TATA CONSULTING ENGINEERS SECTION: TITLE

TCE.M6-EL-700-6621 SHEET i OF iii

DESIGN GUIDE FOR
GENERATOR SYSTEM FAULT CALCULATION

DESIGN GUIDE

FOR

GENERATOR SYSTEM FAULT CALCULATION

TATA CONSULTING ENGINEERS

414, Veer Savarkar Marg
Prabhadevi
MUMBAI 400 025

FLOPPY NO : TCE.M6-EL-CD-DOC-003
FILE NAME : M6-700-6621.DOC

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DATE 1992.03.30

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REVISION

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DESIGN GUIDE FOR
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CONTENT

SR.NO. TITLE SHEET NO.

1.0 SCOPE 1

2.0 ABBREVIATIONS USED 1

3.0 REFERENCE DIAGRAM 1

4.0 DATA 1

5.0 PROCEDURE 2

6.0 DISCUSSION 3

7.0 REFERENCE 3

8.0 ANNEXURE-1 ONE LINE DIAGRAM 4

9.0 ANNEXURE-2 DATA REQUIRED FROM THE 5

GENERATOR MANUFACTURER

10.0 ANNEXURE-3 SAMPLE CALCULATION 6

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1.0 SCOPE

1.1 The scope of this design guide is to provide a detailed method to calculate the fault
currents when a 3 phase fault occurs at any point in the following sections of the
power plant electrical network.

a) The generator main power evacuation circuit consisting of the generator,

the main bus duct till generator transformer and the section upto the grid.

b) The unit auxiliary transformer section consisting of tap off section of the
busduct upto the unit auxiliary transformer.

1.2 The fault currents calculated would be required to assign the rating of the
equipment operating in the electrical network indicated above such as Extra High
Voltage Circuit Breaker, Bus Duct and Generator Circuit Breaker (if provided)

2.0 ABBREVIATIONS USED

GT : Generator Transformer
UAT : Unit Auxiliary Transformer
EHVCB: Extra High Voltage Circuit Breaker
GCB : Generator Circuit Breaker
SEB : State Electricity Board
pu : Per Unit

3.0 REFERENCE DIAGRAM

3.1 A schematic diagram indicating the equipment such as Generator, GT, UAT,
EHVCB and GCB is given in Annexure-1.

4.0 DATA

To calculate the fault currents, the ratings/data of the following equipment/system

are required.

4.1 GRID : Following details/data of the grid to which the generator is connected are
required.

i) The voltage level in kV.

ii) The maximum rms symmetrical fault level in kA.

iii) The X/R Ratio

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4.2 Generator

4.2.1 The data required from the generator manufacturer to carryout the fault calculations
are listed in Annexure-2.

4.2.2 Tolerances on the machine parameters shall be specifically confirmed with the
manufacturer, in the absence of this confirmation, tolerances as per IEC-34 or
relevant standards shall be applied.

4.3 Generator Transformer

4.3.1 The following parameters of the GT are required for fault calculation:

a) Rated primary and secondary voltages.

b) Rated maximum 3 phase MVA of the transformer
c) Reactance and resistance values of the transformer.

The resistance of the transformer shall be found using the full load copper losses in
case the values of the resistances are not directly available.

4.3.2 Tolerances as confirmed by the transformer manufacturer shall be applied. If the

tolerances are not furnished by the manufacturer, the tolerances as per relevant
standards shall be applied.

4.4 Bus Ducts

4.4.1 The values of resistance and reactance of the busduct are very small quantities of
the order of micro ohms. Hence these parameters need not be considered for
calculation.

5.0 PROCEDURE

5.1 All calculations shall be made in p.u. system.

5.2 The base MVA and base kV shall preferably be taken as the rated MVA and rated
kV of the generator.

5.3 (Base kV)2 L-L

Base Impedance = ------------------------ OHMS
Base MVA (3 ph)

5.4 Actual Impedance in ohms

P.U. Impedance = ------------------------------------
Base Impedance in ohms
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5.5 P.U. Impedance on any other MVA and kV can be converted to the P.U. Impedance
on base MVA & base kV as follows:

Zpu (New) = P.U. Impedance on base MVA and base kV

Zpu (Old) = P.U. Impedance on any other MVA and kV

MVA (new) kV2 (old)

Zpu (new) = Zpu (old) x -------------- x -----------
MV (old) kV2 (new)

6.0 DISCUSSION

6.1 A sample calculation to calculate the symmetrical fault current, the DC component,
the asymmetrical fault current and the momentary current has been given in
Annexure-3 for a typical 500 MW plant having a generator circuit breaker. The
calculation steps have been explained in detail and the same procedure shall be
adopted for units of other ratings also.

6.2 While specifying the rating of the equipment operating in the electrical network
considered in this design guide such as GCB and EHVCB, etc., the results obtained
from the calculations shall be indicated in the data sheet-A of the relevant
specification.

7.0 REFERENCES

7.1 The general theory of electrical machines- Adkins B. Chapman & Hall Ltd. 1962.

7.2 ANSI/IEEE Std. C.37.5-1979 IEEE Guide for calculation of fault currents for
application of AC High Voltage Circuit Breakers rated on a total current basis.

7.3 Elements of Power System Analysis – W.D.Stevenson Jr.

7.4 IEEE C37.013-1989 Standard for AC High Voltage Generator Circuit Breakers
rated on a symmetrical current basis.

7.5 IEC-56 High Voltage AC Breakers-Publication 1987

7.6 IEC-34 Rotating Electrical Machines

7.7 Control and Stability of Electric Power Systems – Anderson and Fouad.

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ANNEXURE-2

DATA REQUIRED FROM THE GENERATOR MANUFACTURER

Sl.No. Machine Parameters Symbol Unit

1. Rated Voltage (L-L) rms V kV

2. Rated MVA MVA MVA

3. Rated Power Factor cos φ -

4. Rated Current (rms) I Amps

5. Frequency f Hz

6. Armature resistance at 750 C Ra ohms

7. Saturated Direct Axis Steady State Reactance Xd p.u.

8. Saturated Direct Axis Transient Reactance Xd’ p.u.

9. Saturated Direct Axis Subtransient Reactance Xd” p.u.

10. Saturated Quadrature Axis Steady State Reactance Xq p.u.

11. Saturated Quadrature Axis Subtransient Reactance Xq” p.u.

12. Direct Axis Short Circuit Transient Time Constant Td’ Sec

13. Direct Axis Short Circuit

Sub-transient Time Constant Td” Sec

14. Armature Short Circuit Time Constant Ta Sec

15. Quadrature Axis Short Circuit

Sub-transient Time Constant Tq” Sec

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ANNEXURE-3

SAMPLE CALCULATION

1.0 This section outlines the detailed procedure for calculation of fault current in the
generator-generator transformer, UAT tap off section. Reference to the figure in
Annexure-1 shall be made.

The calculations are split into 5 parts.

1.1 Part-1 : Calculates 3 phase fault currents at any point between the generator and
generator transformer when generator alone is contributing to the fault.

1.2 Part-2 : Calculates 3 phase fault current at any point between GT and EHVCB
when grid/generator is contributing to the fault when the value of 3 phase
symmetrical fault current is known.

1.3 Part-3 : Calculates the 3 phase fault currents at the point considered in part 1 when
grid alone is feeding the fault.

1.4 Part-4 : Calculates the 3 phase fault currents on the UAT tap off part of the busduct
when both the grid and generator are feeding the fault.

1.5 Part-5 : Gives a summary of sizing the equipment performing in this section of the
electrical network considered.

2.0 ASSUMPTIONS MADE IN THE CALCULATIONS

2.1 For conservation fault estimation, the saturated value of the reactances are
considered.

2.2 The speed of the machine is assumed to be constant for about 60 to 80 milliseconds
(3 to 4 cycles) even after the instant of short circuit.

2.3 The switching angle A defines the point in the AC cycle at which the short circuit
occurs. The fault current at λ = 00 for unloaded generator case gives the maximum
DC component & λ = 900 gives the zero DC component. Hence λ = 00 is assumed.
The power angle σ is the angle between E the generated voltage and Vt the terminal
voltage of the generator is equal to zero since the value of E and Vt are same for
unloaded generator.

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2.4 The fault current fed from generator will be maximum when the value of λ and σ
are nearly equal. This is applicable for loaded as well as unloaded cases prior to
occurrence of the fault. For engineering applications the value of fault current
under generator unloaded conditions is adequate.

2.5 The calculations are done using general theory of electrical machines which is
based on a general machine concept. This is required to incorporate the finite effect
of saliency present in the turbo-generators which takes into consideration the
differences between the values of direct and quadrature axis reactances and time
constants and thus give accurate results.

2.6 The generator circuit breaker shall be sized such that the maximum values of the
symmetrical short circuit current, DC component shall be taken from part 1 and part
3 of the calculation.

2.7 Equivalent system (grid) X/R ratio at typical locations (for quick approximations)
are given below.

Type of Circuit X/R

1. Synchronous machines connected through transformers 40-60

rated 100 MVA and larger

2. Synchronous machines connected through transformers 30-50

rated 25 to 100 MVA for each three-phase bank.

3. Remote synchronous machines connected through 30-50

transformers rated 100 MVA or larger for each three-
phase bank, where the transformers provide 90 percent or
more of the total equivalent impedance to the fault point.

4. Remote synchronous machines connected through 15-40

transformers rated 10 MVA to 100 MVA for each three-
phase bank, where the transformers provide 90 percent or
more of the total equivalent impedance to the fault point.

5. Remote synchronous machines connected through other 15 or less

types of circuits, such as; transformers rated 10 MVA or
smaller for each three-phase bank, transmission lines,
distribution feeders, etc.

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General Calculations
Base kV = 21 kV
Base MVA = 659 MVA

(Base kV)2 (21)2

Base Impedance = ------------- = ------- = 0.669 Ω
Base MVA 659

Following table furnish the parameters of generator, generator transformer and grid.
Refer Annexure-2 for details required for generator.

a) GENERATOR

Sl. Parameter Actual Value P.U. Value P.U Value

No. with tolerance

1. Vt = Terminal Voltage 21.0 kV 1.0 1.05

2. MVA 659 1.0 1.0

3. Rated Current 18,118A 1.0 1.0

4. Power factor 0.85 - -

5. Rated frequency 50 Hz - -

6. Xd - 2.16 1.728

7. Xq - 2.16 1.728

8. Xd’ - 0.271 0.2168

9. Xd” - 0.193 0.1544

10. Xq” - 0.212 0.1696

11. Ra at 750 C 0.00176 ohms 0.00263 0.00263

12 Td’ 0.98 sec - -

13. Td” 0.03 sec - -

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14. Tq” 0.075 sec - -

15. Ta 0.2 sec - -

SR. Parameter Actual Value P.U. Value P.U Value

No. with tolerance

b) GENERATOR TRANSFORMER

1. HV Volts (LL) 400 kV - -

2. LV Volts 21 kV - -

3. MVA 630 MVA - -

4. Impedance, Zt 15% 0.1569 0.1412

5. Resistance, Rt 0.005 ohms 0.0075 0.0075

6. Inductance, Xt - - 0.141

c) GRID

1. Voltage level 400 kV - -

2. Fault current 40 kA - -

3. Fault MVA 27712 MVA - -

4. Grid X/R 40 - -

Notes:

a) 20% negative tolerance on the value of generator reactance, 5% positive

tolerance on generator terminal voltage and 10% negative tolerance on
transformer reactance are considered in this particular example. However
the tolerances shall be taken as per relevant standards when the
manufacturer does not indicate the tolerances in his data sheets.

b) The transformer resistance value Rt shall be obtained from copper losses or

from transformer winding resistance test.

c) Xt the transformer reactance = (Zt2 – Rt2)1/2

d) 400 kV grid fault level = 40 kA = 27712 MVA

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659
Grid fault impedance in pu = ------------ = 0.02378 pu
27712

PART-1

Vt peak = (2)1/2 x Vt ∠ 00 = (2)1/2 x 1.05 ∠ 00 = 1.4849 pu

2 Xd”Xq” 2 x 0.1544 x 0.1696

Factor, Xm = --------------- = ------------------------- = 0.1616 pu
(Xd” + Xq”) (0.1544 + 0.1696)

2 Xd”Xq” 2 x 0.1544 x 0.1696

Factor, Xn = --------------- = ------------------------- = 3.4456 pu
(Xq” - Xd”) (0.1696 - 0.1544)

t = Breaker opening time = 60 milliseconds for GCB & EHVCB

ω = 2πf radians = 314.1593 radians = 18,000 degrees

ωt = 2πft = 18000 x 60 x 10-3 = 1080 degrees

λ = 00 & σ = 00

The steady state value of the voltage before short circuit can be analysed to be made up of
2 components namely Direct and Quadrature axes.

The direct axis component Vd = (2)1/2 Vt sin σ

The quadrature axis component Vq = - (2)1/2 Vt cos σ

The direct axis component Vd = 0 since the value of σ = 00

and Vq = - 1.4849 pu.

The complete expression for the fault current in each phase consists of 2 components Ia1 &
Ia2 whose equations are given below for phase ‘a’. The value of fault currents in the other
two phases ‘b’ & ‘c’ can be calculated substituting λ by (λ- 2π/3) and (λ - 4π/3)
respectively.

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Equation 1 :

Ia1 = [ Vq/xd +(Vq/Xd’ – Vq/Xd”) e- t/Td” + (Vq/Xd” – Vq/Xd’) e –t/Td”] cos (ωt +λ)

- Vq/Xm e-t/Ta cos λ - Vq/Xn e-t/Ta cos (2ωt + λ)

Equation 2 :
Ia2 = - [ Vd/xq +(Vd/Xq” – Vd/Xq) e- t/Tq” ] sin (2ωt +λ)

+ Vd/Xm e-t/Ta sin λ - Vd/Xn e-t/Ta sin (2ωt + λ)

The total fault current in phase a : Ia = Ia1 + I a2

The equation 2 reduces to zero since Vd = 0

Equation 1 consists of 3 parts

Part – a :

Iac1 = [ Vq/xd +(Vq/Xd’ – Vq/Xd”) e- t/Td” + (Vq/Xd” – Vq/Xd’) e –t/Td”] cos (wt +λ)

is called the AC fundamental

Part-b :

Iac2 = (- Vq/Xn) e-t/Ta cos (2wt + λ)

is called the second harmonic component

Part –c :

Idc = (- Vq/Xm) e-t/Ta cos λ

is called the DC component of the fault current.

Total AC component of the fault current = (Part a + Part b) pu

Total symmetrical Iac (rms) = (Iac1 + Iac2) / √2 pu

Iac peak = Iac x √ 2 pu

% DC component = (Idc /Iac peak) x 100

Total Iac asymmetrical = (Idc2 + Iac2 rms)1/2

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Substituting the values of the parameters in equation 1 we get by simplifying:

Iac1 = - 6.8669 pu
Iac2 = 0.3192 pu
Idc = 6.80699 pu

Iac1 + Iac2
Symm Iac rms = --------------------- = 4.6299 pu
√2

Asymm Iac rms = (Iacrms2 + Idc2)1/2 = 8.23 pu

Iactual = I base x I pu

Symm Iac rms = 18118 x 4.6299 = 83.88 kA

Asymm Iac rms = 18118 x 8.23 = 149.11 kA

Idc = 18118 x 6.80699 = 123.33 kA

123.33 x 100
% DC = ------------------------ = 103.97%
√ 2 x 83.88

A computer package SMS is available which calculates the fault currents which have been
computed above manually.

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PART-2

a) Grid Feed

The symmetrical fault current fed from the

400 kV grid Iacgrms = 40 kA

X/R ratio of the grid = 40

Iacg (peak) = 40 x √2 = 56.57 kA

X/R = 2πFL / R

L 40
∴ Time constant , τ = ------ = ----------- = 0.127 sec
R 2π x 50

t = EHVCB opening time = 60 milliseconds

Idc = DC current due to X/R of 40 = Iac g (peak) e-t/τ

Idc = 56.57 e –60X.001 / 0.127

Idc
= 35.27 kA
Idc x 100 35.27
% DC component = -------------- = -------- x 100 = 62.35%
Iacg (peak) 56.57
½
Total Asymmetrical Current = (Iac2grms +Idc2 ) = 53.33 kA

b) Generator Feed

The generator feed to the fault current when a fault occurs after EHVCB can be
computed by using equation 1 referred in part A of the calculations. However the
value of reactances such as Xd, Xd’, Xd”, Xq, Xq” etc. get modified as Xd + Xt,
Xd’ + Xt, Xd”+Xt, Xq+Xt, Xq”+Xt etc. respectively where Xt is the GT reactance.
The armature time constant Ta which is approximately equal to Ld”/Ra becomes
(Ld” + Lt)/(Ra + Rt)

where Ld” = Xd”/ 2πf and Lt = Xt / 2πf

Substituting the values in equation 1 we get,

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Iac rms= 2.833 x 18118 = 51.33 kA

Idc = 2.569 x 18118 = 46.545 kA

Iac asymm = (51.332 + 46.5452)1/2 = 69.3 kA

These values are on 21 kV side of the GT

I
The values on 400 kV side of the GT = ------------
(400 + 21)

∴ The value of Iac rms on 400 kV side = 51.33 x 1 / 19.05 = 2.69 kA

Similarly on 400 kV side Iac asymm = 3.64 kA

Idc = 2.44 kA

4.2325 x 100
% DC component = --------------------- = 64.08%
√ 2 x 4.67

Comparing grid feed and generator feed for the fault considered, we find that the
grid feed is much larger than the generator feed because of the impedance of the
GT. Hence EHVCB should be sized to perform for grid feed.

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PART – 3

The fault current fed from grid alone when a 3 phase fault occurs anywhere
between the generator and generator transformer LV bushing is calculated in this
section.
400 kV
The grid impedance = ---------------- = 5.774 ohms
√ 3 x 40

∴ Zg = 5.744 ohms

X/R of the grid = 40

∴ Rg = Xg/40 ohms & Xg = 40 Rg

But Z2 = R2 + X2

∴ Rg2 = Zg2 - Xg2

Rg2 = Zg2 - (40 Rg)2

Rg2 (1 + 1600) = Zg2

(5.774)2
Rg2 = ----------------- = 0.020824 ohms
(1600 + 1)

∴Xg = √ Zg2 - Rg2 = √ 5.7742 - 0.020824 = 5.7722 ohms

Assuming 630 MVA and 400 kV the rating of transformer as base MVA and base
kV on EHV side of the transformer, the base impedance.
4002
= ----- = 253.97 ohms
630

The fault impedance of the grid in p.u.

5.774
= ---------- = 0.02273 p.u.
253.97

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The fault reactance of the grid in p.u.

5.7722
= ---------- = 0.02273 p.u.= Xg
253.97
The fault resistance of the grid in p.u.
0.020824
= -------------- = 0.000082 p.u.
253.97

The p.u. impedance of the GT = 0.1412 p.u.

For a fault between the generator and generator transformer,

The total fault impedance = 0.1412 + 0.02273 = 0.16393 p.u.

Base MVA 630

Fault MVA = -------------------- = ---------- = 3847.79 MVA
Fault impedance 0.16393

3847 .79
∴ Symmetrical fault current Igrms = ------------ = 105.79 kA
on 21 kV side √ 3 x 21

Ig peak = 105.79 x √ 2 = 149.605 kA

0.02273
Lg = ------------- pu = 0.00007235 pu & Rg = 0.000082 pu
2π x 50

0.1408
Similarly Lt = ------------- = 0.00044 pu & Rt = 0.0075 pu
2 x π x 50

The effective time constant to (Lg + Lt) 0.00051

calculate DC component T = ---------- = ------------ = 0.06726 secs
(Rg + Rt) 0.00758

Assuming 60 milliseconds is required for EHVCB to break fault currents

t = 60 x 10-3 sec

Idc = (Igpeak) x e-t/C

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Idc = 149.605 x e-60 x 10 –3/0.06726

Idcg = 61.3 kA on 21 kV side

Asumm Iacg = √ Idcg2 + Igrms2 = √ 105.792 + 61.32 = 122.27 kA

61.3
% DC component = ---------- x 100 = 41%
149.605

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PART-4

This part calculates the fault currents on the UAT tap off portion of the busduct.

The total fault current will be equal to the sum of the fault currents fed from the
generator and the grid.

Hence the total fault current will be equal to the sum of the fault currents calculated
in Part 1 and Part 3.

∴ Total Iac symm = 83.88 kA + 105.79 kA = 189.67 kA

Total Iac asymm = 149.11 + 122.27 = 271.36 kA

Total Idc = 123.33 kA + 61.3 kA = 184.63 kA

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PART-5

SUMMARY OF SIZING EQUIPMENT PERFORMING IN THE SECTION

OF THE NETWORK UNDER CONSIDERATION

1. GCB : Symmetrical Breaking Capacity = 106 kA (grid feed)

DC current = 123.33 kA (generator feed)

123.33
% DC component = ------------------ x 100 = 82.3%
106 x √ 2

Asymmetrical breaking capcity = 162.62 kA

Peak Fault Making Current = 106 x 2.55 = 271 kA

GCB shall be sized for the above values of the short circuit current. The generator
circuit breaker as per IEEE C 37.013 – 1989 meeting the above rating shall be
specified.

2. EHVCB: Symmetrical Breaking Capacity = 40 kA

% DC component = 63%

Asymmetrical Breaking Capacity = 54 kA

Peak fault making current = 40 x 2.55 = 102 kA

3. BUSDUCT

a) Main busduct between generator and generator transformer (Higher of the

generator & grid feed shall be taken)

Short time current = 106 kA for 1 second

Momentary rating = 271 kA (Peak)

b) Portion of the busduct from UAT tapoff point till UAT HV terminals.

This portion of the bus duct is susceptible to fault currents fed from both generator
and EHV grid.

Hence short time current = 84 kA + 106 kA = 190 kA for 1 sec.

Momentary rating = 190 x 2.55 = 485 kA (Peak)

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