A

SEMINAR
REPORT
ON
DISASTER MANAGEMENT

Dr. Radhakrishnan Institute of Technology

Civil Engineering
(2014-2018)

Submitted To: - Submitted By: -

Mr. Ashwini Kumar Kunal Kumawat
HOD – (Civil Engineering) (CIVIL BRANCH)
 Abstract

The Disaster is the event that occurs without any prediction. The term ‘Disaster’
is loosely used to refer to as any incident, manmade accident, or natural
occurrence that could affect the operation of the project in whatever way. We do
not assess the impact of upcoming disaster. There are two type of disaster
Natural and Manmade disaster. Disasters have adversely affected not only
humans but also animals and all lives on earth. Disaster cause mass damage of
construction or loss of economy. It gives very bad impact on the economy of the
country. In the last decade, natural disasters claimed 79,000 lives each year and
affected more than 200 million people, with damages amounting to almost US $
70 billion annually. Disaster also affected to the climate, which also adversely
affects local or regional climate. Today there is not any such develop technology
which gives vulnerability of upcoming natural disaster. Manmade disaster causes
through any big accident that occurs indoor or outdoor.

Disaster management is important for minimized the loss or lives and

economy. ‘Disaster management can be defined as “The organization and
management of resources and responsibilities for dealing with all
humanitarian aspects of emergencies, in particular preparedness,
response and recovery in order to lessen the impact of disasters ”.

India is traditionally vulnerable to Disaster because natural disaster causes due to

its unique geographical condition such as flood, drought, cyclone, earthquakes
and landslides etc. and manmade disaster causes due to untrained or unskilled
people work in prone areas. In the decade 1990-2000, an average about 4344
people lost their lives and about 30 million people were affected by disaster
every year.(Ref: Govt. of India –A status Report Aug. 2004) .
 INDEX

1. INTRODUCTION
2. TYPES OF DISASTER
2.1 NATURAL DISASTER
2.2 MAN-MADE DISASTER
3. CLASSIFICATION OF DISASTER
4. FEATURES OF DISASTER
5. PRINCIPLES OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT
6. DISASTER IMPACT
7. DISASTER RECOVERY
8. FUTURE DIRECTIONS
9. REFERECES
 1.0 INTRODUCTION

Disaster Management'" refers to manage disaster response in the country. India

has been traditionally vulnerable to the natural disasters on the account of its
unique geo-climatic conditions. Floods, droughts, cyclones, earthquakes and
landslides would have been a recurrent phenomenon. About 60% of the landmass
is prone to earthquakes of various intensities; over 40 million hectares is prone to
floods; about 8% of the total area is prone to cyclones and 68% of the area is
susceptible to drought. In the decade 1990-2000, an average of about 4344
people lost their lives and about 30 million people were affected by disasters
every year.

“A disaster can be defined as any occurrence that cause damage,

ecological disruption, loss of human life, deterioration of health
and health services on a scale, sufficient to warrant an
extraordinary response from outside the affected community or
area”.
(W.H.O.)

“A disaster can be defined as an occurrence either nature or

manmade that causes human suffering and creates human needs
that victims cannot alleviate without assistance”.
American Red Cross (ARC) ’

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 3.0 Classifications of Disaster Management

Researchers have been studying disasters for more than a century, and for
more than forty years disaster research. The studies reflect a common
opinion when they argue that all disasters can be seen as being human-
made, their reasoning being that human actions before the strike of the
hazard can prevent it developing into a disaster.

All disasters are hence the result of human failure to introduce appropriate
disaster management measures. Hazards are routinely divided into natural
or human-made, although complex disasters, where there is no single root
cause, are more common in developing countries. A specific disaster may
spawn a secondary disaster that increases the impact. A classic example is
an earthquake that causes a tsunami, resulting in coastal flooding.

Earthquake

Earthquakes refer to shaking of earth. There is continuous activity going on

below the surface of the earth. There are several large plates (size of
continents) below the surface of the earth, which move (at a very slow
speed). As a part of this movement, sometimes, they collide against each
other. And, after the collision, they might still continue to push each other.
As they continually keep pushing each other, there is a pressure building
up – across these plates below the surface. And, then, at a certain time, one
of the plates might slide over another. This causes an earthquake.

Some earthquakes might be caused by activity above the surface. For

example in a mountainous region, there might be a heavy landslide. Due to
a huge mass of land falling, at the point of the fall, there could be a minor

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shaking of earth, due the impact of fall. However, usually, such earthquakes
are not very major.
Volcanos

Volcanoes refer to eruption of hot molten lava from below the surface of
the earth. As plates move away from each other, at certain places, the
surface might get stretched and thinner. In such a situation, the hot molten
lava and gaseous substances below this thinned surface could open up a
fissure and come out.

Typically, these eruptions are always accompanied by discharge of huge

amount of gaseous substances, which are various compounds of high
toxicity. All eruptions (gaseous or liquid) from a volcano is at high
temperature, and, the mouth of a volcano might look like, as if it’s spewing
fire.

The area around Pacific Ocean is characterized by higher volcanic activity.

In fact, the entire rim along the Pacific Ocean is called as the “Ring Of Fire”,
because of volcanic activity along this zone.

There are a lot of volcanic activities taking place on a continuous basis,

across the globe, however, not all of these are serious enough to be termed
as disasters. In fact, for most of these – just a moderate level of precaution
might be sufficient.

Floods

Floods refer to huge amount of water reaching land in a short span of time,
causing land surface to be submerged under water – at places, where, land
surface is usually not covered with water.
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 Floods could be caused due to natural causes, or, human activities, or, a
combination of both. Floods are caused by discharge of huge volume of
water in a short span of time, at a rate, such that the water can not be carried
away from the scene of discharge.

Some of the possible reasons for such huge discharge of water could be:

A. very heavy rainfall (say: due to cyclones, typhoons etc.) in a short span
of time. It should be noted that the amount of rainfall itself is not a
sufficient cause, the duration within which the rainfall is receive is
equally important contributor
B. breach in levy, dams etc
C. very high tidal waves (sometimes in the aftermath of a seismic activity,
e.g. earthquakes) etc. – also called tsunamis

Usually, flooding impacts a large area, wherein entire district or states

might be flooded. However, sometimes, flooding is very local, i.e. limited
to just one city, or, parts of it. Most often, the localized flooding is caused
due to human activities, rather than natural phenomenon. A natural
phenomenon might seem like the immediate trigger, but, in reality, this is
caused by human activity.

There are some places, which get flooded almost every year. One such example
is Bangladesh.
Some of the other places which had incidents of bad flooding in the recent past
include:
• Florida, in the aftermath of hurricane Katrina (2005)
• Myanmar (2008)
• Portions of Coastal India get flooded almost each year
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Among various kinds of disasters, flooding is unique in the sense that it has
a very high degree of predictability, both in the short term, as well as long
term. In most situations, flood prone areas are quite known – in the sense
that they have a history of flooding. Only in very rare situations, a place
might be flooded – without having any past history of flooding. Even in
such cases, a careful study of the area could give an indication of possible
flooding.

Tornadoes, Typhoons, Cyclones

These are winds of high-speed, many times accompanied by heavy rainfall.

These cause structural damage, snapped overhead wires, and, possibility of
floods.

Because of damage to structure and overhead wires, utility services could be

disrupted. Heavy rainfall could cause flooding also.

Many times, these could last for a few days. In such cases, any restoration
and relief activities can not even start till these few days when the activities
start subsiding.

The only thing good about these kinds of natural disasters is that they can be
predicted to a reasonable degree - thanks to the advancement of metrological
sciences. And, in most cases, its possible to get a warning of up to several
days. Usually, it is possible to take at least some preventive measures - during
these few days of warning. In most cases, the preventive measure would
include:

• Moving into places which are safer, e.g. buildings which are structurally
sound, and, are not prone to flooding

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 • Not venturing out to sea etc for sports, fishing etc.

However, in spite of these warnings, damage to property can not be

mitigated much, as, immovable structures can not be relocated.

Another important thing about these kinds of strong winds and rainfall is
that they don’t appear totally at will. There are well-defined geographical
areas, which tend to see incidents of typhoons and cyclones. This means
that, people inhabiting these areas could take some fundamental care,
while, building homes etc. These are:  Sturdy home, with very strong
foundation and structure.
• Typically, most people build basements. These basements provide good
shelter, and, storage space for food and water to last for a few days for
the entire household.
• Proper embankments to prevent flooding etc.
• Storage of cement-bags and plastic sheets to prepare additional
embankments against flooding, if required.
The people who suffer the most are poor people, because:

• they don’t have the means to build very strong houses, and hence, these
houses get blown off/damaged
• they don’t have the means to buy and store food and provisions for
several days, causing them to take risks of venturing out during heavy
winds/rainfalls to make some money
• In coastal areas of poor country, fishermen have been known to venture
out to sea, even during cyclones etc.

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 Natural hazard

A natural hazard is a natural process or phenomenon that may cause loss of

life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods
and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage.

Various phenomena like earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions,

floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, blizzards, tsunamis, and cyclones are all
natural hazards that kill thousands of people and destroy billions of dollars
of habitat and property each year. However, the rapid growth of the
world's population and its increased concentration often in hazardous
environments has escalated both the frequency and severity of disasters.
With the tropical climate and unstable land forms, coupled with
deforestation, unplanned growth proliferation, non-engineered
constructions which make the disaster-prone areas more vulnerable, tardy
communication, and poor or no budgetary allocation for disaster
prevention, developing countries suffer more or less chronically from
natural disasters. Asia tops the list of casualties caused by natural hazards.

Airplane crashes and terrorist attacks are examples of man-made disasters:

they cause pollution, kill people, and damage property. This example is the
September 11 attacks in 2001 at the World Trade Center in New York.
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 Human-instigated disasters

Human-instigated disasters are the consequence of technological hazards.

Examples include
stampedes, fires, transport accidents, industrial accidents, oil spills and
nuclear explosions/radiation. War and deliberate attacks may also be put in
this category. As with natural hazards, man-made hazards are events that
have not happened—for instance, terrorism. Manmade disasters are
examples of specific cases where man-made hazards have become reality in
an event.

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 2.0 TYPES OF DISASTER

The following are the two types of disaster management

1. NATURAL DISASTER
2. MAN- MADE DISASTER

NATURAL DISASTER

A natural disaster is a major adverse event resulting from natural processes of the
Earth; examples include floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, volcanic
eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, and other geologic processes. A natural disaster can
cause loss of life or property damage, and typically leaves some economic damage in
its wake, the severity of which depends on the affected population's resilience, or
ability to recover and also on the infrastructure available.

An adverse event will not rise to the level of a disaster if it occurs in an area without
vulnerable population. In a vulnerable area, however, such as Nepal during the 2015
earthquake, an earthquake can have disastrous consequences and leave lasting
damage, which can require years to repair.

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 MAN-MADE DISASTER

Man made disasters are the consequence of technological hazards. Examples

include stampedes, fires, transport accidents, industrial accidents, oil spills and nuclear
explosions/radiation. War and deliberate attacks may also be put in this category. As
with natural hazards, man-made hazards are events that have not happened—for
instance, terrorism. Man-made disasters are examples of specific cases where man-
made hazards have become reality in an event.

4.0 Features of Disaster Management

The following are some of the important features of disaster management:

1. Disaster Management Teams: - World wide, governments, business

and non-business organisation are setting up disaster or crisis management
teams in order to manage the disaster. The disaster management teams are
broadly divided into three parts namely (1) The Policy Team (2) The
management Team (3) The Liaison Team.

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 2. Systematic Planning: - Disaster management involves systematic
planning to avert a disaster, and if it occurs, then systematic planning is
required in order to overcome the crisis arising out of disaster, Disaster
planning indicates, what to do, when to do, how to do and who is to do
certain activities to manage and overcome the problems of disaster.

3. Organising of Resources: - Disaster Management requires proper

organising of resources such as manpower, materials, funds, etc., in order to
deal with the calamity. Proper organizing of resources will help the disaster
management personnel to overcome the problems caused by the calamity or
disaster.

4. Training to Manpower: -To manage a disaster effectively, there is a

need to provide proper training to the disaster management personnel. The
training will help to develop and improve Disaster Management skills in the
personnel. Training may help to avert a disaster effectively.

5. Suitability: - Disaster Management is required before and after a

disaster. It is suitable before a disaster in order to avert a disaster, or to
caution the people and to take proper appropriate measures before the
disaster strikes. Disaster Management is also very much required after a
disaster takes place in order to undertake rescue, relief and rehabilitation
measures at the time of floods, earthquakes.
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6. Stability: -Normally, disaster management teams lack stability. They
are formed just prior to a disaster in order to avert it, whenever possible.
However, in advanced countries such as in USA, UK, Japan, etc., some
organisations form more or less permanent Disaster Management teams.

7. Organisation Structure: -Robert F. Littlejohn in his paper on ‘Crisis

Management’ suggested a matrix organisation structure to deal with disaster
or crisis in the organisation or in the city or country. The disaster
management team is to be headed by a crisis manager.

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 5.0 Principles of Disaster Management

The principles of disaster management are:

1. Disaster management is the responsibility of all spheres of

government.
No single service or department in itself has the capability to achieve
comprehensive disaster management. Each affected service or department
must have a disaster management plan which is coordinated through the
Disaster Management Advisory Forum.

2. Disaster management should use resources that exist for a day-to-

day purpose.

There are limited resources available specifically for disasters, and it

would be neither cost effective nor practical to have large holdings of
dedicated disaster resources. However, municipalities must ensure that
there is a minimum budget allocation to enable appropriate response to
incidents as they arise, and to prepare for and reduce the risk of disasters
occurring.
3. Organisations should function as an extension of their core business.
Disaster management is about the use of resources in the most effective
manner. To achieve this during disasters, organisations should be
employed in a manner that reflects their day-to-day role. But it should be
done in a coordinated manner across all relevant organisations, so that it
is multidisciplinary and multi-agency.

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4. Individuals are responsible for their own safety.

Individuals need to be aware of the hazards that could affect their

community and the counter measures, which include the Municipal
Disaster Management Plan, that are in place to deal with them.
5. Disaster management planning should focus on large-scale events.
It is easier to scale down a response than it is to scale up if arrangements
have been based on incident scale events. If you are well prepared for a
major disaster you will be able to respond very well to smaller incidents
and emergencies, nevertheless, good multi agency responses to incidents
do help in the event of a major disaster.
6. Disaster management planning should recognise the difference
between incidents and disasters.
Incidents - e.g. fires that occur in informal settlements, floods that occur
regularly, still require multiagency and multi-jurisdictional coordination.
The scale of the disaster will indicate when it is beyond the capacity of the
municipality to respond, and when it needs the involvement of other
agencies.
7. Disaster management operational arrangements are additional to and do
not replace incident management operational arrangements Single service
incident management operational arrangements will need to continue,
wheneverpractical, during disaster operations.
8. Disaster management planning must take account of the type of
physical environment and the structure of the population.The physical
shape and size of the Municipality and the spread of population must be
considered when developing counter disaster plans to ensure that

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appropriate prevention, preparation, response and recovery mechanisms can
be put in place in a timely manner.
9. Disaster management arrangements must recognise the involvement
and potential role of non-government agencies.
Significant skills and resources needed during disaster operations are
controlled by non-government agencies. These agencies must be
consulted and included in the planning process.

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 6.0 DISASTER IMPACT

Displaced Populations
One of the most immediate effects of natural disasters is population
displacement. When countries are ravaged by earthquakes and other
powerful forces of nature, many people have to abandon their homes
and seek shelter in other regions. A large influx of refugees can
disrupt everything from accessibility of health care and education to
food supplies and basic hygiene. Large-scale evacuations are
common in light of the power of tsunamis and other natural disasters,
and those fortunate enough to survive face a range of challenges
following widespread destruction.

Health Risks
Aside from the obvious danger that natural disasters present, the
secondary effects can be just as damaging. Typhoons, hurricanes and
tsunamis often cause severe flooding, which can result in the spread
of waterborne bacteria and malaria. As a result, health complications
can be prevalent among survivors of natural disasters, and without the
help of international relief organizations, death tolls can rise even
after the immediate danger has passed.

Food Scarcity
After natural disasters, food can become scarce. Thousands of people
around the world go hungry as a result of destroyed crops and a loss
of agricultural supplies. The impacts of hunger following an
earthquake, typhoon or hurricane can be tremendous, but fortunately,
there are ways you can help. ChildFund's Child Alert Emergency
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Fund provides people affected by natural disasters with the food and
nutritional support they need. Your donation of $25, $50 or $100 will
be used to fulfill immediate needs on the ground.

Emotional Aftershocks
Natural disasters can be particularly traumatic for young children.
Confronted with scenes of destruction and the deaths of friends and
loved ones, many children develop post-traumatic stress disorder
(PTSD), a serious psychological condition resulting from extreme
trauma. Left untreated, children suffering from PTSD can be prone to
lasting psychological damage and emotional distress. ChildFund
works in countries around the world affected by natural disasters to
help children receive the psychosocial care they need following these
traumatic events.

Although nobody can prevent natural disasters, we can help people in

need in their wake. By making a donation to ChildFund's Child Alert
Emergency Fund, you can help us provide food, clean water, health
care and emotional support to children and communities displaced by
natural disasters.

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 7.0 Disaster recovery

Disaster recovery (DR) involves a set of policies, tools and procedures to enable
the recovery or continuation of vital technology infrastructure and systems
following a natural or human-induced disaster. Disaster recovery focuses on the
IT or technology systems supporting critical business functions, as opposed
to business continuity, which involves keeping all essential aspects of a business
functioning despite significant disruptive events. Disaster recovery is therefore a
subset of business continuity.

Disaster recovery developed in the mid- to late 1970s as computer center

managers began to recognize the dependence of their organizations on their
computer systems. At that time, most systems were batch-
oriented mainframes which in many cases could be down for a number of days
before significant damage would be done to the organization.

As awareness of the potential business disruption that would follow an IT-related

disaster, the disaster recovery industry developed to provide backup computer
centers, with Sun Information Systems (which later became Sungard Availability
Services) becoming the first major US commercial hot site vendor, established in
1978 in Sri Lanka.

During the 1980s and 90s, customer awareness and industry both grew rapidly,
driven by the advent of open systems and real-time processing which increased
the dependence of organizations on their IT systems. Regulations mandating
business continuity and disaster recovery plans for organizations in various
sectors of the economy, imposed by the authorities and by business partners,
increased the demand and led to the availability of commercial disaster recovery

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services, including mobile data centers delivered to a suitable recovery location
by truck.

With the rapid growth of the Internet through the late 1990s and into the 2000s,
organizations of all sizes became further dependent on the
continuous availability of their IT systems, with some organizations setting
objectives of 2, 3, 4 or 5 nines (99.999%) availability of critical systems. This
increasing dependence on IT systems, as well as increased awareness from large-
scale disasters such as tsunami, earthquake, flood, and volcanic eruption,
spawned disaster recovery-related products and services, ranging from high-
availability solutions to hot-site facilities. Improved networking meant critical IT
services could be served remotely, hence on-site recovery became less important.

The rise of cloud computing since 2010 continues that trend: nowadays, it
matters even less where computing services are physically served, just so long as
the network itself is sufficiently reliable (a separate issue, and less of a concern
since modern networks are highly resilient by design). 'Recovery as a Service'
(RaaS) is one of the security features or benefits of cloud computing being
promoted by the Cloud Security Alliance.

Classification of disasters

Disasters can be classified into two broad categories. The first is natural disasters
such as floods, hurricanes, tornadoes or earthquakes. While preventing a natural
disaster is impossible, risk management measures such as avoiding disaster-
prone situations and good planning can help. The second category is man-made
disasters, such as hazardous material spills, infrastructure failure, bio-terrorism,
and disastrous IT bugs or failed change implementations. In these instances,
surveillance, testing and mitigation planning are invaluable.

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IMPORTANCE OF DISASTER RECOVERY PLANNING

Recent research supports the idea that implementing a more holistic pre-disaster
planning approach is more cost-effective in the long run. Every $1 spent on
hazard mitigation (such as a disaster recovery plan) saves society $4 in response
and recovery costs.

Based on 2015 disaster recovery statistics, downtime that lasts for one hour can
cost small companies as much as $8,000, mid-size organizations $74,000, and
$700,000 for large enterprises.

As IT systems have become increasingly critical to the smooth operation of a

company, and arguably the economy as a whole, the importance of ensuring the
continued operation of those systems, and their rapid recovery, has increased. For
example, of companies that had a major loss of business data, 43% never reopen
and 29% close within two years. As a result, preparation for continuation or
recovery of systems needs to be taken very seriously. This involves a significant
investment of time and money with the aim of ensuring minimal losses in the
event of a disruptive event.

CONTROL MEASURES

Control measures are steps or mechanisms that can reduce or eliminate various
threats for organizations. Different types of measures can be included in disaster
recovery plan (DRP).

Disaster recovery planning is a subset of a larger process known as business

continuity planning and includes planning for resumption of applications, data,
hardware, electronic communications (such as networking) and other IT
infrastructure. A business continuity plan (BCP) includes planning for non-IT
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related aspects such as key personnel, facilities, crisis communication and
reputation protection, and should refer to the disaster recovery plan (DRP) for IT
related infrastructure recovery / continuity.

IT disaster recovery control measures can be classified into the following three
types:

1. Preventive measures – Controls aimed at preventing an event from

occurring.
2. Detective measures – Controls aimed at detecting or discovering unwanted
events.
3. Corrective measures – Controls aimed at correcting or restoring the system
after a disaster or an event.

Good disaster recovery plan measures dictate that these three types of controls be
documented and exercised regularly using so-called "DR tests".

STRATEGIES

Prior to selecting a disaster recovery strategy, a disaster recovery planner first

refers to their organization's business continuity plan which should indicate the
key metrics of recovery point objective (RPO) and recovery time
objective (RTO) for various business processes (such as the process to run
payroll, generate an order, etc.). The metrics specified for the business processes
are then mapped to the underlying IT systems and infrastructure that support
those processes.

Incomplete RTOs and RPOs can quickly derail a disaster recovery plan. Every
item in the DR plan requires a defined recovery point and time objective, as
failure to create them may lead to significant problems that can extend the
disaster’s impact.[10] Once the RTO and RPO metrics have been mapped to IT
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infrastructure, the DR planner can determine the most suitable recovery strategy
for each system. The organization ultimately sets the IT budget and therefore the
RTO and RPO metrics need to fit with the available budget. While most business
unit heads would like zero data loss and zero time loss, the cost associated with
that level of protection may make the desired high availability solutions
impractical. A cost-benefit analysis often dictates which disaster recovery
measures are implemented.

Traditionally, a disaster recovery system involved cutover or switch-over

recovery systems. Such measures would allow an organization to preserve its
technology and information, by having a remote disaster recovery location that
produced backups on a regular basis. However, this strategy proved to be
expensive and time-consuming. Therefore, more affordable and effective cloud-
based systems were introduced.

Some of the most common strategies for data protection include:

 backups made to tape and sent off-site at regular intervals

 backups made to disk on-site and automatically copied to off-site disk, or
made directly to off-site disk
 replication of data to an off-site location, which overcomes the need to restore
the data (only the systems then need to be restored or synchronized), often
making use of storage area network (SAN) technology
 Private Cloud solutions which replicate the management data (VMs,
Templates and disks) into the storage domains which are part of the private
cloud setup. These management data are configured as an xml representation
called OVF (Open Virtualization Format), and can be restored once a disaster
occurs.

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 Hybrid Cloud solutions that replicate both on-site and to off-site data centers.
These solutions provide the ability to instantly fail-over to local on-site
hardware, but in the event of a physical disaster, servers can be brought up in
the cloud data centers as well.
 the use of high availability systems which keep both the data and system
replicated off-site, enabling continuous access to systems and data, even after
a disaster (often associated with cloud storage)

In many cases, an organization may elect to use an outsourced disaster recovery

provider to provide a stand-by site and systems rather than using their own
remote facilities, increasingly via cloud computing.

In addition to preparing for the need to recover systems, organizations also

implement precautionary measures with the objective of preventing a disaster in
the first place. These may include:

 local mirrors of systems and/or data and use of disk protection technology
such as RAID
 surge protectors — to minimize the effect of power surges on delicate
electronic equipment
 use of an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) and/or backup generator to keep
systems going in the event of a power failure
 fire prevention/mitigation systems such as alarms and fire extinguishers
 anti-virus software and other security measures

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 8.0 FUTURE DIRECTIONS

 Encourage and consolidate knowledge networks

 Mobilise and train disaster volunteers for more effective
preparedness, mitigation and response (NSS, NCC, Scouts
and Guides, NYK, Civil Defence, Homeguards)
 Increased capacity building leads to faster vulnerability
reduction.
 Learn from best practices in disaster preparedness, mitigation
and disaster response
 Inclusive, participatory, gender sensitive, child friendly, eco-
friendly and disabled friendly disaster management
 Technology driven but people owned
 Knowledge Management: Documentation and dissemination
of good practices
 Public Private Partnership

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 9.0 REFERENCES

1. “Disaster Management and Mitigation” by Prof R B

Singh

2. “Disaster Management: Disaster Management and

Mitigation approaches in india” by Paritosh Srivastava

3. http://www.google.com/

` 4. http://www.wikipedia.org/

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