows:

P=a + b + c
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
= 5√2 + 2√5 + 5√2
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
= 10√2 + 2√5

⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
Answer: 10√2 + 2√5 units

KEY TAKEAWAYS

• Add and subtract terms that contain like radicals just as you do like
terms. If the index and radicand are exactly the same, then the radicals
are similar and can be combined. This involves adding or subtracting
only the coefficients; the radical part remains the same.
• Simplify each radical completely before combining like terms.

5.3 Adding and Subtracting Radical Expressions 1192

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

TOPIC EXERCISES

PART A: ADDING AND SUBTRACTING LIKE RADICALS

Simplify
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
1. 10√ 3 − 5√ 3
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
2. 15√ 6 − 8√ 6
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
3. 9√ 3 + 5√ 3
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
4. 12√ 6 + 3√ 6
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
5. 4√ 5 − 7√ 5 − 2√ 5
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
6. 3√ 10 − 8√ 10 − 2√ 10
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
7. √ 6 − 4√ 6 + 2√ 6
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
8. 5√ 10 − 15√ 10 − 2√ 10
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
9. 13√ 7 − 6√ 2 − 5√ 7 + 5√ 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
10. 10√ 13 − 12√ 15 + 5√ 13 − 18√ 15

6√ 5 − (4√ 3 − 3√ 5 )
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
11.

−12√ 2 − (6√ 6 + √ 2 )
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
12.

( ) ( 5)
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
13. 2√ 5 − 3 √ 10 − √ 10 + 3 √

(−8√ 3 + 6√ 15 ) − (√ 3 − √ 15 )
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
14.

3 ⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯
15. 4√ 6 − 3√ 5 + 6√ 6
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
16. √ 10 + 5√ 10 − 4√ 10

( ) ( 3)
3 ⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯
17. 7√ 9 − 4 √ 3 − √ 9 − 3 √

5.3 Adding and Subtracting Radical Expressions 1193

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

(−8√ 5 + √ 25 ) − (2√ 5 + 6√ 25 )
3 ⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
18.

Simplify. (Assume all radicands containing variable expressions are

positive.)
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
19. √ 2x − 4√ 2x
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
20. 5√ 3y − 6√ 3y
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
21. 9√ x + 7√ x
22. −8√ ⎯⎯ y + 4√ ⎯⎯ y
23. 7x√ ⎯⎯y − 3x√ ⎯⎯ y + x√ ⎯⎯y
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
24. 10y 2 √ x − 12y 2 √ x − 2y 2 √ x
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
25. 2√ ab − 5√ a + 6√ ab − 10√ a
26. −3x√ ⎯⎯ y + 6√ ⎯⎯ y − 4x√ ⎯⎯ y − 7√ ⎯⎯y

5√ ⎯xy ( √ − 7√ xy )
27.
⎯⎯⎯ − 3 ⎯xy
⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯

−8a√ b − (2a√ b − 4√ ab)

⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
28.

(3√ 2x − √ 3x ) − (√ 2x − 7√ 3x )
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
29.

( ) ( 2y )
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
30. √ y − 4 √ 2y − √ y − 5 √
3 ⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯
31. 5√ x − 12√ x
3 ⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯
32. −2√ y − 3√ y
5 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 5 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 5 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
33. a√ 3b + 4a√ 3b − a√ 3b
4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
34. −8√ ab + 3√ ab − 2√ ab
⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
35. 6√ 2a − 4√ 2a + 7√ 2a − √ 2a
5 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 5 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
36. 4√ 3a + √ 3a − 9√ 3a + √ 3a

5.3 Adding and Subtracting Radical Expressions 1194

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

(√ 4xy − √ xy ) − (2√ 4xy − √ xy )

4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
37.

( ) ( 6y + 3√ y )
6 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ 6 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
38. 5√ 6y − 5 √ y − 2 √

39. 2x 2 √ 3x − (x 2 √
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
3x )
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
3x − x√

5y 3 √ 6y − (√ 6y − 4y 3 √ 6y )
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
40.

PART B: ADDING AND SUBTRACTING RADICAL

EXPRESSIONS

Simplify.
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
41. √ 75 − √ 12
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
42. √ 24 − √ 54
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
43. √ 32 + √ 27 − √ 8
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
44. √ 20 + √ 48 − √ 45
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
45. √ 28 − √ 27 + √ 63 − √ 12
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
46. √ 90 + √ 24 − √ 40 − √ 54
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
47. √ 45 − √ 80 + √ 245 − √ 5
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
48. √ 108 + √ 48 − √ 75 − √ 3

4√ 2 − (√ 27 − √ 72 )
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
49.

−3√ 5 − (√ 20 − √ 50 )
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
50.

3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
51. √ 16 − √ 54
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
52. √ 81 − √ 24
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯
53. √ 135 + √ 40 − √ 5

5.3 Adding and Subtracting Radical Expressions 1195

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯
54. √ 108 − √ 32 − √ 4
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
55. 2√ 27 − 2√ 12
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
56. 3√ 50 − 4√ 32
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
57. 3√ 243 − 2√ 18 − √ 48
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
58. 6√ 216 − 2√ 24 − 2√ 96
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
59. 2√ 18 − 3√ 75 − 2√ 98 + 4√ 48
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
60. 2√ 45 − √ 12 + 2√ 20 − √ 108

( ) ( 54 )
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
61. 2√ 363 − 3 √ 96 − 7 √ 12 − 2 √

( ) ( 72 − 7√ 40 )
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
62. 2√ 288 + 3 √ 360 − 2 √
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
63. 3√ 54 + 5√ 250 − 4√ 16
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
64. 4√ 162 − 2√ 384 − 3√ 750

Simplify. (Assume all radicands containing variable expressions are

positive.)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
65. √ 81b + √ 4b
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
66. √ 100a + √ a
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
67. √ 9a2 b − √ 36a2 b
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
68. √ 50a2 − √ 18a2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
69. √ 49x − √ 9y + √ x − √ 4y
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
70. √ 9x + √ 64y − √ 25x − √ ⎯⎯ y

7√ 8x − (3√ 16y − 2√ 18x )

⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
71.

2√ 64y − (3√ 32y − √ 81y )

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
72.

5.3 Adding and Subtracting Radical Expressions 1196

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯

73. 2√ 9m 2 n − 5m√ 9n + √ m 2 n
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
74. 4√ 18n 2 m − 2n√ 8m + n√ 2m
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
75. √ 4x 2 y − √ 9xy 2 − √ 16x 2 y + √ y 2 x
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
76. √ 32x 2 y 2 + √ 12x 2 y − √ 18x 2 y 2 − √ 27x 2 y

( ) ( √y )
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 y⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 y⎯ − 4 ⎯⎯
77. √ 9x √ 16y − √ 49x

(√ 72x 2 y 2 − √ 18x 2 y ) − (√ 50x 2 y 2 + x√ 2y )

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
78.
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
79. √ 12m 4 n − m√ 75m 2 n + 2√ 27m 4 n
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
80. 5n√ 27mn 2 + 2√ 12mn 4 − n√ 3mn 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
81. 2√ 27a3 b − a√ 48ab − a√ 144a3 b
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
82. 2√ 98a4 b − 2a√ 162a2 b + a√ 200b
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
83. √ 125a − √ 27a
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
84. √ 1000a2 − √ 64a2
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
85. 2x√ 54x − 2√ 16x 4 + 5√ 2x 4
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯
86. x√ 54x 3 − √ 250x 6 + x 2 √ 2
4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯ 4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯
87. √ 16y 2 + √ 81y 2
5 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯ 5 ⎯⎯⎯4⎯
88. √ 32y 4 − √ y
4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯ 4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
89. √ 32a3 − √ 162a3 + 5√ 2a3
4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯ 4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
90. √ 80a4 b + √ 5a4 b − a√ 5b
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
91. √ 27x 3 + √ 8x − √ 125x 3
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
92. √ 24x − √ 128x − √ 81x
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯
93. √ 27x 4 y − √ 8xy 3 + x√ 64xy − y√ x

5.3 Adding and Subtracting Radical Expressions 1197

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯

94. √ 125xy 3 + √ 8x 3 y − √ 216xy 3 + 10x√ y

√ 162x y − √250x y − √2x y − √384x 4 y

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
( ) ( )
3 4 3 4 2 3 4 2 3
95.

√ 32x 2 y 6 − √ 243x 6 y 2 − √ x 2 y 6 − x√
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
( ) ( )
96.
5 5 5 5
xy 2

Calculate the perimeters of the triangles formed by the following sets

of vertices.

97. {(−4, −5), (−4, 3), (2, 3)}

98. {(−1, 1), (3, 1), (3, −2)}

99. {(−3, 1), (−3, 5), (1, 5)}

100. {(−3, −1), (−3, 7), (1, −1)}

101. {(0,0), (2,4), (−2,6)}

102. {(−5,−2), (−3,0), (1,−6)}

103. A square garden that is 10 feet on each side is to be fenced in. In addition, the
space is to be partitioned in half using a fence along its diagonal. How much
fencing is needed to do this? (Round to the nearest tenth of a foot.)

104. A garden in the shape of a square has an area of 150 square feet. How much
fencing is needed to fence it in? (Hint: The length of each side of a square is
equal to the square root of the area. Round to the nearest tenth of a foot.)

PART C: DISCUSSION BOARD

105. Choose values for x and y and use a calculator to show that
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
√x + y ≠ √x + √y .
106. Choose values for x and y and use a calculator to show that
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ x 2 + y 2 ≠ x + y.

5.3 Adding and Subtracting Radical Expressions 1198

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

ANSWERS

⎯⎯
1. 5√ 3
⎯⎯
3. 14√ 3
⎯⎯
5. −5√ 5
⎯⎯
7. −√ 6
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
9. 8√ 7 − √ 2
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
11. 9√ 5 − 4√ 3
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
13. −√ 5 − 4√ 10
3 ⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯
15. 10√ 6 − 3√ 5
3 ⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯
17. 6√ 9−√ 3
⎯⎯⎯⎯
19. −3√ 2x
⎯⎯
21. 16√ x
23. 5x√ ⎯⎯ y
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
25. 8√ ab − 15√ a
27. 9√ ⎯xy ⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
29. 2√ 2x + 6√ 3x
3 ⎯⎯
31. −7√ x
5 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
33. 4a√ 3b
⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
35. 13√ 2a − 5√ 2a
4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
37. −√ 4xy
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
39. x 2√ 3x + x√ 3x
⎯⎯
41. 3√ 3

5.3 Adding and Subtracting Radical Expressions 1199

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
43. 2√ 2 + 3√ 3
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
45. 5√ 7 − 5√ 3
⎯⎯
47. 5√ 5
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
49. 10√ 2 − 3√ 3
3 ⎯⎯
51. −√ 2
3 ⎯⎯
53. 4√ 5
⎯⎯
55. 2√ 3
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
57. 23√ 3 − 6√ 2
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
59. −8√ 2 + √ 3
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
61. 8√ 3 − 6√ 6
3 ⎯⎯
63. 26√ 2
⎯⎯
65. 11√ b
⎯⎯
67. −3a√ b
⎯⎯
69. 8√ x − 5√ ⎯⎯ y
⎯⎯⎯⎯
71. 20√ 2x − 12√ ⎯⎯ y
⎯⎯
73. −8m√ n
⎯⎯
75. −2x√ ⎯⎯ y − 2y√ x
77. −4x√ ⎯⎯ y
⎯⎯⎯⎯
79. 3m 2 √ 3n
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
81. 2a√ 3ab − 12a2 √ ab
3 ⎯⎯
83. 2√ a
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
85. 7x√ 2x

5.3 Adding and Subtracting Radical Expressions 1200

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

4 ⎯⎯⎯2⎯
87. 5√ y
4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
89. 4√ 2a3
3 ⎯⎯
91. −2x + 2√ x
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯
93. 7x√ xy − 3y√ x
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
95. 7x√ 6xy − 6x√ 2xy 2
97. 24 units
⎯⎯
99. 8 + 4√ 2 units
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
101. 4√ 5 + 2√ 10 units
103. 54.1 feet

105. Answer may vary

5.3 Adding and Subtracting Radical Expressions 1201

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

5.4 Multiplying and Dividing Radical Expressions

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Multiply radical expressions.

2. Divide radical expressions.
3. Rationalize the denominator.

Multiplying Radical Expressions

When multiplying radical expressions with the same index, we use the product rule
⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
⎯
for radicals. Given real numbers √A and √B ,
n n

n ⎯⎯⎯ n ⎯⎯
⎯ n ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ A ⋅√ B =√ A⋅B

1202
Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
Multiply: √12 ⋅ √6.
3 3

Solution:

Apply the product rule for radicals, and then simplify.

3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 12 ⋅ √ 6=√ 12 ⋅ 6 Multiply the radicands.
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
=√ 72 Simplif y.
⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
= √23 ⋅ 32
3

3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
= 2 √32
3 ⎯⎯
=2 √ 9

⎯⎯
Answer: 2√9
3

Often, there will be coefficients in front of the radicals.

5.4 Multiplying and Dividing Radical Expressions 1203

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 2
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
Multiply: 3√6 ⋅ 5√2

Solution:

Using the product rule for radicals and the fact that multiplication is
commutative, we can multiply the coefficients and the radicands as follows.

⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
3√6 ⋅ 5√2 = 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ √6 ⋅ √2 Multiplication is commutative.
⎯⎯⎯⎯
= 15 ⋅ √12 Multiply the coef f icients and
the radicands.
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
= 15√4 ⋅ 3 Simplif y.
⎯⎯
= 15 ⋅ 2 ⋅ √3
⎯⎯
= 30√3

Typically, the first step involving the application of the commutative property
is not shown.

⎯⎯
Answer: 30√3

5.4 Multiplying and Dividing Radical Expressions 1204

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
Multiply: − 3√
3
4y 2 ⋅ 5√
3
16y .

Solution:

−3 √4y ⋅ 5 √16y = −15 √64y 3 Multiply the coef f icients and then multiply the r
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3 2 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3

= −15 √
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3
43 y 3 Simplif y.
= −15 ⋅ 4y
= −60y

Answer: −60y

Use the distributive property when multiplying rational expressions with more
than one term.

5.4 Multiplying and Dividing Radical Expressions 1205

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 4

Multiply: 5√2x (3√x − √2x ).

⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯

Solution:

⎯⎯⎯⎯
Apply the distributive property and multiply each term by 5√2x .

5√2x (3√x − √2x ) = 5√2x ⋅ 3√x − 5√2x ⋅ √2x Distribute.

⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
= 15√2x 2 − 5√4x 2 Simplif y.
⎯⎯
= 15x√2 − 5 ⋅ 2x
⎯⎯
= 15x√2 − 10x

⎯⎯
Answer: 15x√2 − 10x

5.4 Multiplying and Dividing Radical Expressions 1206

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 5

6x 2 y ( √ 4xy ) .
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
Multiply: √
3 3
9x 2 y 2 − 5 ⋅ √
3

Solution:

Apply the distributive property, and then simplify the result.

√ (√ ) √ √ √6x y ⋅ 5 √4xy
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 2 2 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2 2 2 2 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
6x
3
y 3
9x y − 5 ⋅ √ 4xy = 3
6x y ⋅ 3
9x y − 3

=√ 54x 4 y 3 − 5 √
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3 3
24x 3 y 2

=√ 27 ⋅ 2 ⋅ x ⋅ x 3 ⋅ y 3 − 5 √
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3 3
8 ⋅ 3 ⋅ x 3 ⋅ y2

2x − 5 ⋅ 2x √
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
= 3xy √ 3
3y 2

2x − 10x √
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
= 3xy √ 3
3y 2

⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
Answer: 3xy√2x − 10x√ 3y 2
3 3

The process for multiplying radical expressions with multiple terms is the same
process used when multiplying polynomials. Apply the distributive property,
simplify each radical, and then combine like terms.

5.4 Multiplying and Dividing Radical Expressions 1207

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 6

Multiply: (√x − 5√y ) .

⎯⎯ 2
⎯⎯

Solution:

(√ √ ) = (√x − 5√y ) (√x − 5√y )

2
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
x − 5 y

Begin by applying the distributive property.

= √x ⋅ √x + √x (−5√⎯⎯ y ) + (−5√⎯⎯y ) √x + (−5√⎯⎯

y ) (−5√⎯⎯
y)
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯

√
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
= √x 2 − 5√⎯xy ⎯⎯⎯ − 5 ⎯xy
√
⎯⎯⎯ + 25 y 2

= x − 10√⎯xy⎯⎯⎯ + 25y

⎯⎯⎯⎯
Answer: x − 10√xy + 25y

The binomials (a + b) and (a − b) are called conjugates18. When multiplying

conjugate binomials the middle terms are opposites and their sum is zero.

18. The factors (a + b) and

(a − b) are conjugates.

5.4 Multiplying and Dividing Radical Expressions 1208

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 7

Multiply: (√10 + √3) (√10 − √3) .

⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯

Solution:

Apply the distributive property, and then combine like terms.

( )( ) ( )
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
√10 + √3 √10 − √3 = √ 10 ⋅ √ 10 + √ 10 − √3 + √3⋅
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
= √100 − √30 + √30 − √9
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
= 10 − √30 + √30 − 3
= 10 − 3
= 7

Answer: 7

It is important to note that when multiplying conjugate radical expressions, we

obtain a rational expression. This is true in general

(√ √ ) (√ √ ) √
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯2⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
x + ⎯⎯
y x − ⎯⎯
y = √x − ⎯xy
⎯⎯⎯ + ⎯xy
⎯⎯⎯ − y 2
√ √
=x − y

Alternatively, using the formula for the difference of squares we have,

5.4 Multiplying and Dividing Radical Expressions 1209

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

(a + b) (a − b) = a − b
2 2
Dif f erence of squares.

( )( ) ( ) ( )
2
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ 2 ⎯⎯
√x + √y √ x − √y = √x − √y
=x − y

Try this! Multiply: (3 − 2√y ) (3 + 2√y ) . (Assume y is positive.)

⎯⎯ ⎯⎯

Answer: 9 − 4y

(click to see video)

Dividing Radical Expressions

To divide radical expressions with the same index, we use the quotient rule for
⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
⎯
radicals. Given real numbers √A and √B ,
n n

n ⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
√B
√ A A
⎯⎯
⎯ = n

√
n
B

5.4 Multiplying and Dividing Radical Expressions 1210

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 8

3
√ 96
Divide: 3
.
√ 6

Solution:

In this case, we can see that 6 and 96 have common factors. If we apply the
quotient rule for radicals and write it as a single cube root, we will be able to
reduce the fractional radicand.

3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√
√ 96 96
3 ⎯⎯
= 3
Apply the quotient rule f or radicals and reduce the radicand.
√6 6
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
=√ 16 Simplif y.
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
=√ 8⋅2
3 ⎯⎯
=2 √ 2

⎯⎯
Answer: 2√2
3

5.4 Multiplying and Dividing Radical Expressions 1211

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 9

√50x 6 y 4
Divide: .

√8x 3 y

Solution:

Write as a single square root and cancel common factors before simplifying.

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√50x 6 y 4
√ 8x 3 y
50x 6 y 4
= Apply the quotient rule f or radicals and cancel.
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√8x 3 y
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
=√
25x 3 y 3
Simplif y.
4
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√25x 3 y 3
=
⎯⎯
√4
5xy√⎯xy ⎯⎯⎯
=
2

5xy√xy
Answer: 2

Rationalizing the Denominator

When the denominator (divisor) of a radical expression contains a radical, it is a

common practice to find an equivalent expression where the denominator is a
rational number. Finding such an equivalent expression is called rationalizing the
denominator19.
19. The process of determining an
equivalent radical expression
with a rational denominator.

5.4 Multiplying and Dividing Radical Expressions 1212

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Radical expression Rational denominator

⎯⎯
1 √2
=
⎯⎯ 2
√2

To do this, multiply the fraction by a special form of 1 so that the radicand in the
denominator can be written with a power that matches the index. After doing this,
simplify and eliminate the radical in the denominator. For example:

⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
⎯⎯
1 1 √2 √2
√2
= ⋅ = =
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ 2
√2 √2 √2 √4

Remember, to obtain an equivalent expression, you must multiply the numerator

and denominator by the exact same nonzero factor.

5.4 Multiplying and Dividing Radical Expressions 1213

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 10

√2
Rationalize the denominator: .
√5x

Solution:

The goal is to find an equivalent expression without a radical in the

denominator. The radicand in the denominator determines the factors that you
√5x
need to use to rationalize it. In this example, multiply by 1 in the form .

√5x

⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
√2 √2 √5x √5x
= ⋅ Multiply by .
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
√5x √5x √5x ⎯⎯⎯⎯
√5x
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√10x
= Simplif y.
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√25x 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√10x
=
5x

√10x
Answer: 5x

Sometimes, we will find the need to reduce, or cancel, after rationalizing the
denominator.

5.4 Multiplying and Dividing Radical Expressions 1214

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 11

3a√2
Rationalize the denominator: .
√6ab

Solution:

√6ab
In this example, we will multiply by 1 in the form .

√6ab

⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3a√2 3a√2 √6ab
= ⋅
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√6ab √6ab √6ab
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3a√12ab
= Simplif y.
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√36a2 b2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3a√4 ⋅ 3ab
=
6ab
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
6a√3ab
= Cancel.
6ab
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√3ab
=
b

Notice that b does not cancel in this example. Do not cancel factors inside a
radical with those that are outside.

√3ab
Answer: b

5.4 Multiplying and Dividing Radical Expressions 1215

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

√ 2y .
⎯9x
⎯⎯⎯
Try this! Rationalize the denominator:

3√2xy
Answer: 2y

(click to see video)

Up to this point, we have seen that multiplying a numerator and a denominator by

a square root with the exact same radicand results in a rational denominator. In
general, this is true only when the denominator contains a square root. However,
this is not the case for a cube root. For example,

3 ⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯
1 √ x √ x
3 ⎯⎯
⋅ 3 ⎯⎯
= 3 ⎯⎯⎯2⎯
√ x √ x √ x

Note that multiplying by the same factor in the denominator does not rationalize it.
3 2
√x
In this case, if we multiply by 1 in the form of 3 2
, then we can write the radicand
√x
in the denominator as a power of 3. Simplifying the result then yields a rationalized
denominator.

3 ⎯⎯⎯2⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯2⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯2⎯

1 1 √ x √ x √ x
⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯ ⋅ ⎯⎯⎯ ⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯ ⎯ =
√
3
x √
3
x √ 3
x2 √
3
x3 x

Therefore, to rationalize the denominator of a radical expression with one radical

term in the denominator, begin by factoring the radicand of the denominator. The
factors of this radicand and the index determine what we should multiply by.
Multiply the numerator and denominator by the nth root of factors that produce
nth powers of all the factors in the radicand of the denominator.

5.4 Multiplying and Dividing Radical Expressions 1216

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 12

3
√ 2
Rationalize the denominator: 3
.
√ 25

Solution:

⎯⎯⎯⎯
The radical in the denominator is equivalent to √52 . To rationalize the
3

⎯⎯⎯⎯
denominator, we need: √53 . To obtain this, we need one more factor of 5.
3

3
√ 5
Therefore, multiply by 1 in the form of 3
.
√ 5

3 ⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯
√ 2 √ 2 √ 5
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
= 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⋅ 3 ⎯⎯ Multiply by the cube root of f actors that result in powers of 3.
√25 √52 √5
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 10
= 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ Simplif y.
√53
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 10
=
5

3
√ 10
Answer: 5

5.4 Multiplying and Dividing Radical Expressions 1217

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 13

√ 2b2 .
⎯27a
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3
Rationalize the denominator:

Solution:

3 2
√2 b
In this example, we will multiply by 1 in the form 3 2
.
√2 b

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯
27a √33 a
√ 2b2 √
3 = 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ Apply the quotient rule f or radicals.
2
2b
3 ⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3√ a √ 22 b
= 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⋅ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ Multiply by the cube root of f actors that result in powers o
√2b2 √22 b
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3√22 ab
= 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ Simplif y.
√23 b3
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3√ 4ab
=
2b

3
3√ 4ab
Answer: 2b

5.4 Multiplying and Dividing Radical Expressions 1218

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 14

5
2x√ 5
Rationalize the denominator: 5
.
√ 4x 3 y

Solution:

√2 x y
5 3 2 4

√2 x y
In this example, we will multiply by 1 in the form .
5 3 2 4

√2 x y
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯ 5 ⎯⎯
5 3 2 4
2x√55
2x√5
⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⋅ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ Multiply by the f if th root of f actors that result in p
√2 x y √2 x y
5 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 4x 3 y 5 2 3 5 3 2 4

2x√
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
5
5 ⋅ 23 x 2 y 4
= Simplif y.
√2 x y
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
5 5 5 5

5 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯
2x√ 40x 2 y 4
=
2xy
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯
√5
40x 2 y 4
=
y

5
√ 40x 2 y 4
Answer: y

When two terms involving square roots appear in the denominator, we can
rationalize it using a very special technique. This technique involves multiplying
the numerator and the denominator of the fraction by the conjugate of the
denominator. Recall that multiplying a radical expression by its conjugate produces
a rational number.

5.4 Multiplying and Dividing Radical Expressions 1219

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 15

1
Rationalize the denominator: .
√5−√3

Solution:

⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
In this example, the conjugate of the denominator is √5 + √3. Therefore,
(√5+√3)
multiply by 1 in the form .

(√5+√3)

( 3)
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
√5 + √
   
1 1

√⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ √⎯⎯ ⎯⎯

=

 5 − √3  5 + √3
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
   
√5 − √3 Multiply numerator and
denominator by the conjugate
of the denominator.
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
√5 + √3
= Simplif y.
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
√25 + √15 − √15 − √9
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
√5 + √3
=
5−3
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
√5 + √3
=
2

√5+√3
Answer: 2

5.4 Multiplying and Dividing Radical Expressions 1220

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Notice that the terms involving the square root in the denominator are eliminated
by multiplying by the conjugate. We can use the property

(√a + √b) (√a − √b) = a − bto expedite the process of multiplying the
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯

expressions in the denominator.

5.4 Multiplying and Dividing Radical Expressions 1221

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 16

√10
Rationalize the denominator: .

√2+√6

Solution:

√2−√6
Multiply by 1 in the form .

√2−√6

( 10) ( 6)
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
√10 √ √2 − √
= Multiply by the conjuga
(√2 + √6) (√2 − √6)
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
√2 + √6
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
√20 − √60
= Simplif y.
2−6
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√4 ⋅ 5 − √4 ⋅ 15
=
−4
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
2√5 − 2√15
=
−4
2 (√5 − √15)
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
=
−4
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
√5 − √15 √5 − √15 −√5 + √15
= =− =
−2 2 2

√15 −√5
Answer: 2

5.4 Multiplying and Dividing Radical Expressions 1222

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 17

√x −√y
Rationalize the denominator: .
√x +√y

Solution:

√x −√y
In this example, we will multiply by 1 in the form .
√x −√y

(√x − √y ) (√x − √y )
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
√x − √y
= Multiply by the conjugate of the denomin
(√x + √y ) (√x − √y )
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
√x + √y
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯2⎯
√x 2 − √⎯xy
⎯⎯⎯ − ⎯xy
⎯⎯⎯
√ + √y
= Simplif y.
x−y
⎯⎯⎯⎯
x − 2√xy + y
=
x−y

x−2√xy +y
Answer: x−y

5.4 Multiplying and Dividing Radical Expressions 1223

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

2√3
Try this! Rationalize the denominator:
5−√3

5√3+3
Answer: 11

(click to see video)

KEY TAKEAWAYS

• To multiply two single-term radical expressions, multiply the

coefficients and multiply the radicands. If possible, simplify the result.
• Apply the distributive property when multiplying a radical expression
with multiple terms. Then simplify and combine all like radicals.
• Multiplying a two-term radical expression involving square roots by its
conjugate results in a rational expression.
• It is common practice to write radical expressions without radicals in
the denominator. The process of finding such an equivalent expression
is called rationalizing the denominator.
• If an expression has one term in the denominator involving a radical,
then rationalize it by multiplying the numerator and denominator by
the nth root of factors of the radicand so that their powers equal the
index.
• If a radical expression has two terms in the denominator involving
square roots, then rationalize it by multiplying the numerator and
denominator by the conjugate of the denominator.

5.4 Multiplying and Dividing Radical Expressions 1224

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

TOPIC EXERCISES

PART A: MULTIPLYING RADICAL EXPRESSIONS

Multiply. (Assume all variables represent non-negative real numbers.)

⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
1. √3 ⋅ √7
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
2. √2 ⋅ √5
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
3. √ 6 ⋅ √ 12
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
4. √ 10 ⋅ √ 15
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
5. √2 ⋅ √6
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
6. √ 5 ⋅ √ 15
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
7. √7 ⋅ √7
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
8. √ 12 ⋅ √ 12
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
9. 2√ 5 ⋅ 7√ 10
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
10. 3√ 15 ⋅ 2√ 6

( 5)
⎯⎯ 2
11. 2√

( 2)
⎯⎯ 2
12. 6√
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
13. √ 2x ⋅ √ 2x
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
14. √ 5y ⋅ √ 5y
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
15. √ 3a ⋅ √ 12
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
16. √ 3a ⋅ √ 2a
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
17. 4√ 2x ⋅ 3√ 6x

5.4 Multiplying and Dividing Radical Expressions 1225

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
18. 5√ 10y ⋅ 2√ 2y
3 ⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯
19. √ 3⋅√ 9
3 ⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
20. √ 4⋅√ 16
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
21. √ 15 ⋅ √ 25
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
22. √ 100 ⋅ √ 50
3 ⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
23. √ 4⋅√ 10
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯
24. √ 18 ⋅ √ 6

( ) ( 6)
3 ⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯
25. 5√ 9 2 √

( ) ( 4)
3 ⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯
26. 2√ 4 3 √

( )
3 ⎯⎯
3
27. 2√ 2

( )
3 ⎯⎯
3
28. 3√ 4
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
29. √ 3a2 ⋅ √ 9a
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
30. √ 7b ⋅ √ 49b 2
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯2⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
31. √ 6x ⋅ √ 4x 2
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯2⎯
32. √ 12y ⋅ √ 9y
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯
33. √ 20x 2 y ⋅ √ 10x 2 y 2
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
34. √ 63xy ⋅ √ 12x 4 y 2

√ 5 (3 − √ 5 )
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
35.

√ 2 (√ 3 − √ 2 )
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
36.

5.4 Multiplying and Dividing Radical Expressions 1226

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

3√ 7 (2√ 7 − √ 3 )
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
37.

2√ 5 (6 − 3√ 10 )
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
38.

√ 6 (√ 3 − √ 2 )
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
39.

√ 15 (√ 5 + √ 3 )
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
40.

√ x (√ x + √ xy )
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
41.

√ y (√ xy + √ y )
42.
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯

√ 2ab (√ 14a − 2√ 10b )

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
43.

√ 6ab (5√ 2a − √ 3b )
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
44.

45. √ 6 (√
3 ⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯
9−√ 20 )
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯

46. √ 12 (√
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
36 + √ 14 )
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯

( )( 7)
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
47. √ 2 − √ 5 √ 3 + √

( )( 7)
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
48. √ 3 + √ 2 √ 5 − √

( ) ( 6 + 1)
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
49. 2√ 3 − 4 3 √

(5 − 2√ 6 ) (7 − 2√ 3 )
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
50.

( 3)
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ 2
51. √ 5 − √

( 2)
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ 2
52. √ 7 − √

5.4 Multiplying and Dividing Radical Expressions 1227

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

(2√ 3 + √ 2 ) (2√ 3 − √ 2 )
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
53.

( )( 7)
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
54. √ 2 + 3 √ 7 √ 2 − 3 √

(√ 2b )
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2
55. a − √

( )
⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2
56. √ ab + 1
⎯⎯
57. What is the perimeter and area of a rectangle with length measuring 5√ 3
⎯⎯
centimeters and width measuring 3√ 2 centimeters?
⎯⎯
58. What is the perimeter and area of a rectangle with length measuring 2√ 6
⎯⎯
centimeters and width measuring √ 3 centimeters?
⎯⎯
59. If the base of a triangle measures 6√ 2 meters and the height measures
⎯⎯
3√ 2 meters, then calculate the area.
⎯⎯
60. If the base of a triangle measures 6√ 3 meters and the height measures
⎯⎯
3√ 6 meters, then calculate the area.

PART B: DIVIDING RADICAL EXPRESSIONS

Divide. (Assume all variables represent positive real numbers.)

⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 75
61.
⎯⎯
√3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 360
62.
⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 10
⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 72
63.
⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 75
⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 90
64.
⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 98

5.4 Multiplying and Dividing Radical Expressions 1228

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 90x 5
65.
⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 2x
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 96y 3
66.
⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 3y
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 162x 7 y 5
67.
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 2xy
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 363x 4 y 9
68.
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 3xy
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯
√ 16a5 b 2
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯2⎯
69.
√ 2a2 b
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯
√ 192a2 b 7
3

3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯2⎯
70.
√ 2a2 b

PART C: RATIONALIZING THE DENOMINATOR

Rationalize the denominator. (Assume all variables represent positive

real numbers.)
1
71.
⎯⎯
√5
1
72.
⎯⎯
√6
⎯⎯
√2
73.
⎯⎯
√3
⎯⎯
√3
74.
⎯⎯
√7
5
75.
⎯⎯⎯⎯
2√ 10

5.4 Multiplying and Dividing Radical Expressions 1229

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

3
76.
⎯⎯
5√ 6
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
√3 − √5
77.
⎯⎯
√3
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
√6 − √2
78.
⎯⎯
√2
1
79.
⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 7x
1
80.
⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 3y
a
81.
⎯⎯⎯⎯
5√ ab
3b 2
82.
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2√ 3ab
2
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
83.
√ 36
14
3 ⎯⎯
84.
√ 7
1
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
85.
√ 4x
1
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯2⎯
⎯
86.
√ 3y
3 ⎯⎯
9x√ 2
87. ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√3
9xy 2
3 ⎯⎯
5y 2 √ x
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯
88.
√ 5x 2 y
3a
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
89.
2√ 3a2 b 2

5.4 Multiplying and Dividing Radical Expressions 1230

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

25n
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
90.
3√ 25m 2 n
3
91. ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯
√
5
27x 2 y
2
5 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯
92.
√ 16xy 2
ab
5 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯ ⎯
93.
√ 9a3 b
abc
5 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯
94.
√ ab 2 c3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯

√ 8y 2 z
3x
95. 5

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯

√ 9x 3 yz 4
4xy 2
96. 5

3
97.
⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 10 − 3
2
98.
⎯⎯
√6 − 2
1
99.
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
√5 + √3
1
100.
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
√7 − √2
⎯⎯
√3
101.
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
√3 + √6
⎯⎯
√5
102.
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 5 + √ 15
10
103.
⎯⎯
5 − 3√ 5

5.4 Multiplying and Dividing Radical Expressions 1231

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

⎯⎯
−2√ 2
104.
⎯⎯
4 − 3√ 2
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
√3 + √5
105.
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
√3 − √5
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
√ 10 − √ 2
106.
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
√ 10 + √ 2
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
2√ 3 − 3√ 2
107.
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
4√ 3 + √ 2
⎯⎯
6√ 5 + 2
108.
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
2√ 5 − √ 2
x−y
109.
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
√x + √y
x−y
110.
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
√x − √y
x + √ ⎯⎯
y
111.
x − √ ⎯⎯
y
x − √ ⎯⎯
y
112.
x + √ ⎯⎯
y
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
√a − √b
113.
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
√a + √b
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
√ ab + √ 2
114.
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
√ ab − √ 2
⎯⎯
√x
115.
⎯⎯
5 − 2√ x

5.4 Multiplying and Dividing Radical Expressions 1232

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

1
116.
⎯⎯
√x − y
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ x + √ 2y
117.
⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 2x − √ ⎯⎯
y
⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 3x − √ ⎯⎯
y
118.
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ x + √ 3y
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 2x + 1
119.
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 2x + 1 − 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√x + 1
120.
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 − √x + 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√x + 1 + √x − 1
121.
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√x + 1 − √x − 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 2x + 3 − √ 2x − 3
122.
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 2x + 3 + √ 2x − 3
= √ 3V
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
123. The radius of the base of a right circular cone is given by r where V
πh
represents the volume of the cone and h represents its height. Find the radius
of a right circular cone with volume 50 cubic centimeters and height 4
centimeters. Give the exact answer and the approximate answer rounded to
the nearest hundredth.

= √ 4π
⎯3V
⎯⎯⎯⎯
124. The radius of a sphere is given by r 3
where V represents the volume
of the sphere. Find the radius of a sphere with volume 135 square centimeters.
Give the exact answer and the approximate answer rounded to the nearest
hundredth.

PART D: DISCUSSION

125. Research and discuss some of the reasons why it is a common practice to
rationalize the denominator.

5.4 Multiplying and Dividing Radical Expressions 1233

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

126. Explain in your own words how to rationalize the denominator.

5.4 Multiplying and Dividing Radical Expressions 1234

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

ANSWERS

⎯⎯⎯⎯
1. √ 21
⎯⎯
3. 6√ 2
⎯⎯
5. 2√ 3
7. 7
⎯⎯
9. 70√ 2
11. 20

13. 2x
⎯⎯
15. 6√ a
⎯⎯
17. 24x√ 3
19. 3
3 ⎯⎯
21. 5√ 3
3 ⎯⎯
23. 2√ 5
3 ⎯⎯
25. 30√ 2
27. 16

29. 3a
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
31. 2x√ 3x
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
33. 2xy√ 25x
⎯⎯
35. 3√ 5 − 5
⎯⎯⎯⎯
37. 42 − 3√ 21
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
39. 3√ 2 − 2√ 3
41. x + x√ ⎯⎯ y
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
43. 2a√ 7b − 4b√ 5a

5.4 Multiplying and Dividing Radical Expressions 1235

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

3 ⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
45. 3√ 2 − 2√ 15
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
47. √ 6 + √ 14 − √ 15 − √ 35
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
49. 18√ 2 + 2√ 3 − 12√ 6 − 4
⎯⎯⎯⎯
51. 8 − 2√ 15
53. 10
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
55. a − 2√ 2ab + 2b

( )
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
57. Perimeter: 10√ 3 + 6√ 2 centimeters; area: 15√ 6 square
centimeters

59. 18 square meters

61. 5
⎯⎯
2√ 6
63.
5
⎯⎯
65. 3x 2 √ 5
67. 9x 3 y 2
69. 2a
⎯⎯
√5
71.
5⎯⎯
√6
73.
3⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 10
75.
4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
3 − √ 15
77.
3⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 7x
79.
7x⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ ab
81.
5b

5.4 Multiplying and Dividing Radical Expressions 1236

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

3 ⎯⎯
√ 6
83.
3
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯2⎯
√ 2x
85.
2x ⎯
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3√ 6x 2 y
87.
y
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 9ab
89.
2b ⎯
5 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 9x 3 y 4
91.
xy
5 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯
√ 27a2 b 4
93.
3
5 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯
√ 12xy 3 z 4
95.
2yz
⎯⎯⎯⎯
97. 3√ 10 + 9
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
√5 − √3
99.
2
⎯⎯
101. −1 + √ 2
⎯⎯
−5 − 3√ 5
103.
2
⎯⎯⎯⎯
105. −4 − √ 15
⎯⎯
15 − 7√ 6
107.
23
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
109. √x − √y
x 2 + 2x√ ⎯⎯
y +y
111.
x2 − y
⎯⎯⎯⎯
a − 2√ ab + b
113.
a⎯⎯− b
5√ x + 2x
115.
25 − 4x

5.4 Multiplying and Dividing Radical Expressions 1237

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯ + y√ ⎯⎯
x√ 2 + 3√ ⎯xy 2
117.
2x − y
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2x + 1 + √ 2x + 1
119.
2x
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
121. x + √x 2 − 1
5√6π
123. centimeters; 3.45 centimeters
2π

125. Answer may vary

5.4 Multiplying and Dividing Radical Expressions 1238

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

5.5 Rational Exponents

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Write expressions with rational exponents in radical form.

2. Write radical expressions with rational exponents.
3. Perform operations and simplify expressions with rational exponents.
4. Perform operations on radicals with different indices.

Rational Exponents

So far, exponents have been limited to integers. In this section, we will define what
rational (or fractional) exponents mean and how to work with them. All of the rules
for exponents developed up to this point apply. In particular, recall the product
rule for exponents. Given any rational numbers m and n, we have

x m ⋅ x n = x m+n

For example, if we have an exponent of 1/2, then the product rule for exponents
implies the following:

51/2 ⋅ 51/2 = 51/2+1/2 = 51 = 5

Here 51/2 is one of two equal factors of 5; hence it is a square root of 5, and we can
write
⎯⎯
51/2 = √5

Furthermore, we can see that 21/3 is one of three equal factors of 2.

21/3 ⋅ 21/3 ⋅ 21/3 = 21/3+1/3+1/3 = 23/3 = 21 = 2

Therefore, 21/3 is a cube root of 2, and we can write

3 ⎯⎯
21/3 = √ 2

This is true in general, given any nonzero real number a and integer n ≥ 2,

n ⎯⎯
a1/n = √ a

1239
Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

In other words, the denominator of a fractional exponent determines the index of

an nth root.

Example 1

Rewrite as a radical.

a. 61/2
b. 61/3

Solution:

⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
a. 61/2 = √6 = √6
2

3 ⎯⎯
b. 61/3 =√ 6

Example 2

Rewrite as a radical and then simplify.

a. 161/2
b. 161/4

Solution:

⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
a. 161/2 = √16 = √42 = 4
4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
b. 161/4 =√ 16 = √24 = 2

5.5 Rational Exponents 1240

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 3

Rewrite as a radical and then simplify.

a. (64x 3 )
1/3

b. (−32x 5 y 10 )
1/5

Solution:

a.

(64x )
3 1/3 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
= √64x 3
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
= √43 x 3
= 4x

b.

(−32x y )
5 10 1/5 5 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯
=√ −32x 5 y 10

=√ (−2)5 x 5 (y 2 )
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯5⎯
5

= −2xy 2

Next, consider fractional exponents where the numerator is an integer other than
1. For example, consider the following:

52/3 ⋅ 52/3 ⋅ 52/3 = 52/3+2/3+2/3 = 56/3 = 52

This shows that 52/3 is one of three equal factors of 52 . In other words, 52/3 is a
cube root of 52 and we can write:

5.5 Rational Exponents 1241

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
52/3 = √52

In general, given any nonzero real number a where m and n are positive integers
(n ≥ 2),

n ⎯⎯⎯⎯
am/n = √ am

An expression with a rational exponent20 is equivalent to a radical where the

denominator is the index and the numerator is the exponent. Any radical
expression can be written with a rational exponent, which we call exponential
form21.

Radical f orm Exponential f orm

5 ⎯⎯⎯2⎯
√ x = x 2/5

Example 4

Rewrite as a radical.

a. 62/5
b. 33/4

20. The fractional exponent m/n Solution:

that indicates a radical with
index n and exponent m:
n ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
am/n = √ am . a. 62/5 = √62 = √36
5 5

4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
21. An equivalent expression b. 33/4 = √33 = √ 27
written using a rational
exponent.

5.5 Rational Exponents 1242

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 5

Rewrite as a radical and then simplify.

a. 272/3
b. (12)5/3

Solution:

We can often avoid very large integers by working with their prime
factorization.

a.

3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
272/3 = √272
=√ (3 ) Replace 27 with 3 .
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯2⎯
3 3 3

3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
= √36 Simplif y.
= 32
=9

b.

(12)5/3 = √
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3
(12)5 Replace 12 with 22 ⋅ 3.

=√ (2 ⋅ 3)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯5⎯
2
3
Apply the rules f or exponents.
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
= √210 ⋅ 35 Simplif y.
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯
= √29 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 33 ⋅ 32
3

3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
= 23 ⋅ 3 ⋅ √2 ⋅ 32
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
= 24 √ 18

5.5 Rational Exponents 1243

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Given a radical expression, we might want to find the equivalent in exponential

form. Assume all variables are positive.

Example 6
⎯⎯⎯⎯
Rewrite using rational exponents: √x 3 .
5

Solution:

Here the index is 5 and the power is 3. We can write

5 ⎯⎯⎯3⎯
√ x = x 3/5

Answer: x 3/5

5.5 Rational Exponents 1244

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 7
⎯⎯⎯⎯
Rewrite using rational exponents: √
6
y3 .

Solution:

Here the index is 6 and the power is 3. We can write

√y = y
⎯⎯⎯⎯
63 3/6

= y 1/2

Answer: y 1/2

It is important to note that the following are equivalent.

am = (√
n ⎯⎯⎯
a)
⎯ n ⎯⎯
m
am/n = √

In other words, it does not matter if we apply the power first or the root first. For
example, we can apply the power before the nth root:

272/3 = √272 = √ (3 ) = √3 = 3 = 9
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯2⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯6⎯
3 3 2

Or we can apply the nth root before the power:

5.5 Rational Exponents 1245

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

272/3 = (√ 27) = (√33 ) = (3)2 = 9

3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 2

The results are the same.

Example 8

Rewrite as a radical and then simplify: (−8)2/3 .

Solution:

Here the index is 3 and the power is 2. We can write

(−8)2/3 = (√ −8) = (−2)2 = 4

3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2

Answer: 4

Try this! Rewrite as a radical and then simplify: 1003/2 .

Answer: 1,000

(click to see video)

Some calculators have a caret button ˆ which is used for entering exponents.
If so, we can calculate approximations for radicals using it and rational exponents.

5.5 Rational Exponents 1246

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

⎯⎯
For example, to calculate √2 = 21/2 = 2 ^ (1/2) ≈ 1.414, we make use of the
parenthesis buttons and type

2 ˆ ( 1 ÷ 2 ) =

3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
To calculate √22 = 22/3 = 2 ^ (2/3) ≈ 1.587, we would type

2 ˆ ( 2 ÷ 3 ) =

Operations Using the Rules of Exponents

In this section, we review all of the rules of exponents, which extend to include
rational exponents. If given any rational numbers m and n, then we have

Product rule for exponents: x m ⋅ x n = x m+n

m
Quotient rule for exponents: x n = x m−n , x ≠ 0
x

Power rule for exponents: (x m )n = x m⋅n

(xy) = x y
n n n
Power rule for a product:

5.5 Rational Exponents 1247

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

(y ) =
n
x xn
Power rule for a quotient: yn ,y≠0

1
Negative exponents: x −n = xn

Zero exponent: x 0 = 1, x ≠ 0

These rules allow us to perform operations with rational exponents.

Example 9

Simplify: 71/3 ⋅ 74/9 .

Solution:

71/3 ⋅ 74/9 = 71/3+4/9 Apply the product rule x m ⋅ x n = x m+n .

= 73/9+4/9
= 77/9

Answer: 77/9

5.5 Rational Exponents 1248

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 10
3/2
Simplify: x 2/3 .
x

Solution:

x 3/2 3/2−2/3 xm
= x Apply the quotient rule = x m−n .
x 2/3 xn
= x 9/6−4/6
= x 5/6

Answer: x 5/6

Example 11

Simplify: (y 3/4 )
2/3
.

Solution:

(y ) = y Apply the power rule (x m ) = x m⋅n .

3/4 2/3
(3/4)(2/3) n

= y 6/12 Multiply the exponents and reduce.

= y 1/2

Answer: y 1/2

5.5 Rational Exponents 1249

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 12

Simplify: (81a8 b12 )

3/4
.

Solution:

(81a b ) = (3 a b )
8 12 3/4
4 8 12 3/4
Rewrite 81 as 34 .

= (34 ) (a8 ) (b12 ) Apply the power rule f or a product (xy) = x

3/4 3/4 3/4 n

= 34(3/4) a8(3/4) b12(3/4) Apply the power rule to each f actor.

= 33 a6 b9 Simplif y.
= 27a6 b9

Answer: 27a6 b9

5.5 Rational Exponents 1250

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 13

Simplify: (9x 4 )
−3/2
.

Solution:

(9x )
4 −3/2 1 1
(9x 4 )
= Apply the def inition of negative exponents x −n = .
3/2 xn
1

(3 x 4 )
= 3/2
Write 9 as 32 and apply the rules of exponents.
2

1
=
32(3/2) x 4(3/2)
1
=
33 ⋅ x 6
1
=
27x 6

1
Answer:
27x 6

(125a b )
1/4 6 2/3

Try this! Simplify: .

a1/6

Answer: 25b4

(click to see video)

5.5 Rational Exponents 1251

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Radical Expressions with Different Indices

To apply the product or quotient rule for radicals, the indices of the radicals
involved must be the same. If the indices are different, then first rewrite the
radicals in exponential form and then apply the rules for exponents.

Example 14
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
Multiply: √2 ⋅ √2.
3

Solution:

In this example, the index of each radical factor is different. Hence the product
rule for radicals does not apply. Begin by converting the radicals into an
equivalent form using rational exponents. Then apply the product rule for
exponents.

⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯ 1/2 1/3
√2 ⋅ √2 = 2 ⋅ 2 Equivalents using rational exponents
= 21/2+1/3 Apply the product rule f or exponents.
5/6
=2
6 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
= √25

⎯⎯⎯⎯
Answer: √25
6

5.5 Rational Exponents 1252

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 15

3
√ 4
Divide: 5
.
√ 2

Solution:

In this example, the index of the radical in the numerator is different from the
index of the radical in the denominator. Hence the quotient rule for radicals
does not apply. Begin by converting the radicals into an equivalent form using
rational exponents and then apply the quotient rule for exponents.

3 ⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯2⎯
√ 4 √ 2
⎯⎯ = 5 ⎯⎯
√
5
2 √ 2
22/3
= Equivalents using rational exponents
21/5
= 22/3−1/5 Apply the quotient rule f or exponents.
= 27/15
15 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
= √27

⎯⎯⎯⎯
Answer: √27
15

5.5 Rational Exponents 1253

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 16

Simplify: √ √4 .
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3

Solution:

Here the radicand of the square root is a cube root. After rewriting this
expression using rational exponents, we will see that the power rule for
exponents applies.

√ √4 = √ 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3 ⎯⎯⎯2⎯
⎯
3 ⎯⎯
√

= (22/3 )
1/2
Equivalents using rational exponents
= 2(2/3)(1/2) Apply the power rule f or exponents.
= 21/3
3 ⎯⎯
=√ 2

⎯⎯
Answer: √2
3

KEY TAKEAWAYS

• Any radical expression can be written in exponential form:

n ⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ am = am/n .
• Fractional exponents indicate radicals. Use the numerator as the power
and the denominator as the index of the radical.
• All the rules of exponents apply to expressions with rational exponents.
• If operations are to be applied to radicals with different indices, first
rewrite the radicals in exponential form and then apply the rules for
exponents.

5.5 Rational Exponents 1254

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

TOPIC EXERCISES

PART A: RATIONAL EXPONENTS

Express using rational exponents.

⎯⎯⎯⎯
1. √ 10
⎯⎯
2. √6
3 ⎯⎯
3. √ 3
4 ⎯⎯
4. √ 5
3 ⎯⎯⎯2⎯
5. √ 5
4 ⎯⎯⎯3⎯
6. √ 2
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
7. √ 49
3 ⎯⎯
8. √ 9
5 ⎯⎯
9. √ x
6 ⎯⎯
10. √ x
6 ⎯⎯⎯7⎯
11. √ x
5 ⎯⎯⎯4⎯
12. √ x
1
13.
⎯⎯
√x
1
3 ⎯⎯⎯2⎯
14.
√ x
Express in radical form.

15. 10 1/2
16. 11 1/3

5.5 Rational Exponents 1255

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

17. 7 2/3
18. 2 3/5
19. x 3/4
20. x 5/6
21. x −1/2
22. x −3/4

(x )
−1/3
1
23.

(x )
−3/5
1
24.

25. (2x + 1) 2/3

(5x − 1)
1/2
26.

Write as a radical and then simplify.

27. 64 1/2
28. 49 1/2

(4)
1/2
1
29.

(9)
1/2
4
30.

31. 4 −1/2
32. 9 −1/2

(4)
−1/2
1
33.

( 16 )
−1/2
1
34.

35. 8 1/3

5.5 Rational Exponents 1256

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

36. 125 1/3

( 27 )
1/3
1
37.

( 125 )
1/3
8
38.

39. (−27) 1/3

(−64)
1/3
40.

41. 16 1/4
42. 625 1/4
43. 81 −1/4
44. 16 −1/4
45. 100, 000 1/5
46. (−32) 1/5

( 32 )
1/5
1
47.

( 243 )
1/5
1
48.

49. 9 3/2
50. 4 3/2
51. 8 5/3
52. 27 2/3
53. 16 3/2
54. 32 2/5

( 16 )
3/4
1
55.

5.5 Rational Exponents 1257

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

( 81 )
3/4
1
56.

57. (−27) 2/3

58. (−27) 4/3
59. (−32) 3/5
60. (−32) 4/5

Use a calculator to approximate an answer rounded to the nearest

hundredth.

61. 2 1/2
62. 2 1/3
63. 2 3/4
64. 3 2/3
65. 5 1/5
66. 7 1/7
67. (−9) 3/2
68. −9 3/2
69. Explain why (−4)^(3/2) gives an error on a calculator and −4^(3/2) gives an
answer of −8.

70. Marcy received a text message from Mark asking her age. In response, Marcy
texted back “125^(2/3) years old.” Help Mark determine Marcy’s age.

PART B: OPERATIONS USING THE RULES OF EXPONENTS

Perform the operations and simplify. Leave answers in exponential

form.

71. 5 3/2 ⋅ 5 1/2

72. 3 2/3 ⋅ 3 7/3

5.5 Rational Exponents 1258

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

73. 5 1/2 ⋅ 5 1/3

74. 2 1/6 ⋅ 2 3/4
75. y 1/4 ⋅ y 2/5
76. x 1/2 ⋅ x 1/4
5 11/3
77.
5 2/3
2 9/2
78.
2 1/2
2a2/3
79.
a1/6
3b 1/2
80.

(8 )
b 1/3
1/2 2/3

(3 )
81.
6 2/3

(x )
82.
2/3 1/2

(y )
83.
3/4 4/5

(y )
84.
8 −1/2

(y )
85.
6 −2/3

(4x y )
86.
2 4 1/2

(9x y )
87.
6 2 1/2

(2x )
88.
1/3 2/3 3
y
(8x )
89.
3/2 1/2 2
y
(36x y )
90.
4 2 −1/2

(8x y z )
91.
3 6 −3 −1/3
92.
4/3

( a1/2 )
a3/4
93.

10/3
b 4/5
( b 1/10 )
94.

5.5 Rational Exponents 1259

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

1/2

( y4 )
4x 2/3
95.

1/3

( y9 )
27x 3/4
96.

y 1/2 y 2/3
97.
y 1/6
x 2/5 x 1/2
98.
x 1/10
xy
99.
x 1/2 y 1/3
x 5/4 y
100.
xy 2/5
49a5/7 b 3/2
101.
7a3/7 b 1/4
16a5/6 b 5/4
102.

(9x y )
8a1/2 b 2/3
2/3 6 3/2
103.
x 1/2 y
(125x y )
3 3/5 2/3
104.

(27a b )
xy 1/3
1/4 3/2 2/3
105.

(25a b )
a1/6 b 1/2
2/3 4/3 3/2
106.
a1/6 b 1/3
(16x y z )
2 −1/3 2/3 −3/2
107.

(81x y z )
8 −4/3 −4 −3/4
108.

(100a )
−2/3 4 −3/2 −1/2
109. b c

(125a b c )
9 −3/4 −1 −1/3
110.

5.5 Rational Exponents 1260

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

PART C: RADICAL EXPRESSIONS WITH DIFFERENT

INDICES

Perform the operations.

3 ⎯⎯ 5 ⎯⎯
111. √ 9⋅√ 3
⎯⎯ 5 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
112. √5 ⋅ √ 25
⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯
113. √x ⋅ √ x
⎯⎯ 4 ⎯⎯
114. √y ⋅ √ y
3 ⎯⎯⎯2⎯ 4 ⎯⎯
115. √ x ⋅√ x
5 ⎯⎯⎯3⎯ 3 ⎯⎯
116. √ x ⋅√ x
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 100
117.
⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 10
5 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 16
3 ⎯⎯
118.
√ 4
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ a2
119.
⎯⎯
√a
5 ⎯⎯⎯4⎯
√ b
3 ⎯⎯
120.
√ b
3 ⎯⎯⎯2⎯
√x
5 ⎯⎯⎯3⎯
121.
√ x
4 ⎯⎯⎯3⎯
√x
3 ⎯⎯⎯2⎯
122.
√ x

√ √ 16
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
5 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
123.

√ √9
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3
124.

5.5 Rational Exponents 1261

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

√ √2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3 5
125.

√ √5
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3 5
126.

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ √7
3 ⎯⎯
127.

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ √3
3 ⎯⎯
128.

PART D: DISCUSSION BOARD

129. Who is credited for devising the notation that allows for rational exponents?
What are some of his other accomplishments?

130. When using text, it is best to communicate nth roots using rational exponents.
Give an example.

5.5 Rational Exponents 1262

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

ANSWERS

1. 10 1/2
3. 3 1/3
5. 5 2/3
7. 7 2/3
9. x 1/5
11. x 7/6
13. x −1/2
⎯⎯⎯⎯
15. √ 10
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
17. √ 49
4 ⎯⎯⎯3⎯
19. √ x
1
21.
⎯⎯
√x
3 ⎯⎯
23. √ x
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯2⎯
25. √ (2x + 1)
27. 8
1
29.
2
1
31.
2
33. 2

35. 2
1
37.
3

39. −3

41. 2

5.5 Rational Exponents 1263

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

1
43.
3

45. 10
1
47.
2
49. 27

51. 32

53. 64
1
55.
8

57. 9

59. −8

61. 1.41

63. 1.68

65. 1.38

67. Not a real number

69. Answer may vary

71. 25

73. 5 5/6
75. y 13/20
77. 125

79. 2a1/2
81. 2

83. x 1/3
1
85.
y4
87. 2xy 2
89. 8xy 2

5.5 Rational Exponents 1264

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

1
91.
6x 2 y
93. a1/3
2x 1/3
95.
y2
97. y
99. x 1/2 y 2/3
101. 7a2/7 b 5/4
103. 27x 1/2 y 8
105. 9b 1/2
y 1/2
107.
64x 3 z
a1/3 b 3/4
109.
10b 2
15 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯
111. √ 3 13
6 ⎯⎯⎯5⎯
113. √ x
12 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯
115. √ x 11
6 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
117. √ 10
6 ⎯⎯
119. √ a
15 ⎯⎯
121. √ x
5 ⎯⎯
123. √ 4
15 ⎯⎯
125. √ 2
6 ⎯⎯
127. √ 7
129. Answer may vary

5.5 Rational Exponents 1265

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

5.6 Solving Radical Equations

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Solve equations involving square roots.

2. Solve equations involving cube roots.

Radical Equations

A radical equation22 is any equation that contains one or more radicals with a
variable in the radicand. Following are some examples of radical equations, all of
which will be solved in this section:

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯

√2x − 1 = 3 √ 4x 2 + 7 − 2 = 0 √x + 2 − √x = 1

We begin with the squaring property of equality23; given real numbers a and b, we
have the following:

If a = b, then a2 = b2 .

In other words, equality is retained if we square both sides of an equation.

−3 = −3 ⇒ (−3)2 = (−3)2
22. Any equation that contains one 9=9 ✓
or more radicals with a
variable in the radicand.

23. Given real numbers a and b,

The converse, on the other hand, is not necessarily true,
where a = b, then a2 = b2 .

1266
Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

9=9
(−3)2 = (3)2 ⇒ −3≠ 3 ✗

This is important because we will use this property to solve radical equations.
Consider a very simple radical equation that can be solved by inspection,

⎯⎯
√x = 5

make use of the squaring property of equality and the fact that (√a) = √a2 = a
Here we can see that x = 25 is a solution. To solve this equation algebraically,
⎯⎯ 2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯

when a is nonnegative. Eliminate the square root by squaring both sides of the
equation as follows:

(√x ) = (5)
⎯⎯ 2 2

x = 25

⎯⎯⎯⎯
As a check, we can see that √25 = 5 as expected. Because the converse of the
squaring property of equality is not necessarily true, solutions to the squared
equation may not be solutions to the original. Hence squaring both sides of an
equation introduces the possibility of extraneous solutions24, which are solutions
that do not solve the original equation. For example,

⎯⎯
√x = −5

24. A properly found solution that This equation clearly does not have a real number solution. However, squaring both
does not solve the original
equation. sides gives us a solution:

5.6 Solving Radical Equations 1267

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

(√x ) = (−5)
⎯⎯ 2 2

x = 25

⎯⎯⎯⎯
As a check, we can see that √25 ≠ −5. For this reason, we must check the answers
that result from squaring both sides of an equation.

5.6 Solving Radical Equations 1268

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
Solve: √3x + 1 = 4.

Solution:

We can eliminate the square root by applying the squaring property of equality.

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√3x + 1 = 4

(√3x + 1 ) = (4) Square both sides.

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2 2

3x + 1 = 16 Solve.
3x = 15
x=5

Next, we must check.

√3 (5) + 1= 4
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√15 + 1 = 4
⎯⎯⎯⎯
√16 = 4
4=4 ✓

Answer: The solution is 5.

There is a geometric interpretation to the previous example. Graph the function

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
defined by f (x) = √3x + 1 and determine where it intersects the graph defined
by g (x) = 4.

5.6 Solving Radical Equations 1269

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

As illustrated, f (x) = g (x) where x = 5.

5.6 Solving Radical Equations 1270

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
Solve: √x − 3 = x − 5.

Solution:

Begin by squaring both sides of the equation.

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√x − 3 = x − 5

( x − 3 ) = (x − 5)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2 2
√ Square both sides.

x − 3 = x 2 − 10x + 25

The resulting quadratic equation can be solved by factoring.

x − 3 = x 2 − 10x + 25
0 = x 2 − 11x + 28
0 = (x − 4) (x − 7)

x − 4=0 or x − 7 = 0
x=4 x=7

Checking the solutions after squaring both sides of an equation is not optional.
Use the original equation when performing the check.

5.6 Solving Radical Equations 1271

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Check x = 4 Check x = 7

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√x − 3 = x − 5 √x − 3 = x − 5
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√4 − 3 = 4 − 5 √7 − 3 = 7 − 5
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
√1 = −1 √4 = 2
1 = −1 ✗ 2 = 2 ✓

After checking, you can see that x = 4 is an extraneous solution; it does not
solve the original radical equation. Disregard that answer. This leaves x = 7 as
the only solution.

Answer: The solution is 7.

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
Geometrically we can see that f (x) = √x + 3 is equal to g (x) = x − 5 where
x = 7.

In the previous two examples, notice that the radical is isolated on one side of the
equation. Typically, this is not the case. The steps for solving radical equations
involving square roots are outlined in the following example.

5.6 Solving Radical Equations 1272

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
Solve: √2x − 1 + 2 = x.

Solution:

Step 1: Isolate the square root. Begin by subtracting 2 from both sides of the
equation.

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√2x − 1 + 2 = x
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√2x − 1 = x − 2

Step 2: Square both sides. Squaring both sides eliminates the square root.

( 2x − 1 ) = (x − 2)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2 2
√

2x − 1 = x 2 − 4x + 4

Step 3: Solve the resulting equation. Here we are left with a quadratic equation
that can be solved by factoring.

5.6 Solving Radical Equations 1273

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

2x − 1 = x 2 − 4x + 4
0 = x 2 − 6x + 5
0 = (x − 1) (x − 5)

x − 1=0 or x − 5=0
x=1 x=5

Step 4: Check the solutions in the original equation. Squaring both sides
introduces the possibility of extraneous solutions; hence the check is required.

Check x = 1 Check x = 5

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√2x − 1 + 2 = x √2x − 1 + 2 = x

√2 (5) − 1 + 2 = 5
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√2 (1) − 1 + 2 = 1
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
√1 + 2 = 1 √9 + 2 = 5
1+2 = 1 3+2 = 5
3 = 1 ✗ 5 = 5 ✓

After checking, we can see that x = 1 is an extraneous solution; it does not

solve the original radical equation. This leaves x = 5 as the only solution.

Answer: The solution is 5.

Sometimes there is more than one solution to a radical equation.

5.6 Solving Radical Equations 1274

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 4
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
Solve: 2√2x + 5 − x = 4.

Solution:

Begin by isolating the term with the radical.

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2√2x + 5 − x = 4 Add x to both sides.
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2√2x + 5 = x + 4

Despite the fact that the term on the left side has a coefficient, we still consider
it to be isolated. Recall that terms are separated by addition or subtraction
operators.

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2√2x + 5 = x + 4

(2√2x + 5 ) = (x + 4)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2 2
Square both sides.
4 (2x + 5) = x 2 + 8x + 16

Solve the resulting quadratic equation.

5.6 Solving Radical Equations 1275

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

4 (2x + 5) = x 2 + 8x + 16
8x + 20 = x 2 + 8x + 16
0=x2 − 4
0 = (x + 2) (x − 2)

x + 2=0 or x − 2 = 0
x = −2 x=2

Since we squared both sides, we must check our solutions.

Check x = −2 Check x = 2

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2√2x + 5 − x = 4 2√2x + 5 − x = 4
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2√2 (−2) + 5 − (−2) = 4 2√2 (2) + 5 − (2) = 4
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2√−4 + 5 + 2 = 4 2√4 + 5 − 2 = 4
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
2√1 + 2 = 4 2√9 − 2 = 4
2+2 = 4 6−2 = 4
4 = 4 ✓ 4 = 4 ✓

After checking, we can see that both are solutions to the original equation.

Answer: The solutions are ±2.

Sometimes both of the possible solutions are extraneous.

5.6 Solving Radical Equations 1276

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 5
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
Solve: √4 − 11x − x + 2 = 0.

Solution:

Begin by isolating the radical.

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√4 − 11x − x + 2 = 0 Isolate the radical.
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√4 − 11x = x − 2

( 4 − 11x ) = (x − 2)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2 2
√ Square both sides.

4 − 11x = x 2 − 4x + 4 Solve.
0 = x 2 + 7x
0 = x (x + 7)

x = 0 or x + 7 = 0
x = −7

Since we squared both sides, we must check our solutions.

5.6 Solving Radical Equations 1277

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Check x = 0 Check x = −7

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ √4 − 11x − x + 2 = 0
√4 − 11x − x + 2 = 0 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ √4 − 11 (−7) − (−7) + 2 = 0
√4 − 11 (0) − 0 + 2 = 0 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯ √4 + 77 + 7 + 2 = 0
√4 + 2 = 0 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
√81 + 9 = 0
2+2 = 0
9+9 = 0
4 = 0 ✗
18 = 0

Since both possible solutions are extraneous, the equation has no solution.

Answer: No solution, Ø

The squaring property of equality extends to any positive integer power n. Given
real numbers a and b, we have the following:

If a = b, then an = bn .

along with the fact that (√ a) = √

This is often referred to as the power property of equality25. Use this property,
⎯⎯ n ⎯⎯⎯⎯
n
a = a, when a is nonnegative, to solve
n n

radical equations with indices greater than 2.

25. Given any positive integer n

and real numbers a and b
n
where a = b, then an = b .

5.6 Solving Radical Equations 1278

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 6
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
Solve: √4x 2 + 7 − 2 = 0.
3

Solution:

Isolate the radical, and then cube both sides of the equation.

3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 4x 2 + 7 − 2 = 0 Isolate the radical.
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 4x 2 + 7 = 2

( ) = (2)
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 ⎯ 3 3
√ 4x + 7 Cube both sides.

4x 2 + 7 = 8 Solve.
4x 2 − 1 = 0
(2x + 1) (2x − 1) = 0

2x + 1 = 0 or 2x − 1 = 0
2x = −1 2x = 1
1 1
x=− x=
2 2

Check.

5.6 Solving Radical Equations 1279

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

1 1
Check x = − 2
Check x = 2

3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯
√ 4x 2 + 7 − 2 = 0 √ 4x 2 + 7 − 2 = 0

√4(− 2 ) + 7 − 2 √4( 2 ) + 7 − 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯
1 2 1 2
3
= 0 3
= 0

√ 4 √ 4
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1
⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1
⎯
3
4 ⋅ + 7 −2 = 0 3
4 ⋅ + 7 −2 = 0
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 1+7−2 = 0 √ 1+7−2 = 0
3 ⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯
√ 8−2 = 0 √ 8−2 = 0
2−2 = 0 2−2 = 0
0 = 0 ✓ 0 = 0 ✓

Answer: The solutions are ± 12.

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
Try this! x − 3√3x + 1 = 3

Answer: The solution is 33.

(click to see video)

It may be the case that the equation has more than one term that consists of radical
expressions.

5.6 Solving Radical Equations 1280

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 7
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
Solve: √5x − 3 = √4x − 1 .

Solution:

Both radicals are considered isolated on separate sides of the equation.

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√5x − 3 = √4x − 1

( ) ( 4x − 1 ) Square both sides.

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2
√5x − 3 = √
5x − 3 = 4x − 1 Solve.
x=2

Check x = 2.

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√5x − 3 = √4x − 1

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√5 (2) − 3 = √4 (2) − 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√10 − 3 = √8 − 1
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
√7 = √7 ✓

Answer: The solution is 2.

5.6 Solving Radical Equations 1281

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 8
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
Solve: √x 2 + x − 14 = √x + 50 .
3 3

Solution:

Eliminate the radicals by cubing both sides.

3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ x 2 + x − 14 = √ x + 50

( ) ( x + 50 )
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 ⎯ 3 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3
√ x + x − 14 = √ Cube both sides.

x 2 + x − 14 = x + 50 Solve.
x 2 − 64 = 0
(x + 8) (x − 8) = 0

x + 8=0 or x − 8=0
x = −8 x=8

Check.

5.6 Solving Radical Equations 1282

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Check x = −8 Check x = 8

3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯

√ x 2 + x − 14 = √ x + 50 √ x 2 + x − 14 = √
3

3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯

√ (−8)2 + (−8) − 14 = √ (−8) + 50 √(8)2 + (8) − 14 = √
3

3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯

√ 64 − 8 − 14 = √ 42 √ 64 + 8 − 14 = √
3

3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯

√ 42 = √
3
42 ✓ √ 58 = √
3

Answer: The solutions are ±8.

It may not be possible to isolate a radical on both sides of the equation. When this is
the case, isolate the radicals, one at a time, and apply the squaring property of
equality multiple times until only a polynomial remains.

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Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 9
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
Solve: √x + 2 − √x = 1

Solution:

⎯⎯
Begin by isolating one of the radicals. In this case, add √x to both sides of the
equation.

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
√x + 2 − √x = 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
√x + 2 = √x + 1

Next, square both sides. Take care to apply the distributive property to the
right side.

(√x + 2 ) = (√x + 1)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯2 2

x + 2 = (√x + 1) (√x + 1)
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
x + 2 = √x 2 + √x + √x + 1
⎯⎯
x + 2 = x + 2√x + 1

At this point we have one term that contains a radical. Isolate it and square
both sides again.

5.6 Solving Radical Equations 1284

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

⎯⎯
x + 2 = x + 2√x + 1
⎯⎯
1 = 2√x

(1)2 = (2√x )
⎯⎯ 2

1 = 4x
1
=x
4

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
Check to see if x = 14 satisfies the original equation √x + 2 − √x = 1.

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
√4 √4
1 1
+ 2− =1
⎯⎯⎯⎯
√4
9 1
− =1
2
3 1
− =1
2 2
2
=1
2
1=1 ✓

Answer: The solution is 14 .

Note: Because (A + B) 2 ≠ A 2 + B 2 , we cannot simply square each term. For

example, it is incorrect to square each term as follows.

(√x + 2 ) − (√x ) = (1)

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2 2 2

Incorrect!

5.6 Solving Radical Equations 1285

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

This is a common mistake and leads to an incorrect result. When squaring both
sides of an equation with multiple terms, we must take care to apply the
distributive property.

5.6 Solving Radical Equations 1286

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 10
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
Solve: √2x + 10 − √x + 6 = 1

Solution:

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
Begin by isolating one of the radicals. In this case, add √x + 6 to both sides of
the equation.

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√2x + 10 − √x + 6 = 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√2x + 10 = √x + 6 + 1

Next, square both sides. Take care to apply the distributive property to the
right side.

(√2x + 10 ) = (√x + 6 + 1)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2x + 10 = x + 6 + 2√x + 6 + 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2x + 10 = x + 7 + 2√x + 6

At this point we have one term that contains a radical. Isolate it and square
both sides again.

5.6 Solving Radical Equations 1287

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2x + 10 = x + 7 + 2√x + 6
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
x + 3 = 2√x + 6
(x + 3)2 = (2√x + 6 )
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2

x 2 + 6x + 9 = 4 (x + 6)
x 2 + 6x + 9 = 4x + 24
x 2 + 2x − 15 = 0
(x − 3) (x + 5) = 0

x − 3=0 or x + 5=0
x=3 x = −5

Check.

Check x = 3 Check x = −5

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯

√2x + 10 − √x + 6 = 1 √2x + 10 − √x + 6 =

√ ( )
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√2 (3) + 10 − √3 + 6 = 1 2 −5 + 10 − √ −5 + 6 =
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
√16 − √9 = 1 √0 − √1 =
4−3 = 1 0−1 =
1 = 1 ✓ −1 =

Answer: The solution is 3.

5.6 Solving Radical Equations 1288

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
Try this! Solve: √4x + 21 − √2x + 22 = 1

Answer: The solution is 7.

(click to see video)

KEY TAKEAWAYS

• Solve equations involving square roots by first isolating the radical and
then squaring both sides. Squaring a square root eliminates the radical,
leaving us with an equation that can be solved using the techniques
learned earlier in our study of algebra.
• Squaring both sides of an equation introduces the possibility of
extraneous solutions. For this reason, you must check your solutions in
the original equation.
• Solve equations involving nth roots by first isolating the radical and
then raise both sides to the nth power. This eliminates the radical and
results in an equation that may be solved with techniques you have
already mastered.
• When more than one radical term is present in an equation, isolate them
one at a time, and apply the power property of equality multiple times
until only a polynomial remains.

5.6 Solving Radical Equations 1289

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

TOPIC EXERCISES

PART A: SOLVING RADICAL EQUATIONS

Solve
⎯⎯
1. √x = 7
⎯⎯
2. √x = 4
⎯⎯
3. √x + 8 = 9
⎯⎯
4. √x − 4 = 5
⎯⎯
5. √x + 7 = 4
⎯⎯
6. √x + 3 = 1
⎯⎯
7. 5√ x − 1 = 0
⎯⎯
8. 3√ x − 2 = 0
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
9. √ 3x + 1 = 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
10. √ 5x − 4 = 4
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
11. √ 7x + 4 + 6 = 11
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
12. √ 3x − 5 + 9 = 14
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
13. 2√ x − 1 − 3 = 0
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
14. 3√ x + 1 − 2 = 0
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
15. √x + 1 = √x + 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
16. √ 2x − 1 = √ 2x − 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
17. √ 4x − 1 = 2√ x − 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
18. √ 4x − 11 = 2√ x − 1

5.6 Solving Radical Equations 1290

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
19. √x + 8 = √x − 4
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
20. √ 25x − 1 = 5√ x + 1
3 ⎯⎯
21. √ x =3
3 ⎯⎯
22. √ x = −4
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
23. √ 2x + 9 = 3
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
24. √ 4x − 11 = 1
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
25. √ 5x + 7 + 3 = 1
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
26. √ 3x − 6 + 5 = 2
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
27. 4 − 2√ x+2 =0
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
28. 6 − 3√ 2x − 3 = 0
5 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
29. √ 3 (x + 10) = 2
5 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
30. √ 4x + 3 + 5 = 4
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
31. √ 8x + 11 = 3√ x + 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
32. 2√ 3x − 4 = √ 2 (3x + 1)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
33. √ 2 (x + 10) = √ 7x − 15
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
34. √ 5 (x − 4) = √ x + 4
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
35. √ 5x − 2 = √ 4x
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
36. √ 9 (x − 1) = √ 3 (x + 7)
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
37. √ 3x + 1 = √ 2(x − 1)
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
38. √ 9x = √ 3(x − 6)
5 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 5 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
39. √ 3x − 5 = √ 2x + 8
5 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 5 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
40. √ x+3 =√ 2x + 5

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Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
41. √ 4x + 21 = x
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
42. √ 8x + 9 = x
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
43. √ 4 (2x − 3) = x
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
44. √ 3 (4x − 9) = x
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
45. 2√ x − 1 = x
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
46. 3√ 2x − 9 = x
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
47. √ 9x + 9 = x + 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
48. √ 3x + 10 = x + 4
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
49. √x − 1 = x − 3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
50. √ 2x − 5 = x − 4
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
51. √ 16 − 3x = x − 6
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
52. √ 7 − 3x = x − 3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
53. 3√ 2x + 10 = x + 9
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
54. 2√ 2x + 5 = x + 4
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
55. 3√ x − 1 − 1 = x
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
56. 2√ 2x + 2 − 1 = x
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
57. √ 10x + 41 − 5 = x
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
58. √ 6 (x + 3) − 3 = x
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
59. √ 8x 2 − 4x + 1 = 2x
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
60. √ 18x 2 − 6x + 1 = 3x
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
61. 5√ x + 2 = x + 8
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
62. 4√ 2 (x + 1) = x + 7

5.6 Solving Radical Equations 1292

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
63. √ x 2 − 25 = x
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
64. √x 2 + 9 = x
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
65. 3 + √ 6x − 11 = x
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
66. 2 + √ 9x − 8 = x
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
67. √ 4x + 25 − x = 7
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
68. √ 8x + 73 − x = 10
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
69. 2√ 4x + 3 − 3 = 2x
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
70. 2√ 6x + 3 − 3 = 3x
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
71. 2x − 4 = √ 14 − 10x
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
72. 3x − 6 = √ 33 − 24x
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯
73. √ x 2 − 24 = 1
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯
74. √ x 2 − 54 = 3
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯
75. √ x 2 + 6x + 1 = 4
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯
76. √ x 2 + 2x + 5 = 7
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯
77. √ 25x 2 − 10x − 7 = −2
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯
78. √ 9x 2 − 12x − 23 = −3
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯
79. √ 4x 2 − 1 − 2 = 0
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
80. 4√ x 2 − 1 = 0
5 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
81. √ x (2x + 1) − 1 = 0
5 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯
82. √ 3x 2 − 20x − 2 = 0

√ 2x − 15x + 25 = √(x + 5) (x − 5)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
83. 2

5.6 Solving Radical Equations 1293

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

√ x 2 − 4x + 4 = √x (5 − x)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
84.

√ ( )
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯2⎯
85. 3
2 x 2 + 3x − 20 = √ (x + 3)

√ 3x + 3x + 40 = √(x − 5)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯2⎯
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2
⎯ 3
86.

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
87. √ 2x − 5 + √ 2x = 5
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
88. √ 4x + 13 − 2√ x = 3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
89. √ 8x + 17 − 2√ 2 − x = 3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
90. √ 3x − 6 − √ 2x − 3 = 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
91. √ 2 (x − 2) − √ x − 1 = 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
92. √ 2x + 5 − √ x + 3 = 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
93. √ 2 (x + 1) − √ 3x + 4 − 1 = 0
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
94. √ 6 − 5x + √ 3 − 3x − 1 = 0
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
95. √ x − 2 − 1 = √ 2 (x − 3)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
96. √ 14 − 11x + √ 7 − 9x = 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
97. √x + 1 = √3 − √2 − x
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
98. √ 2x + 9 − √ x + 1 = 2
99. x 1/2 − 10 = 0
100. x 1/2 − 6 = 0
101. x 1/3 + 2 = 0
102. x 1/3 + 4 = 0
103. (x − 1) 1/2 − 3 = 0
104. (x + 2) 1/2 − 6 = 0

5.6 Solving Radical Equations 1294

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

105. (2x − 1) 1/3 + 3 = 0

106. (3x − 1) 1/3 − 2 = 0

(4x + 15)
1/2
107. − 2x = 0
108. (3x + 2) 1/2 − 3x = 0
109. (2x + 12) 1/2 − x = 6

(4x + 36)
1/2
110. −x=9

2(5x + 26)
1/2
111. = x + 10
112. 3(x − 1) 1/2 = x + 1
113. x 1/2 + (3x − 2) 1/2 = 2

(6x + 1)
1/2
114. − (3x) 1/2 = 1
115. (3x + 7) 1/2 + (x + 3) 1/2 − 2 = 0
116. (3x) 1/2 + (x + 1) 1/2 − 5 = 0

Determine the roots of the given functions. Recall that a root is a value
in the domain that results in zero. In other words, find x where
f (x) = 0.
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
117. f (x) = √ x + 5 − 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
118. f (x) = √ 2x − 3 − 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
119. f (x) = 2√ x + 2 − 8
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
120. f (x) = 3√ x − 7 − 6
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
121. f (x) = √ x+1 +2
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
122. f (x) = 2√ x−1 +6

Solve for the indicated variable.

⎯⎯⎯
123. Solve for P: r = √P − 1

5.6 Solving Radical Equations 1295

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
124. Solve for x: y = √x − h + k

√g
⎯2s
⎯⎯⎯
125. Solve for s: t =

Solve for L: T = 2π √
⎯⎯⎯⎯
L
⎯
126.
32

Solve for R: I = √ R
⎯⎯⎯P⎯
127.

Solve for h: r = √
⎯3V
⎯⎯⎯⎯
128.
πh

Solve for V: r = √
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3 3V
129.
4π

Solve for c: a = √
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2
⎯
3 b π
130.
2c

131. The square root of 1 less than twice a number is equal to 2 less than the
number. Find the number.

132. The square root of 4 less than twice a number is equal to 6 less than the
number. Find the number.

133. The square root of twice a number is equal to one-half of that number. Find the
number.

134. The square root of twice a number is equal to one-third of that number. Find
the number.

135. The distance d in miles a person can see an object on the horizon is given by
the formula
⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 6h
d=
2
where h represents the height in feet of the person’s eyes above sea level. How
high must a person’s eyes be to see an object 5 miles away?

136. The current I measured in amperes is given by the formula

⎯⎯⎯⎯
√R
P
I=
where P is the power usage measured in watts and R is the resistance measured
in ohms. If a light bulb requires 1/2 amperes of current and uses 60 watts of
power, then what is the resistance through the bulb?

5.6 Solving Radical Equations 1296

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

The period of a pendulum T in seconds is given by the formula

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 32
L
T = 2π

where L represents the length in feet. Calculate the length of a pendulum

given the period. Give the exact value and the approximate value rounded to
the nearest tenth of a foot.

137. 1 second

138. 2 seconds
1
139. second
2
1
140. second
3

The time t in seconds, an object is in free fall is given by the formula

⎯
√s
t=
4
where s represents the distance it has fallen, in feet. Calculate the distance an
object will fall given the amount of time.

141. 1 second

142. 2 seconds
1
143. second
2
1
144. second
4

PART B: DISCUSSION BOARD

145. Discuss reasons why we sometimes obtain extraneous solutions when solving
radical equations. Are there ever any conditions where we do not need to
check for extraneous solutions? Why or why not?

5.6 Solving Radical Equations 1297

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

146. If an equation has multiple terms, explain why squaring all of them is
incorrect. Provide an example.

5.6 Solving Radical Equations 1298

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

ANSWERS

1. 49

3. 1

5. Ø
1
7.
25

9. 1

11. 3
13
13.
4
15. 0
1
17.
4
19. Ø

21. 27

23. 9

25. −3

27. 6
2
29.
3

31. 2

33. 7

35. 2

37. −3

39. 13

41. 7

43. 2, 6

45. 2

47. −1, 8

5.6 Solving Radical Equations 1299

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

49. 5

51. Ø

53. −3, 3

55. 2, 5

57. −4, 4
1
59.
2
61. 2, 7

63. Ø

65. 10

67. −6, −4
1 3
69. − 2
, 2
71. Ø

73. −5, 5

75. −9, 3
1
77.
5
3 3
79. − 2
, 2
81. −1, 1/2

83. 5, 10

85. −7, 7
9
87.
2
89. 1

91. 10

93. Ø

95. 3

97. −1, 2

5.6 Solving Radical Equations 1300

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

99. 100

101. −8

103. 10

105. −13
5
107.
2
109. −6, −4

111. −2, 2

113. 1

115. −2

117. −1

119. 14

121. −9

123. P = (r+ 1)2

gt 2
125. s= 2
P
127. R=
I2
4πr3
129. V= 3

131. 5

133. 0, 8
2
135. 16 3
feet

8
137. feet; 0.8 feet
π2
2
139. feet; 0.2 feet
π2

141. 16 feet

143. 4 feet

145. Answer may vary

5.6 Solving Radical Equations 1301

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

5.7 Complex Numbers and Their Operations

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Define the imaginary unit and complex numbers.

2. Add and subtract complex numbers.
3. Multiply and divide complex numbers.

Introduction to Complex Numbers

Up to this point the square root of a negative number has been left undefined. For
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
example, we know that √−9 is not a real number.

( ?) = − 9
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2
√−9 =? or

There is no real number that when squared results in a negative number. We begin
to resolve this issue by defining the imaginary unit26, i, as the square root of −1.

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
i = √−1 and i2 = −1

To express a square root of a negative number in terms of the imaginary unit i, we

use the following property where a represents any non-negative real number:

⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯

√−a = √−1 ⋅ a = √−1 ⋅ √a = i√a

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
26. Defined as i = √−1 where With this we can write
2
i = −1.

1302
Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯

√−9 = √−1 ⋅ 9 = √−1 ⋅ √9 = i ⋅ 3 = 3i

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
If √−9 = 3i, then we would expect that 3i squared will equal −9:

(3i)2 = 9i2 = 9 (−1) = −9 ✓

In this way any square root of a negative real number can be written in terms of the
imaginary unit. Such a number is often called an imaginary number27.

Example 1

Rewrite in terms of the imaginary unit i.

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
a. √−7
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
b. √−25
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
c. √−72

Solution:

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯

a. √−7 = √−1 ⋅ 7 = √−1 ⋅ √7 = i√7
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
b. √−25 = √−1 ⋅ 25 = √−1 ⋅ √25 = i ⋅ 5 = 5i
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
c. √−72 = √−1 ⋅ 36 ⋅ 2 = √−1 ⋅ √36 ⋅ √2 = i ⋅ 6 ⋅ √2 = 6i√2

Notation Note: When an imaginary number involves a radical, we place i in front of

the radical. Consider the following:

27. A square root of any negative

real number.

5.7 Complex Numbers and Their Operations 1303

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
6i√2 = 6√2i

Since multiplication is commutative, these numbers are equivalent. However, in the

⎯⎯
form 6√2i, the imaginary unit i is often misinterpreted to be part of the radicand.
To avoid this confusion, it is a best practice to place i in front of the radical and use
⎯⎯
6i√2.

A complex number28 is any number of the form,

a + bi

where a and b are real numbers. Here, a is called the real part29 and b is called the
imaginary part30. For example, 3 − 4i is a complex number with a real part of 3
and an imaginary part of −4. It is important to note that any real number is also a
complex number. For example, 5 is a real number; it can be written as 5 + 0i with a
real part of 5 and an imaginary part of 0. Hence, the set of real numbers, denoted ℝ ,
is a subset of the set of complex numbers, denoted ℂ.

ℂ = {a + bi||a, b ∈ ℝ}

28. A number of the form a + bi,

where a and b are real
numbers. Complex numbers are used in many fields including electronics, engineering,
29. The real number a of a complex physics, and mathematics. In this textbook we will use them to better understand
number a + bi. solutions to equations such as x 2 + 4 = 0. For this reason, we next explore
algebraic operations with them.
30. The real number b of a complex
number a + bi.

5.7 Complex Numbers and Their Operations 1304

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Adding and Subtracting Complex Numbers

Adding or subtracting complex numbers is similar to adding and subtracting

polynomials with like terms. We add or subtract the real parts and then the
imaginary parts.

Example 2

Add: (5 − 2i) + (7 + 3i) .

Solution:

Add the real parts and then add the imaginary parts.

(5 − 2i) + (7 + 3i) = 5 − 2i + 7 + 3i
= 5 + 7 − 2i + 3i
= 12 + i

Answer: 12 + i

To subtract complex numbers, we subtract the real parts and subtract the
imaginary parts. This is consistent with the use of the distributive property.

5.7 Complex Numbers and Their Operations 1305

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 3

Subtract: (10 − 7i) − (9 + 5i) .

Solution:

Distribute the negative sign and then combine like terms.

(10 − 7i) − (9 + 5i) = 10 − 7i − 9 − 5i

= 10 − 9 − 7i − 5i
= 1 − 12i

Answer: 1 − 12i

In general, given real numbers a, b, c and d:

(a + bi) + (c + di) = (a + c) + (b + d) i
(a + bi) − (c + di) = (a − c) + (b − d) i

5.7 Complex Numbers and Their Operations 1306

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 4

Simplify: (5 + i) + (2 − 3i) − (4 − 7i) .

Solution:

(5 + i) + (2 − 3i) − (4 − 7i) = 5 + i + 2 − 3i − 4 + 7i
= 3 + 5i

Answer: 3 + 5i

In summary, adding and subtracting complex numbers results in a complex

number.

Multiplying and Dividing Complex Numbers

Multiplying complex numbers is similar to multiplying polynomials. The

distributive property applies. In addition, we make use of the fact that i2 = −1 to
simplify the result into standard form a + bi.

5.7 Complex Numbers and Their Operations 1307

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 5

Multiply: −6i (2 − 3i) .

Solution:

We begin by applying the distributive property.

−6i (2 − 3i) = (−6i) ⋅ 2 − (−6i) ⋅ 3iDistribute.

= −12i + 18i2 Substitute i2 = −1.
= −12i + 18 (−1) Simplif y.
= −12i − 18
= −18 − 12i

Answer: −18 − 12i

5.7 Complex Numbers and Their Operations 1308

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 6

Multiply: (3 − 4i) (4 + 5i) .

Solution:

(3 − 4i) (4 + 5i) = 3 ⋅ 4 + 3 ⋅ 5i − 4i ⋅ 4 − 4i ⋅ 5i Distribute.

= 12 + 15i − 16i − 20i2 Substitute i2 = −1.
= 12 + 15i − 16i − 20 (−1)
= 12 − i + 20
= 32 − i

Answer: 32 − i

In general, given real numbers a, b, c and d:

(a + bi) (c + di) = ac + adi + bci + bdi

2

= ac + adi + bci + bd (−1)

= ac + (ad + bc) i − bd
= (ac − bd) + (ad + bc) i

Try this! Simplify: (3 − 2i)2 .

Answer: 5 − 12i

(click to see video)

5.7 Complex Numbers and Their Operations 1309

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Given a complex number a + bi, its complex conjugate31 is a − bi. We next

explore the product of complex conjugates.

Example 7

Multiply: (5 + 2i) (5 − 2i) .

Solution:

(5 + 2i)(5 − 2i) = 5 ⋅ 5 − 5 ⋅ 2i + 2i ⋅ 5 − 2i ⋅ 2i
= 25 − 10i + 10i − 4i2
= 25 − 4(−1)
= 25 + 4
= 29

Answer: 29

In general, the product of complex conjugates32 follows:

(a + bi) (a − bi) = a − a ⋅ bi + bi ⋅ a − b i
2 2 2

= a2 − abi + abi − b2 (−1)

= a2 + b2
31. Two complex numbers whose
real parts are the same and
imaginary parts are opposite. If
given a + bi, then its complex Note that the result does not involve the imaginary unit; hence, it is real. This leads
conjugate is a − bi.
us to the very useful property
32. The real number that results
from multiplying complex

(a + bi) (a − bi) = a + b .
conjugates:
2 2

5.7 Complex Numbers and Their Operations 1310

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

(a + bi) (a − bi) = a + b
2 2

To divide complex numbers, we apply the technique used to rationalize the

denominator. Multiply the numerator and denominator by the conjugate of the
denominator. The result can then be simplified into standard form a + bi.

5.7 Complex Numbers and Their Operations 1311

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 8

1
Divide: 2−3i .

Solution:

In this example, the conjugate of the denominator is 2 + 3i. Therefore, we will

(2+3i)
multiply by 1 in the form (2+3i) .

1 1 (2 + 3i)
= ⋅
2 − 3i (2 − 3i) (2 + 3i)
(2 + 3i)
= 2
2 + 32
2 + 3i
=
4+9
2 + 3i
=
13

To write this complex number in standard form, we make use of the fact that 13
is a common denominator.

2 + 3i 2 3i
= +
13 13 13
2 3
= + i
13 13

2 3
Answer: 13 + 13 i

5.7 Complex Numbers and Their Operations 1312

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 9

Divide: 1−5i
4+i
.

Solution:

1 − 5i (1 − 5i) (4 − i)
= ⋅
4+i (4 + i) (4 − i)
4 − i − 20i + 5i2
=
42 + 12
4 − 21i + 5(−1)
=
16 + 1
4 − 21i − 5
=
17
−1 − 21i
=
17
1 21
=− − i
17 17

1
Answer: − 17 − 21
17
i

In general, given real numbers a, b, c and d where c and d are not both 0:

5.7 Complex Numbers and Their Operations 1313

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

(a + bi) (a + bi) (c − di)

= ⋅
(c + di) (c + di) (c − di)
ac − adi + bci − bdi2
=
c2 + d 2
(ac + bd) + (bc − ad)i
=
c2 + d 2

( c2 + d ) ( c2 + d 2 )
ac + bd bc − ad
= 2
+ i

5.7 Complex Numbers and Their Operations 1314

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 10

Divide: 8−3i
2i
.

Solution:

Here we can think of 2i = 0 + 2i and thus we can see that its conjugate is
−2i = 0 − 2i.

8 − 3i (8 − 3i) (−2i)
= ⋅
2i (2i) (−2i)
−16i + 6i2
=
−4i2
−16i + 6(−1)
=
−4(−1)
−16i − 6
=
4
−6 − 16i
=
4
−6 16i
= −
4 4
3
= − − 4i
2

Because the denominator is a monomial, we could multiply numerator and

denominator by 1 in the form of ii and save some steps reducing in the end.

5.7 Complex Numbers and Their Operations 1315

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

8 − 3i (8 − 3i) i
= ⋅
2i (2i) i
8i − 3i2
=
2i2
8i − 3(−1)
=
2(−1)
8i + 3
=
−2
8i 3
= +
−2 −2
3
= −4i −
2

Answer: − 32 − 4i

3+2i
Try this! Divide: 1−i .

Answer: 12 + 52 i

(click to see video)

When multiplying and dividing complex numbers we must take care to understand
that the product and quotient rules for radicals require that both a and b are
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
positive. In other words, if √
n
a and √b are both real numbers then we have the
n

following rules.

n ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ n ⎯⎯ n ⎯⎯
Product rule for radicals : √ a⋅b=√ a⋅√ b
⎯⎯⎯a⎯ n ⎯⎯

√b
√ a
Quotient rule for radicals : n = n ⎯⎯
√b

5.7 Complex Numbers and Their Operations 1316

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

For example, we can demonstrate that the product rule is true when a and b are
both positive as follows:

⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
√4 ⋅ √9 = √36
2 ⋅ 3=6
6=6 ✓

However, when a and b are both negative the property is not true.

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ? ⎯⎯⎯⎯

√−4 ⋅ √−9 = √36
2i ⋅ 3i = 6
6i2 = 6
−6 = 6 ✗

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
Here √−4 and √−9 both are not real numbers and the product rule for radicals
fails to produce a true statement. Therefore, to avoid some common errors
associated with this technicality, ensure that any complex number is written in
terms of the imaginary unit i before performing any operations.

5.7 Complex Numbers and Their Operations 1317

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 11
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
Multiply: √−6 ⋅ √−15.

Solution:

Begin by writing the radicals in terms of the imaginary unit i.

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯

√−6 ⋅ √−15 = i√6 ⋅ i√15

Now the radicands are both positive and the product rule for radicals applies.

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯

√−6 ⋅ √−15 = i√6 ⋅ i√15
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
= i2 √6 ⋅ 15
⎯⎯⎯⎯
= (−1) √90
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
= (−1) √9 ⋅ 10
⎯⎯⎯⎯
= (−1) ⋅ 3 ⋅ √10
⎯⎯⎯⎯
= −3√10

⎯⎯⎯⎯
Answer: −3√10

5.7 Complex Numbers and Their Operations 1318

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

Example 12

Multiply: √−10 (√−6 − √10) .

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯

Solution:

Begin by writing the radicals in terms of the imaginary unit i and then
distribute.

√−10 (√−6 − √10) = i√10 (i√6 − √10)

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯

⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
= i2 √60 − i√100
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
= (−1) √4 ⋅ 15 − i√100
⎯⎯⎯⎯
= (−1) ⋅ 2 ⋅ √15 − i ⋅ 10
⎯⎯⎯⎯
= −2√15 − 10i

⎯⎯⎯⎯
Answer: −2√15 − 10i

In summary, multiplying and dividing complex numbers results in a complex

number.

Try this! Simplify: (2i√2) − (3 − i√5) .

⎯⎯ 2 ⎯⎯ 2

⎯⎯
Answer: −12 + 6i√5

(click to see video)

5.7 Complex Numbers and Their Operations 1319

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

KEY TAKEAWAYS

• The imaginary unit i is defined to be the square root of negative one. In

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
other words, i = √ −1 and i2 = −1.
• Complex numbers have the form a + bi where a and b are real
numbers.
• The set of real numbers is a subset of the complex numbers.
• The result of adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing complex
numbers is a complex number.
• The product of complex conjugates, a + bi and a − bi, is a real
number. Use this fact to divide complex numbers. Multiply the
numerator and denominator of a fraction by the complex conjugate of
the denominator and then simplify.
• Ensure that any complex number is written in terms of the imaginary
unit i before performing any operations.

5.7 Complex Numbers and Their Operations 1320

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

TOPIC EXERCISES

PART A: INTRODUCTION TO COMPLEX NUMBERS

Rewrite in terms of imaginary unit i.

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1. √ −81
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2. √ −64
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3. −√ −4
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
4. −√ −36
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
5. √ −20
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
6. √ −18
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
7. √ −50
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
8. √ −48
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
9. −√ −45
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
10. −√ −8

√− 16
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯1 ⎯
11.

√− 9
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯2⎯
12.

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
13. √ −0.25
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
14. √ −1.44

Write the complex number in standard form a + bi.

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
15. 5 − 2√ −4
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
16. 3 − 5√ −9
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
17. −2 + 3√ −8

5.7 Complex Numbers and Their Operations 1321

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
18. 4 − 2√ −18
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3 − √ −24
19.
6 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 + √ −75
20.
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯10
⎯ ⎯⎯
√ −63 − √ 5
21.
−12
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯ ⎯⎯
−√ −72 + √ 8
22.
−24
Given that i2 = −1 compute the following powers of i.
23. i3
24. i4
25. i5
26. i6
27. i15
28. i24

PART B: ADDING AND SUBTRACTING COMPLEX NUMBERS

Perform the operations.

29. (3 + 5i) + (7 − 4i)

30. (6 − 7i) + (−5 − 2i)
31. (−8 − 3i) + (5 + 2i)
32. (−10 + 15i) + (15 − 20i)

(2 + i) + ( 16 − i)
1 3 1
33.

(5 − i) + ( 10 i)
4 8
2 1 1 3
34.
6
− 2

5.7 Complex Numbers and Their Operations 1322

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

35. (5 + 2i) − (8 − 3i)

36. (7 − i) − (−6 − 9i)
37. (−9 − 5i) − (8 + 12i)
(−11 + 2i) − (13 − 7i)

( 14 + i) − ( 47 − i)
38.
1 3 3
39.

(8 − i) − ( 12 − i)
2 4
3 1 1
40.

(2 − i) + (3 + 4i) − (6 − 5i)
3 2

41.

42. (7 + 2i) − (6 − i) − (3 − 4i)

( 3 − i) − (1 − i) − ( 16 + i)
1 1 1
43.

(1 − i) + ( 52 + i) − ( 14 − i)
2 6
3 5
44.

(5 − 3i) − (2 + 7i) − (1 − 10i)

4 8

45.

46. (6 − 11i) + (2 + 3i) − (8 − 4i)

√ −16 − (3 − √ −1 )
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
47.

√ −100 + (√ −9 + 7)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
48.

( ) ( −1 )
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
49. 1 + √ −1 − 1 − √

( ) ( −9 )
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
50. 3 − √ −81 − 5 − 3 √

( ) ( −1 )
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
51. 5 − 2 √ −25 − −3 + 4 √

( ) ( −49 )
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
52. −12 − √ −1 − 3 − √

5.7 Complex Numbers and Their Operations 1323

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

PART C: MULTIPLYING AND DIVIDING COMPLEX

NUMBERS

Perform the operations.

53. i (1 − i)
54. i (1 + i)
55. 2i (7 − 4i)
56. 6i (1 − 2i)
57. −2i (3 − 4i)
58. −5i (2 − i)
59. (2 + i) (2 − 3i)
60. (3 − 5i) (1 − 2i)
61. (1 − i) (8 − 9i)
62. (1 + 5i) (5 + 2i)
63. (4 + 3i)2
64. (−1 + 2i)2

(2 − 5i)
2
65.

(5 − i)
2
66.

67. (1 + i) (1 − i)
68. (2 − i) (2 + i)
69. (4 − 2i) (4 + 2i)
70. (6 + 5i) (6 − 5i)

(2 3 ) (3 )
1 2 1 1
71. + i − i
2

(3 3 ) (2 )
2 1 1 3
72. − i − i
2
73. (2 − i)3

5.7 Complex Numbers and Their Operations 1324

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

74. (1 − 3i)3

√ −2 (√ −2 − √ 6 )
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
75.

√ −1 (√ −1 + √ 8 )
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
76.

√ −6 (√ 10 − √ −6 )
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
77.

√ −15 (√ 3 − √ −10 )
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
78.

( )( −2 )
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
79. 2 − 3 √ −2 2 + 3 √

( )( −5 )
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
80. 1 + √ −5 1 − √

(1 − 3√ −4 ) (2 + √ −9 )
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
81.

( )( −16 )
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
82. 2 − 3 √ −1 1 + 2 √

( )( 2)
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
83. 2 − 3i√ 2 3 + i √

( )( 3)
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
84. −1 + i √ 3 2 − 2i √
−3
85.
i
5
86.
i
1
87.
5 + 4i
1
88.
3 − 4i
15
89.
1 − 2i
29
90.
5 + 2i
20i
91.
1 − 3i

5.7 Complex Numbers and Their Operations 1325

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

10i
92.
1 + 2i
10 − 5i
93.
3−i
5 − 2i
94.
1 − 2i
5 + 10i
95.
3 + 4i
2 − 4i
96.
5 + 3i
26 + 13i
97.
2 − 3i
4 + 2i
98.
1+i
3−i
99.
2i
−5 + 2i
100.
4i
1
101.
a − bi
i
102.
a + bi
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 − √ −1
103.
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 + √ −1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 + √ −9
104.
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 − √ −9
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
−√ −6
105.
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 18 + √ −4
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ −12
106.
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 2 − √ −27
1
Given that i−n = compute the following powers of i.
in

107. i−1

5.7 Complex Numbers and Their Operations 1326

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

108. i−2
109. i−3
110. i−4

Perform the operations and simplify.

111. 2i (2 − i) − i (3 − 4i)
112. i (5 − i) − 3i (1 − 6i)
113. 5 − 3(1 − i)2
114. 2(1 − 2i)2 + 3i
115. (1 − i)2 − 2 (1 − i) + 2
116. (1 + i)2 − 2 (1 + i) + 2

( 2) + 5
⎯⎯ 2
117. 2i √

( ) ( 3)
⎯⎯ 2 ⎯⎯ 2
118. 3i √ 5 − i √

( ) ( )
⎯⎯ 2 ⎯⎯ 2
119. √ 2 − i − √ 2 + i

( ) ( 2)
⎯⎯ 2 ⎯⎯ 2
120. i √ 3 + 1 − 4i √

(1 + i)
2
1
121.

(1 + i)
3
1
122.

(a − bi) − (a + bi)
2 2
123.

(a + ai + 1) (a − ai + 1)
2 2
124.

125. Show that both −2i and 2i satisfy x 2 + 4 = 0.

126. Show that both −i and i satisfy x 2 + 1 = 0.

5.7 Complex Numbers and Their Operations 1327

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

127. Show that both 3 − 2i and 3 + 2i satisfy x 2 − 6x + 13 = 0.

128. Show that both 5 − i and 5 + i satisfy x 2 − 10x + 26 = 0.
129. Show that 3, −2i , and 2i are all solutions to x 3 − 3x 2 + 4x − 12 = 0.
130. Show that −2, 1 − i, and 1 + i are all solutions to x 3 − 2x + 4 = 0.

PART D: DISCUSSION BOARD.

131. Research and discuss the history of the imaginary unit and complex numbers.

132. How would you define i0 and why?

133. Research what it means to calculate the absolute value of a complex number
|a + bi|| .Illustrate your finding with an example.
134. Explore the powers of i. Look for a pattern and share your findings.

5.7 Complex Numbers and Their Operations 1328

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

ANSWERS

1. 9i
3. −2i
⎯⎯
5. 2i√ 5
⎯⎯
7. 5i√ 2
⎯⎯
9. −3i√ 5
i
11.
4

13. 0.5i
15. 5 − 4i
⎯⎯
17. −2 + 6i√ 2
⎯⎯
1 √6
19. − i
2⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯
√5 √7
21. − i
12 4
23. −i
25. i
27. −i
29. 10 + i
31. −3 − i
2 5
33.
3
+ 8
i
35. −3 + 5i
37. −17 − 17i
1 9
39. − + i
2 4
41. −1 + 8i
5 2
43. − − i
6 3

5.7 Complex Numbers and Their Operations 1329

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

45. 2

47. −3 + 5i
49. 2i
51. 8 − 14i
53. 1+i
55. 8 + 14i
57. −8 − 6i
59. 7 − 4i
61. −1 − 17i
63. 7 + 24i
65. −21 − 20i
67. 2

69. 20
1 1
71. − i
2 36
73. 2 − 11i
⎯⎯
75. −2 − 2i√ 3
⎯⎯⎯⎯
77. 6 + 2i√ 15
79. 22

81. 20 − 9i
⎯⎯
83. 12 − 7i√ 2
85. 3i
5 4
87. − i
41 41
89. 3 + 6i
91. −6 + 2i
7 1
93. − i
2 2

5.7 Complex Numbers and Their Operations 1330

Chapter 5 Radical Functions and Equations

11 2
95. − i
5 5
97. 1 + 8i
1 3
99. − − i
2 2
a b
101. + i
a2 + b 2 a2 + b 2
103. −i
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
√6 3√ 3
105. − − i
11 11
107. −i
109. i
111. −2 + i
113. 5 + 6i
115. 0

117. −3
⎯⎯
119. −4i√ 2
i
121. − 2

123. −4abi
125. Proof

127. Proof

129. Proof

131. Answer may vary

133. Answer may vary

5.7 Complex Numbers and Their Operations 1331

 Chapter 6
Solving Equations and Inequalities

1353
Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

6.1 Extracting Square Roots and Completing the Square

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Solve certain quadratic equations by extracting square roots.

2. Solve any quadratic equation by completing the square.

Extracting Square Roots

Recall that a quadratic equation is in standard form1 if it is equal to 0:

ax 2 + bx + c = 0

where a, b, and c are real numbers and a ≠ 0. A solution to such an equation is a

root of the quadratic function defined by f (x) = ax 2 + bx + c. Quadratic
equations can have two real solutions, one real solution, or no real solution—in
which case there will be two complex solutions. If the quadratic expression factors,
then we can solve the equation by factoring. For example, we can solve
4x 2 − 9 = 0 by factoring as follows:

4x 2 − 9 = 0
(2x + 3)(2x − 3) = 0

2x + 3 = 0 or 2x − 3 = 0
2x = −3 2x = 3
3 3
x=− x=
2 2

1. Any quadratic equation in the

form ax 2 + bx + c = 0,
where a, b, and c are real
numbers and a ≠ 0.

1354
Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

The two solutions are ± 32 .Here we use ± to write the two solutions in a more
compact form. The goal in this section is to develop an alternative method that can
be used to easily solve equations where b = 0, giving the form

ax 2 + c = 0

The equation 4x 2 − 9 = 0 is in this form and can be solved by first isolating x 2 .

4x 2 − 9 = 0
4x 2 = 9
9
x2 =
4

If we take the square root of both sides of this equation, we obtain the following:

⎯⎯⎯⎯
√4
⎯⎯⎯⎯ 9
√x 2 =

3
|x| =
2

Here we see that x = ± 32 are solutions to the resulting equation. In general, this
describes the square root property2; for any real number k,

⎯⎯
if x 2 = k, then x = ±√k

2. For any real number k, if

⎯⎯
x 2 = k, then x = ±√k .

6.1 Extracting Square Roots and Completing the Square 1355

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

Applying the square root property as a means of solving a quadratic equation is

called extracting the root3. This method allows us to solve equations that do not
factor.

3. Applying the square root

property as a means of solving
a quadratic equation.

6.1 Extracting Square Roots and Completing the Square 1356

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

Example 1

Solve: 9x 2 − 8 = 0.

Solution:

Notice that the quadratic expression on the left does not factor. However, it is
in the form ax 2 + c = 0 and so we can solve it by extracting the roots. Begin
by isolating x 2 .

9x 2 − 8 = 0
9x 2 = 8
8
x2 =
9

Next, apply the square root property. Remember to include the ± and simplify.

⎯⎯⎯⎯
√9
8
x=±
⎯⎯
2√2
=±
3

For completeness, check that these two real solutions solve the original
quadratic equation.

6.1 Extracting Square Roots and Completing the Square 1357

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

2√2 2√ 2
Check x = − 3
Check x = 3

9x 2 − 8 = 0 9x 2 − 8 = 0

( 3 ) ( )
2 2
2√2 2√2
9 − −8 = 0 9 3 −8 = 0

9 ( 4⋅2
9 )
−8 = 0 9 ( 4⋅2
9 )
−8 = 0
8−8 = 0 8−8 = 0
0 = 0 ✓ 0 = 0 ✓

2√2
Answer: Two real solutions, ± 3

Sometimes quadratic equations have no real solution. In this case, the solutions will
be complex numbers.

6.1 Extracting Square Roots and Completing the Square 1358

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

Example 2

Solve: x 2 + 25 = 0.

Solution:

Begin by isolating x 2 and then apply the square root property.

x 2 + 25 = 0
x 2 = −25
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
x = ±√−25

After applying the square root property, we are left with the square root of a
negative number. Therefore, there is no real solution to this equation; the
solutions are complex. We can write these solutions in terms of the imaginary
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
unit i = √−1.

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
x = ±√−25
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
= ±√−1 ⋅ 25
= ±i ⋅ 5
= ±5i

6.1 Extracting Square Roots and Completing the Square 1359

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

Check x = −5i Check x = 5i

x 2 + 25 = 0 x 2 + 25 = 0

(−5i) + 25 = 0 (5i) + 25 = 0
2 2

25i2 + 25 = 0 25i2 + 25 = 0
25 (−1) + 25 = 0 25 (−1) + 25 = 0
−25 + 25 = 0 −25 + 25 = 0
0 = 0 ✓ 0 = 0 ✓

Answer: Two complex solutions, ±5i.

Try this! Solve: 2x 2 − 3 = 0.

√6
Answer: The solutions are ± 2 .

(click to see video)

Consider solving the following equation:

(x + 5) = 9
2

To solve this equation by factoring, first square x + 5 and then put the equation in
standard form, equal to zero, by subtracting 9 from both sides.

6.1 Extracting Square Roots and Completing the Square 1360

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

(x + 5)2 = 9
x 2 + 10x + 25 = 9
x 2 + 10x + 16 = 0

Factor and then apply the zero-product property.

x 2 + 10x + 16 = 0
(x + 8)(x + 2) = 0

x + 8 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
x = −8 x = −2

The two solutions are −8 and −2. When an equation is in this form, we can obtain the
solutions in fewer steps by extracting the roots.

6.1 Extracting Square Roots and Completing the Square 1361

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

Example 3

Solve by extracting roots: (x + 5) = 9.

2

Solution:

The term with the square factor is isolated so we begin by applying the square
root property.

(x + 5) = 9
2
Apply the square root property.
⎯⎯
x + 5 = ±√9 Simplif y.
x + 5 = ±3
x = −5 ± 3

At this point, separate the “plus or minus” into two equations and solve each
individually.

x = −5 + 3 or x = −5 − 3
x = −2 x = −8

Answer: The solutions are −2 and −8.

In addition to fewer steps, this method allows us to solve equations that do not
factor.

6.1 Extracting Square Roots and Completing the Square 1362

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

Example 4

Solve: 2(x − 2)2 − 5 = 0.

Solution:

Begin by isolating the term with the square factor.

2(x − 2)2 − 5 = 0
2(x − 2)2 = 5
5
(x − 2)2 =
2

Next, extract the roots, solve for x, and then simplify.

⎯⎯⎯⎯
√2
5
x − 2=± Rationalize the denominator.
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
√5 √2
x=2 ± ⋅
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
√2 √2
⎯⎯⎯⎯
√10
x=2 ±
2
⎯⎯⎯⎯
4 ± √10
x=
2

4−√10 4+√10
Answer: The solutions are 2
and 2
.

6.1 Extracting Square Roots and Completing the Square 1363

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

Try this! Solve: 2(3x − 1)2 + 9 = 0.

√2
Answer: The solutions are 13 ± 2 i.

(click to see video)

Completing the Square

In this section, we will devise a method for rewriting any quadratic equation of the
form

ax 2 + bx + c = 0

as an equation of the form

(x − p) = q
2

This process is called completing the square4. As we have seen, quadratic

equations in this form can be easily solved by extracting roots. We begin by
examining perfect square trinomials:

(x + 3)2 = x 2 + 6x + 9
⏐
↓ ↑
⏐

(2)
2
6
= (3)2 = 9

4. The process of rewriting a

form (x − p) = q.
quadratic equation to be in the
2

6.1 Extracting Square Roots and Completing the Square 1364

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

The last term, 9, is the square of one-half of the coefficient of x. In general, this is
true for any perfect square trinomial of the form x 2 + bx + c.

( 2) (2)
2 2
b b b
x+ =x2 + 2 ⋅ x +
2

(2)
2
2 b
= x + bx +

In other words, any trinomial of the form x 2 + bx + c will be a perfect square

trinomial if

(2)
2
b
c=

Note: It is important to point out that the leading coefficient must be equal to 1 for
this to be true.

6.1 Extracting Square Roots and Completing the Square 1365

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

Example 5

Complete the square: x 2 − 6x + ? = (x + ? ) .

2

Solution:

In this example, the coefficient b of the middle term is −6. Find the value that
completes the square as follows:

(2) ( 2 )
2 2
b −6
= = (−3)2 = 9

The value that completes the square is 9.

x 2 − 6x + 9 = (x − 3) (x − 3)
= (x − 3)2

Answer: x 2 − 6x + 9 = (x − 3)2

6.1 Extracting Square Roots and Completing the Square 1366

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

Example 6

Complete the square: x 2 + x + ? = (x + ? ) .

2

Solution:

Here b = 1. Find the value that will complete the square as follows:

(2) (2)
2 2
b 1 1
= =
4

The value 14 completes the square:

4 ( 2) ( 2)
1 1 1
x2 + x + = x+ x+

( 2)
2
1
= x+

Answer: x 2 + x + 14 = (x + 12 )
2

We can use this technique to solve quadratic equations. The idea is to take any
quadratic equation in standard form and complete the square so that we can solve
it by extracting roots. The following are general steps for solving a quadratic
equation with leading coefficient 1 in standard form by completing the square.

6.1 Extracting Square Roots and Completing the Square 1367

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

Example 7

Solve by completing the square: x 2 − 8x − 2 = 0.

Solution:

It is important to notice that the leading coefficient is 1.

Step 1: Add or subtract the constant term to obtain an equation of the form
x 2 + bx = c. Here we add 2 to both sides of the equation.

x 2 − 8x − 2 = 0
x 2 − 8x = 2

Step 2: Use ( b2 ) to determine the value that completes the square. In this
2

case, b = −8:

(2) ( 2 )
2 2
b −8
= = (−4)2 = 16

Step 3: Add ( b2 ) to both sides of the equation and complete the square.
2

x 2 − 8x = 2
x 2 − 8x + 16 = 2 + 16
(x − 4) (x − 4) = 18
(x − 4)2 = 18

6.1 Extracting Square Roots and Completing the Square 1368

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

Step 4: Solve by extracting roots.

(x − 4)2 = 18
⎯⎯⎯⎯
x − 4 = ±√18
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
x = 4 ± √9 ⋅ 2
⎯⎯
x = 4 ± 3√2

⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
Answer: The solutions are 4 − 3√2 and 4 + 3√2. The check is left to the
reader.

6.1 Extracting Square Roots and Completing the Square 1369

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

Example 8

Solve by completing the square: x 2 + 2x − 48 = 0.

Solution:

Begin by adding 48 to both sides.

x 2 + 2x − 48 = 0
x 2 + 2x = 48

Next, find the value that completes the square using b = 2.

(2) (2)
2 2
b 2
= = (1)2 = 1

To complete the square, add 1 to both sides, complete the square, and then
solve by extracting the roots.

x 2 + 2x = 48 Complete the square.

2
x + 2x + 1 = 48 + 1
(x + 1) (x + 1) = 49
(x + 1)2 = 49 Extract the roots.
⎯⎯⎯⎯
x + 1 = ±√49
x + 1 = ±7
x = −1 ± 7

6.1 Extracting Square Roots and Completing the Square 1370

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

At this point, separate the “plus or minus” into two equations and solve each
individually.

x = −1 − 7 or x = −1 + 7
x = −8 x=6

Answer: The solutions are −8 and 6.

Note: In the previous example the solutions are integers. If this is the case, then the
original equation will factor.

x 2 + 2x − 48 = 0
(x − 6) (x + 8) = 0

If an equation factors, we can solve it by factoring. However, not all quadratic

equations will factor. Furthermore, equations often have complex solutions.

6.1 Extracting Square Roots and Completing the Square 1371

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

Example 9

Solve by completing the square: x 2 − 10x + 26 = 0.

Solution:

Begin by subtracting 26 from both sides of the equation.

x 2 − 10x + 26 = 0
x 2 − 10x = −26

Here b = −10, and we determine the value that completes the square as follows:

= (−5) = 25
(2) ( 2 )
2 2
b −10 2
=

To complete the square, add 25 to both sides of the equation.

x 2 − 10x = −26
x 2 − 10x + 25 = −26 + 25
x 2 − 10x + 25 = −1

Factor and then solve by extracting roots.

6.1 Extracting Square Roots and Completing the Square 1372

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

x 2 − 10x + 25 = −1
(x − 5) (x − 5) = −1
(x − 5) = −1
2

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
x − 5 = ±√−1
x − 5 = ±i
x=5 ± i

Answer: The solutions are 5 ± i.

Try this! Solve by completing the square: x 2 − 2x − 17 = 0.

⎯⎯
Answer: The solutions are x = 1 ± 3√2.

(click to see video)

The coefficient of x is not always divisible by 2.

6.1 Extracting Square Roots and Completing the Square 1373

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

Example 10

Solve by completing the square: x 2 + 3x + 4 = 0.

Solution:

Begin by subtracting 4 from both sides.

x 2 + 3x + 4 = 0
x 2 + 3x = −4

Use b = 3 to find the value that completes the square:

(2) (2)
2 2
b 3 9
= =
4

9
To complete the square, add 4 to both sides of the equation.

x 2 + 3x = −4
9 9
x 2 + 3x + = −4 +
4 4

( 2) ( 2)
3 3 −16 9
x+ x+ = +
4 4

( 2)
2
3 −7
x+ =
4

6.1 Extracting Square Roots and Completing the Square 1374

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

Solve by extracting roots.

( 2)
2
3 7
x+ =−
4
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 4
3 −1 ⋅ 7
x + =±
2
⎯⎯
3 i√7
x + =±
2 2
⎯⎯
3 √7
x=− ± i
2 2

√7
Answer: The solutions are − 32 ± 2 i.

So far, all of the examples have had a leading coefficient of 1. The formula ( b2 )
2

determines the value that completes the square only if the leading coefficient is 1. If
this is not the case, then simply divide both sides by the leading coefficient before
beginning the steps outlined for completing the square.

6.1 Extracting Square Roots and Completing the Square 1375

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

Example 11

Solve by completing the square: 2x 2 + 5x − 1 = 0.

Solution:

Notice that the leading coefficient is 2. Therefore, divide both sides by 2 before
beginning the steps required to solve by completing the square.

2x 2 + 5x − 1 0
=
2 2
2
2x 5x 1
+ − =0
2 2 2
5 1
x2 + x − =0
2 2

Add 12 to both sides of the equation.

5 1
x2 + x − =0
2 2
5 1
x2 + x=
2 2

Here b = 52, and we can find the value that completes the square as follows:

(2) ( 2 ) (2 2) (4)
2 2 2 2
b 5/2 5 1 5 25
= = ⋅ = =
16

6.1 Extracting Square Roots and Completing the Square 1376

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

To complete the square, add 25

16
to both sides of the equation.

5 1
x2 +
x=
2 2
5 25 1 25
x2 + x + = +
2 16 2 16

( 4) ( 4 ) 16
5 5 8 25
x+ x+ = +
16

( 4 ) 16
2
5 33
x+ =

Next, solve by extracting roots.

( 4 ) 16
2
5 33
x+ =
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√
5 33
x + =±
4 16
⎯⎯⎯⎯
5 √33
x + =±
4 4
⎯⎯⎯⎯
5 √33
x=− ±
4 4
⎯⎯⎯⎯
−5 ± √33
x=
4

−5±√33
Answer: The solutions are 4
.

6.1 Extracting Square Roots and Completing the Square 1377

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

Try this! Solve by completing the square: 3x 2 − 2x + 1 = 0.

√2
Answer: The solutions are x = 13 ± 3 i.

(click to see video)

KEY TAKEAWAYS

• Solve equations of the form ax 2 + c = 0by extracting the roots.

• Extracting roots involves isolating the square and then applying the
square root property. Remember to include “±” when taking the square
root of both sides.
• After applying the square root property, solve each of the resulting
equations. Be sure to simplify all radical expressions and rationalize the
denominator if necessary.
• Solve any quadratic equation by completing the square.

first convert the equation to the form (x − p) = q.

• You can apply the square root property to solve an equation if you can
2

• To complete the square, first make sure the equation is in the form

(2)
x 2 + bx = c. The leading coefficient must be 1. Then add the value
b 2
to both sides and factor.
• The process for completing the square always works, but it may lead to
some tedious calculations with fractions. This is the case when the
middle term, b, is not divisible by 2.

6.1 Extracting Square Roots and Completing the Square 1378

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

TOPIC EXERCISES

PART A: EXTRACTING SQUARE ROOTS

Solve by factoring and then solve by extracting roots. Check answers.

1. x 2 − 16 = 0
2. x 2 − 36 = 0
3. 9y 2 − 1 = 0
4. 4y 2 − 25 = 0
5. (x − 2) 2 − 1 = 0
6. (x + 1) 2 − 4 = 0

4(y − 2) − 9 = 0
2
7.

9(y + 1) − 4 = 0
2
8.

(u − 5) − 25 = 0
2
9.

10. (u + 2)2 − 4 = 0

Solve by extracting the roots.

11. x 2 = 81
12. x2 = 1
1
13. y2 =
9
1
14. y2 =
16
15. x 2 = 12
16. x 2 = 18
17. 16x 2 = 9
18. 4x 2 = 25

6.1 Extracting Square Roots and Completing the Square 1379

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

19. 2t 2 = 1
20. 3t 2 = 2
21. x 2 − 40 = 0
22. x 2 − 24 = 0
23. x2 + 1 = 0
24. x 2 + 100 = 0
25. 5x 2 − 1 = 0
26. 6x 2 − 5 = 0
27. 8x 2 + 1 = 0
28. 12x 2 + 5 = 0
29. y2 + 4 = 0
30. y2 + 1 = 0
4
31. x2 − =0
9
9
32. x2 − =0
25
33. x2 − 8 = 0
34. t 2 − 18 = 0
35. x2 + 8 = 0
36. x 2 + 125 = 0
37. 5y 2 − 2 = 0
38. 3x 2 − 1 = 0
39. (x + 7) 2 − 4 = 0
40. (x + 9) 2 − 36 = 0

(x − 5) − 20 = 0
2
41.

6.1 Extracting Square Roots and Completing the Square 1380

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

42. (x + 1) 2 − 28 = 0
43. (3t + 2)2 + 6 = 0

(3t − 5) + 10 = 0
2
44.

45. 4(3x + 1) 2 − 27 = 0
46. 9(2x − 3) 2 − 8 = 0
47. 2(3x − 1) 2 + 3 = 0
48. 5(2x − 1) 2 + 2 = 0

( 3)
2
2 3
49. 3 y − − =0
2

( 3)
2
1 5
50. 2 3y − − =0
2
51. −3(t − 1)2 + 12 = 0
52. −2(t + 1)2 + 8 = 0
53. Solve for x: px 2 − q = 0, p, q > 0

54. Solve for x: (x − p) − q = 0, p, q > 0

2

55. The diagonal of a square measures 3 centimeters. Find the length of each side.

56. The length of a rectangle is twice its width. If the diagonal of the rectangle
measures 10 meters, then find the dimensions of the rectangle.

57. If a circle has an area of 50π square centimeters, then find its radius.

58. If a square has an area of 27 square centimeters, then find the length of each
side.

59. The height in feet of an object dropped from an 18-foot stepladder is given by
h(t) = −16t 2 + 18 , where t represents the time in seconds after the object
is dropped. How long does it take the object to hit the ground? (Hint: The
height is 0 when the object hits the ground. Round to the nearest hundredth of
a second.)

60. The height in feet of an object dropped from a 50-foot platform is given by
h(t) = −16t 2 + 50 , where t represents the time in seconds after the object

6.1 Extracting Square Roots and Completing the Square 1381

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

is dropped. How long does it take the object to hit the ground? (Round to the
nearest hundredth of a second.)

61. How high does a 22-foot ladder reach if its base is 6 feet from the building on
which it leans? Round to the nearest tenth of a foot.
1
62. The height of a triangle is the length of its base. If the area of the triangle is
2
72 square meters, find the exact length of the triangle’s base.

PART B: COMPLETING THE SQUARE

Complete the square.

x 2 − 2x + ? = (x − ? )
2
63.

x 2 − 4x + ? = (x − ? )
2
64.

x 2 + 10x + ? = (x + ? )
2
65.

x 2 + 12x + ? = (x + ? )
2
66.

x 2 + 7x + ? = (x + ? )
2
67.

x 2 + 5x + ? = (x + ? )
2
68.

x 2 − x + ? = (x − ? )
2
69.

x + ? = (x − ? )
1 2
70. x2 − 2

x + ? = (x + ? )
2 2
71. x2 + 3

x + ? = (x + ? )
4 2
72. x2 + 5

Solve by factoring and then solve by completing the square. Check

answers.

73. x 2 + 2x − 8 = 0
74. x 2 − 8x + 15 = 0
75. y 2 + 2y − 24 = 0

6.1 Extracting Square Roots and Completing the Square 1382

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

76. y 2 − 12y + 11 = 0
77. t 2 + 3t − 28 = 0
78. t 2 − 7t + 10 = 0
79. 2x 2 + 3x − 2 = 0
80. 3x 2 − x − 2 = 0
81. 2y 2 − y − 1 = 0
82. 2y 2 + 7y − 4 = 0

Solve by completing the square.

83. x 2 + 6x − 1 = 0
84. x 2 + 8x + 10 = 0
85. x 2 − 2x − 7 = 0
86. x 2 − 6x − 3 = 0
87. y 2 − 2y + 4 = 0
88. y 2 − 4y + 9 = 0
89. t 2 + 10t − 75 = 0
90. t 2 + 12t − 108 = 0
2 1
91. u2 − u− =0
3 3
4 1
92. u2 − u − = 0
5 5
93. x2 + x − 1 = 0
94. x2 + x − 3 = 0
95. y 2 + 3y − 2 = 0
96. y 2 + 5y − 3 = 0
97. x 2 + 3x + 5 = 0
98. x2 + x + 1 = 0

6.1 Extracting Square Roots and Completing the Square 1383

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

11
99. x 2 − 7x + =0
2
3
100. x 2 − 9x + = 0
2
2 1
101. t − t−1=0
2
1
102. t2 − t − 2 = 0
3
103. 4x 2 − 8x − 1 = 0
104. 2x 2 − 4x − 3 = 0
105. 3x 2 + 6x + 1 = 0
106. 5x 2 + 10x + 2 = 0
107. 3x 2 + 2x − 3 = 0
108. 5x 2 + 2x − 5 = 0
109. 4x 2 − 12x − 15 = 0
110. 2x 2 + 4x − 43 = 0
111. 2x 2 − 4x + 10 = 0
112. 6x 2 − 24x + 42 = 0
113. 2x 2 − x − 2 = 0
114. 2x 2 + 3x − 1 = 0
115. 3u 2 + 2u − 2 = 0
116. 3u 2 − u − 1 = 0
117. x 2 − 4x − 1 = 15
118. x 2 − 12x + 8 = −10
119. x (x + 1) − 11 (x − 2) = 0
120. (x + 1) (x + 7) − 4 (3x + 2) = 0
121. y 2 = (2y + 3) (y − 1) − 2 (y − 1)

6.1 Extracting Square Roots and Completing the Square 1384

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

122. (2y + 5) (y − 5) − y (y − 8) = −24

123. (t + 2)2 = 3 (3t + 1)
124. (3t + 2) (t − 4) − (t − 8) = 1 − 10t

Solve by completing the square and round the solutions to the nearest
hundredth.

125. (2x − 1) 2 = 2x
126. (3x − 2) 2 = 5 − 15x
127. (2x + 1) (3x + 1) = 9x + 4
128. (3x + 1) (4x − 1) = 17x − 4
129. 9x (x − 1) − 2 (2x − 1) = −4x

(6x + 1) − 6 (6x + 1) = 0
2
130.

PART C: DISCUSSION BOARD

131. Create an equation of your own that can be solved by extracting the roots.
Share it, along with the solution, on the discussion board.

132. Explain why the technique of extracting roots greatly expands our ability to
solve quadratic equations.

133. Explain why the technique for completing the square described in this section
requires that the leading coefficient be equal to 1.

134. Derive a formula for the diagonal of a square in terms of its sides.

6.1 Extracting Square Roots and Completing the Square 1385

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

ANSWERS

1. −4, 4
1 1
3. − 3
, 3

5. 1, 3
1 7
7.
2
, 2
9. 0, 10

11. ±9
1
13. ±
3
⎯⎯
15. ±2√ 3
3
17. ±
4⎯⎯
√2
19. ±
2
⎯⎯⎯⎯
21. ±2√ 10
23. ±i
⎯⎯
√5
25. ±
5⎯⎯
√2
27. ± i
4
29. ±2i
2
31. ± 3
⎯⎯
33. ±2√ 2
⎯⎯
35. ±2i√ 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 10
37. ±
5
39. −9, −5

6.1 Extracting Square Roots and Completing the Square 1386

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

⎯⎯
41. 5 ± 2√ 5
⎯⎯
2 √6
43. − ± i
3 3 ⎯⎯
−2 ± 3√ 3
45.
6 ⎯⎯
1 √6
47. ± i
3 6 ⎯⎯
4 ± 3√ 2
49.
6
51. −1, 3

√pq
53. x=± p

3√2
55. centimeters
2
⎯⎯
57. 5√ 2 centimeters
59. 1.06 seconds

61. 21.2 feet

x 2 − 2x + 1 = (x − 1)
2
63.

x 2 + 10x + 25 = (x + 5)
2
65.

( 2)
2
2 49 7
67. x + 7x + = x+
4

( 2)
2
2 1 1
69. x − x + = x−
4

( 3)
2
2 2 1 1
71. x + x+ = x+
3 9
73. −4, 2

75. −6, 4

77. −7, 4
1
79. −2, 2

6.1 Extracting Square Roots and Completing the Square 1387

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

1
81. − 2
,1
⎯⎯⎯⎯
83. −3 ± √ 10
⎯⎯
85. 1 ± 2√ 2
⎯⎯
87. 1 ± i√ 3
89. −15, 5
1
91. − 3
,1
⎯⎯
−1 ± √ 5
93.
2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
−3 ± √ 17
95.
2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
3 √ 11
97. − ± i
2 2⎯⎯
7 ± 3√ 3
99.
2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 ± √ 17
101.
4 ⎯⎯
2 ± √5
103.
2 ⎯⎯
−3 ± √ 6
105.
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
−1 ± √ 10
107.
3 ⎯⎯
3 ± 2√ 6
109.
2
111. 1 ± 2i
⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 ± √ 17
113.
4 ⎯⎯
−1 ± √ 7
115.
3
⎯⎯
117. 2 ± 2√ 5

6.1 Extracting Square Roots and Completing the Square 1388

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

⎯⎯
119. 5 ± √3
⎯⎯
1 ± √5
121.
2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
5 ± √ 21
123.
2
125. 0.19, 1.31

127. −0.45, 1.12

129. 0.33, 0.67

131. Answer may vary

133. Answer may vary

6.1 Extracting Square Roots and Completing the Square 1389

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

6.2 Quadratic Formula

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Solve quadratic equations using the quadratic formula.

2. Use the determinant to determine the number and type of solutions to a
quadratic equation.

The Quadratic Formula

In this section, we will develop a formula that gives the solutions to any quadratic
equation in standard form. To do this, we begin with a general quadratic equation
in standard form and solve for x by completing the square. Here a, b, and c are real
numbers and a ≠ 0:

ax 2 + bx + c = 0 Standard f orm of a quadratic equation.

2
ax + bx + c 0
= Divide both sides by a.
a a
b c c
x 2 + x + = 0 Subtract f rom both sides.
a a a
b c
x2 + x=−
a a

Determine the constant that completes the square: take the coefficient of x, divide it
by 2, and then square it.

( 2 ) ( 2a )
2 2
b/a b b2
= = 2
4a

Add this to both sides of the equation to complete the square and then factor.

1390
Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

2b b2 c b2
x + x + 2 =− +
a 4a a 4a2

( 2a ) ( 2a )
b b c b2
x+ x+ =− +
a 4a2

( 2a )
2
b 4ac b2
x+ =− 2 + 2
4a 4a

( 2a )
2
b b2 − 4ac
x+ =
4a2

Solve by extracting roots.

( 2a )
2
b b2 − 4ac
x+ =
4a2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯

√ 4a2
b b2 − 4ac
x+ =±
2a
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
b √b2 − 4ac
x+ =±
2a 2a
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
b √b2 − 4ac
x=− ±
2a 2a
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
−b ± √b2 − 4ac
x=
2a

This derivation gives us a formula that solves any quadratic equation in standard
form. Given ax 2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b, and c are real numbers and a ≠ 0, the
5. The formula
solutions can be calculated using the quadratic formula5:
−b±√b 2 −4ac
x= 2a
, which
gives the solutions to any
quadratic equation in the
standard form
ax 2 + bx + c = 0, where a, ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
−b ± √b2 − 4ac
b, and c are real numbers and x=
a ≠ 0. 2a

6.2 Quadratic Formula 1391

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

Example 1

Solve using the quadratic formula: 2x 2 − 7x − 15 = 0.

Solution:

Begin by identifying the coefficients of each term: a, b, and c.

a=2 b = −7 c = −15

Substitute these values into the quadratic formula and then simplify.

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
−b ± √b2 − 4ac
x=
2a
− (−7) ± √(−7)2 − 4 (2) (−15)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯

=
2 (2)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
7 ± √49 + 120
=
4
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
7 ± √169
=
4
7 ± 13
=
4

Separate the “plus or minus” into two equations and simplify further.

6.2 Quadratic Formula 1393

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

7 − 13 7 + 13
x= or x =
4 4
−6 20
x= x=
4 4
3
x=− x=5
2

Answer: The solutions are − 32 and 5.

The previous example can be solved by factoring as follows:

2x 2 − 7x − 15 = 0
(2x + 3) (x − 5) = 0

2x + 3 = 0 or x − 5 = 0
2x = −3 x=5
3
x=−
2

Of course, if the quadratic expression factors, then it is a best practice to solve the
equation by factoring. However, not all quadratic polynomials factor so easily. The
quadratic formula provides us with a means to solve all quadratic equations.

6.2 Quadratic Formula 1394

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

Example 2

Solve using the quadratic formula: 3x 2 + 6x − 2 = 0.

Solution:

Begin by identifying a, b, and c.

a=3 b=6 c = −2

Substitute these values into the quadratic formula.

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
−b ± √b2 − 4ac
x=
2a
− (6) ± √(6) − 4 (3) (−2)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2
⎯

=
2 (3)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
−6 ± √36 + 24
=
6
⎯⎯⎯⎯
−6 ± √60
=
6

At this point we see that 60 = 4 × 15 and thus the fraction can be simplified
further.

6.2 Quadratic Formula 1395

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

⎯⎯⎯⎯
−6 ± √60
=
6
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
−6 ± √4 × 15
=
6
⎯⎯⎯⎯
−6 ± 2√15
=
6
2 (−3 ± √15)
⎯⎯⎯⎯
=
6
3
⎯⎯⎯⎯
−3 ± √15
=
3

It is important to point out that there are two solutions here:

⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
−3 − √15 −3 + √15
x= or x=
3 3

We may use ± to write the two solutions in a more compact form.

−3±√15
Answer: The solutions are 3
.

Sometimes terms are missing. When this is the case, use 0 as the coefficient.

6.2 Quadratic Formula 1396

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

Example 3

Solve using the quadratic formula: x 2 − 45 = 0.

Solution:

This equation is equivalent to

1x 2 + 0x − 45 = 0

And we can use the following coefficients:

a=1 b=0 c = −45

Substitute these values into the quadratic formula.

6.2 Quadratic Formula 1397

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
−b ± √b2 − 4ac
x=
2a
− (0) ± √(0)2 − 4 (1) (−45)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯

=
2 (1)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
0 ± √0 + 180
=
2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
±√180
=
2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
±√36 × 5
=
2
⎯⎯
±6√5
=
2
⎯⎯
= ±3√5

Since the coefficient of x was 0, we could have solved this equation by

extracting the roots. As an exercise, solve it using this method and verify that
the results are the same.

⎯⎯
Answer: The solutions are ±3√5.

Often solutions to quadratic equations are not real.

6.2 Quadratic Formula 1398

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

Example 4

Solve using the quadratic formula: x 2 − 4x + 29 = 0.

Solution:

Begin by identifying a, b, and c. Here

a=1 b = −4 c = 29

Substitute these values into the quadratic formula and then simplify.

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
−b ± √b2 − 4ac
x=
2a
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
− (−4) ± √(−4)2 − 4 (1) (29)
=
2 (1)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
4 ± √16 − 116
=
2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
4 ± √−100
= Negative radicand
2
4 ± 10i
= Two complex solutions
2
4 10i
= ±
2 2
= 2 ± 5i

Check these solutions by substituting them into the original equation.

6.2 Quadratic Formula 1399

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

Check x = 2 − 5i Check x = 2

x 2 − 4x + 29 = 0 x 2 − 4x
(2 − 5i) − 4 (2 − 5i) + 29 = 0 (2 + 5i) − 4 (2 + 5i)
2 2

4 − 20i + 25i2 − 8 + 20i + 29 = 0 4 + 20i + 25i2 − 8 − 20i

25i2 + 25 = 0 25i2
25 (−1) + 25 = 0 25 (−1)
−25 + 25 = 0 ✓ −25

Answer: The solutions are 2 ± 5i.

The equation may not be given in standard form. The general steps for using the
quadratic formula are outlined in the following example.

6.2 Quadratic Formula 1400

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

Example 5

Solve: (5x + 1) (x − 1) = x (x + 1) .

Solution:

Step 1: Write the quadratic equation in standard form, with zero on one side of
the equal sign.

(5x + 1) (x − 1) = x (x + 1)
5x 2 − 5x + x − 1 = x 2 + x
5x 2 − 4x − 1 = x 2 + x
4x 2 − 5x − 1 = 0

Step 2: Identify a, b, and c for use in the quadratic formula. Here

a=4 b = −5 c = −1

Step 3: Substitute the appropriate values into the quadratic formula and then
simplify.

6.2 Quadratic Formula 1401

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
−b ± √b2 − 4ac
x=
2a
− (−5) ± √(−5) − 4 (4) (−1)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2
⎯

=
2 (4)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
5 ± √25 + 16
=
8
⎯⎯⎯⎯
5 ± √41
=
8

5±√41
Answer: The solution is 8
.

Try this! Solve: (x + 3) (x − 5) = −19

⎯⎯
Answer: 1 ± i√3

(click to see video)

The Discriminant

If given a quadratic equation in standard form, ax 2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b, and c

are real numbers and a ≠ 0, then the solutions can be calculated using the
quadratic formula:

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
−b ± √b2 − 4ac
x=
2a

6. The expression inside the As we have seen, the solutions can be rational, irrational, or complex. We can
radical of the quadratic
2 determine the number and type of solutions by studying the discriminant6, the
formula, b − 4ac.

6.2 Quadratic Formula 1402

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

expression inside the radical, b2 − 4ac. If the value of this expression is negative,
then the equation has two complex solutions. If the discriminant is positive, then
the equation has two real solutions. And if the discriminant is 0, then the equation
has one real solution, a double root.

Example 6

Determine the type and number of solutions: 2x 2 + x + 3 = 0.

Solution:

We begin by identifying a, b, and c. Here

a=2 b=1 c=3

Substitute these values into the discriminant and simplify.

b2 − 4ac = (1)2 − 4 (2) (3)

= 1 − 24
= −23

Since the discriminant is negative, we conclude that there are no real solutions.
They are complex.

Answer: Two complex solutions.

If we use the quadratic formula in the previous example, we find that a negative
radicand introduces the imaginary unit and we are left with two complex solutions.

6.2 Quadratic Formula 1403

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
−b ± √b2 − 4ac
x=
2a
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
− (1) ± √−23
=
2 (2)
⎯⎯⎯⎯
−1 ± i√23
=
4
⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 √23
=− ± i Two complex solutions
4 4

Note: Irrational and complex solutions of quadratic equations always appear in

conjugate pairs.

6.2 Quadratic Formula 1404

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

Example 7

Determine the type and number of solutions: 6x 2 − 5x − 1 = 0.

Solution:

In this example,

a=6 b = −5 c = −1

Substitute these values into the discriminant and simplify.

b2 − 4ac = (−5) − 4 (6) (−1)

2

= 25 + 24
= 49

Since the discriminant is positive, we conclude that the equation has two real
solutions. Furthermore, since the discriminant is a perfect square, we obtain
two rational solutions.

Answer: Two rational solutions

Because the discriminant is a perfect square, we could solve the previous quadratic
equation by factoring or by using the quadratic formula.

6.2 Quadratic Formula 1405

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

Solve using the quadratic

Solve by factoring:
formula:

−b±√b 2 −4ac
x= 2a
6x 2 − 5x − 1 = 0 −(−5)±√49
2(6)
=
(6x + 1)(x − 1) = 0
5±7
= 12
6x + 1 = 0 or x − 1 = 0
6x = −1 x=1 x= 5−7
or x = 5+7
12 12
1
x=− 6
−2
x = 12 x= 12
12
x = − 16 x =1

Given the special condition where the discriminant is 0, we obtain only one
solution, a double root.

6.2 Quadratic Formula 1406

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

Example 8

Determine the type and number of solutions: 25x 2 − 20x + 4 = 0.

Solution:

Here a = 25, b = −20, and c = 4, and we have

b2 − 4ac = (−20)2 − 4 (25) (4)

= 400 − 400
=0

Since the discriminant is 0, we conclude that the equation has only one real
solution, a double root.

Answer: One rational solution

Since 0 is a perfect square, we can solve the equation above by factoring.

25x 2 − 20x + 4 = 0
(5x − 2)(5x − 2) = 0

5x − 2 = 0 or5x − 2 = 0
5x = 2 5x = 2
2 2
x= x=
5 5

Here 25 is a solution that occurs twice; it is a double root.

6.2 Quadratic Formula 1407

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

Example 9

Determine the type and number of solutions: x 2 − 2x − 4 = 0.

Solution:

Here a = 1, b = −2, and c = −4, and we have

b2 − 4ac = (−2)2 − 4 (1) (−4)

= 4 + 16
= 20

Since the discriminant is positive, we can conclude that the equation has two
real solutions. Furthermore, since 20 is not a perfect square, both solutions are
irrational.

Answer: Two irrational solutions.

If we use the quadratic formula in the previous example, we find that a positive
radicand in the quadratic formula leads to two real solutions.

6.2 Quadratic Formula 1408

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
−b ± √b2 − 4ac
x=
2a
⎯⎯⎯⎯
− (−2) ± √20
= Positive discriminant
2 (1)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 ± √4 × 5
=
2
⎯⎯
2 ± 2√5
=
2
2 (1 ± √5)
⎯⎯
=
2
1
⎯⎯
= 1 ± √5 Two irrational solutions

⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
The two real solutions are 1 − √5 and 1 + √5. Note that these solutions are
irrational; we can approximate the values on a calculator.

⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
1 − √5 ≈ −1.24 and 1 + √5 ≈ 3.24

In summary, if given any quadratic equation in standard form, ax 2 + bx + c = 0,

where a, b, and c are real numbers and a ≠ 0, then we have the following:

Positive discriminant : b2 − 4ac> 0 Two real solutions

Zero discriminant : b2 − 4ac= 0 One real solution
Negative discriminant :b2 − 4ac< 0 Two complex solutions

Furthermore, if the discriminant is nonnegative and a perfect square, then the

solutions to the equation are rational; otherwise they are irrational. As we will see,
knowing the number and type of solutions ahead of time helps us determine which
method is best for solving a quadratic equation.

6.2 Quadratic Formula 1409

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

Try this! Determine the number and type of solutions: 2x 2 = x − 2.

Answer: Two complex solutions.

(click to see video)

KEY TAKEAWAYS

• We can use the quadratic formula to solve any quadratic equation in

standard form.
• To solve any quadratic equation, we first rewrite it in standard form
ax 2 + bx + c = 0, substitute the appropriate coefficients into the
−b±√b 2 −4ac
quadratic formula, x = , and then simplify.
2a
• We can determine the number and type of solutions to any quadratic
2
equation in standard form using the discriminant, b − 4ac. If the
value of this expression is negative, then the equation has two complex
solutions. If the discriminant is positive, then the equation has two real
solutions. And if the discriminant is 0, then the equation has one real
solution, a double root.
• We can further classify real solutions into rational or irrational
numbers. If the discriminant is a perfect square, the roots are rational
and the equation will factor. If the discriminant is not a perfect square,
the roots are irrational.

6.2 Quadratic Formula 1410

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

TOPIC EXERCISES

PART A: THE QUADRATIC FORMULA

Identify the coefficients, a, b and c, used in the quadratic formula. Do

not solve.

1. x2 − x + 3 = 0
2. 5x 2 − 2x − 8 = 0
3. 4x 2 − 9 = 0
4. x 2 + 3x = 0
5. −x 2 + 2x − 7 = 0
6. −2x 2 − 5x + 2 = 0
7. px 2 − qx − 1 = 0
8. p 2 x 2 − x + 2q = 0

(x − 5) = 49
2
9.

10. (2x + 1) 2 = 2x − 1

Solve by factoring and then solve using the quadratic formula. Check
answers.

11. x 2 − 6x − 16 = 0
12. x 2 − 3x − 18 = 0
13. 2x 2 + 7x − 4 = 0
14. 3x 2 + 5x − 2 = 0
15. 4y 2 − 9 = 0
16. 9y 2 − 25 = 0
17. 5t 2 − 6t = 0
18. t 2 + 6t = 0

6.2 Quadratic Formula 1411

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

19. −x 2 + 9x − 20 = 0
20. −2x 2 − 3x + 5 = 0
21. 16y 2 − 24y + 9 = 0
22. 4y 2 − 20y + 25 = 0

Solve by extracting the roots and then solve using the quadratic
formula. Check answers.

23. x 2 − 18 = 0
24. x 2 − 12 = 0
25. x 2 + 12 = 0
26. x 2 + 20 = 0
27. 3x 2 + 2 = 0
28. 5x 2 + 3 = 0
29. (x + 2) 2 + 9 = 0
30. (x − 4) 2 + 1 = 0
31. (2x + 1) 2 − 2 = 0
32. (3x + 1) 2 − 5 = 0

Solve using the quadratic formula.

33. x 2 − 5x + 1 = 0
34. x 2 − 7x + 2 = 0
35. x 2 + 8x + 5 = 0
36. x 2 − 4x + 2 = 0
37. y 2 − 2y + 10 = 0
38. y 2 − 4y + 13 = 0
39. 2x 2 − 10x − 1 = 0

6.2 Quadratic Formula 1412

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

40. 2x 2 − 4x − 3 = 0
41. 3x 2 − x + 2 = 0
42. 4x 2 − 3x + 1 = 0
43. 5u 2 − 2u + 1 = 0
44. 8u 2 − 20u + 13 = 0
45. −y 2 + 16y − 62 = 0
46. −y 2 + 14y − 46 = 0
47. −2t 2 + 4t + 3 = 0
48. −4t 2 + 8t + 1 = 0
1 3
49.
2
y 2 + 5y + 2
=0
1 1
50. 3y 2 + 2
y− 3
=0
1 1
51. 2x 2 − 2
x+ 4
=0
2 1
52. 3x 2 − 3
x+ 3
=0
53. 1.2x 2 − 0.5x − 3.2 = 0
54. 0.4x 2 + 2.3x + 1.1 = 0
55. 2.5x 2 − x + 3.6 = 0
56. −0.8x 2 + 2.2x − 6.1 = 0
57. −2y 2 = 3 (y − 1)
58. 3y 2 = 5 (2y − 1)
59. (t + 1)2 = 2t + 7
60. (2t − 1)2 = 73 − 4t
61. (x + 5) (x − 1) = 2x + 1
62. (x + 7) (x − 2) = 3 (x + 1)

6.2 Quadratic Formula 1413

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

63. 2x (x − 1) = −1
64. x (2x + 5) = 3x − 5
65. 3t (t − 2) + 4 = 0
66. 5t (t − 1) = t − 4
67. (2x + 3) 2 = 16x + 4

(2y + 5) − 12 (y + 1) = 0
2
68.

Assume p and q are nonzero integers and use the quadratic formula to
solve for x.

69. px 2 + x + 1 = 0
70. x 2 + px + 1 = 0
71. x2 + x − p = 0
72. x 2 + px + q = 0
73. p 2 x 2 + 2px + 1 = 0
74. x 2 − 2qx + q 2 = 0

Solve using algebra.

75. The height in feet reached by a baseball tossed upward at a speed of 48 feet per
second from the ground is given by h (t) = −16t 2 + 48t, where t
represents time in seconds after the ball is tossed. At what time does the
baseball reach 24 feet? (Round to the nearest tenth of a second.)

76. The height in feet of a projectile launched upward at a speed of 32 feet per
second from a height of 64 feet is given by h (t) = −16t 2 + 32t + 64. At
what time after launch does the projectile hit the ground? (Round to the
nearest tenth of a second.)

77. The profit in dollars of running an assembly line that produces custom
uniforms each day is given by P(t) = −40t 2 + 960t − 4,000 where t
represents the number of hours the line is in operation. Determine the number
of hours the assembly line should run in order to make a profit of $1,760 per
day.

6.2 Quadratic Formula 1414

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

78. A manufacturing company has determined that the daily revenue R in

thousands of dollars is given by R (n) = 12n − 0.6n 2 where n represents
the number of pallets of product sold. Determine the number of pallets that
must be sold in order to maintain revenues at 60 thousand dollars per day.

79. The area of a rectangle is 10 square inches. If the length is 3 inches more than
twice the width, then find the dimensions of the rectangle. (Round to the
nearest hundredth of an inch.)

80. The area of a triangle is 2 square meters. If the base is 2 meters less than the
height, then find the base and the height. (Round to the nearest hundredth of a
meter.)
1
81. To safely use a ladder, the base should be placed about of the ladder’s length
4
away from the wall. If a 32-foot ladder is used safely, then how high against a
building does the top of the ladder reach? (Round to the nearest tenth of a
foot.)

82. The length of a rectangle is twice its width. If the diagonal of the rectangle
measures 10 centimeters, then find the dimensions of the rectangle. (Round to
the nearest tenth of a centimeter.)

83. Assuming dry road conditions and average reaction times, the safe stopping
1
distance in feet of a certain car is given by d (x) = 20
x 2 + x where x
represents the speed of the car in miles per hour. Determine the safe speed of
the car if you expect to stop in 50 feet. (Round to the nearest mile per hour.)

84. The width of a rectangular solid is 2.2 centimeters less than its length and the
depth measures 10 centimeters.

6.2 Quadratic Formula 1415

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

Determine the length and width if the total volume of the solid is 268.8 cubic
centimeters.

85. An executive traveled 25 miles in a car and then another 30 miles on a

helicopter. If the helicopter was 10 miles per hour less than twice as fast as the
car and the total trip took 1 hour, then what was the average speed of the car?
(Round to the nearest mile per hour.)

86. Joe can paint a typical room in 1.5 hours less time than James. If Joe and James
can paint 2 rooms working together in an 8-hour shift, then how long does it
take James to paint a single room? (Round to the nearest tenth of an hour.)

PART B: THE DISCRIMINANT

Calculate the discriminant and use it to determine the number and type
of solutions. Do not solve.

87. x2 − x + 1 = 0
88. x 2 + 2x + 3 = 0
89. x 2 − 2x − 3 = 0
90. x 2 − 5x − 5 = 0
91. 3x 2 − 1x − 2 = 0

6.2 Quadratic Formula 1416

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

92. 3x 2 − 1x + 2 = 0
93. 9y 2 + 2 = 0
94. 9y 2 − 2 = 0
95. 2x 2 + 3x = 0
96. 4x 2 − 5x = 0
1 5
97.
2
x 2 − 2x + 2
=0
1 1
98.
2
x2 − x − 2
=0
99. −x 2 − 3x + 4 = 0
100. −x 2 − 5x + 3 = 0
101. 25t 2 + 30t + 9 = 0
102. 9t 2 − 12t + 4 = 0

Find a nonzero integer p so that the following equations have one real
solution. (Hint: If the discriminant is zero, then there will be one real
solution.)

103. px 2 − 4x − 1 = 0
104. x 2 − 8x + p = 0
105. x 2 + px + 25 = 0
106. x 2 − 2x + p 2 = 0

PART C: DISCUSSION BOARD

107. When talking about a quadratic equation in standard form

ax 2 + bx + c = 0, why is it necessary to state that a ≠ 0? What would
happen if a is equal to zero?

108. Research and discuss the history of the quadratic formula and solutions to
quadratic equations.

109. Solve mx 2 + nx + p = 0 for x by completing the square.

6.2 Quadratic Formula 1417

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

ANSWERS

1. a = 1; b = −1 ; c = 3
3. a = 4; b = 0; c = −9
5. a = −1; b = 2; c = −7
7. a = p; b = −q ; c = −1
9. a = 1; b = −10 ; c = −24
11. −2, 8
1
13. −4, 2
3
15. ±
2
6
17. 0, 5

19. 4, 5
3
21.
4
⎯⎯
23. ±3√ 2
⎯⎯
25. ±2i√ 3
⎯⎯
i√ 6
27. ±
3
29. −2 ± 3i
⎯⎯
−1 ± √ 2
31.
2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
5 ± √ 21
33.
2
⎯⎯⎯⎯
35. −4 ± √ 11
37. 1 ± 3i
⎯⎯
5 ± 3√ 3
39.
2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 √ 23
41. ± i
6 6

6.2 Quadratic Formula 1418

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

1 2
43. ± i
5 5
⎯⎯
45. 8 ± √2
⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 ± √ 10
47.
2
⎯⎯⎯⎯
49. −5 ± √ 22
⎯⎯
1 √7
51. ± i
8 8
53. x ≈ −1.4 or x ≈ 1.9
55. x ≈ 0.2 ± 1.2i
⎯⎯⎯⎯
−3 ± √ 33
57.
4
⎯⎯
59. ±√ 6
⎯⎯
61. −1 ± √ 7
1 1
63.
2
± 2
i
⎯⎯
√3
65. 1 ± i
3
1
67. ±i
2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
−1 ± √ 1 − 4p
69. x=
2p
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
−1 ± √ 1 + 4p
71. x=
2
1
73. x = −
p
75. 0.6 seconds and 2.4 seconds

77. 12 hours

79. Length: 6.22 inches; width: 1.61 inches

81. 31.0 feet

83. 23 miles per hour

6.2 Quadratic Formula 1419

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

85. 42 miles per hour

87. −3; two complex solutions

89. 16; two rational solutions

91. 25; two rational solutions

93. −72; two complex solutions

95. 9; two rational solutions

97. −1; two complex solutions

99. 25; two rational solutions

101. 0; one rational solution

103. p = −4
105. p = ±10
107. Answer may vary

109. Answer may vary

6.2 Quadratic Formula 1420

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

6.4 Quadratic Functions and Their Graphs

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Graph a parabola.
2. Find the intercepts and vertex of a parabola.
3. Find the maximum and minimum y-value.
4. Find the vertex of a parabola by completing the square.

The Graph of a Quadratic Function

A quadratic function is a polynomial function of degree 2 which can be written in

the general form,

f (x) = ax 2 + bx + c

Here a, b and c represent real numbers where a ≠ 0. The squaring function

f (x) = x 2 is a quadratic function whose graph follows.

10. The U-shaped graph of any This general curved shape is called a parabola10 and is shared by the graphs of all
quadratic function defined by quadratic functions. Note that the graph is indeed a function as it passes the
f (x) = ax 2 + bx + c, vertical line test. Furthermore, the domain of this function consists of the set of all
where a, b, and c are real
numbers and a ≠ 0.

1450
Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

real numbers (−∞, ∞) and the range consists of the set of nonnegative numbers
[0, ∞) .

When graphing parabolas, we want to include certain special points in the graph.
The y-intercept is the point where the graph intersects the y-axis. The x-intercepts
are the points where the graph intersects the x-axis. The vertex11 is the point that
defines the minimum or maximum of the graph. Lastly, the line of symmetry12
(also called the axis of symmetry13) is the vertical line through the vertex, about
which the parabola is symmetric.

For any parabola, we will find the vertex and y-intercept. In addition, if the x-
intercepts exist, then we will want to determine those as well. Guessing at the x-
values of these special points is not practical; therefore, we will develop techniques
that will facilitate finding them. Many of these techniques will be used extensively
as we progress in our study of algebra.

Given a quadratic function f (x) = ax 2 + bx + c, find the y-intercept by

evaluating the function where x = 0. In general, f (0) = a(0)2 + b (0) + c = c,
and we have
11. The point that defines the
minimum or maximum of a
parabola.

12. The vertical line through the

b
vertex, x = − 2a , about y-intercept
which the parabola is (0, c)
symmetric.

13. A term used when referencing

the line of symmetry.

6.4 Quadratic Functions and Their Graphs 1451

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

Next, recall that the x-intercepts, if they exist, can be found by setting f (x) = 0.
Doing this, we have a2 + bx + c = 0, which has general solutions given by the
−b±√b2 −4ac
quadratic formula, x = 2a
. Therefore, the x-intercepts have this general
form:

x − intercepts
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
−b − √b2 − 4ac −b + √b2 − 4ac
( ) ( )
,0 and ,0
2a 2a

Using the fact that a parabola is symmetric, we can determine the vertical line of
symmetry using the x-intercepts. To do this, we find the x-value midway between
the x-intercepts by taking an average as follows:

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
−b − √b2 − 4ac −b + √b2 − 4ac
( )
x= + ÷2
2a 2a
 ⎯
 −b − √b − 4ac − b + √b − 4ac 
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
= ÷
2 2

  (1)
2

 
2a

−2b 1
= ⋅
2a 2
b
=−
2a

b
Therefore, the line of symmetry is the vertical line x = − 2a . We can use the line of
symmetry to find the the vertex.

Line of symmetry Vertex

( 2a ( 2a ))
b b b
x=− − ,f −
2a

6.4 Quadratic Functions and Their Graphs 1452

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

Generally three points determine a parabola. However, in this section we will find
five points so that we can get a better approximation of the general shape. The
steps for graphing a parabola are outlined in the following example.

6.4 Quadratic Functions and Their Graphs 1453

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

Example 1

Graph: f (x) = −x 2 − 2x + 3.

Solution:

Step 1: Determine the y-intercept. To do this, set x = 0 and find f (0) .

f (x) = −x 2 − 2x + 3
f (0) = −(0)2 − 2 (0) + 3
=3

The y-intercept is (0, 3) .

Step 2: Determine the x-intercepts if any. To do this, set f (x) = 0 and solve for
x.

f (x) = −x 2 − 2x + 3 Set f (x) = 0.

0 = −x 2 − 2x + 3 Multiply both sides by − 1.
0 = x 2 + 2x − 3 Factor.
0 = (x + 3)(x − 1) Set each f actor equal to zero.

x + 3=0 or x − 1 = 0
x = −3 x=1

Here where f (x) = 0, we obtain two solutions. Hence, there are two x-
intercepts, (−3, 0) and (1, 0) .

6.4 Quadratic Functions and Their Graphs 1454

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

b
Step 3: Determine the vertex. One way to do this is to first use x = − 2a to find
the x-value of the vertex and then substitute this value in the function to find
the corresponding y-value. In this example, a = −1 and b = −2.

−b
x=
2a
− (−2)
=
2 (−1)
2
=
−2
= −1

Substitute −1 into the original function to find the corresponding y-value.

f (x) = −x 2 − 2x + 3
f (−1) = −(−1)2 − 2 (−1) + 3
= −1 + 2 + 3
=4

The vertex is (−1, 4) .

Step 4: Determine extra points so that we have at least five points to plot.
Ensure a good sampling on either side of the line of symmetry. In this example,
one other point will suffice. Choose x = −2 and find the corresponding y-
value.

6.4 Quadratic Functions and Their Graphs 1455

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

x y Point
−2 3 f (−2) = −(−2)2 − 2 (−2) + 3 = −4 + 4 + 3 = 3 (−2, 3)

Our fifth point is (−2, 3) .

Step 5: Plot the points and sketch the graph. To recap, the points that we have
found are

y − intercept : (0, 3)
x − intercepts : (−3, 0) and (1, 0)
Vertex : (−1, 4)
Extra point : (−2, 3)

Answer:

The parabola opens downward. In general, use the leading coefficient to determine
if the parabola opens upward or downward. If the leading coefficient is negative, as
in the previous example, then the parabola opens downward. If the leading
coefficient is positive, then the parabola opens upward.

6.4 Quadratic Functions and Their Graphs 1456

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

All quadratic functions of the form f (x) = ax 2 + bx + c have parabolic graphs

with y-intercept (0, c) . However, not all parabolas have x-intercepts.

6.4 Quadratic Functions and Their Graphs 1457

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

Example 2

Graph: f (x) = 2x 2 + 4x + 5.

Solution:

Because the leading coefficient 2 is positive, we note that the parabola opens
upward. Here c = 5 and the y-intercept is (0, 5). To find the x-intercepts, set
f (x) = 0.

f (x) = 2x 2 + 4x + 5
0 = 2x 2 + 4x + 5

In this case, a = 2, b = 4, and c = 5. Use the discriminant to determine the number

and type of solutions.

b2 − 4ac = (4)2 − 4 (2) (5)

= 16 − 40
= −24

Since the discriminant is negative, we conclude that there are no real solutions.
Because there are no real solutions, there are no x-intercepts. Next, we
determine the x-value of the vertex.

6.4 Quadratic Functions and Their Graphs 1458

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

−b
x=
2a
− (4)
=
2 (2)
−4
=
4
= −1

Given that the x-value of the vertex is −1, substitute −1 into the original
equation to find the corresponding y-value.

f (x) = 2x 2 + 4x + 5
f (−1) = 2(−1)2 + 4 (−1) + 5
=2 − 4 + 5
=3

The vertex is (−1, 3). So far, we have only two points. To determine three more,
choose some x-values on either side of the line of symmetry, x = −1. Here we
choose x-values −3, −2, and 1.

x y Points
−3 11 f (−3) = 2(−3)2 + 4 (−3) + 5 = 18 − 12 + 5 = 11(−3, 11)
−2 5 f (−2) = 2(−2)2 + 4 (−2) + 5 = 8 − 8 + 5 = 5 (−2, 5)
1 11 f (1) = 2(1)2 + 4 (1) + 5 = 2 + 4 + 5 = 11 (1, 11)

To summarize, we have

6.4 Quadratic Functions and Their Graphs 1459

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

y − intercept : (0, 5)
x − intercepts : None
Vertex : (−1, 3)
Extra points : (−3, 11) , (−2, 5) , (1, 11)

Plot the points and sketch the graph.

Answer:

6.4 Quadratic Functions and Their Graphs 1460

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

Example 3

Graph: f (x) = x 2 − 2x − 1.

Solution:

Since a = 1, the parabola opens upward. Furthermore, c = −1, so the y-intercept

is (0, −1) . To find the x-intercepts, set f (x) = 0.

f (x) = x 2 − 2x − 1
0 = x 2 − 2x − 1

In this case, solve using the quadratic formula with a = 1, b = −2, and c = −1.

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
−b ± √b2 − 4ac
x=
2a
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
−(−2) ± √(−2)2 − 4(1)(−1)
=
2(1)
⎯⎯
2 ± √8
=
2
⎯⎯
2 ± 2√2
=
2
⎯⎯
2(1 ± √2)
=
2
⎯⎯
= 1 ± √2

Here we obtain two real solutions for x, and thus there are two x-intercepts:

6.4 Quadratic Functions and Their Graphs 1461

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

(1 − √2, 0) and (1 + √2, 0) Exact values

⎯⎯ ⎯⎯

(−0.41, 0) (2.41, 0) Approximate values

Approximating the x-intercepts using a calculator will help us plot the points.
However, we will present the exact x-intercepts on the graph. Next, find the
vertex.

−b
x=
2a
− (−2)
=
2 (1)
2
=
2
=1

Given that the x-value of the vertex is 1, substitute into the original equation to
find the corresponding y-value.

y = x 2 − 2x − 1
= (1)2 − 2 (1) − 1
=1 − 2 − 1
= −2

The vertex is (1, −2). We need one more point.

6.4 Quadratic Functions and Their Graphs 1462

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

x y Point
2 − 1 f (2) = (2)2 − 2 (2) − 1 = 4 − 4 − 1 = −1 (2, −1)

To summarize, we have

y − intercept : (0, −1)

⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
x − intercepts : (1 − √2, 0) and (1 + √2, 0)
Vertex : (1, −2)
Extra point : (2, −1)

Plot the points and sketch the graph.

Answer:

6.4 Quadratic Functions and Their Graphs 1463

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

Try this! Graph: g (x) = −4x 2 + 12x − 9.

Answer:

(click to see video)

Finding the Maximum or Minimum

It is often useful to find the maximum and/or minimum values of functions that
model real-life applications. To find these important values given a quadratic
function, we use the vertex. If the leading coefficient a is positive, then the parabola
opens upward and there will be a minimum y-value. If the leading coefficient a is
negative, then the parabola opens downward and there will be a maximum y-value.

6.4 Quadratic Functions and Their Graphs 1464

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

Example 4

Determine the maximum or minimum: y = −4x 2 + 24x − 35.

Solution:

Since a = −4, we know that the parabola opens downward and there will be a
maximum y-value. To find it, first find the x-value of the vertex.

b
x=− x-value of the vertex.
2a
24
=− Substitute a = − 4 and b = 24.
2 (−4)
24
=− Simplif y.
−8
=3

The x-value of the vertex is 3. Substitute this value into the original equation to
find the corresponding y-value.

y = −4x 2 + 24x − 35 Substitute x = 3.

= −4(3)2 + 24 (3) − 35 Simplif y.
= −36 + 72 − 35
=1

The vertex is (3, 1). Therefore, the maximum y-value is 1, which occurs where x
= 3, as illustrated below:

6.4 Quadratic Functions and Their Graphs 1465

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

Note: The graph is not required to answer this question.

Answer: The maximum is 1.

6.4 Quadratic Functions and Their Graphs 1466

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

Example 5

Determine the maximum or minimum: y = 4x 2 − 32x + 62.

Solution:

Since a = 4, the parabola opens upward and there is a minimum y-value. Begin
by finding the x-value of the vertex.

b
x=−
2a
−32
=− Substitute a = 4 and b = − 32.
2 (4)
−32
=− Simplif y.
8
=4

Substitute x = 4 into the original equation to find the corresponding y-value.

y = 4x 2 − 32x + 62
= 4(4)2 − 32 (4) + 62
= 64 − 128 + 62
= −2

The vertex is (4, −2). Therefore, the minimum y-value of −2 occurs where x = 4,
as illustrated below:

6.4 Quadratic Functions and Their Graphs 1467

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

Answer: The minimum is −2.

6.4 Quadratic Functions and Their Graphs 1468

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

Example 6

The height in feet of a projectile is given by the function h(t) = −16t2 + 72t,
where t represents the time in seconds after launch. What is the maximum
height reached by the projectile?

Solution:

Here a = −16, and the parabola opens downward. Therefore, the y-value of the
vertex determines the maximum height. Begin by finding the time at which the
vertex occurs.

b 72 72 9
2 (−16)
t=− =− = =
2a 32 4

9
The maximum height will occur in 4 seconds (or 2 14 seconds). Substitute this
time into the function to determine the maximum height attained.

(4) (4) (4)

2
9 9 9
h = −16 + 72

( 16 ) (4)
81 9
= −16 + 72

= −81 + 162
= 81

Answer: The maximum height of the projectile is 81 feet.

6.4 Quadratic Functions and Their Graphs 1469

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

Finding the Vertex by Completing the Square

In this section, we demonstrate an alternate approach for finding the vertex. Any
quadratic function f (x) = ax 2 + bx + c can be rewritten in vertex form14,

f (x) = a(x − h) + k
2

In this form, the vertex is (h, k) . To see that this is the case, consider graphing
f (x) = (x − 2)2 + 3 using the transformations.

y=x2 Basic squaring f unction

2
y = (x − 2) Horizontal shif t right 2 units
2
y = (x − 2) + 3 Vertical shif t up 3 units

Use these translations to sketch the graph,

Here we can see that the vertex is (2, 3).

14. A quadratic function written in

f (x) = a(x − h) + k.
the form
2

6.4 Quadratic Functions and Their Graphs 1470

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

f (x) = a( x − h )2 + k
⏐
↓ ⏐
↓
f (x) = ( x − 2 )2 + 3

When the equation is in this form, we can read the vertex directly from it.

Example 7

Determine the vertex: f (x) = 2(x + 3)2 − 2.

Solution:

Rewrite the equation as follows before determining h and k.

f (x) = a ( x − h )2 + k
⏐
↓ ⏐
↓
f (x) = 2 [ x − (−3)] + (−2)
2

Here h = −3 and k = −2.

Answer: The vertex is (−3, −2).

Often the equation is not given in vertex form. To obtain this form, complete the
square.

6.4 Quadratic Functions and Their Graphs 1471

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

Example 8

Rewrite in vertex form and determine the vertex: f (x) = x 2 + 4x + 9.

Solution:

Begin by making room for the constant term that completes the square.

f (x) = x 2 + 4x + 9
= x 2 + 4x + ___ + 9 − ___

The idea is to add and subtract the value that completes the square, ( b2 ) , and
2

then factor. In this case, add and subtract ( 42 ) = (2)2 = 4.

2

f (x) = x 2 + 4x + 9 Add and subtract 4.

= x 2 + 4x + 4 + 9 − 4 Factor.
= (x 2 + 4x + 4) + 5.
= (x + 3)(x + 2) + 5
= (x + 2) 2 + 5

Adding and subtracting the same value within an expression does not change it.
Doing so is equivalent to adding 0. Once the equation is in this form, we can
easily determine the vertex.

f (x) = a( x − h )2 + k
⏐
↓ ⏐
↓
f (x) = ( x − (−2) )2 + 5

6.4 Quadratic Functions and Their Graphs 1472

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

Here h = −2 and k = 5.

Answer: The vertex is (−2, 5).

If there is a leading coefficient other than 1, then we must first factor out the
leading coefficient from the first two terms of the trinomial.

6.4 Quadratic Functions and Their Graphs 1473

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

Example 9

Rewrite in vertex form and determine the vertex: f (x) = 2x 2 − 4x + 8.

Solution:

Since a = 2, factor this out of the first two terms in order to complete the
square. Leave room inside the parentheses to add and subtract the value that
completes the square.

f (x) = 2x 2 − 4x + 8
= 2 (x 2 − 2x ) + 8

( 2 )
Now use −2 to determine the value that completes the square. In this case,
−2 2
= (−1)2 = 1. Add and subtract 1 and factor as follows:

f (x) = 2x 2 − 4x + 8
= 2 (x 2 − 2x+ __ − _ _) + 8 Add and subtract 1.
= 2(x 2 − 2x + 1 − 1) + 8 Factor.
= 2 [(x − 1) (x − 1) − 1] + 8
= 2 [(x − 1) 2 − 1] + 8 Distribute the 2.
= 2(x − 1) 2 − 2 + 8
= 2(x − 1) 2 + 6

In this form, we can easily determine the vertex.

6.4 Quadratic Functions and Their Graphs 1474

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

f (x) = a ( x − h )2 + k
⏐
↓ ⏐
↓
f (x) = 2 ( x − 1 )2 + 6

Here h = 1 and k = 6.

Answer: The vertex is (1, 6).

Try this! Rewrite in vertex form and determine the vertex:

f (x) = −2x 2 − 12x + 3.

Answer: f (x) = −2(x + 3)2 + 21; vertex: (−3, 21)

(click to see video)

6.4 Quadratic Functions and Their Graphs 1475

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

KEY TAKEAWAYS

• The graph of any quadratic function f (x) = ax 2 + bx + c, where a,

b, and c are real numbers and a ≠ 0, is called a parabola.
• When graphing a parabola always find the vertex and the y-intercept. If
the x-intercepts exist, find those as well. Also, be sure to find ordered
b
pair solutions on either side of the line of symmetry, x =− .
2a
• Use the leading coefficient, a, to determine if a parabola opens upward
or downward. If a is positive, then it opens upward. If a is negative, then
it opens downward.
b
• The vertex of any parabola has an x-value equal to − . After finding
2a
the x-value of the vertex, substitute it into the original equation to find
the corresponding y-value. This y-value is a maximum if the parabola
opens downward, and it is a minimum if the parabola opens upward.
• The domain of a parabola opening upward or downward consists of all
real numbers. The range is bounded by the y-value of the vertex.

(x) = a(x − h) + k. When in this form, the

• An alternate approach to finding the vertex is to rewrite the quadratic
2

vertex is (h, k) and can be read directly from the equation. To obtain
function in the form f

this form, take f (x) = ax 2 + bx + c and complete the square.

6.4 Quadratic Functions and Their Graphs 1476

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

TOPIC EXERCISES

PART A: THE GRAPH OF QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS

Does the parabola open upward or downward? Explain.

1. y = x 2 − 9x + 20
2. y = x 2 − 12x + 32
3. y = −2x 2 + 5x + 12
4. y = −6x 2 + 13x − 6
5. y = 64 − x 2
6. y = −3x + 9x 2

Determine the x- and y-intercepts.

7. y = x 2 + 4x − 12
8. y = x 2 − 13x + 12
9. y = 2x 2 + 5x − 3
10. y = 3x 2 − 4x − 4
11. y = −5x 2 − 3x + 2
12. y = −6x 2 + 11x − 4
13. y = 4x 2 − 27
14. y = 9x 2 − 50
15. y = x2 − x + 1
16. y = x 2 − 6x + 4

Find the vertex and the line of symmetry.

17. y = −x 2 + 10x − 34
18. y = −x 2 − 6x + 1

6.4 Quadratic Functions and Their Graphs 1477

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

19. y = −4x 2 + 12x − 7

20. y = −9x 2 + 6x + 2
21. y = 4x 2 − 1
22. y = x 2 − 16

Graph. Find the vertex and the y-intercept. In addition, find the x-
intercepts if they exist.

23. f (x) = x 2 − 2x − 8
24. f (x) = x 2 − 4x − 5
25. f (x) = −x 2 + 4x + 12
26. f (x) = −x 2 − 2x + 15
27. f (x) = x 2 − 10x
28. f (x) = x 2 + 8x
29. f (x) = x 2 − 9
30. f (x) = x 2 − 25
31. f (x) = 1 − x 2
32. f (x) = 4 − x 2
33. f (x) = x 2 − 2x + 1
34. f (x) = x 2 + 4x + 4
35. f (x) = −4x 2 + 12x − 9
36. f (x) = −4x 2 − 4x + 3
37. f (x) = x 2 − 2
38. f (x) = x 2 − 3
39. f (x) = −4x 2 + 4x − 3
40. f (x) = 4x 2 + 4x + 3

6.4 Quadratic Functions and Their Graphs 1478

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

41. f (x) = x 2 − 2x − 2
42. f (x) = x 2 − 6x + 6
43. f (x) = −2x 2 + 6x − 3
44. f (x) = −4x 2 + 4x + 1
45. f (x) = x 2 + 3x + 4
46. f (x) = −x 2 + 3x − 4
47. f (x) = −2x 2 + 3
48. f (x) = −2x 2 − 1
49. f (x) = 2x 2 + 4x − 3
50. f (x) = 3x 2 + 2x − 2

PART B: FINDING THE MAXIMUM OR MINIMUM

Determine the maximum or minimum y-value.

51. y = −x 2 − 6x + 1
52. y = −x 2 − 4x + 8
53. y = 25x 2 − 10x + 5
54. y = 16x 2 − 24x + 7
55. y = −x 2
56. y = 1 − 9x 2
57. y = 20x − 10x 2
58. y = 12x + 4x 2
59. y = 3x 2 − 4x − 2
60. y = 6x 2 − 8x + 5
61. y = x 2 − 5x + 1

6.4 Quadratic Functions and Their Graphs 1479

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

62. y = 1 − x − x2

Given the following quadratic functions, determine the domain and

range.

63. f (x) = 3x 2 + 30x + 50

64. f (x) = 5x 2 − 10x + 1
65. g (x) = −2x 2 + 4x + 1
66. g (x) = −7x 2 − 14x − 9
67. f (x) = x 2 + x − 1
68. f (x) = −x 2 + 3x − 2
69. The height in feet reached by a baseball tossed upward at a speed of 48 feet per
second from the ground is given by the function h (t) = −16t 2 + 48t,
where t represents the time in seconds after the ball is thrown. What is the
baseball’s maximum height and how long does it take to attain that height?

70. The height in feet of a projectile launched straight up from a mound is given
by the function h(t) = −16t 2 + 96t + 4, where t represents seconds after
launch. What is the maximum height?

71. The profit in dollars generated by producing and selling x custom lamps is
given by the function P(x) = −10x 2 + 800x − 12,000. What is the
maximum profit?

72. The profit in dollars generated from producing and selling a particular item is
modeled by the formula P(x) = 100x − 0.0025x 2 , where x represents
the number of units produced and sold. What number of units must be
produced and sold to maximize revenue?

73. The average number of hits to a radio station Web site is modeled by the
formula f (x) = 450t 2 − 3,600t + 8,000 , where t represents the
number of hours since 8:00 a.m. At what hour of the day is the number of hits
to the Web site at a minimum?

74. The value in dollars of a new car is modeled by the formula

V(t) = 125t 2 − 3,000t + 22,000 , where t represents the number of
years since it was purchased. Determine the minimum value of the car.

75. The daily production cost in dollars of a textile manufacturing company

producing custom uniforms is modeled by the formula

6.4 Quadratic Functions and Their Graphs 1480

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

C(x) = 0.02x 2 − 20x + 10,000 , where x represents the number of

uniforms produced.

a. How many uniforms should be produced to minimize the daily production

costs?
b. What is the minimum daily production cost?

76. The area in square feet of a certain rectangular pen is given by the formula
A = 14w − w 2 , where w represents the width in feet. Determine the width
that produces the maximum area.

PART C: FINDING THE VERTEX BY COMPLETING THE

SQUARE

Determine the vertex.

y = −(x − 5) + 3
2
77.

78. y = −2(x − 1) 2 + 7
79. y = 5(x + 1) 2 + 6
80. y = 3(x + 4) 2 + 10
81. y = −5(x + 8) 2 − 1
82. y = (x + 2) 2 − 5

= a(x − h) + k and determine the vertex.

2
Rewrite in vertex form y

83. y = x 2 − 14x + 24
84. y = x 2 − 12x + 40
85. y = x 2 + 4x − 12
86. y = x 2 + 6x − 1
87. y = 2x 2 − 12x − 3
88. y = 3x 2 − 6x + 5
89. y = −x 2 + 16x + 17

6.4 Quadratic Functions and Their Graphs 1481

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

90. y = −x 2 + 10x

Graph. Find the vertex and the y-intercept. In addition, find the x-
intercepts if they exist.

91. f (x) = x 2 − 1
92. f (x) = x 2 + 1
93. f (x) = (x − 1) 2
94. f (x) = (x + 1) 2
95. f (x) = (x − 4) 2 − 9
96. f (x) = (x − 1) 2 − 4
97. f (x) = −2(x + 1) 2 + 8
98. f (x) = −3(x + 2) 2 + 12
99. f (x) = −5(x − 1) 2
100. f (x) = −(x + 2) 2
101. f (x) = −4(x − 1) 2 − 2
102. f (x) = 9(x + 1) 2 + 2

f (x) = (x + 5) − 15
2
103.

f (x) = 2(x − 5) − 3
2
104.

105. f (x) = −2(x − 4) 2 + 22

106. f (x) = 2(x + 3) 2 − 13

PART D: DISCUSSION BOARD

107. Write down your plan for graphing a parabola on an exam. What will you be
looking for and how will you present your answer? Share your plan on the
discussion board.

6.4 Quadratic Functions and Their Graphs 1482

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

108. Why is any parabola that opens upward or downward a function? Explain to a
classmate how to determine the domain and range.

109. Research and discuss ways of finding a quadratic function that has a graph
passing through any three given points. Share a list of steps as well as an
example of how to do this.

6.4 Quadratic Functions and Their Graphs 1483

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

ANSWERS

1. Upward

3. Downward

5. Downward

9. x-intercepts: (−3, 0), ( , 0); y-intercept: (0, −3)

7. x-intercepts: (−6, 0), (2, 0);y-intercept: (0, −12)
1

11. x-intercepts: (−1, 0), ( , 0); y-intercept: (0, 2)

2
2
5

( ) ( 2 )
3√3 3√3
13. x-intercepts: − 2
,0 , ,0 ; y-intercept: (0, −27)

15. x-intercepts: none; y-intercept: (0, 1)

17. Vertex: (5, −9); line of symmetry: x =5

19. Vertex: ( , 2); line of symmetry: x =
3 3
2 2

21. Vertex: (0, −1); line of symmetry: x =0

23.

6.4 Quadratic Functions and Their Graphs 1484

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

25.

27.

29.

6.4 Quadratic Functions and Their Graphs 1485

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

31.

33.

35.

6.4 Quadratic Functions and Their Graphs 1486

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

37.

39.

41.

6.4 Quadratic Functions and Their Graphs 1487

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

43.

45.

47.

6.4 Quadratic Functions and Their Graphs 1488

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

49.
51. Maximum: y = 10

53. Minimum: y = 4

55. Maximum: y = 0

57. Maximum: y = 10
10
59. Minimum: y =− 3
21
61. Minimum: y =−
63. Domain: (−∞, ∞) ; range: [−25, ∞)
4

65. Domain: (−∞, ∞) ; range: (−∞, 3]

67. Domain: (−∞, ∞) ; range: [− , ∞)

5
4

69. The maximum height of 36 feet occurs after 1.5 seconds.

71. $4,000

73. 12:00 p.m.

75. a. 500 uniforms

b. $5,000

77. (5, 3)

79. (−1, 6)

81. (−8, −1)

83. y = (x − 7) 2 − 25 ; vertex: (7, −25)

6.4 Quadratic Functions and Their Graphs 1489

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

85. y = (x + 2) 2 − 16 ; vertex: (−2, −16)

87. y = 2(x − 3) 2 − 21 ; vertex: (3, −21)
89. y = −(x − 8) 2 + 81 ; vertex: (8, 81)

91.

93.

6.4 Quadratic Functions and Their Graphs 1490

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

95.

97.

99.

6.4 Quadratic Functions and Their Graphs 1491

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

101.

103.

105.
107. Answer may vary

109. Answer may vary

6.4 Quadratic Functions and Their Graphs 1492

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

6.5 Solving Quadratic Inequalities

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Check solutions to quadratic inequalities with one variable.

2. Understand the geometric relationship between solutions to quadratic
inequalities and their graphs.
3. Solve quadratic inequalities.

Solutions to Quadratic Inequalities

A quadratic inequality15 is a mathematical statement that relates a quadratic

expression as either less than or greater than another. Some examples of quadratic
inequalities solved in this section follow.

x 2 − 2x − 11 ≤ 0 2x 2 − 7x + 3 > 0 9 − x 2 > 0

A solution to a quadratic inequality is a real number that will produce a true

statement when substituted for the variable.

15. A mathematical statement that

relates a quadratic expression
as either less than or greater
than another.

1493
Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

Example 1

Are −3, −2, and −1 solutions to x 2 − x − 6 ≤ 0?

Solution:

Substitute the given value in for x and simplify.

x2 − x − 6≤0 x2 − x − 6≤0 x2 − x − 6≤0

(−3)2 − (−3) − 6 ≤ 0 (−2)2 − (−2) − 6 ≤ 0 (−1)2 − (−1) − 6 ≤ 0
9 + 3 − 6≤0 4 + 2 − 6≤0 1 + 1 − 6≤0
6 ≤ 0✗ 0 ≤ 0✓ −4 ≤ 0✓

Answer: −2 and −1 are solutions and −3 is not.

Quadratic inequalities can have infinitely many solutions, one solution, or no

solution. If there are infinitely many solutions, graph the solution set on a number
line and/or express the solution using interval notation. Graphing the function
defined by f (x) = x 2 − x − 6 found in the previous example we have

The result of evaluating for any x-value will be negative, zero, or positive.

6.5 Solving Quadratic Inequalities 1494

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

f (−3) = 6 Positive f (x) > 0

f (−2) = 0 Zero f (x) = 0
f (−1) = −4 Negative f (x) < 0

The values in the domain of a function that separate regions that produce positive
or negative results are called critical numbers16. In the case of a quadratic
function, the critical numbers are the roots, sometimes called the zeros. For
example, f (x) = x 2 − x − 6 = (x + 2) (x − 3) has roots −2 and 3. These values
bound the regions where the function is positive (above the x-axis) or negative
(below the x-axis).

notation [−2, 3] . Furthermore, x 2 − x − 6 ≥ 0 has solutions where x ≤ −2 or

Therefore x 2 − x − 6 ≤ 0 has solutions where −2 ≤ x ≤ 3, using interval

x ≥ 3 , using interval notation (−∞, −2] ∪ [−3, ∞) .

16. The values in the domain of a

function that separate regions
that produce positive or
negative results.

6.5 Solving Quadratic Inequalities 1495

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

Example 2

Given the graph of f determine the solutions to f (x) > 0:

Solution:

From the graph we can see that the roots are −4 and 2. The graph of the
function lies above the x-axis (f (x) > 0) in between these roots.

Because of the strict inequality, the solution set is shaded with an open dot on
each of the boundaries. This indicates that these critical numbers are not
actually included in the solution set. This solution set can be expressed two
ways,

{x|| − 4 < x < 2} Set Notation

(−4, 2) Interval Notation

6.5 Solving Quadratic Inequalities 1496

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

In this textbook, we will continue to present answers in interval notation.

Answer: (−4, 2)

Try this! Given the graph of f determine the solutions to f (x) < 0:

Answer: (−∞, −4) ∪ (2, ∞)

(click to see video)

Solving Quadratic Inequalities

Next we outline a technique used to solve quadratic inequalities without graphing

the parabola. To do this we make use of a sign chart17 which models a function
using a number line that represents the x-axis and signs (+ or −) to indicate where
the function is positive or negative. For example,

17. A model of a function using a

number line and signs (+ or −)
to indicate regions in the
domain where the function is
positive or negative.

6.5 Solving Quadratic Inequalities 1497

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

The plus signs indicate that the function is positive on the region. The negative
signs indicate that the function is negative on the region. The boundaries are the
critical numbers, −2 and 3 in this case. Sign charts are useful when a detailed
picture of the graph is not needed and are used extensively in higher level
mathematics. The steps for solving a quadratic inequality with one variable are
outlined in the following example.

6.5 Solving Quadratic Inequalities 1498

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

Example 3

Solve: −x 2 + 6x + 7 ≥ 0.

Solution:

It is important to note that this quadratic inequality is in standard form, with

zero on one side of the inequality.

Step 1: Determine the critical numbers. For a quadratic inequality in standard

form, the critical numbers are the roots. Therefore, set the function equal to
zero and solve.

−x 2 + 6x + 7 = 0
− (x 2 − 6x − 7) = 0
− (x + 1) (x − 7) = 0

x + 1 = 0 or x − 7 = 0
x = −1 x=7

The critical numbers are −1 and 7.

Step 2: Create a sign chart. Since the critical numbers bound the regions where
the function is positive or negative, we need only test a single value in each
region. In this case the critical numbers partition the number line into three
regions and we choose test values x = −3 , x = 0 , and x = 10.

6.5 Solving Quadratic Inequalities 1499

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

Test values may vary. In fact, we need only determine the sign (+ or −) of the
result when evaluating f (x) = −x 2 + 6x + 7 = − (x + 1) (x − 7) . Here we
evaluate using the factored form.

f (−3) = − (−3 + 1) (−3 − 7)= − (−2) (−10)= − Negative

f (0) = − (0 + 1) (0 − 7) = − (1) (−7) = + Positive
f (10) = − (10 + 1) (10 − 7) = − (11) (3) = − Negative

Since the result of evaluating for −3 was negative, we place negative signs above
the first region. The result of evaluating for 0 was positive, so we place positive
signs above the middle region. Finally, the result of evaluating for 10 was
negative, so we place negative signs above the last region, and the sign chart is
complete.

Step 3: Use the sign chart to answer the question. In this case, we are asked to
determine where f (x) ≥ 0, or where the function is positive or zero. From the
sign chart we see this occurs when x-values are inclusively between −1 and 7.

Using interval notation, the shaded region is expressed as [−1, 7] . The graph
is not required; however, for the sake of completeness it is provided below.

6.5 Solving Quadratic Inequalities 1500

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

Indeed the function is greater than or equal to zero, above or on the x-axis, for
x-values in the specified interval.

Answer: [−1, 7]

6.5 Solving Quadratic Inequalities 1501

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

Example 4

Solve: 2x 2 − 7x + 3 > 0.

Solution:

Begin by finding the critical numbers, in this case, the roots of

f (x) = 2x 2 − 7x + 3.

2x 2 − 7x + 3 = 0
(2x − 1) (x − 3) = 0

2x − 1 = 0 or x − 3 = 0
2x = 1 x=3
1
x=
2

The critical numbers are 12 and 3. Because of the strict inequality > we will use
open dots.

Next choose a test value in each region and determine the sign after evaluating
f (x) = 2x 2 − 7x + 3 = (2x − 1) (x − 3) . Here we choose test values −1, 2,
and 5.

6.5 Solving Quadratic Inequalities 1502

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

f (−1) = [2 (−1) − 1] (−1 − 3)= (−) (−)= +

f (2) = [2 (2) − 1] (2 − 3) = (+) (−)= −
f (5) = [2 (5) − 1] (5 − 3) = (+) (+)= +

And we can complete the sign chart.

The question asks us to find the x-values that produce positive results (greater
than zero). Therefore, shade in the regions with a + over them. This is the
solution set.

Answer: (−∞, 12 ) ∪ (3, ∞)

Sometimes the quadratic function does not factor. In this case we can make use of
the quadratic formula.

6.5 Solving Quadratic Inequalities 1503

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

Example 5

Solve: x 2 − 2x − 11 ≤ 0.

Solution:

Find the critical numbers.

x 2 − 2x − 11 = 0

Identify a, b, and c for use in the quadratic formula. Here a = 1, b = −2, and
c = −11. Substitute the appropriate values into the quadratic formula and
then simplify.

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
−b ± √b2 − 4ac
x=
2a
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
− (−2) ± √(−2)2 − 4 (1) (−11)
=
2 (1)
⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 ± √48
=
2
⎯⎯
2 ± 4√3
=
2
⎯⎯
= 1 ± 2√3

⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
Therefore the critical numbers are 1 − 2√3 ≈ −2.5 and 1 + 2√3 ≈ 4.5. Use
a closed dot on the number to indicate that these values will be included in the
solution set.

6.5 Solving Quadratic Inequalities 1504

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

Here we will use test values −5, 0, and 7.

f (−5) = (−5) − 2 (−5) − 11= 25 + 10 − 11 = +

2

f (0) = (0)2 − 2 (0) − 11 = 0 + 0 − 11 =−

f (7) = (7)2 − 2 (7) − 11 = 49 − 14 − 11 = +

After completing the sign chart shade in the values where the function is
negative as indicated by the question (f (x) ≤ 0).

Answer: [1 − 2√3, 1 + 2√3]

⎯⎯ ⎯⎯

Try this! Solve: 9 − x 2 > 0.

Answer: (−3, 3)

(click to see video)

It may be the case that there are no critical numbers.

6.5 Solving Quadratic Inequalities 1505

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

Example 6

Solve: x 2 − 2x + 3 > 0.

Solution:

To find the critical numbers solve,

x 2 − 2x + 3 = 0

Substitute a = 1, b = −2, and c = 3 into the quadratic formula and then

simplify.

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
−b ± √b2 − 4ac
x=
2a
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
− (−2) ± √(−2)2 − 4 (1) (3)
=
2 (1)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 ± √−8
=
2
⎯⎯
2 ± 2i√2
=
2
⎯⎯
= 1 + i√2

Because the solutions are not real, we conclude there are no real roots; hence
there are no critical numbers. When this is the case, the graph has no x-
intercepts and is completely above or below the x-axis. We can test any value to
create a sign chart. Here we choose x = 0.

6.5 Solving Quadratic Inequalities 1506

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

f (0) = (0)2 − 2 (0) + 3 = +

Because the test value produced a positive result the sign chart looks as follows:

We are looking for the values where f (x) > 0; the sign chart implies that any
real number for x will satisfy this condition.

Answer: (−∞, ∞)

The function in the previous example is graphed below.

We can see that it has no x-intercepts and is always above the x-axis (positive). If
the question was to solve x 2 − 2x + 3 < 0, then the answer would have been no
solution. The function is never negative.

6.5 Solving Quadratic Inequalities 1507

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

Try this! Solve: 9x 2 − 12x + 4 ≤ 0.

Answer: One solution, 23 .

(click to see video)

6.5 Solving Quadratic Inequalities 1508

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

Example 7
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
Find the domain: f (x) = √x 2 − 4.

Solution:

Recall that the argument of a square root function must be nonnegative.

Therefore, the domain consists of all real numbers for x such that x 2 − 4 is
greater than or equal to zero.

x2 − 4 ≥ 0

It should be clear that x 2 − 4 = 0 has two solutions x = ±2 ; these are the

critical values. Choose test values in each interval and evaluate f (x) = x 2 − 4.

f (−3) = (−3)2 − 4 = 9 − 4 = +
f (0) = (0)2 − 4 = 0 − 4 = −
f (3) = (3)2 − 4 = 9 − 4 = +

Shade in the x-values that produce positive results.

Answer: Domain: (−∞, −2] ∪ [2, ∞)

6.5 Solving Quadratic Inequalities 1509

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

KEY TAKEAWAYS

• Quadratic inequalities can have infinitely many solutions, one solution

or no solution.
• We can solve quadratic inequalities graphically by first rewriting the
inequality in standard form, with zero on one side. Graph the quadratic
function and determine where it is above or below the x-axis. If the
inequality involves “less than,” then determine the x-values where the
function is below the x-axis. If the inequality involves “greater than,”
then determine the x-values where the function is above the x-axis.
• We can streamline the process of solving quadratic inequalities by
making use of a sign chart. A sign chart gives us a visual reference that
indicates where the function is above the x-axis using positive signs or
below the x-axis using negative signs. Shade in the appropriate x-values
depending on the original inequality.
• To make a sign chart, use the function and test values in each region
bounded by the roots. We are only concerned if the function is positive
or negative and thus a complete calculation is not necessary.

6.5 Solving Quadratic Inequalities 1510

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

TOPIC EXERCISES

PART A: SOLUTIONS TO QUADRATIC INEQUALITIES

Determine whether or not the given value is a solution.

1. x 2 − x + 1 < 0; x = −1
2. x 2 + x − 1 > 0; x = −2
3
3. 4x 2 − 12x + 9 ≤ 0 ; x = 2
2
4. 5x 2 − 8x − 4 < 0 ; x = − 5

5. 3x 2 − x − 2 ≥ 0 ; x = 0
6. 4x 2 − x + 3 ≤ 0 ; x = −1
1
7. 2 − 4x − x 2 < 0 ; x = 2

8. 5 − 2x − x 2 > 0 ; x = 0
9. −x 2 − x − 9 < 0; x = −3
10. −x 2 + x − 6 ≥ 0; x = 6

Given the graph of f determine the solution set.

11. f (x) ≤ 0 ;

6.5 Solving Quadratic Inequalities 1511

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

12. f (x) ≥ 0 ;

13. f (x) ≥ 0 ;

14. f (x) ≤ 0 ;

6.5 Solving Quadratic Inequalities 1512

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

15. f (x) > 0 ;

16. f (x) < 0 ;

6.5 Solving Quadratic Inequalities 1513

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

17. f (x) > 0 ;

18. f (x) < 0 ;

19. f (x) ≥ 0 ;

6.5 Solving Quadratic Inequalities 1514

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

20. f (x) < 0 ;

Use the transformations to graph the following and then determine the
solution set.

21. x2 − 1 > 0
22. x2 + 2 > 0
23. (x − 1) 2 > 0
24. (x + 2) 2 ≤ 0
25. (x + 2) 2 − 1 ≤ 0
26. (x + 3) 2 − 4 > 0

6.5 Solving Quadratic Inequalities 1515

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

27. −x 2 + 4 ≥ 0
28. −(x + 2) 2 > 0
29. −(x + 3) 2 + 1 < 0
30. −(x − 4) 2 + 9 > 0

PART B: SOLVING QUADRATIC INEQUALITIES

Use a sign chart to solve and graph the solution set. Present answers
using interval notation.

31. x 2 − x − 12 > 0
32. x 2 − 10x + 16 > 0
33. x 2 + 2x − 24 < 0
34. x 2 + 15x + 54 < 0
35. x 2 − 23x − 24 ≤ 0
36. x 2 − 12x + 20 ≤ 0
37. 2x 2 − 11x − 6 ≥ 0
38. 3x 2 + 17x − 6 ≥ 0
39. 8x 2 − 18x − 5 < 0
40. 10x 2 + 17x + 6 > 0
41. 9x 2 + 30x + 25 ≤ 0
42. 16x 2 − 40x + 25 ≤ 0
43. 4x 2 − 4x + 1 > 0
44. 9x 2 + 12x + 4 > 0
45. −x 2 − x + 30 ≥ 0
46. −x 2 − 6x + 27 ≤ 0
47. x 2 − 64 < 0

6.5 Solving Quadratic Inequalities 1516

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

48. x 2 − 81 ≥ 0
49. 4x 2 − 9 ≥ 0
50. 16x 2 − 25 < 0
51. 25 − 4x 2 ≥ 0
52. 1 − 49x 2 < 0
53. x2 − 8 > 0
54. x 2 − 75 ≤ 0
55. 2x 2 + 1 > 0
56. 4x 2 + 3 < 0
57. x − x2 > 0
58. 3x − x 2 ≤ 0
59. x2 − x + 1 < 0
60. x2 + x − 1 > 0
61. 4x 2 − 12x + 9 ≤ 0
62. 5x 2 − 8x − 4 < 0
63. 3x 2 − x − 2 ≥ 0
64. 4x 2 − x + 3 ≤ 0
65. 2 − 4x − x 2 < 0
66. 5 − 2x − x 2 > 0
67. −x 2 − x − 9 < 0
68. −x 2 + x − 6 ≥ 0
69. −2x 2 + 4x − 1 ≥ 0
70. −3x 2 − x + 1 ≤ 0

Find the domain of the function.

6.5 Solving Quadratic Inequalities 1517

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
71. f (x) = √ x 2 − 25
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
72. f (x) = √ x 2 + 3x
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
73. g (x) = √ 3x 2 − x − 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
74. g (x) = √ 12x 2 − 9x − 3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
75. h (x) = √ 16 − x 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
76. h (x) = √ 3 − 2x − x 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
77. f (x) = √ x 2 + 10
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
78. f (x) = √ 9 + x 2
79. A robotics manufacturing company has determined that its weekly profit in
thousands of dollars is modeled by P (n) = −n 2 + 30n − 200 where n
represents the number of units it produces and sells. How many units must the
company produce and sell to maintain profitability. (Hint: Profitability occurs
when profit is greater than zero.)

80. The height in feet of a projectile shot straight into the air is given by
h (t) = −16t 2 + 400t where t represents the time in seconds after it is
fired. In what time intervals is the projectile under 1,000 feet? Round to the
nearest tenth of a second.

PART C: DISCUSSION BOARD

81. Does the sign chart for any given quadratic function always alternate? Explain
and illustrate your answer with some examples.

82. Research and discuss other methods for solving a quadratic inequality.

83. Explain the difference between a quadratic equation and a quadratic

inequality. How can we identify and solve each? What is the geometric
interpretation of each?

6.5 Solving Quadratic Inequalities 1518

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

ANSWERS

1. No

3. Yes

5. No

7. Yes

9. Yes

11. [−4, 2]
13. [−1, 3]
15. (−∞, ∞)
17. (−∞, 4) ∪ (8, ∞)
19. {−10}

21. (−∞, −1) ∪ (1, ∞)

6.5 Solving Quadratic Inequalities 1519

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

23. (−∞, 1) ∪ (1, ∞)

25. [−3, −1]

6.5 Solving Quadratic Inequalities 1520

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

27. [−2, 2]

29. (−∞, −4) ∪ (−2, ∞)

31. (−∞, −3) ∪ (4, ∞)
33. (−6, 4)
35. [−1, 24]

( 2] [ )
1
37. −∞, − ∪ 6, ∞

( 4 2)
1 5
39. − ,

6.5 Solving Quadratic Inequalities 1521

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

5
41. −
3

( 2) (2 )
1 1
43. −∞, ∪ ,∞

45. [−6, 5]
47. (−8, 8)

( 2] [2 )
3 3
−∞ , −
49. ∪ ,∞

[ 2 2]
5 5
51. − ,

( ) ( )
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
53. − ∞, −2√ 2 ∪ 2√ 2 , ∞

55. (−∞, ∞)
57. (0, 1)
59. Ø
3
61.
2

( 3] [ )
2
63.−∞, − ∪ 1, ∞

( ) ( )
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
65. − ∞, −2 − √ 6 ∪ −2 + √ 6 , ∞

67. (−∞, ∞)
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯

[ ]
2 − √2 2 + √2
69. ,
2 2
71. (−∞, −5] ∪ [5, ∞)

( 3] [ )
2
73. −∞, − ∪ 1, ∞

75. [−4, 4]
77. (−∞, ∞)
79. The company must produce and sell more than 10 units and fewer than 20
units each week.

6.5 Solving Quadratic Inequalities 1522

Chapter 6 Solving Equations and Inequalities

81. Answer may vary

83. Answer may vary

6.5 Solving Quadratic Inequalities 1523