Geometry

Introduction
In this chapter we will deal with the pure Geometry-related questions. Questions related to the
measurement of lengths of lines, areas of surfaces, volumes of solids etc have been discussed in the
chapter ‘Mensuration’. We shall discuss this chapter under three heads:
1. Lines and Angles
2. Triangle and its Angles
3. Circle

13.1 Lines and Angles

Important Terms
Point: Point is a basic concept in Geometry. A point is represented by a fine dot made by a sharp
pencil on a sheet of paper.

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P
Thus, P is a point.

Plane: The surface of a smooth wall or the surface of a sheet of paper or the surface of a smooth
blackboard are examples of a plane. The surface of a blackboard is, however, limited in extent and so
are the surfaces of a wall and a sheet of paper but the geometrical plane extends endlessly in all
directions. A plane has obviously no size and definitely no shape.
Line: A geometrical straight line is a set of points and extends endlessly in both the directions.
To emphasize this point, we use two arrowheads, one at each end.

Collinear and Coplanar: Three or more points are said to be collinear if there is a line which
contains all of them.
Points and the lines which lie in the same plane are called coplanar; otherwise they are called
non-coplanar.
Concurrent Lines: Three or more lines are said to be concurrent if there is a point which lies
on all of them.

Some Important Points regarding Line and Point

(i) Space contains at least two distinct points.
(ii) A line is the shortest distance between two points. Every line is a set of points and con-
tains at least two distinct points.
(iii) Given any two distinct points in a plane, there exists one and only one line containing
them.
(iv) No line contains all the points of the space.
(v) A line contains infinitely many points.
(vi) Through a given point, there pass infinitely many lines.
 (vii) If two distinct points of a line lie in a plane, then every point of the line lies in that plane.
(viii) If two distinct planes intersect then their intersection is a line.

Parallel Lines: Two lines l and m are said to be parallel lines if l  m  

If l and m are parallel lines in a plane, we represent them as l || m.
l

m
If l is a line and P is any point that does not lie on the line l, there is one and only one line which
passes through P and is parallel to l.
P m
l
Intersecting Lines: Two lines whose intersection is non-empty set are said to be intersecting
lines. The common point is called the point of intersection.
Thus, two distinct lines l and m are intersecting if l  m   .

Important points regarding Parallel and Intersecting Lines

(i) Two distinct lines cannot have more than one point in common.
(ii) Two intersecting lines cannot both be parallel to the same line.
(iii) Two lines which are both parallel to the same line are parallel to each other.
(iv) If l, m, n are lines in the same plane such that l intersects m and n || m, then l inter-
sects n also.
(v) If l and m are intersecting lines, l || p and q || m then p and q also intersect.
p

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(vi)
l

m
q
If lines AB, AC, AD and AE are parallel to a line l then points A, B, C, D and E are col-
linear.
Line Segment: Given two points A and B on a line l, the connected part (segment) of the line
with end points at A and B, is called the line segment AB.
l
A B
Ray: A ray extends infinitely in one direction from any given point. This is exhibited by an
arrow. The starting point, say P, of the ray is called the initial point.
P
Angle: An angle is a figure formed by two rays with a common initial point, say O. This point is
called the vertex.
B

O A

Interior of an angle: The interior of an angle AOB is the set of all points in its plane which lie
on the same side of OA and also on the same side of OB.
 B

O A
Congruent angles: Two angles are said to be congruent if a trace copy of one can be superposed
on the other to cover it completely and exactly.
Measure of an angle: Every angle has a measure. The unit of angle measure is a standard
angle, called a “degree”.

x°
O B
Types of angles: The following are the various types of angles on the basis of their measure.
(1) Right angle: A right angle is an angle of 90°. In the given figure AOB is a right angle.

90°
O B

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(2) Acute angle: An angle whose measure is less than 90° is called an acute angle.

O B
BOC is an acute angle if BOC  90 .
(3) Obtuse angle: An angle whose measure is more than 90° is called an obtuse angle.

A B
BAC is an obtuse angle if BAC  90  .
(4) Straight angle: An angle whose measure is 180° is called a straight angle.

180°
C A B

(5) Reflex angle: An angle whose measure is more than 180° is called a reflex angle.

A B
C
(6) Complementary angles: Two angles whose sum of measures is 90° are called complementary
angles.

BAD and DAC are complementary angles, if x   y   90 .

(7) Supplementary angles: Two angles, the sum of whose measures is 180°, are called the supple-
mentary angles.

D
x°
y°
C A B
BAD and DAC are supplementary angles if x   y   180 .
(8) Angle bisector: A ray AD is said to be bisector of BAC if D is a point in the interior of BAC and
BAD  CAD.
C
D

A B

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Thus if ray AD is the bisector of BAC , then BAD  CAD  1 BAC .

(9) Adjacent angles: Two angles are called adjacent angles if

(i) they have the same vertex.
(ii) they have a common arm.
2

(iii) the uncommon arms are on either side of the common arm.

D
C

B A
In the adjoining figure ABC and CBD have a common vertex B. Also, they have a common
arm BC, and the distinct arms BD and BA lie on the opposite sides of the line BC. Therefore the
angles ABC and CBD are adjacent angles.

Linear Pair of Angles: Two adjacent angles are said to form a linear pair of angles, if their non-
common arms are two opposite rays.

C A B
Vertically Opposite Angles: Two angles are called a pair of vertically opposite angles, if their
arms form two pairs of opposite rays.
 C B

O
A D

AOC and BOD are a pair of opposite angles. Also, COB and AOD are a pair of opposite
angles.
Vertically opposite angles are equal.
Therefore, AOC  BOD and COB  AOD .
Transversal: A line which intersects two or more given lines at distinct points, is called a
transversal of the given lines.
L
A 4 1
3 2
B
8 5
C 7 6 D

M
LM is the transversal of the lines AB and CD respectively.
Corresponding Angles: Two angles on the same side of a transversal are known as the corre-
sponding angles if both lie either above the two lines or below the two lines.

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In the above figure, the following pairs are the pairs of corresponding angles:
(a) 1 and 5 (b) 4 and 8 (c) 2 and 6 (d) 3 and 7
Alternate Interior Angles: The following pairs of angles are called the pairs of alternate inte-
rior angles:
(a) 3 and 5 (b) 2 and 8
Consecutive Interior Angles: The pairs of the interior angles on the same side of the transver-
sal are called the pairs of consecutive interior angles.
In the above figure, the following pairs of angles are called pairs of consecutive interior angles:
(a) 2 and 5 (b) 3 and 8

Important Points Regarding Angles on a Line

(i) If a ray stands on a line, then the sum of the adjacent angles so formed is 180°. Conversely, if
the sum of two adjacent angles is 180°, then their non-common arms are two opposite rays.
(ii) Two adjacent angles are linear pair if they are supplementary.
(iii) The sum of all the angles rounded at a point is equal to 360°.
(iv) If two lines intersect, then the vertically opposite angles are equal.
(v) If a transversal intersects two parallel lines then each pair of alternate interior angles are
equal. Conversely, if a transversal intersects two lines in such a way that the pairs of alternate
interior angles are equal, then the two lines are parallel.
(vi) If a transversal intersects two parallel lines, then each pair of consecutive interior angles are
supplementary. Conversely, if a transversal intersects two lines in such a way that a pair of
consecutive interior angles are supplemenary, then the two lines are parallel.
(vii) If two parallel lines are intersected by a transversal, then the bisector of any pairs of alternate
interior angles are parallel.
 E
G
A I B

J
C H D
F
In the figure, there are two parallel lines AB and CD and the transversal EF intersects them at
G and H respectively. GI and HJ are the bisectors of alternate interior angles. Then GI || HJ.
(viii) If two parallel lines are intersected by a transversal, then the bisectors of any two correspond-
ing angles are parallel.

E
I
A G B

J
C H D
F
In the figure, GI || HJ.
Conversely, if the bisectors of a pair of corresponding angles formed by a transversal with two
given lines are parallel, then the given lines are parallel.

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(ix) If a line is perpendicular to one of two given parallel lines, then it is also perpendicular to the
other line.

If 1  90  (given), then 2  90  .
Let us see the examples given in the following pages.

Illustrative Examples
Ex. 1: In the given figure, POR and QOR form a linear pair. If x  y  70 find the value of x and y.

R
x°
y°
P O Q
Soln: Since POR and QOR form a linear pair
 x  y  180 ... (1)
and it is given that x  y  70 .... (2)
 From (1) and (2), we get
x  125  and y  55

Ex. 2: Examine the given figure and find x .

B C
x + 10° x° x + 20°
A O D
Soln: Rays OA and OD are opposite.
 AOB  BOC  COD  180 
 x  10   x  x  20   180 
 3x  30   180   x  50 
Ex. 3: In the given figure, determine the value of y.
C

5y° F
2y°
B O A
5y°
E
D
Soln: Since COB and AOD are vertically opposite angles. Therefore,

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COB  AOD  AOD  5y 
Now, OE and OF are opposite rays.
 5y   5y   2y   180  12y   180  y  15

Ex. 4: In the given figure two straight lines PQ and RS intersect each other at O. If POT  75, find the
values of a, b and c.

R Q
2c
O
4b a
b
75°
P S
T

Soln: OR and OS are opposite rays.

 4b  75   b  180   5b  105   b  21 
Also ROP and QOS are vertically opposite angles.
 ROP  QOS  4b  a  a  4  21   84 
And, ROQ and POS are vertically opposite angles.
 ROQ  POS
 75   b  2c
 75   21   2c  c  48 
Therefore, a = 84°, b = 21° and c = 48°.
 4 3
Ex. 5: In the given figure, AB || DC. If x  y and y  z , find the values of x, y and z.
3 8

B
y° C
x° z°

A D
Soln: It is given that AB || DC.
BD is the transversal that intersects AB and CD at B and D respectively.
ABD  CDB
 CDB  x 
In ΔBCD we have,
x  y  z  180
4 3 3
  z  z  z  180 
3 8 8
15
 z  180   z  96 
8
3 3 4 4
Now, y  z   96  36  and x  y   36  48 
8 8 3 3

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Ex. 6:In the given figure AB || CD. Find the value of x.

A 45° B
x° O
L
30°
C D
Soln: Drawing a line parallel to AB and CD from the point O,
ABO  BOL (Alternate interior angles)
 BOL  45 
ODC  DOL (Alternate interior angles)
 DOL  30 
Therefore, x  BOL  DOL  360 
 x  45   30   360   x  285 
Ex. 7: In the adjoining figure AB || CD || EF. Find HKL if GH || KL.

A K B
25°
C 60° H D

E G F
Soln: HKL  HKA  AKL
KHD  HKA (Alternate interior angles)
 HKA  25 
HGE  180   60   120 
Also, HGE  AKL (Corresponding angle since GH || KL)
 AKL  120 
 HKL  25   120   145 

13.2 Triangle and its Angles

A triangle is a closed figure formed by three line segments.
A

B C
In the given figure, ABC is a triangle having sides AB, BC and CA. A, B and C are the vertices of
the triangle.

13.2.1 Types of triangle on the basis of sides

(a) Scalene triangle: A triangle with no two sides equal is called scalene triangle.
(b) Isosceles triangle: A triangle, two of whose sides are equal in length, is called an isosceles
triangle.

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(c) Equilateral triangle: A triangle, all of whose sides are equal, is called an equilateral triangle.

13.2.2 Types of triangle on the basis of angles

(a) Acute-angled triangle: A triangle, each of whose angles is acute, is called an acute-angled
triangle.
(b) Right-angled triangle: A triangle with one angle right angle is called a right-angled triangle.
(c) Obtuse-angled triangle: A triangle with one angle an obtuse angle is known as an obtuse-
angled triangle.
13.2.3 Important points regarding angles of a triangle
(i) The sum of the three angles of a triangle is 180°.
(ii) If two parallel lines are intersected by a transversal, then the bisectors of the two pairs of
interior angles enclose a rectangle.

E
G
A B
H
J

C I D
F

In the given figure AB || CD and EF is the transversal.

IH and GJ are the bisectors of alternate interior angles. So are IJ and GH.
Therefore the parallelogram GHIJ thus formed is rectangle.
 (iii) If a side BC of a triangle is produced the exterior angle so formed is equal to the sum of the
two interior opposite angles.
A
1

2 3 4
B C D

In the given figure 4 is an exterior angle and 4  1  2 .

(iv) The sides AB and AC of a triangle ABC are produced to P and Q respectively. The bisectors of
1
PBC and QCB intersect at O. Then BOC  90   A
2

13.2.4 Congruence of two triangles

Two triangles are congruent if and only if one of them can be made to superpose on the others
so as to cover it exactly.

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(a) Congruence relation in the set of all triangles:
(i) Every triangle is congruent to itself, ie ΔABC is congruent to ΔABC .
(ii) If ΔABC is congruent to DEF then DEF is congruent to ΔABC.
(iii) If ΔABC is congruent to DEF and DEF is congruent to ΔPQR then ABC is congruent
to ΔPQR.

(b) Sufficient conditions for congruence of two triangles

(i) Side-Angle-Side (SAS) Congruence Criterion: Two triangles are congruent if two sides and
the included angle of one triangle are equal to the corresponding sides and the included angle of the
other.
A D

B C E F
If in the above figure, ie ABC and DEF ,
AB = DE
AC = DF
and BAC  EDF; then
ΔABC is congruent to DEF .
We can also prove from the above S-A-S congruence relation that
“Angles opposite to two equal sides of the triangle are equal”.
 (ii) Angle-Side-Angle (ASA) Congruence Criterion: Two triangles are congruent if two angles
and the included side of one triangle are equal to the corresponding two angles and the included side
of the other.

In the above figure, two triangles ABC and DEF are such that B  E , C  F
and BC = EF; then ΔABC is congruent to DEF by A-S-A congruence criterion.
(iii) Angle-Angle-Side (AAS) Congruence Criterion: If any two angles and a non-included side of
one triangle are equal to the corresponding angles and side of another, then the two triangles are
congruent.

In the above figure, two triangles ABC and DEF are such that
A  D , B  E and BC = EF; then by A-A-S congruence criterion ΔABC is congruent to

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DEF .
(iv) Side-Side-Side (SSS) Congruence Criterion: Two triangles are congruent if the three sides
of one triangle are equal to the corresponding three sides of the other.
(v) Right Angle-Hypotenuse-Side (RHS) Congruence Criterion: Two right triangles are con-
gruent if the hypotenuse and one side of one triangle are respectively equal to hypotenuse and one
side of the other.

13.2.5 Some Important Points regarding a Triangle

(i) If two sides of a triangle are unequal, the longer side has greater angle opposite to it.
Conversely, in a triangle the greater angle has the longer side opposite to it.
(ii) The sum of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the third side.
(iii) In all the line segments that can be drawn to a given line from a point not lying on it, the
perpendicular line segment is the shortest.
(iv) Altitude: An altitude is the perpendicular dropped from one vertex to the side opposite the
vertex. It measures the distance between the vertex and the line which is the opposite side.
Since every triangle has three vertices, it has three altitudes.
A

B C
(v) Orthocentre: The perpendiculars drawn from the vertices to opposite sides (called altitudes)
meet at a point called orthocentre of the triangle.
 A
F E
O

B D C
In the adjoining figure, O is the orthocentre of the triangle ABC.
Also, BOC  180   A
AOB  180   C
AOC  180   B
(vi) Median: A line segment from the vertex of a triangle to the midpoint of the opposite side is called
a median. Thus every triangle has three medians.
A

F E

B C
D

(vii) Centroid: When a vertex of a triangle is joined to the midpoint of the opposite side, we get a
median. All the three medians meet at a point inside the triangle. That point is called centroid

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of the triangle. Also, the centroid divides any median of the triangle in the ratio 2 : 1.

(viii) Circumcentre: The point at which the perpendicular bisectors of the sides of the triangles meet
is said to be the circumcentre of the triangle. If S is the circumcentre of the triangle ABC then
SA = SB = SC.

Circumcentre of the triangle may lie inside the triangle, on the side of the triangle or outside
the triangle.

D F

Circumcentre S lies inside the triangle ABC if ΔABC is acute-angled triangle.

In the case of right-angled triangle the circumcentre lies on the mid point of the hypotenuse.
 D S

Circumcentre of the triangle ABC lies outside the triangle if ABC is obtuse-angled triangle.

S
D F
E
(ix) Angle bisector: A line segment from the vertex of the triangle to the opposite opposite is said to be
angle bisector if it bisects the angle at the vertex. Thus every triangle has three angle bisec-
tors.

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Lines AD, BE and CF are the angle bisectors of angles A, B and C respectively.

(x) Incentre: The point of intersection of the angle bisectors is said to be incentre of the triangle.

c
b
I

a
I is the incentre of the triangle ABC. The perpendicular distance of I to any one side is inradius
of the incircle of a triangle. The three sides of the triangle are tangent to the incircle. The
incentre divides the bisector of A in the ratio (b + c) : a.
(xi) Excentre: The bisectors of two exterior angles of the triangle is called excentre of the triangle
corresponding to the side of the triangle. Any triangle has three excentres.

B C

I´

I´ is the excentre of the triangle ABC corresponding to the side BC.

(xii) Angle bisector theorem: If in the triangle ABC, line AD is angle bisector of A then the follow-
ing hold true:
A

B D C

AB BD
(i)  (ii) AB × AC – BD × DC = AD2 (Try to prove it yourself)
AC DC
(xiii) If in the triangle ABC, AD is the bisector of BAC and AF is perpendicular to BC then
1
DAF  B  C  . (Try to prove it yourself)
2
A

B F D C
(xiv) If b + c > a, a + c > b and a + b > c where a, b and c are positive numbers, then there exists a
triangle with sides a, b and c. (Try to prove it yourself)
(xv) If in the triangle ABC, AD is the median of the triangle ABC, then
A

K KUNDANAD  
 2
B

 AB  AC  BC 


D C

(xvi) If we can form a triangle from segments with length a, b and c then we can also form a triangle
with segments of length a , b and c . (Try to prove it yourself)
(xvii) The median of a triangle which lies between two of its unequal sides form a greater angle with
the smaller of those sides.
A
1 

B D C
AD is the median of the triangle ABC and AB < AC then 1  2 .
(xviii) External angle bisector theorem: The angle bisector of any exterior angle of a triangle divides
(externally) the side opposite the angle in the ratio of the remaining two sides.
 In ΔABC , DBC is an exterior angle and BE is the exterior angle bisector.
BA AE
Here, 
BC CE
(xix) Appollonius Theorem: The sum of the squares of any two sides of the triangle is equal to twice
the sum of squares of median and half the third side.
A

B D C
In ΔABC, AD is the median. Then by Appollonius Theorem.


AB2  AC2  2 AD2  DC2 
(xx) Midpoint Theorem: A line segment joining the midpoint of any two sides of the triangle is paral-
lel to the third side and the length of the line segment is half the third sides.

Point D and E are the midpoints of side AB and AC respectively.

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1
 DE||BC and DE  BC .
2
Let us see the illustrative examples given below.

Illustrative Examples
Ex. 8: In the given figure, if x > y then show that LM  LN .
L

M N
x° y°

Soln: LMN  x  LNM  y  180

It is given that x  y
 LMN  LNM  LM > LN (side opposite to greater angle is larger)

Ex. 9: In the given figure, AD is the external bisector of EAC. AD intersects the produced part of BC at D.
If AB = 12 cm, AC = 9 cm and BC = 4.5 cm, find the length of CD.
Soln: By the external angle bisector theorem.
AB BD

AC CD
Let CD = x
12 4.5  x
 
9 x
 12x  9  4.5  9x
9  4.5
x  13 .5 cm
3

Ex. 10: Two sides of a triangle are 0.5 cm and 3 cm. The third side of the triangle is of integral unit. A
median is drawn from the common point of side 0.5 cm and 3 cm to the third side. Find the length of
the median.
Soln: From the triangle’s inequality:
(3 – 0.5) < length of the third side < (3 + 0.5)
 2.5 < length of the third side < 3.5
Now, since third side is of integral unit, its length = 3 cm
A

3 cm D
3 cm

K KUNDAN B

By Appollonius Theorem
0.5 cm C
We have to find the length of the median BD.

BA 2  BC2  2BD2  AD2 

2

32  0.5  2 BD2  1.5 2 
2
 9  0.25  2BD  4.5
 BD2  4.75
 BD  4.75 cm

Ex. 11: The lengths of the three sides of the triangle are 4 cm, 5 cm and 7 cm respectively. Which of the
following can’t be the length of any one of the medians?
1) 2.5 cm 2) 5 cm 3) 3.8 cm 4) None of these
Soln: 4;
 Any median of the type
AB  AC  BC
AD  (See property xv)
2
457
AD >
2
 AD > 1 cm
 AB  BC  AC 
Similarly, BE   
 2 

 CB  CA  AB 
 BE  3 cm and CF   
 2 

7 cm  5 cm – 4 cm
 CF 
2
 CF  4 cm
Options (1), (2) and (3) can be the length of the medians. Hence option (4) is the correct answer.

13.2.6 Similarity of Triangles

For a given correspondence between two triangles, if the corresponding angles are congruent
and their corresponding sides are in proportion, then the two triangles are said to be similar. Simi-
larity is denoted by the symbol ‘~’.
A
If ΔABC ~ ΔPQR, then, P

K KUNDAN
ABC  PQR
BAC  QPR
B C Q R
BCA  QRP

Test for similarity: It is not necessary to list all the conditions for similarity ie, proportionality
of sides and congruence of angles to prove that two triangles are similar. If certain selected condi-
tions are satisfied, then the others will necessarily follow. These selected conditions are called the
tests for similarity.
A
AA Test: For a given correspondence between two tri- P
angles, if the two angles of one triangle are congruent to the
corresponding two angles of the other triangle, then the two
triangles are similar.
ABC  PQR C B R Q
ACB  PRQ
 ΔABC ~ ΔPQR by AA test for similarity. P
SSS Test: For a given correspondence be-
tween two triangles, if the three sides of one tri- A
angle are proportional to the corresponding three 2x 2y
sides of the other triangle, then the two triangles y
are similar. x

 ΔPQR ~ ΔABC by SSS test for similarity. Q R B z C

2z
 SAS Test: For a given correspondence between two triangles, if the two sides of one triangle are
proportional to the corresponding two sides of the other triangle and the angle included by them are
congruent, then the two triangles are similar. A
P
AB BC

PQ QR 2x x
ABC  PQR
 ΔABC ~ ΔPQR by SAS test for similarity. B 2y C Q y R

Properties of Similar Triangles

If two triangles are similar,
Ratio of sides = Ratio of heights = Ratio of Medians = Ratio of angle
bisectors = Ratio of inradii = Ratio of circumradii
If ABC ~ PQR
A
AB AD BE P
 
PQ PS QT
E T
The ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is
equal to the ratio of the squares of the correspond-
ing sides. Q R
B D C S
If ΔABC ~ ΔPQR, then
2 2 2
AΔABC  AB BC  AC
 
A ΔPQR  PQ2 QR 2 PR 2

K KUNDAN
The triangles on each side of the altitude drawn from the vertex of the right angle to the hypot-
enuse are similar to the original triangle and to each other.
ΔABC ~ ΔADB ~ ΔBDC
The altitude from the vertex of the right angle to the hypotenuse is the geometric mean of the
segments into which the hypotenuse is divided. A

In fig G, DB2  AD  DC
D
Also, CB2  CA  CD

AB2  AD  AC B
C

KP 4
Ex. 12: In the given figure, PQ is parallel to MN, if  and KN = 20.4 cm, find KQ.
PM 13
Soln: Since PQ || MN
KP KQ K
 
PM QN
KP KQ
 
PM KN  KQ Q
P
4 KQ
 
13 20.4  KQ
 420.4  KQ  13KQ
 81.6  4KQ  13KQ
 81.6  4KQ  13KQ M N
 17 KQ = 81.6
 81 .6
 KQ = = 4.8 cm
17
Ex. 13: D and E are respectively the points on the sides AB and AC of a ΔABC such that AB = 5.6 cm,
AD = 1.4 cm, AC = 7.2 cm and AE = 1.8 cm, show that DE || BC.
Soln: We have, A
AB = 5.6 cm, AD = 1.4 cm,
AC = 7.2 cm and AE = 1.8 cm
 BD = AB – AD = (5.6 – 1.4) cm = 4.2 cm D E
and, EC = AC – AE = (7.2 – 1.8) cm = 5.4 cm
AD 1.4 1 AE 1.8 1
Now,   and  
DB 4.2 3 EC 5.4 3
AD AE B C
So, 
DB EC
Thus, DE divides sides AB and AC of ABC in the same ratio. Therefore, by the converse of
Basic Proportionality Theorem, we have DE || BC.
Ex. 14: In fig., QA and PB are perpendiculars to AB. If AO = 10 cm, BO = 6 cm and PB = 9 cm. Find AQ.
Soln: In triangles AOQ and BOP, we have
OAQ  OBP [Each equal to 90°]
AOQ  BOP [Vertically opposite angles]
P
Therefore, by AA-condition of similarity,
ΔAOQ ~ ΔBOP
A

K KUNDAN
AO OQ AQ
   O B
BO OP BP
AO AQ
 
BO BP
10 AQ
 
6 9 Q
10  9
 AQ =  15 cm
6

AO BO 1
Ex. 15: In fig. ,   and AB = 5 cm. Find the value of DC.
OC OD 2
Soln: In ΔAOB and COD , we have,
AOB  COD [Vertically opposite angles]
AO OB
 [Given]
OC OD
A 5 cm B
So, SAS-condition of similarity
ΔAOB ~ ΔCOD
AO BO AB O
  
OC OD DC
1 5
  [ AB  5 cm]
2 DC
D C
 DC = 10 cm
13.3 Circle
A circle is a closed plane figure consisting of all those points of the plane which are at a con-
stant distance from a fixed point in the plane.
The fixed point is called its centre and the constant distance is called its radius.

The figure shows the circle with centre O and radius r. X is any arbitrary point on the circum-
ference of the circle.
Circular disc: The set of all points lying inside and on the circle is called a circular disc with
centre O and radius r.

Concentric circles: Circles having the same centre but with different radii are said to be con-
centric circles.

K KUNDAN O

Arc of a circle: Any two points, say A and B, of a circle divide the circle into two parts called the
arcs of the circle. If the two parts are unequal, the smaller part is called the minor arc and the larger
one is called the major arc.

O
A B
C
The length of an arc AB is the length of fine thread which just covers the arc completely.
Sometimes a third point is taken on the arc to distinguish it from the others. We denote the
length of arc AB by l(AB) (ie ACB).
Unless stated otherwise, by an arc AB we shall mean the minor arc.
Semicircle: If any two points A and B divide the circle into two equal parts then each part is
called a semicircle.
Degree measure of an arc: The degree measure of a minor arc is the measure of the central
angle containing the arc. And that of a major arc is 360° minus the degree measure of the corre-
sponding minor arc.
 O

A B
C
The degree measure of an arc ACB is denoted by marc ACB .
 marc ACB  
Secant: A secant is a line, which intersects the circle in two distinct points.
A B l

In this figure, line l is a secant which intersects the circle at points A and B.
Chord: A line segment joining any two points of a circle is called a chord of the circle.

P O R

C D

In this figure, CD is a chord of the circle.

K KUNDAN
Diameter (d): A chord passing through the centre of a circle is called its diameter. A diameter is
the longest chord of a circle. The length of the diameter of a circle is twice its radius.
In the above figure, PR is the diameter of the circle.
Segment of a circle: Let AB be a chord of the circle. Then AB divides the region enclosed by the
circle (ie the circular disc) into two parts. Each of these parts is called a segment of the circle.

The segment containing the minor arc is called the minor segment, and the segment contain-
ing the major arc is called the major segment.
Alternate segments of a circle: The major and minor segments of a circle are called the alter-
nate segments of each other.
Tangent: If line AB intersects the circle at two coincident points or exactly one point, then the
line AB is said to touch the circle. In other words, AB is a tangent to the circle at that point. The point
is called the point of contact of AB with the circle.

B
A
 Congruent circles: Two circles are said to be congruent if and only if either of then can be
superposed on the other so as to cover it exactly. In other words, two circles are congruent if and only
if their radii are equal.
Central angle: An angle in the plane of the circle with its vertex at the centre is called a
central angle.

A B
D
In this figure AOB is a central angle subtended by arc ADB at the centre.
Tangent circles: Circles lying in a plane are said to be tangent circles if they have one and only
one point in common.

In the above figures, P is the only common point.

Intercepted Arc:

K KUNDAN
(i)
Arcs AC and BD are intercepted by the angle BOD.

Some Important Points

The perpendicular from the centre of a circle to a chord bisects the chord.

A P B

If OPAB then AP = PB
Conversely, the line joining the centre of a circle to the midpoint of a chord is perpendicular to
the chord.
If AP = PB then OPAB .
(ii) The perpendicular bisectors of two chords of a circle intersect at its centre.
 The perpendicular bisectors of two chords AB and CD of a circle intersect at its centre O.
(iii) There is one and only one circle passing through three non-collinear points.
In case, the three given points are collinear, then a single circle cannot pass through these
three points.
(iv) Two circles are congruent if and only if they have equal radii.
(v) Equal chords of a circle subtend equal angles at the centre and, conversely, if the angles sub-
tended by the chords at the centre (of a circle) are equal, then the chords are equal.

If AB = CD then AOB  COD

Conversely, if AOB  COD then AB = CD.

(vi) Two arcs of a circle are congruent if the angles subtended by them at the centre are equal and
conversely if two arcs of a circle are congruent, then the angles subtended by them at the
centre are equal.
(vii) If two circles intersect each other at two points then the line joining their centres is the per-
pendicular bisector of their common chord.

K KUNDAN M

In the above figure, the line joining their centres, ie OP, is the perpendicular bisector of the
common chord AB.
(viii) If two chords AB and AC of a circle are equal, the centre of the circle lies on the angle bisector
of BAC.
B

A
M

C
AB and AC are two equal chords then AM, the angle bisector of BAC , passes through the
centre O.
(ix) Equal chords of a circle are equidistant from the centre.
A
L
B
O
D
M
C
 Chords AB and CD are equidistant from the centre O, ie OL = OM if AB = CD.
Conversely, chords of a circle which are equidistant from the centre are equal.
(x) Of any two chords of a circle, the one which is larger is nearer to the centre.
Conversely, of any two chords of a circle, the one which is nearer to the centre is larger.
C
M
D
O
A L B

If there are two chords AB and CD of a circle with centre O such that AB > CD then OL < OM,
where OL and OM are perpendiculars from O to AB and CD respectively.
(xi) If two chords of a circle bisect one another they must be diameters.
D B

A C
AB and CD are two chords, bisecting each other at O.
Then AB and CD must be the diameters of the circle.
(xii) The angle subtended by an arc of a circle at the centre is double the angle subtended by it at any
point on the remaining part of the circle.

K KUNDAN
R R R
P

Q
O O
P Q
O
P Q

In each of the above figures,

POQ  2PRQ
(xiii) Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal.

In each of the above figures, PRQ  PSQ.

(xiv) The angle in a semi-circle is a right angle.

 PQ subtends an angle PRQ and PRQ  90.
Conversely, the arc of a circle subtending a right angle at any point of the circle in its alternate
segment is a semi-circle.
(xv) Any angle subtended by a minor arc in the alternate segment is acute and any angle subtended
by a major arc in the alternate segment is obtuse.

PRQ is the angle subtended by minor arc and PSQ is the angle subtended by major arc.
PRQ  90 and PSQ  90 .

(xvi) The diameter of a circle subtends

(i) an obtuse angle at a point in the interior of the circle.
(ii) an acute angle at a point in the exterior of the circle.
(iii) a right angle at a point on the circle.
T

K KUNDAN R

In the above figure, PRQ  90 , PSQ  90 and PTQ  90 .

(xvii) If a line segment joining two points subtends equal angles at two other points lying on the same
side of the line segment, the four points lie on the same circle, ie they are concyclic.
R S

P Q

It is given that PRQ  PSQ .

Hence the points P, Q, R and S are concyclic.
(xviii) The sum of either pair of opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral is 180°.
or The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary.
 Since points A, B, C and D lie on a circle.
A  C  180  and B  D  180 
The converse of this theorem is also true.
(xix) If a side of a cyclic quadrilateral is produced, then the exterior angle is equal to the interior
opposite angle.

In the above figure CBE  ADC

(xx) The quadrilateral formed by the angle bisectors of a cyclic quadrilateral is also cyclic.

P
Q S
R

In the given figure a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD has AP, BP, CR and DR as the bisectors of
A, B, C and D respectively such that the quadrilateral PQRS is formed. Then PQRS is a
cyclic quadrilateral.
(xxi) If two sides of a cyclic quadrilateral are parallel then the remaining two sides are equal and the

K KUNDAN
diagonals are also equal.
or
A cyclic trapezium is isosceles and its diagonals are equal.
Conversely, If two nonparallel sides of a trapezium are equal it is cyclic.
or
An isosceles trapezium is always cyclic.

If there is a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD in which AB || CD then

(i) AD = BC (ii) AC = DB
(xxii) The bisectors of the angles formed by producing the opposite sides of a cyclic quadrilateral
(provided that they are not parallel), intersect at right angle.
Q

R
A
B
P
 In a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD, AB and DC when produced meet at P and AD and BC when
produced meet at Q. Bisectors of P and Q meet at a point R. Then PRQ  90.

(xxiii) Let P be any point on the circumcircle of ΔABC and perpendiculars PL, PM and PN be drawn on
the lines through line segments BC, CA and AB respectively. Then the points L, M and N are
collinear.
N
P
A

B L C

In the above figure, points L, M and N are collinear.

(xxiv) If the bisectors of the opposite angles P and R of a cyclic quadrilateral PQRS intersect the
corresponding circle at A and B respectively, then AB is a diameter of the circle.

P S

Q R

In the given figure, a cyclic quadrilateral has bisectors of angles P and R meeting the
corresponding circle at A and B respectively. Then AB is a diameter of the circle.

K KUNDAN
(xxv) Any four vertices of regular pentagon are concyclic.
(xxvi) The sum of the angles in the four segments exterior to a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to 6 right
angles.
R
D C

S Q

A B
P
In the above figure, there is a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD and the angles P, Q, R and S
are in the four external segments.
Then P  Q  R  S  6  90  540

(xxvii) A tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the point of contact.

In the above figure,

AB is tangent to the circle with centre O.
Then OP  AB .
(xxviii) The length of two tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal.

O
A

In the above figure, AP and AQ are two tangents from a point A to a circle; then AP = AQ.
(xxix) If two tangents are drawn to a circle from an external point, then
(i) they subtend equal angles at the centre.
(ii) they are equally inclined to the line segment joining the centre to that point.

A O

In the above figure, there is a circle with centre O and a point A outside the circle such that AP
and AQ are the tangents drawn to the circle from point A. Then
(i) AOP  AOQ (ii) OAP  OAQ

K KUNDAN
(xxx) If two chords of a circle intersect inside the circle or outside the circle when produced, then
Case I: When two chords AB and CD intersect internally at point P, then
A D

P
C B
PA × PB = PC × PD
Case II: When two chords AB and CD intersect externally at point P, then.
A
B

P
D
C
PA × PB = PC × PD
(xxxi) If PAB is a secant to a circle intersecting the circle at A and B and PT is a tangent segment,
then PA × PB = PT 2

T
B

A
P
(xxxii) If a chord is drawn through the point of contact of a tangent to a circle, then the angle which
this chord makes with the given tangent is equal to the angle formed in the alternate segment.
C

P A Q
In the above figure, PQ is a tangent to the circle with point of contact A. AB is a chord and D and
C are points in minor arc AB and major arc BA respectively. Then
BAQ  BCA and PAC  CBA
The converse of the above property also holds true. If a line is drawn through an end point of a
chord of a circle so that the angle formed with the chord is equal to the angle subtended by the
chord in the alternate segment, then the line is a tangent to the circle.
(xxxiii) If two circles touch each other (internally or externally) the point of contact lies on the line
through the centres.

K KUNDAN
In the above figure two circles touch each other at a point A. The points O, O´ and A are col-
linear.
(xxxiv) The point of intersection of direct common tangents and indirect (transverse) common tan-
gents to two circles divide the line segment joining the two centres, both externally and inter-
nally, in the ratio of their radii.
A

E B
H

O P
Q O´
F
G D
C
In the above figure, there are two non-intersecting circles. AB and CD are their direct common
tangents, which when produced meet at P. Also, EF and GH are the transverse common tan-
gents intersecting at Q. r is the radius of the circle having centre O and s is the radius of circle
having centre O´.
Then
(i) P divides OO´ externally in the ratio r : s.
OP r
ie 
O´P s
(ii) Q divides OO´ internally in the ratio r : s
OQ r
ie 
O´Q s
(xxxv) If two secants intersect in the exterior of a circle, the angle so formed is equal to half the
difference of the measures of the arcs intercepted by them.
A
B

O  

D
C
1 1
AOC  marc AC   marc BD      
2 2
(xxxvi) If two secants intersect in the interior of the circle, the angle so formed is equal to half the
sum of the measures of the arc intercepted by them.

1
AOC  m arc AC   m arc BD 
2
It is important to note that O need not be the origin.
(xxxvii) If the tangent and the secant intersect in the exterior of the circle, the angle so formed is
equal to half the difference of the measure of the arc intercepted by them.

K KUNDAN AOB 
1
O

m arc BC   m arc AB

B

(xxxviii)

Transverse common
tangent
E

C
B
D
A Direct common
tangent

(a) When two circles touch, their centres and the points of contact are collinear ie A-D-B and D-
B-C are collinear.
(b) If two circles touch internally, difference between their centres is equal to the difference of
their radii, ie BC = CD – BD
 (c) Length of direct common tangent
Let R = Radius of circle with centre C
r = Radius of circle with centre E.
d = Distance from point C to point E.

 Length of direct common tangent = d 2


 R  r  .
2

and the length of transverse common tangent = d 2

 R  r 
2

Now let us see the illustrative examples given below.
Illustrative Examples
Ex. 16: A circle of radius 7 cm is given. A rectangle is inscribed in one of the quadrants. Find the diagonal
AC?

Soln: Since the diagonals of the rectangle are of equal lengths,

 OB = AC  AC = 7 cm
Ex. 17: Two chords AB and CD of lengths 5 cm and 11 cm respectively of a circle are parallel to each other
and both chords are on the same side of its centre. If the distance between AB and CD is 3 cm, then

K KUNDAN
find the radius of the circle.
Soln: The perpendicular bisector OL of AB and OM of CD are in the same line because AB || CD.
Let OM = x cm and radius of the circle be r cm.

Then, from ΔOMD

2
 11  121
x2     r 2  x2   r 2 .... (1)
 2 4
From ΔOLB ,
2

x  32   5 
 r 2  x 2  6x 
61
 r 2 .... (2)
 2 4
From (1) and (2), we get
121 61 60 5
x2   x 2  6x   6x  x
4 4 4 2
Substituting x into (1), we get
2 2
5  11  25 121 146 1
r2         r  146
2
   2 4 4 4 2
Ex. 18: In a circle with radius 13 cm, a chord is drawn at the distance 12 cm from the centre. Find the length
of the chord.
Soln: Distance of the chord from the centre is 12 cm obviously, OC  AB. C is the midpoint of AB.

O
cm 12 cm
13
A C B

By the Pythagoras Theorem,

2 2
OC2  AC2  OA 2  12  AC  13  AC  5 cm
2

 Length of the chord = AC + CB = 2AC = 10 cm

Ex. 19: The radius of the circle is 13 cm. The lengths of two parallel chords of the circle are 24 cm and 10
cm respectively. The distance between the chords is
1) 4 cm 2) 7 cm 3) 6 cm 4) 8 cm
Soln: 2; AB and CD are parallel chords.
The perpendicular from the centre bisects the chord.

O
cm
13 E
cm

C D
13

5 cm
A F B

K KUNDAN
By the Pythagoras Theorem:
OF  132  5 2 = 144 = 12 cm
OE = 132  122  5 cm
 EF is the distance between the chords and EF = OF – OE = 12 cm – 5 cm = 7 cm
Ex. 20: Find the value of x in the following circle with centre O.
A
x°

O
112°
C
B

Soln: We know that the angle subtended by a chord at the centre is twice that at the circumference.
 2x  112   x  56 
Ex. 21: Two tangents of length 15 cm from a point P to the circle with centre O are inclined at an angle of
60°. Find the circumference of the circle.
Soln:
X

15 cm
r
60°
60°
r
15 cm

Y
 PA and PB are tangents of the circle.
OA  PX and OB  PY.
In ΔOAP and OBP
OP is the common side.
PA = PB
APO  BPO (Line from centre bisects the angle APB )
 From S-A-S — ΔOAP is congruent to ΔOBP and triangles are 30° – 60° – 90° triangles.

15  r 3  15  r  15  5 3
tan60  
r 3

 Circumference of circle = 25 3  10 3 cm

Ex. 22: Find the length of the tangent in the following figure. O is the centre of the circle.

Soln: PBA is the secant and PT is the tangent of the circle.

Therefore, as per property (xxxi)
PA × PB = PT2  15  9  PT 2

K KUNDAN
 PT  135  3 15 cm

Ex. 23: In the diagram, O is the centre of the circle. Angle OAB is an inscribed angle measuring 34°. Angle
BOC is the central angle. EC is the tangent of the circle. Find EDF .
A
34°

O
B

D E
C

F
Soln: COB  2  34   68 
In ΔOCD , OC  CE,
 ODC  180  90  68  22 and ODC  EDF  22 

Ex. 24: In the following figure, measure of angle AOC is

B

O 40
°
°
30

C
A

1) 90° 2) 110° 3) 140° 4) 130°

Soln: 2; In ΔAOB ,
OA = OB (each equal to radius)  OAB  OBA  OBA  30
In ΔBOC ,
OB = OC  OBC  OCB  OBC  40 
 ABC  OBA  OBC  30   40   70 
Since the angle subtended by an arc of the circle at the centre of the circle is double that at the
circumference.
 AOC  2  ABC  2  70  140 

Ex. 25: In the figure given below, AB is the tangent to the circle at C and DE is the diameter. If CDE  30 
then ACD is equal to

1) 60° 2) 45° 3) 90° 4) Can’t say

Soln: 1; Draw the line from point C to DE.
In ΔCDE
DCE  90 (Angle made by diameter at the circumference of circle)

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CDE  30 (given)
 DEC  180  90  30  60
Also, ACD  DEC (Alternate segment theorem, see property xxxii)
 ACD  60 
Ex. 26: Two circles touch internally at P and a straight line ABCD meets the outer circle in A and D and the
inner circle in B and C. Then APB is equal to
T P
2 T´
1 4
A 3 5
B C D

1
1) PBD 2) CPD PBC  PCB  4) None of these
3)
2
Soln: 2; We have, 2  5 and 1  2  3 (Angles in alternate segments)
But 3  4  5 [  Exterior angles = sum of interior opposite angles)
 1  2  4  5
 1  5  4  5 (  2  5 )
 1  4  APB  CPD
Ex. 27: In the given figure, two chords AB and CD intersect each other at O. If AO = 8 cm, CO = 6 cm and OD
= 4 cm, find OB.
 D

A
O B
C
1) 3 cm 2) 4 cm 3) 5 cm 4) 6 cm
Soln: 1; Since chords AB and CD intersect at O.
We know that, OA × OB = OC × OD
64
 8  OB  6  4  OB   3 cm
8
Ex. 28: In the given figure, ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral; O is the centre of the circle. If BOD  160  , find
the measure of BPD .
1) 20° 2) 100° 3) 80° 4) None of these
Soln: 2;
A

O
160°
D B

P C
Consider the arc BCD of the circle. This arc makes angle BOD  160 at the centre of the
circle and BAD at a point A on the circumference.
1

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 BAD  BOD  80 
2
Now, ABPD is a cyclic quadrilateral.
 BAD  BPD  180 
 80   BPD  180 
 BPD  180   80   100 

Ex. 29: In the given figure, chord ED is parallel to the diameter AC of the circle. If CBE  65  , then what
is the value of DEC?
B

A O C

E D

1) 25° 2) 65° 3) 45° 4) 35°

CAT 2004
Soln: 1; Draw the line from point A to point E.
EAC  CBEAngles made by the same chord on the circumference are equal 
= 65°
Also, AEC  90 Angle made by diameter on the circumference 
 ACE  180  90  65  25
And ACE  DEC  25  (Corresponding angles)
Ex. 30: In the given figure (not drawn to scale), A, B and C are three points on a circle with centre O. The
chord BA is extended to a point T such that CT becomes a tangent to the circle at point C. If ATC  30 
and ACT  50  then BOA is
C
50°
O

30°
B T
A

1) 100° 2) 80° 3) 40° 4) 65° CAT 2003

Soln: 1; From the alternate segment theorem
ABC  ACT  ABC  50
Also, CAB  ACT  ATC = 50° + 30° = 80°
 BCA  180  ABC  CAB  180  50  80  50
Now, BOA  2.BCA  2  50   100  [Angle made by chord at the centre
is double that at the circumference]

Exercise
1. If X, Y, Z are non-collinear points, then which of the following gives possibly the correct set of
distances?
1) XY = 10, YZ = 10, XZ = 20 2) XY = 5, YZ = 20, XZ = 15
3) XY = 20, YZ = 15, XZ = 5 4) XY = 20, YZ = 20, XZ = 10
2. In the given figure a° + b° + c° is equal to

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1) 1 right angle 2) 2 right angles 3) 3 right angles 4) 4 right angles
3. n coplanar straight lines meet in a point. The angles between consecutive lines are , 2, ..., n .
In order that the maximum angle be 80°, the value of n should be
1) 5 2) 6 3) 7 4) 8
4. In the given diagram, AB is parallel to DE, BC is parallel to MN. If ABC  30 and OBA  285 ,
then BOM is

1) 15° 2) 30° 3) 45° 4) 60°

5. AB and CD are parallel line segments of length 8 cm and 9 cm respectively. If AD and BC intersect
at O such that AO = 16 cm, then OD is equal to
1) 18 cm 2) 20 cm 3) 24 cm 4) 28 cm
6. It is given that AB  BC . Which of the following is true?

1) x + y = 180° 2) x + y = 270° 3) x + y = 300° 4) Cannot be said

7. In the given figure, if A  80, ABO  40, ACO  30 , then BOC is equal to

1) 110° 2) 120° 3) 140° 4) 150°

8. The median AD of a triangle ABC is produced to E such that AD = DE. If BAD  DAC, then
which of the following is not correct?
1) BED  DEC
2) BAC must be equal to ACB .

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3) A, O, D are collinear where O is the orthocentre of the triangle ABC.
4) AB = AC = CE = BE
9. If ABCDE is a regular pentagon, then
1) ΔAED is not similar to EDC 2) ΔAED is congruent to EDC
3) AD and EC are bisected at their point of intersection 4) DCE  DAE
10. ABC is a triangle. From a point X on AB, XY is drawn parallel to the base BC to meet AC in Y. If the
ratio of the area of ΔAXY and that of figure XBCY is 4 : 5, then AX and XB will be in the ratio of
1) 1 : 2 2) 3 : 1 3) 2 : 1 4) 1 : 1
11. L and M are the points on PQ and PR respectively in PQR such that PML  PQR. If PL = 9 cm, LQ
= 11 cm, QR = 10 cm, PM = 12 cm and MR = 3 cm, then LM is equal to
1) 5 cm 2) 6 cm 3) 7 cm 4) 8 cm
12. The area of a triangle ABC is 60 sq cm. BD is the perpendicular drawn from B on side AC. If AD =
3 CD, then the area of ΔBCD is
1) 6 cm2 2) 15 cm2 3) 20 cm2 4) 30 cm2
13. If the three medians AD, BE and CF of ABC meet at O, as shown in the given figure, then which
of the following statements is not correct?
 1) Area OAC = Area OCB = Area OBA
2) 2 OE = BO
1
3) Area OEC = Area ABC
6
4) The perpendiculars drawn from O to the three sides of the ΔABC are of equal length.
14. The diagonals AC and BD of a quadrilateral ABCD bisect each other orthogonally at O. Consider
the following statements in this regard:
1. ABCD is a square. 2. ABO  CBO.
3. ΔABO  ΔCDO 4. AO = OD
Which of the above statements are correct?
1) 1, 2 and 4 2) 1, 3 and 4 3) 2, 3 and 4 4) 2 and 3
15. If one of the diagonals of a quadrilateral is the perpendicular bisector of the other, then the quad-
rilateral is
1) A rectangle 2) A square
3) A rhombus 4) Not necessarily any of the above
16. If A is the area of a trapezium and the lengths of the parallel sides are a and b, then the distance
between the parallel sides of the trapezium is
A 2A A 2A
1) 2) 3) 4)
a b a b ab ab
17. Given that ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral, match list I and List II and select the correct answer
using the codes given below the lists:
List I List II
A. BAD 1. BAC  ACB

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B. ABC 2. CBD  CDB
C. BCD 3. CAD  ACD
D. CDA 4. ADB  ABD
A B C D
1) 1 3 2 4
2) 2 1 4 3
3) 4 2 3 1
4) 2 3 4 1
18. A point P is in the exterior of a circle of radius r. A line passing through a point P touches the
circle at a point A. If AP = 3 m and the shortest distance from the point P to the circle is 1 m, then
the radius r of the circle is equal to
1) 5 m 2) 4 m 3) 3 m 4) 1 m
19. In the given circle, the diameter AD is divided into three equal parts by the points B and C. All the
arcs in the figure are semicircles. If I, II, III and IV denote four curved lines which connect A and
D, then

IV
 1) Curve II is longer than curve I.
2) Curve II is shorter than curve I.
3) Curves I, II, III and IV are of equal length.
4) Curve II and curve III are of equal length but not equal to the length of curve I or curve II.
20. If a clock is started at noon, then at 16 minutes past 5 pm, the hour hand turns through
1) 155° 2) 158° 3) 160° 4) 163°
21.

O is any point on the bisector of the acute angle XYZ. If the line OP is drawn parallel to ZY, then
YPO is
1) An equilateral triangle
2) A right-angled isosceles triangle
3) An isosceles triangle but not necessarily a right-angled one
4) A triangle with two obtuse angles

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22. ABCD is a horizontal square. The diagonals of the square intersect at O. A vertical rod OP of length
40 cm is fixed at O. If each side of the square is 20 cm, then the side PA is equal to
1) 28.3 cm 2) 35.6 cm 3) 42.4 cm 4) 44.4 cm
23. Let ABC be a triangle in a plane. O is a point inside the triangle such that the lines OB and OC
bisect the angles B and C. If BAC  60, then BOC is
1) 120° 2) 145° 3) 150° 4) 155°
24. The straight lines AB and CD cut one another at the point O. If AOC, COB and BOD together
make up 274°, then each of the four angles at O are
1) 94°, 86°, 94°, 86° 2) 93°, 87°, 93°, 87°
3) 95°, 85°, 95°, 85° 4) 96°, 84°, 96°, 84°
25. Two straight rods PA and QB revolve about the points P and Q. The rod PA makes 12 complete
revolutions in one minute while the rod QB makes 10 complete revolutions in one minute. If they
start parallel and pointing the same way, then they are again parallel pointing the same way in
1) 10 sec 2) 12 sec 3) 30 sec 4) 32 sec
26. Lines AB and CD are intersected by the transversal EF as shown in the given figure:

Match List I with List II and then give the correct answer using the codes given below the lists:
 List I List II
A. 1, 5 and 2, 6 1. Interior Angles
B. 3, 5 and 4, 6 2. Exterior Angles
C. 1, 2 and 7, 8 3. Pairs of interior angles on the same side of the
transversal
D. 3, 4 and 5, 6 4. Pairs of corresponding angles
5. Alternate interior angles
A B C D
1) 3 2 4 1
2) 4 1 2 5
3) 4 3 2 1
4) 5 3 1 2
27. Consider the following statements relating to parallel lines in a plane:
1. If the lines L2 and L3 are both parallel to L1 , then they are parallel to each other.
2. If the lines L2 and L3 are both perpendicular to L1, then they are parallel to each other.
3. If the acute angle between L1 and L2 is equal to the acute angle between L1 and L3 , then L2
and L3 are parallel to each other.
Which of the above statements are correct?
1) 1, 2 and 3 2) 1 and 2 3) 1 and 3 4) 2 and 3
28. ABC is a triangle, and P is a point on the line AB such that ACP  ABC . If AC = 9 cm, CP = 12 cm
and BC = 15 cm, then AP is equal to
1) 11.2 cm 2) 10.2 cm 3) 8.0 cm 4) 7.2 cm

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29. If PR || AB, PQ || BC and QR || CA in the given figure, then

1
1) AC = QR 2) 2AC2  QR 2 3) AC = BQ × QR 4) AC × QR = 1
2
30. Let ABCD be a square. M, N, R are the points in AB, BC and CD respectively such that AM = BN =
CR. If MNR is a right angle, then MRN is equal to
1) 30° 2) 45° 3) 60° 4) 75°
31.

In the given figure, ABCD is a square of side 3 cm. If BEMN is another square of side 5 cm and BCE
is a triangle right-angled at C, then the length of CN will be
1) 56 cm 2) 57 cm 3) 58 cm 4) 59 cm
32. If from the point D on side AB of a triangle ABC, a line drawn parallel to BC cuts AC at E, then
which of the following statements is NOT correct?
AD AE
1) AD : DE = AB : BC 2) 
DB EC
AD AD  AB
3) Area ABC : 2 Area ADE 4) 
AE AE  AC
33. Let ABC be a triangle of area 16 cm2. XY is drawn parallel to BC, dividing AB in the ratio 3 : 5. If BY
is joined, then the area of the triangle BXY is
1) 3.5 cm2 2) 3.7 cm2 3) 3.75 cm2 4) 4.0 cm2
34. If a point P is equidistant from the sides of a triangle ABC, then P is the
1) Incentre 2) Circumcentre 3) Orthocentre 4) Centroid
35. ABC is an acute-angled triangle in which ABC  60 . If O be the orthocentre of the triangle ABC,
then OAC  OCA equals
1) 150° 2) 120° 3) 60° 4) 30°
36. A regular coin was tossed six times with outcomes five times as head and once as tail. If these
outcomes are seen in the light of a four-sided figure with two diagonals and assuming that the
merit of a tail is greater than that of a head, then it represents a
1) Parallelogram with smaller angle equal to 30°
2) Parallelogram with smaller angle equal to 60°
3) Rhombus with smaller angle equal to 45°
4) Rhombus with smaller angle equal to 60°
37. Let ABCD be a parallelogram. P is any point on the side AB. If DP and CP are joined in such a way
that they bisect the angles ADC and BCD respectively, then DC is equal to

K KUNDAN
1) CB 2) 2 CB 3) 3 CB 4) 4 CB
38. S is the midpoint of the side QR of the triangle PQR and T is the mid-point of QS. If O is the mid-
point of PT, then the area of ΔQOT is equal to
1 1 1 1
1) × area of  PQR 2)  area of PQR 3)  area of PQR 4)  area of PQR
2 4 6 8
39. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists:
List I List II
A. Quadrilateral with opposite sides parallel 1. A square
B. A concyclic parallelogram 2. A rhombus
C. A parallelogram, the diagonals of which intersect at 3. A rectangle
right angles
D. A quadrilateral, the diagonals of which bisect each other at 4. A parallelogram
right angles
A B C D
1) 4 3 1 2
2) 4 3 2 1
3) 3 4 2 1
4) 3 4 1 2
40. Two chords AB and AC subtend angles 90° and 150° at the centre of a circle. The angle BAC is
equal to (where point A lies between point B and point C)
1) 120° 2) 60° 3) 90° 4) 75°
41. A student cuts off two circles of radii r1 and r2 from a sheet of thick paper. He keeps these two in
a vertical position in contact with each other at a point P. Now, he keeps a rod of moderate thick-
ness on the top points A and B of the two circles. If r1  r2 , then for any values of r1 and r2 , the
angle APB is equal to
1) 30° 2) 60° 3) 90° 4) 120°
42. Let A, B and C be three points such that AB2  AC2  BC2. The locus of the point C, keeping the
points A and B fixed, is
1) A straight line 2) A circle with diameter AB
3) An ellipse 4) None of these
43. If AB and CD intersect at O and AOC  30 , then AOD is equal to
1) 2 BOD 2) 3 BOD 3) 4 BOD 4) 5 BOD
44. In the given figure, if PQ || RS, QPM  30, SRT  85 and RM = RP, then RMN is equal to

1) 90° 2) 110° 3) 115° 4) 125°

45. In a right-angled triangle in which one of the acute angles is half of the other, the sides are in the
ratio
1) 1 : 3 : 2 2) 1 : 1 : 2 3) 1 : 2 : 3 4) 1 : 2 : 3
46. L is the mid-point of the base QR of a triangle PQR. LM and LN are perpendiculars on PQ and PR
respectively. If LM = LN, then the triangle PQR is
1) Isosceles 2) Equilateral 3) Right-angled 4) Scalene
47. In the given  ABC, DE is parallel to BC and the lengths of the sides are as indicated in the figure.
The length of DE is

K KUNDAN
2
1) 4 cm 2) 5 cm 3) 6 cm 4) 7 cm
3
48. If the circumcentre of a triangle ABC be at S, then the ΔASB is
1) An equilateral triangle 2) An isosceles triangle
3) A right-angled triangle at S 4) None of the above
49. If A is the area of the equilateral triangle described on the side of a square and B is the area of the
equilateral triangle described on its diagonal, then
1) A = B 2) A = 2B 3) 2A = B 4) A 2  B
50. In the quadrilateral ABCD,
 AB + BC + CD + DA is
1) Greater than 2BD 2) Less than 2BD 3) Equal to 2BD 4) Cannot be said
51.

In the above figure, AB || CD and EF || GH. If AIF  80 , then CJG is equal to

1 2
1) 80° 2) of a right angle 3) of a right angle 4) 100°
3 3
52. X, Y, Z and U are four points in a straight line. If the distance from X to Y is 15, Y to Z is 5, Z to U is
8 and X to U is 2, then the correct sequence of these points will be
1) X – Y – Z – U 2) X – Z – Y – U 3) X – U – Z – Y 4) X – Z – U – Y
53. If the angles of a pentagon are in the ratio 1 : 3 : 6 : 7 : 10, then the smallest angle is
1) 32° 2) 30° 3) 27° 4) 20°
54. OA, OB and OC are three lines in a plane meeting at the point O. If the angles AOB, BOC, COA
are 2x, 5x, 8x respectively (where x is a positive angle), then x is equal to
1) 24° 2) 18° 3) 15° 4) 12°
55.

K KUNDAN
AB is parallel to CD. EF intersects them at M and N. The bisectors of M and N meet at Q. If
AME  80 , then MQN is
1) 60° 2) 70° 3) 80° 4) 90°
56. The side of an equilateral triangle is 20 3 cm. The numerical value of the radius of the circle
circumscribing the triangle is
20
1) 20 cm 2) 20 3 cm 3) 20 cm 4) cm

57. If ABC and DEF are two triangles, then to ensure that the two triangles ABC and DEF are congru-
ent, the three conditions AB = DE, AC = DF and ABC  DEF are
1) Sufficient but not necessary 2) Necessary but not sufficient
3) Neither necessary nor sufficient 4) Both necessary as well as sufficient
58. If D is a point on the side AB of a triangle ABC and DE is a line through D meeting AC at E such
that ADE  ACB, then AB . AD is equal to
1) AE . BC 2) AC . DE 3) AE . AC 4) AB . BC
58. D, E, F are the mid-points of BC, CA and AB in triangle ABC. If AD and BE intersect at G, then AG
+ BG + CG is equal to
2 3 1
1) AD + BE + CF 2) . (AD + BE + CF) 3) . (AD + BE + CF) 4) . (AD + BE + CF)
3 2 3
59. The adjacent sides of a parallelogram are 2a and a. If the angle between them is 60°, then one of
the diagonals of the parallelogram is
1) 3a 2) 2a 3) 3 a 4) 5a
60. Let ABCD be a parallelogram and ABEF a rectangle with EF lying along the line CD. If AB = 7 cm
and BE = 6.5 cm, then the area of the parallelogram is
1) 22.75 cm2 2) 11.375 cm2 3) 45.5 cm2 4) 45.0 cm2
61. PQ and RS are two parallel chords of a circle with centre C such that PQ = 8 cm and RS = 16 cm. If
the chords are on the same side of the centre and the distance between them is 4 cm, then the
radius of the circle is
1) 3 2 cm 2) 3 5 cm 3) 4 5 cm 4) 5 5 cm
62. ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. The tangents at A and C meet at a point P. If ABC  100, then
APC will be equal to
1) 20° 2) 40° 3) 60° 4) 80°
63.

If D, E and F are the mid-points of the sides of an equilateral triangle ABC, then the ratio of the
areas of the triangles DEF and DCE is

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1) 1.1 : 1 2) 1 : 1.1 3) 0.9 : 1 4) 1 : 1
64. It is given that d° = 70° and b° = 120°. Then

1) c° = 130° 2) a° = 110°
3) Both (1) and (2) are correct 4) Both (1) and (2) are wrong
65. If A, B and C are non-collinear points, then AB, BC and AC are respectively
1) 20, 5 and 15 2) 10, 5 and 15 3) 10, 5 and 5 4) 5, 5 and 5
66. The sum of the interior angles of a 12-sided regular polygon is equal to
1) 180° 2) 360° 3) 1800° 4) 2160°
67.

If CE is parallel to DB in the given figure, then the value of x will be

1) 45° 2) 75° 3) 30° 4) 85°
68. Three lines intersect at a point generating six angles. If one of these angles is 90°, then the
number of other distinct angles is
1) 1 or 2 2) 1 or 3 3) 2 or 3 4) 2 or 4
69. A vertical pole PO is standing at the centre O of a square ABCD. If AC subtends an angle of 90° at
the point P of the pole, then the angle subtended by a side of the square at the point P is
1) 35° 2) 45° 3) 60° 5) None of these
70. In the triangle ABC, if the base angles at B and C are bisected by BO and CO respectively, then
BOC is equal to
A A A B C
1) 90  2) 180  3) 90  4) 
2 2 2 2 2
71. L, M and N are the mid-points of the sides XY, XZ and YZ respectively of ΔXYZ. If the area of LMN
is 6 cm2, then the area of ΔXLM is
1) 6 cm2 2) 8 cm2 3) 12 cm2 4) 15 cm2
72. If ABC is a triangle and D, E and F are respectively the mid-points of AB, BC and CA, then the
triangle ABC is
1) Similar to DEF but not to ΔDBE
2) Similar to DEF but not to ΔECF
3) Similar to the triangles DBE, ECF, ADF and DEF
4) Not similar to any of the triangles DBE, ECF, ADF and DEF
73. In ABC , medians BE and CF intersect at G.

K KUNDAN
If the straight line AGD meets BC at D in such a way that GD = 1.5 cm, then the length of AD is
1) 2.5 m 2) 3.00 cm 3) 4.00 cm 4) 4.5 cm
74. The diagonals of a rectangle ABCD cut at O. OAL is an equilateral triangle drawn so that B and L
are on the same side of AC. If ACD  30 , then the angles of ΔALB are
1) 60°, 60° and 60° 2) 30°, 30° and 120°
3) 30°, 60° and 90° 4) Not determinable from the given data
75. ABCD is a trapezium where AB and CD are non-parallel sides. If the vertices A, B, C and D are
concyclic, then
1
1) AB is also parallel to CD 2) AB = CD
2
1
3) AB = CD 4) AB = CD
2
76.
 In the given figure, if AB is the diameter of the circle and PM is the internal bisector of APB ,
then the measure of angle ABM is
1) 15° 2) 30° 3) 45° 4) 60°
77. Three lines are drawn in a plane. Which of the following can not be the total number of points of
intersection?
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2
4) All of the above can be the total number of points of intersection.
78. AB is a straight line and O is a point lying on AB. A line OC is drawn from O such that COA  36 .
1
OD is a line within COA such that DOA =  COA . If OE is a line within BOC such that
3
1
EOC = 4 BOC , then DOE must be
1) 60° 2) 45° 3) 36° 4) 30°
79. The transversal EG intersects the parallel lines AB and CD at F and G respectively. If AFE  60
and HI bisects the EGD , then DGI is equal to
1) 95 2) 100 3) 120 4) 140
80. In an equilateral triangle ABC, if the side BC is trisected at D, then 9AD2 will be equal to
1) 5 AB2 2) 6 AB2 3) 7 AB2 4) 8 AB2

81. ABC is a triangle. D and E are two points on AB and AC such that AB  AC  2 m for 0 < m  1.
AD AE
From D and E, lines are drawn parallel to AC and AB to meet at a point O. This point O will lie on
the line BC if the value of m is
1 1 1
1) 1 2) 3) 4)
2 3 4

K KUNDAN
82. The incentre of a triangle is the point of intersection of its
1) Medians
3) Altitudes

1) 90°
2) SM = MP + PS

2) 60°
2) Perpendicular bisectors of the sides
4) Angular bisectors
83. If PQRS is a square and M is the midpoint of PQ, then
1) SM = RM 3) SM = MQ + MR

3) 30°
4) SM  MR
84. In a quadrilateral ABCD, B = 90° and AD2 = AB2 + BC2 + CD2, then ACD is equal to
4) None of these
85. In a quadrilateral ABCD, B  90  and AD 2  AB 2  BC 2  CD 2 , then ACD is equal to
1) 90° 2) 60° 3) 30° 4) None of these
86. If a circle touches the side BC of a ΔABC at P and also sides AB and AC produced at Q and R
respectively, then AQ is equal to
1 1
1) (Perimeter of  ABC) 2) Perimeter of ABC 
2 4
1
3) Perimeter of ABC  4) None of the above
6
87. In the given figure, AB = 6 cm and O is the middle point of AB. Semicircles are drawn on AB, AO
and OB. If C is the centre of the small circle which touches all the semicircles, then the radius of
this small circle is

1) 3 cm 2) 2.25 cm 3) 1 cm 4) 2 cm
88. If the exterior angle of a regular polygon is equal to the acute angle of a right-angled isosceles
triangle, then the polygon is a regular
1) Pentagon 2) Hexagon 3) Octagon 4) Heptagon
89. The straight lines AB and CD intersect at E. EF and EG are the bisectors of DEA and AEC
respectively. If AEF = x and AEG = y, then
1) x + y > 90° 2) x + y < 90° 3) x + y = 90° 4) x + y = 180°
90. If one angle of a triangle is greater than each of the two remaining angles by 30°, then the angles
of the triangle are
1) 40°, 40°, 100° 2) 50°, 50°, 80° 3) 30°, 30°, 120° 4) 35°, 35°, 110°
91. If for a regular pentagon ABCDE, the lines AD and BE intersect at point P, then BAD and APE
respectively are
1) 36° and 72° 2) 36° and 108° 3) 72° and 108° 4) 54° and 108°
DOX
92. ABCD is a square with centre O. If X is on the side CD such that DX = DO, then is equal to
XOC
3 7
1) 2) 3 3) 4) 4
2 2
93.

K KUNDAN
If AB is parallel to CD in the given figure, then x, y and z respectively are
1) 60°, 50°, 70° 2) 50°, 60°, 70° 3) 60°, 60°, 60° 4) 70°, 50°, 60°
94. ABCD is a parallelogram with AB  AD. If the sides AB and AD are produced to E and F respectively
so that AB = BE and AD = DF, then which one of the following is not correct?
1) CE = CF
3) DF = BC and DC = BE
2) ΔDCF and ΔBEC are identical
4) DC = BC and DF = BE
95. A line parallel to BC in ABC meets AB and AC at D and E respectively. If AD = 4 x  3  cm, DB =
3x  1 cm, AE = 8 x  7  cm and EC = 5x  3 cm, then the admissible value of x is
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) 3
96. ABCD is a parallelogram. E is the midpoint of DC and F is the midpoint of AB. If BE and DF meet AC
at M and L respectively, then LM is equal to
AC AC AC 2 AC
1) 2) 3) 4)
4 3 2 3
97. If E, F, G and H are the midpoints of the sides AB, BC, CD and AD of any quadrilateral ABCD, then
which of the folloing is not correct?
1) EF and GH are parallel.
2) The area of EFGH is half the area of the original quadrilateral.
3) The sum of the areas of BEF and DGH is one-fourth of the area of the original quadrilateral.
4) EG and FH intersect each other at right angles.
98. ABCD is a parallelogram and E is the middle point of side AD. EC meets BD at O. If the area of the
parallelogram is 24 units, then the area of the EOD is
1) 4 units 2) 3 units 3) 2 units 4) 1 unit
99. Three circles with centres A, B and C touch each other externally. If AB = 4 cm, BC = 6 cm and CA
= 7 cm, then the radii of the circles are
1) 2 cm, 1 cm, 4 cm 2) 2.5 cm, 1.5 cm, 4.5 cm
3) 2 cm, 3 cm, 2 cm 4) 2.5 cm, 3.5 cm, 1.5 cm
100.If O is the centre of the given circle and BC = AO, then

1) 2x = y 2) x = 3y 3) 3x = y 4) x = 2y
101. If P and Q are the midpoints of the sides CA and CB respectively of a triangle ABC, right-angled at
 
C, then the value of 4 AQ2  BP 2 is equal to
1) 4 BC2 2) 5 AB2 3) 2 AC2 4) 2 BC2
102. If ABCD is a square, X is the midpoint of AB and Y is the midpoint of BC, then which of the
following is not correct?
1) The triangles ADX and BAY are congruent. 2) DXA  AYB
3) ADX  BAY 4) DX is not perpendicular to AY.
103. In the given fgure, A  80 , B = 60°, C = 2x° and BDC  y . BD and CD bisect angles B and
C respectively.

K KUNDAN
The values of x and y respectively are
1) 15° and 70°

from C on AB, then

1 1 1
2) 10° and 160°

1 1 1
3) 20° and 130°

2 1 1
4) 20° and 125°
104. ABC is a triangle right-angled at C with BC = a and AC = b. If p is the length of the perpendicular

1 2 2
1) p 2  a 2  b 2 2) p 2  a 2  b 2 3) p 2  a 2  b 2 4) p 2  a 2  b 2
105. If ABC is an equilateral triangle and X, Y, Z are points in BC, CA, AB respectively such that BX =
CY = AZ, then ΔXYZ is
1) Isosceles 2) Equilateral
3) Congruent to ABC 4) Similar to ΔBXZ
106. If D is a point on the side BC (= 12 cm) of a ABC such that BD = 9 cm and ADC  BAC, then the
length of AC is equal to
1) 9 cm 2) 6 cm 3) 6 3 cm 4) 3 cm
107. If PL, QM and RN are the altitudes of ΔPQR whose orthocentre is O, then P is the orthocentre of
1) PQO 2) PQL 3) QLO 4) QRO
108. In a trapezium ABCDA, AB is parallel to CD and the diagonals intersect each other at O. In this
OA
case, the ratio is equal to
OC
OB BC AD AC
1) 2) 3) 4)
OD CD AB BD
109. The sides of a quadrilateral are extended to make the angles as shown below:

What is the value of x?

1) 100 2) 90 3) 80 4) 75
110. If two parallel lines are cut by two distinct transversals, then the quadrilateral formed by these
four lines will always be a
1) Parallelogram 2) Rhombus 3) Square 4) Trapezium
111. In a triangle ABC, A  90 , and D is midpoint of AC. The value of BC2  BD2 is equal to
1) AD2 2) 2 AD2 3) 3 AD2 4) 4 AD2
112. If an angle is its own complementary angle, then its measure is
1) 30° 2) 45° 3) 60° 4) 90°
113. The circumcentre of a triangle is always the point of intersection of the
1) Medians
2) Perpendicular bisector
3) Perpendiculars
4) Perpendiculars dropped from the vertices on the opposite sides of the triangle
114. In the following figure, if BC = 8 cm, AB = 6 cm, AC = 9 cm, then DC is equal to

K KUNDAN
1) 7 cm 2) 7.2 cm 3) 4.8 cm 4) 4.5 cm
115. If, in the following figure, PA = 8 cm, PD = 4 cm, CD = 3 cm, then AB is equal to

1) 3 cm 2) 3.5 cm 3) 4 cm 4) 4.5 cm
116. The number of tangents that can be drawn to two non-intersecting circles is
1) 4 2) 3 3) 2 4) 1
117. In the following figure, BAD  80 and ACB  30. The ACD is

1) 50° 2) 70° 3) 110° 4) None of these

118. In the following figure, PA and PB are tangents drawn to a circle whose centre is at O and whose
radius is 8 cm. If APO  30, then area of ΔAOB is

1) 8 3 2) 12 3 3) 16 3 4) None of these
119. In the following figure, AB touches the circle at P. Also BPS  70 and APQ  80 . If PR bisects
QPS, then PQR is equal to

1) 70° 2) 85° 3) 95° 4) None of these

120. Which of the following best describes x, if A < 90°?

K KUNDAN
1) 5 < x < 12 2) 7 < x < 13 3) x = 13 4) 7 < x < 17
121. If x < y, then the point (x, y) can be in all of the following areas of the coordinate axes, except
1) Quadrant I
3) Quadrant III
2) Quadrant II
4) Quadrant IV
122. In a triangle ABC,  A = x°,  B = y° and  C = (y + 20)°. If 4x – y = 10°, then the triangle is
1) Right-angled 2) Obtuse-angled
3) Equilateral 4) None of these
123. In the adjoining figure, chord ED is parallel to the diameter AC of the circle. If CBE  65  , then
what is the value of DEC ?

O
A C

E D

1) 35° 2) 55° 3) 45° 4) 25°

124. What is the distance in cm between two parallel chords of lengths 32 cm and 24 cm in a circle of
radius 20 cm?
1) 1 or 7 2) 2 or 14 3) 3 or 21 4) 4 or 28
Answers and explanations
1. 4; Sum of any two sides of a triangle is always
greater than the third.
2. 4; Sum of exterior angles = 4 right angles
3. 4;   2  ...  n  360
 1  2  3  ...  n   360
n n  1
   360    n  n  1  720
2
 80 n  1  720
 Maximum angle  n  80
 n+1=9  n=8
Area of AXY  4 Ar AXY  4
4. 3; CBO  360   285   30  = 45° 10. 3;   
Areaof XBCY 5 ArABC  9
 BOM  45  CBO  BOM We have
5. 1; Let OD = x
p  q 2 
9

pq 3 p
   2 :1
2
p 4 p 2 q

11. 2; PML ~ PQR

x 9
   x = 18
16 8

K KUNDAN
6. 2
7. 4; BOC  360  AOB  AOC
= 360  360  80  40  30 
= 80 + 40 + 30 = 150°
8. 4;

PM ML 12 ML
  
PQ QR 20 10  ML  6
12.2;

As we know, the median makes the

smaller angle with the greater side. In
this problem
BAD  DAC; therefore sides AB and
AC are equal.
 AB  AC  CE  EB
1
9. 2; We have 4x   h  60 sq cm
2
We have to find
1
ar ΔBCD   x h  60  15 sq cm
2 4
13. 4
14. 4; Rhombus

AC  400  400  20 2 cm

15. 3 AO = 10 2 cm

16. 2; A
1
2
(a + b) × h, where h is the distance AP = 10 2 
2
 40 2
between the parallel sides a and b. = 200  1600  1800  30 2  42.4 cm
2A 23. 1;
 h=
a b
17. 4;

Given BAC  60

18. 2; ABC  ACB  180   60   120 

K KUNDAN 24. 1;
OBC  OCB 

=
1
2
ABC  ACB 

120 
2
 BOC  180   60   120 
 60 

PC = 2r + 1
PB × PC = PA2
 1 × (2r + 1) = (3)2  2r + 1 = 9  r = 4
19. 3
180 180 16
20. 2; Required angle = 5    158
6 6 60
 hour-hand covers 180  in 6 hrs 
Given AOC  COB  BOD  274
21. 3; ZYO  PYO (Given)
 AOD  360  274  86
ZYO  POY  YZ || PO
BOD  180  86  94
POY  PYO  ZYO  PYO COB  180  94  86
22. 3;
AOC  180  86  94
25. 3
26. 3
27. 2; Statement (3) is not always true.
28. 4;
 Suppose side of the square = x cm and AM
= y cm
 Then ΔMBN  ΔNCR
 MN  NR
Also ΔMNR is a right-angled triangle.
So, MRN  NMR  45 
31. 3; BC = 3 cm, BN = 5 cm

 CN2  32  5 2  2  3  5 cosCBN = 58

 CN  58
Let ACP  ABC  
Note that CBN  90   CBE
Let APC  
4
CPB  180   cos CBN   sin CBE  
5
PCB    
32. 3;
By using the sine rule in ACP ,
We have,
sin  sin 
 ... (i)
AP 9
In CPB
sin  sin180    sin 
  .... (ii)
12 15 15
From (i) and (ii), AP = 7.2 cm
Other Approach:

K KUNDAN
ΔABC and APC are similar. ABC and AED are similar.
( A is common) AD DE
Now, 
AP 12 AB BC
 
9 15  AD : DE  AB : BC
 (1) is correct.
12  9
 AP   7.2 cm AD AE
15 Also 
DB EC
29. 1; ABRC is a parallelogram
 (2) is correct.
 QR || CA & PR || AB 
DB EC DB EC
 AC  RB .... (1) Now   1  1
AD AE AD AE
Also, AC  QB  PQ||BC ... (2)
DB  AD EC  AE
From (1) and (2),  
AD AE
1
AC = QR AB AC AD AB
2    
AD AE AE AC
30. 2;
AD AD  AB
or, 
AE AE  AC
 (4) is correct.
(3) is not correct as we don’t know the
value of ratio AE : AC or AD : AD.
33. 3;
 Here ADP  CDP (given)
CDP  DPA AB || DC 
ADP  DPA  AP  AD ... (1)
Let area of AXY = A1
Similarly, it can be shown that BP = BC ...
Area of BXY  A2 (2)
Since for the base AX and BX ΔAXY and Hence DC = AB = AP + PB = AD + BC = 2BC
38. 4;
ΔBXY have the same height,
A1 3
 .... (1)
A2 5
Also, ΔABC an d AXY are simil ar;
2
 3  A1
  3  5   16
 
9 9
 A1   16  ..... (2)
64 4 Area of OQT = Area of PQO
From (1) and (2),  Base OT  OP and heights of OQT

K KUNDAN
34. 1
35. 3;
9 5 15
A2   
4 3 4
 3.75 cm2

39. 2
40. 2;
 & PQO are the same

Area of PQT 

Area of ΔQOT =
of PQR.
1
4
1
2
Area of PQR
1


Area of ΔPQT  Area

8

ABC  60, BDC  90

 BCD  180  60  90   30 
EOC  180  90  30   60  Clearly, COB  360   150   90    120 
AOC  180  60  120 1 1
 BAC  BOC   120  60
2 2
OAC  OCA  180  AOC  60 41. 3
36. 4; In the rhombus with smaller angle 60°,
all the four sides and one diagonal are
equal which represent head (H) of the coin
and the other diagonal represents the tail.
37. 2;
 (radii of the circumcircle).
 SAB is isosceles.
49. 3; If x is one side of an equilateral triangle,
3x 2
then its area =
4
 If a is the side of a square, then area of
the equilateral triangle on the side = A =
3 2
a
OP = OA = OB 4
[  OA, OB & OP are the tangents drawn and the area of the equilateral triangle
from the fixed point O to the circles]
Let OAP    OPA   and
on the diagonal = B =
3
4
 2a  2

3 2
2
a

AOP  180  2 , B=2A

Quicker Approach: Ratio of length of side
POB  2 ,
OPB  PBO  90   and diagonal = 1 : 2
APB  OPA  OPB    90    90  ratio of areas of two triangles
42. 2 = 12 :  22
=1:2
43. 4; AOD  180   AOC  B = 2A
50. 1 51. 4
 180   30   150   5BOD
52. 3;
44. 4; QPR  SRT  85  , since PQ || RS.
 MPR  QPR  QPN  85  30  55
Now PMR  MPR  55 (Since RM = RP.)
53. 4; Sum of the interior angles of a pentagon
 RMN  180  PMR  180  55  125

K KUNDAN
is 540°. n  2   540 
45. 1; Clearly, A  30 and B  60.
 x  3x  6x  7x  10x  540  x  20
 Smallest angle is 20°.
54. 1

a b c
  
sin A sin B sin C 2x  5x  8x  360  x  24
55. 4; Bisectors of the interior angles meet at
a b c
or,   right angles. It does not depend on any
sin 30 sin 60 sin 90
other angle.
a b c  MQN  90
 
1 3 1 56. 1;
or,
2 2

or, a : b : c = 1 : 3 :2
46. 1
47. 1; Here the triangles ADE and ABC are simi-
lar.
AE DE 2 DE
     DE  4 cm
AC BC 5 10
48. 2; Clearly, SA = SB
Let OB = R, AB = BC = 20 3
 1 Now in right-angled ΔBED,
 BD  BC  10 3
2
3a 2 9a 2 12a 2
10 3 BD =  =  3a
 cos 30  4 4 4
R
Other approach:
10 3 2
BD 2  a 2  2a   2a 2a  cos 60
R   20
3
2 4a 2
 5a 2   3a 2
Other Approach: 2


AD2  20 3  10 3 
2

2
 900  BD = 3a
 AD = 30 cm 61. 3;
Also AD is median.
2
So AO =  30  20 cm
3
57. 3
58. 3;

Areas of parallelograms on the same base

and between the same parallel lines are
equal.
 Area of parallelogram
ΔACB ~ ΔADE AA similarity 

K KUNDAN
= Area of rectangle
AC CB AB = 7 × 6.5 = 45.5 cm2
  
AD DE AE  AB  AD  AE  AC 62. 3;
59. 2; Since the medians divide each other in
the ratio 2 : 1
2
 AG + BG + CG = 3 AD  BE  CF 
60. 3;

Let LC = x cm. Let r be the radius of the

circle.
RL = LS = 8 cm., PM = MQ = 4 cm
In right-angled ΔCLS
x 2  82  r 2 .... (1)
AE
cos 60  , In right-angled ΔCMQ
a
DE
x  42  42  r 2 .... (2)
sin 60  From (1) and (2),
a
x 2  64  x 2  16  8x  16
1 3
AE = a , DE = a x 4
2 2
 (1)  r = 80  4 5
a 3a
BE = AB – AE = 2a   63. 1;
2 2
 x y

Given APO  CPO  90

 APO  CPO  45  BPO  DPO
COA  x  200 AP 2  BP 2  AB 2
[  Angle at the centre of a circle is double cos APB  cos  
2AP  BP
the angle in the remaining part of the
circle] AO2  OP 2  BO2  OP 2  AB 2

COA = y = 360 – 200 = 160° 2AP  BP
Since AP and CP are tangents.  ΔAPO & BPO are right-angled at O
 OAP  90  OCP
OP 2 OP OP
APC  360  OAP  y  OCP   
AP  BP AP BP
 AO 2
 BO2  AB2 
 360  90  160  90  20
1
64. 4  sin 45  sin 45 
65. 3 2
66. 4; Sum of any two sides must always be  APB  60 
greater than the third. 71. 3;
67. 3; Sum of the interior angles of a polygon
= n  2  180 

K KUNDAN
n  12  Sum = 12  2  180   1800 
68. 4; ADB  180   110  30   40
 BDC  75  40  35  ADC  75  
 x  DBC = 180° – (35° + 60°) = 85°
69. 3; A + B + C = 180°
 BOC  180 - OBC - OCB
1 1
 180  ABC  ACB
2 2
1 1
 180  B  C
2 2

 A A
 180   90     90 
 2 2
72. 1;

If AOD  90 , then the other angles are

COB  90, AOE  45  BOF and
COE  45  DOF
or COB  90, AOE  45 , and
COE  45.
70. 3; ΔXLM is congruent to LMN
2
 Area of ΔXLM = Area of LMN = 6 cm
73. 3;
  FGD  180  FGC  120
Since HI is the bisector of FGD , there-
fore FGH  60
Hence, HGC  FGH  FGC  120
 DGI  120.
81. 3; If AB = 3a, then BD = a and
74. 4; GD = 1.5 cm  AG = 3 cm  AG : GD  2 : 1
2 2 2
AD  AB  BD  2AB  BD  cos 60
 AD  4.5 cm
82. 1; For m = 1, D becomes the midpoint of AB
75. 2;
and E becomes the midpoint of A. Obvi-
ously, the parallels DO and EO will meet
at O, which will be the midpoint of BC.
83. 4
84. 1
85. 1
86. 1;

OALB is a rhombus.
 Diagonals OL and AB bisect each other
at right angles.
 BAL  30, ABL  30 and ALB  120.
76. 4;
AB2  BC2  CD2  AC2  CD2  AD2
 ACD  90

K KUNDAN
87. 1;

Cyclic trapezium ABCD is isosceles

 AB = CD
77. 3; APB  90 (  in the semi-circle)
 APM  45 = ABM
(Angles in the same segment are equal.)
78. 4
79. 1;
Here AQ = AR, BQ = BP and CP = CR.
Now, AQ + AR = AB + BQ + AC + CR
 AQ + AQ = AB + BP + AC + CP
 2AQ = AB + AC + BC
1
 AQ = (Perimeter of ΔABC )
2
88. 3; Given AB = 6 cm, AO = 3 cm, OB = 3 cm,
80. 3; MO = 1.5 cm, ON = 1.5 cm.
Let R be the radius of the circle whose
centre is C.
Then, in CMO ,
MO 1. 5
cos    and
CM 1.5  R
OC 3R
sin   
CM 1.5  R

 AFE  60  FGC  60

 2 2 93. 2;
Now, cos2 a  sin2 a   1.5    3  R 
 1.5  R   1.5  R 

 R=1
Other approach:
 
1.5  R 2  3  R 2  1.52 as ΔMOC is a
right-angled triangle.
 R 1
360 
89. 3; 8
45 
Hence octagon.
90. 3; Clearly,     90  ... (1)
From ΔXOC,
45          45  ... (2)
Solving equations (1) and (2), we get
135 45
 and  
2 2
94. 1
95. 4
96. 2;

EF is the bisector of DEA

K KUNDAN
 AEF  x  DEF
EG is the bisector of AEC
 AEG  CEG  y AD AE
Use 
From the above figure, AB EC
2x  2y  180  360
 x  y  90 4x  3 8x  7
   x 1
91. 2; Let the angles of the triangle be  ,  and 4x  3  3x  1 8 x  7   5x  3 
 + 30 97. 2;
       30  180
   50
Hence angles of the triangle are 50°, 50°,
80°.
92. 3

BEDF is a parallelogram. So, in ΔABL, FM

bisects AL.
 AM = ML
Similarly in ΔDCM, CL  LM
AC
Therefore AM = ML = LC ie ML =
3
98. 4
Note that AD || BC and CD || BE. 99. 3
 2
1   1 
 AB2   AB   PQ  AB
 2   2 

5
 AB2
4

 
 4 AQ2  BP 2  5AB2
103. 4
104. 3; C  180   80  60  40
Suppose area of ΔEOD = x
 x   20 and y   180  20  30  130
Area of ABCD = 24 units 105. 1;
 Area of DCFE = 12 units = Area of EFAB
 Area of  ECD = 6 units = Area of  ECF
 Area of  DOC = 6 – x
 Area of  BOC = 12 – (6 – x) = 6 + x
Area of EOD EO 2
Now, 
Area of OBC OC2
x 1
  x 2
6x 4
Here AD = b 2  p 2 and
100. 2; If r1 , r2 and r3 are the radii of the three
circles with centres at A, B and C respec- BD = a 2  p 2
tively, then to find the values of their ra-
 In ΔACB,
dii, solve the equations.

K KUNDAN
r1  r2  4, r2  r3  6 and r3  r1  7 AB 2  AC 2  BC 2
101. 2; OAB  OBA  , say 2
  b2  p2  a 2  p2   b2  a 2
Then from ΔOAC ,  
y  x 1 1 1
  2  2
 x  y   .... (1) p 2
a b
From ΔOAB, , 106. 2
    180  x  y   180 107. 2;

 x  y  2 .... (2)
 (1) and (2)
 x  y  2x  y   x  3y
102. 2;

It is given that
BC = 12, BD = 9 and ADC  BAC
Now in ΔADC and ABC
C  C, D  A and CAD  B
 The triangles ADC and ABC are simi-
lar.
AC AD CD
Hence  
2 2 2 BC AB AC
AQ  AC  QC
 AC2  12  3  36
BP2  BC2  CP2
 AC  6 cm
   
AQ2  BP 2  AC2  BC2  QC2  CP 2  AB2  PQ2
108. 4;  2AD  AD 2AD  AD = 3AD2
113. 2; Let x be the angle.
 x  90  x  x  45
114. 2
115. 3; Using the sine formula, we have
a b c
 
sinA sinB sinC

sin 40  sin40   C 
 
BD 6
Observe that PQ is perpendicular to RN
and PR is perpendicular to QM. Thus P is sin 40 sin180  40  C 
 
the point of intersection of the perpendicu- 8  DC 6
lar QP from Q on OR and PR from R on QO. sin140  C 
 .... (1)
Hence P is the orthocentre of the ΔQRO. 6
109. 1; sin 40 sin140  C 
Also,  ... (2)
DC 9
 (1) and (2) give
DC 9 3
 
8  DC 6 2
 5DC  24  DC  4.8
116. 4; From the given figure,
In ΔOAB and OCD , CP × DP = AP × BP
 7 × 4 = 8 × BP

K KUNDAN
AOB  COD, ABD  BDC and
 BP = 3.5
BAC  ACD  AB = AP – BP = 8 – 3.5 = 4.5
 ΔOAB  ΔOCD 117. 4
OA OB AB
118. 1;
  
OC OD CD
110. 3;

As ABCD is a cy clic quadril ateral

A  C  180   C  100
111. 4  ACD  100  30  70 
112. 3; 119. 3; OA = OB = 8
OAB  30  OBA, AOP  60
1
 Area of ΔAOB = 2  AB  OM
Where OP = OM + MP
OM 1
  sin 30   OM  4
8 2
  
BC2  BD2  AB2  AC2  AB2  AD2  AB = 2 AM = 2 64  16
 AC  AD  AC  ADAC  AD
2 2
= 2 48  8 3
 Area of ΔAOB Given,  CBE  65 
1 1   COE  2  65  130
=  OM  AB   8 3  4  16 3
2 2 Also, in isosceles triangle ΔOEC
120. 2;
 OEC   OCE  x
 130° + x + x = 180°
 x = 25°
And also,
 OCE   DEC  25   AC||ED
125. 4; The two parallel chords lie either on the
same side of the diameter or on the oppo-
site sides of the diameter. If we find the
distance between parallel chords of any
one of the above two cases, then it serves
our purpose.

BPS  70, APQ  80

12
 QPS  30 x
20
Let O be the centre of the circle. O
 POP1  AB 20 y
16
 APP1  BPP1  90
Let PR bisect QPS .
Distance between chords
 QPR  15   SPR
= x  y  20 2  12 2  20 2  16 2  16  12  28 cm

K KUNDAN
RPB  85, RPA  95
Only one option contains 28. Hence they
Now, OP = OR = Radius will definitely be 4 cm apart in the other
 ORP  OPR  90  RPB case.
= 90° – 85° = 5°
 In ΔPOR, POR  170
1 1
 PQR  POR   170  85
2 2
121. 4; x is opposite to the acute angle.
 12  5   x  12 2  5 2  7  x  13
122. 4; In quadrant IV, y < 0, x > 0,
 x > y always.
123. 1; x + y + (y + 20) = 180  x  2y  160
4x  y  10  y  70, x  20
 The angles of the triangle are 20°, 70°,
90°.
124. 4;

B
65°

O
A 130° 25°
C
25°
25°
E D