Part 8 Operations

KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA
STATE SECRETARIAT OF CIVil AVIATION
CAMBODIAN CIVIL AVIATION REGULATIONS (CCAR)
PART 8:
OPERATIONS
Approved by:
Effective Date: 16 June 2016

The Previous Regulation Part 8: Operations
(issue: 2, Revision: 0)
dated 18 May 2009 is hereby repealed.

KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA
STATE SECRETARIAT OF CIVIL AVIATION
PART 8:
OPERATIONS
(Issue: 3, Revision: 0)
Approved by:
Effective Date: 16 June 2016

The Previous Regulation Part 8: Operations
(issue: 2, Revision: 0)
dated 18 May 2009 is hereby repealed.
[THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK]
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PART 8 – OPERATIONS
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INSTRUMENTS AND EQUIPMENT RECORD OF REVISIONS
RECORD OF REVISIONS
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INSTRUMENTS AND EQUIPMENT RECORD OF REVISIONS
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OPERATIONS
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TABLE OF CONTENT
PART 8—OPERATIONS ...............................................................................................................................................1
8.1 General ................................................................................................................................................3
8.1.1.1 Applicability ..............................................................................................................................3
8.1.1.2 Definitions ................................................................................................................................3
8.1.1.3 Abbreviations ...........................................................................................................................3
8.2 General Operations Requirements .........................................................................................................6
8.2.1 Aircraft Requirements......................................................................................................................6
8.2.1.1 Registration Markings ..............................................................................................................6
8.2.1.2 Civil Aircraft Airworthiness .......................................................................................................6
8.2.1.3 Special Airworthiness Certificate Operational Restrictions ......................................................6
8.2.1.4 Aircraft Instruments and Equipment.........................................................................................6
8.2.1.5 Inoperative Instruments and Equipment ..................................................................................6
8.2.1.6 Civil Aircraft Flight Manual, Marking and Placard Requirements .............................................7
8.2.1.7 Required Aircraft and Equipment Inspections..........................................................................8
8.2.1.8 Documents to be Carried on Aircraft—All Operations..............................................................8
8.3 Aircraft Maintenance and Inspection Requirements ...........................................................................10
8.3.1.1 Applicability ............................................................................................................................10
8.3.1.2 General ..................................................................................................................................10
8.3.1.3 Annual Inspections ................................................................................................................11
8.3.1.4 Progressive Inspections .........................................................................................................13
8.3.1.5 Continuous Airworthiness Maintenance Inspection ...............................................................14
8.3.1.6 Changes to Aircraft Maintenance Inspection Programmes ....................................................15
8.3.1.7 Required Maintenance...........................................................................................................15
8.3.1.8 Maintenance and Inspection Records Retention ...................................................................15
8.3.1.9 Lease or Sale of Aircraft—Transfer of Maintenance Records................................................16
8.4 Flightcrew Requirements .......................................................................................................................16
8.4.1.1 Composition of the Flightcrew................................................................................................16
8.4.1.2 Flightcrew Qualifications ........................................................................................................17
8.4.1.3 Authorisation in Lieu of a Type Rating ...................................................................................17
8.4.1.4 Licences Required .................................................................................................................17
8.4.1.5 Rating Required for IFR Operations ......................................................................................18
8.4.1.6 Special Authorisation Required for Category II/III Operations ...............................................18
8.4.1.7 Pilot Logbooks .......................................................................................................................18
8.4.1.8 Pilot Recency And Proficiency – General Aviation Operations ..............................................18
8.4.1.9 Flightcrew—Limitations On Use Of Services For Commercial Air Transport .........................18
8.4.1.10 Pilot Recency—Takeoff And Landings, Commercial Air Transport Operations ...................18
8.4.1.11 Pilot Recency- IFR Operations ............................................................................................19
8.4.1.12 Pilot Recency Cruise Relief Pilot .........................................................................................19
8.4.1.13 Pilot Recency – Night Vision Goggles .................................................................................19
8.4.1.14 Pilot Proficiency - Commercial Air Transport Operations .....................................................20
8.4.1.15 Pilot Privileges and Limitations ............................................................................................21
8.4.1.16 Authority and Responsibility of the PIC................................................................................21
8.4.1.17 Compliance with Local Regulations .....................................................................................21
8.4.1.18 Negligent or Reckless Operations of the Aircraft .................................................................21
8.4.1.19 Fitness of Flight Crewmembers ...........................................................................................21
8.4.1.20 Prohibition on Use of Psychoactive Substances, Including Narcotics, Drugs or Alcohol .....22
8.4.1.21 Flight Crewmember Use of Seat Belts and Shoulder Harnesses ........................................22
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8.4.1.22 Flight Crewmembers at Duty Stations .................................................................................22
8.4.1.23 Required Crewmember Equipment......................................................................................23
8.4.1.24 Compliance with Checklists .................................................................................................23
8.4.1.25 Search and Rescue Information ..........................................................................................23
8.4.1.26 Production of Aircraft and Flight Documentation .................................................................23
8.4.1.27 Locking of Flight Deck Compartment Door: Commercial Air Transport ...............................23
8.4.1.28 Admission to the Flight Deck—Commercial Air Transport ...................................................24
8.4.1.29 Admission of Inspector to the Flight Deck............................................................................24
8.4.1.30 Duties During Critical Phases of Flight: Commercial Air Transport......................................24
8.4.1.31 Manipulation of the Controls—Commercial Air Transport ....................................................24
8.4.1.32 Simulated Abnormal Situations in Flight: Commercial Air Transport ...................................24
8.4.1.33 Completion of the Technical Log—Commercial Air Transport and Aerial Work ..................24
8.4.1.34 Reporting Mechanical Irregularities .....................................................................................25
8.4.1.35 Reporting of Facility and Navigation Aid Inadequacies ........................................................25
8.4.1.36 Reporting of Hazardous Conditions .....................................................................................25
8.4.1.37 Reporting of Incidents ..........................................................................................................25
8.4.1.38 Accident Notification ............................................................................................................25
8.4.1.39 Operation of Cockpit Voice and Flight Data Recorders .......................................................26
8.4.1.40 Crewmember Oxygen—Minimum Supply and Use .............................................................26
8.4.1.41 Portable Electronic Devices .................................................................................................26
8.4.1.42 Carriage of Dangerous Goods .............................................................................................27
8.4.1.43 Microphones ........................................................................................................................27
8.5 Flight Planning and Supervision ...........................................................................................................28
8.5.1.1 Submission of a Flight Plan ...................................................................................................28
8.5.1.2 Air Traffic Control Flight Plan—Commercial Air Transport.....................................................28
8.5.1.3 Contents of a Flight Plan .......................................................................................................28
8.5.1.4 Planned Reclearance ............................................................................................................29
8.5.1.5 Changes to a Flight Plan .......................................................................................................29
8.5.1.6 Closing a Flight Plan ..............................................................................................................29
8.5.2 Flight Planning and Preparation ....................................................................................................30
8.5.2.1 Aircraft Airworthiness and Safety Precautions .......................................................................30
8.5.2.2 Adequacy of Operating Facilities ...........................................................................................30
8.5.2.3 Meteorological Reports and Forecasts ..................................................................................30
8.5.2.4 Meteorological Limitations for VFR Flights ............................................................................31
8.5.2.5 IFR Destination Aerodromes..................................................................................................31
8.5.2.6 IFR Destination Alternate Requirement .................................................................................31
8.5.2.7 IFR Alternate Aerodrome Selection Criteria...........................................................................33
8.5.2.8 OffShore Alternates for Helicopter Operations [AOC] ............................................................35
8.5.2.9 Takeoff Alternate Aerodromes—Commercial Air Transport Operations ................................36
8.5.2.10 Maximum Distance from an Adequate Aerodrome for Aeroplanes Without an EDTO
Approval – [AOC] ................................................................................................................36
8.5.2.11 Requirements for Extended Diversion time operations - Aeroplanes [AOC].......................37
8.5.2.12 Fuel, Oil, and Oxygen Planning and Contingency Factors ..................................................39
8.5.2.13 Minimum Fuel Supply for VFR Flights .................................................................................41
8.5.2.14 Minimum Fuel Supply for IFR Flights ...................................................................................41
8.5.2.15 Flight Planning Document Distribution and Retention—Commercial Air Transport .............43
8.5.2.16 Maximum Allowable Mass to be Considered on All Load Manifests ....................................44
8.5.2.17 Flight Release Required—Commercial Air Transport ..........................................................44
8.5.2.18 Operational Flight Plan—Commercial Air Transport ............................................................44
8.6 Aircraft Operating and Performance Limitations.................................................................................46
8.6.1 All Aircraft ......................................................................................................................................46
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8.6.1.1 Applicability ............................................................................................................................46
8.6.1.2 General ..................................................................................................................................46
8.6.1.3 Aircraft Performance Calculations .........................................................................................46
8.6.1.4 General Mass and Obstruction Clearance Limitations ...........................................................46
8.6.2 Aircraft Used in Commercial Air Transport ....................................................................................47
8.6.2.1 Applicability ............................................................................................................................47
8.6.2.2 General ..................................................................................................................................47
8.6.2.3 Single and Multi-engine Aeroplane Operations .....................................................................48
8.6.2.4 Aircraft Performance Calculations .........................................................................................49
8.6.2.5 Takeoff Limitations.................................................................................................................50
8.6.2.6 En Route Limitations- Aeroplane—All Engines Operating .....................................................51
8.6.2.7 En Route Limitations—One Engine Inoperative ....................................................................51
8.6.2.8 En Route Limitations—Two Engines Inoperative...................................................................52
8.6.2.9 Landing Limitations ................................................................................................................53
8.6.2.10 Additional Requirements for Class 3 Helicopters Operating in IMC.....................................54
8.7 Flight Rules .............................................................................................................................................55
8.7.1 All Operations ................................................................................................................................55
8.7.1.1 Operation of Aircraft on the Ground .......................................................................................55
8.7.1.2 Takeoff Conditions .................................................................................................................55
8.7.1.3 Flight into Known or Expected Icing.......................................................................................55
8.7.1.4 Altimeter Settings...................................................................................................................56
8.7.1.5 Minimum Safe Altitudes—General .........................................................................................56
8.7.1.6 Minimum Safe VFR Altitudes .................................................................................................56
8.7.1.7 Instrument Approach Operating Minima ................................................................................57
8.7.1.8 Category II and III Operations—General Operating Rules.....................................................58
8.7.1.9 Category II and Category III Manual ......................................................................................59
8.7.1.10 Exemption from Certain Category II Operations ..................................................................59
8.7.1.11 Diversion Decision—Engine Inoperative..............................................................................59
8.7.1.12 Operating Near Other Aircraft—Including Formation Flights ...............................................60
8.7.1.13 Right-of-Way Rules—Except Water Operations ..................................................................60
8.7.1.14 Right-of-Way Rules—Water Operations ..............................................................................62
8.7.1.15 Use of Aircraft Lights ...........................................................................................................62
8.7.1.16 Simulated Instrument Flight .................................................................................................63
8.7.1.17 Inflight Simulation of Abnormal Situations ...........................................................................63
8.7.1.18 Dropping, Spraying, Towing ................................................................................................63
8.7.1.19 Aerobatic Flight ....................................................................................................................63
8.7.1.20 Flight Test Areas..................................................................................................................63
8.7.1.21 Prohibited Areas and Restricted Areas ................................................................................64
8.7.1.22 Operations in MNPS or RVSM Airspace..............................................................................64
8.7.1.23 Operations on or in the Vicinity of a Controlled or an Uncontrolled Aerodrome ...................64
8.7.1.24 Aerodrome Traffic Pattern Altitudes—Turbojet, Turbofan, or Large Aircraft ........................64
8.7.1.25 Compliance with Visual and Electronic Glide Slopes ...........................................................65
8.7.1.26 Restriction or Suspension of Operations: Commercial Air Transport...................................65
8.7.1.27 Continuation of Flight when Destination Aerodrome is Temporarily Restricted—
Commercial Air Transport ...................................................................................................65
8.7.1.28 Interception ..........................................................................................................................65
8.7.1.29 Control of Aircraft Noise.......................................................................................................65
8.7.1.30 Single Pilot Operations - Aeroplane .....................................................................................65
8.7.1.31 Single Engine AEROPLANE Operations .............................................................................66
8.7.1.32 Aeroplane Operating Procedures for Rates of Climb and Descent......................................66
8.7.1.33 Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA)...........................................................................................67
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8.7.1.34 Unmanned Free Balloons ....................................................................................................68
8.7.2 Control of Air Traffic ......................................................................................................................71
8.7.2.1 ATC Clearances ....................................................................................................................71
8.7.2.2 Adherence to ATC Clearances ..............................................................................................72
8.7.2.3 Communications ....................................................................................................................72
8.7.2.4 Route to be Flown..................................................................................................................72
8.7.2.5 Inadvertent Changes .............................................................................................................72
8.7.2.6 ATC Clearance—Intended Changes .....................................................................................73
8.7.2.7 Position Reports ....................................................................................................................73
8.7.2.8 Operations on or in the Vicinity of a Controlled Aerodrome ...................................................73
8.7.2.9 Unlawful Interference .............................................................................................................74
8.7.2.10 Time Checks ........................................................................................................................74
8.7.2.11 Universal Signals .................................................................................................................74
8.7.2.12 Signalman ............................................................................................................................75
8.7.3 VFR Flight Rules ...........................................................................................................................75
8.7.3.1 Visual Meteorological Conditions ...........................................................................................75
8.7.3.2 VFR Weather Minimums for Takeoff and Landing .................................................................76
8.7.3.3 Special VFR Operations ........................................................................................................76
8.7.3.4 VFR Cruising Altitudes ...........................................................................................................76
8.7.3.5 ATC Clearances for VFR Flights............................................................................................76
8.7.3.6 VFR Flights Requiring ATC Authorisation..............................................................................76
8.7.3.7 Weather Deterioration Below VMC ........................................................................................77
8.7.3.8 Changing from VFR to IFR ....................................................................................................77
8.7.3.9 Two-way Radio Communication Failure in VFR ....................................................................77
8.7.4 IFR Flight Rules.............................................................................................................................78
8.7.4.1 Applicability ............................................................................................................................78
8.7.4.2 IFR in Controlled Airspace .....................................................................................................78
8.7.4.3 IFR Flights Outside Controlled Airspace ................................................................................78
8.7.4.4 IFR Takeoff Minimums for Commercial Air Transport ............................................................78
8.7.4.5 Minimum Altitudes for IFR Operations ...................................................................................78
8.7.4.6 Minimum Altitudes for Use of an Autopilot .............................................................................79
8.7.4.7 IFR Cruising Altitude or Flight Level in Controlled Airspace ..................................................79
8.7.4.8 IFR Cruising Altitude or Flight Level in Uncontrolled Airspace...............................................80
8.7.4.9 IFR Radio Communications ...................................................................................................80
8.7.4.10 Operation Under IFR in Controlled Airspace—Malfunction Reports ....................................80
8.7.4.11 Continuation of IFR Flight Toward a Destination .................................................................80
8.7.4.12 Instrument Approach Procedures and IFR Landing Minimums ...........................................80
8.7.4.13 Commencing an Instrument Approach ................................................................................81
8.7.4.14 Instrument Approaches to Civil Aerodromes .......................................................................81
8.7.4.15 Operation Below DH or MDA ...............................................................................................81
8.7.4.16 Landing During Instrument Meteorological Conditions ........................................................82
8.7.4.17 Execution of a Missed Approach Procedure ........................................................................82
8.7.4.18 Change from IFR Flight to VFR Flight..................................................................................82
8.7.4.19 Two-Way Radio Communications Failure in IFR .................................................................83
8.7.4.20 Threshold Crossing Height for 3D Instrument Approach Operations ...................................84
8.8 Passengers and Passenger Handling...................................................................................................85
8.8.1 All Passenger Carrying Operations ...............................................................................................85
8.8.1.1 Unacceptable Conduct ..........................................................................................................85
8.8.1.2 Refuelling with Passengers Onboard.....................................................................................85
8.8.1.3 Passenger Seats, Safety Belts, and Shoulder Harnesses .....................................................85
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8.8.1.4 Passenger Briefing ................................................................................................................86
8.8.1.5 Inflight Emergency Instruction................................................................................................86
8.8.1.6 Passenger Oxygen—Minimum Supply and Use ....................................................................86
8.8.1.7 Alcohol or Drugs ....................................................................................................................87
8.8.2 Commercial Air Transport Passenger Carrying Operations ..........................................................87
8.8.2.1 Passenger Compliance with Instructions ...............................................................................87
8.8.2.2 Denial of Transportation ........................................................................................................87
8.8.2.3 Carriage of Persons Without Compliance with These Passenger-Carrying Requirements ...87
8.8.2.4 Cabin Crew at Duty Stations ..................................................................................................87
8.8.2.5 Evacuation Capability ............................................................................................................88
8.8.2.6 Arming of Automatic Emergency Exits...................................................................................88
8.8.2.7 Accessibility of Emergency Exits and Equipment ..................................................................88
8.8.2.8 Stops Where Passengers Remain onboard...........................................................................88
8.8.2.9 Passenger Loading and Unloading - AOC .............................................................................88
8.8.2.10 Carriage of Persons with Reduced Mobility .........................................................................88
8.8.2.11 Exit Row Seating .................................................................................................................89
8.8.2.12 Prohibition Against Carriage of Weapons ............................................................................90
8.8.2.13 Oxygen for Medical Use by Passengers ..............................................................................91
8.8.2.14 Carry-on Baggage ...............................................................................................................91
8.8.2.15 Carriage of Cargo in Passenger Compartments ..................................................................91
8.8.2.16 Passenger Information Signs ...............................................................................................93
8.8.2.17 Required Passenger Briefings .............................................................................................93
8.8.2.18 Passenger Briefing—Extended Overwater Operations ........................................................93
8.8.2.19 Passenger Seat Belts ..........................................................................................................94
8.8.2.20 Passenger Seat Backs ........................................................................................................94
8.8.2.21 Stowage of Food, Beverage and Passenger Service ..........................................................94
8.8.2.22 Securing of Items of Mass in Passenger Compartment.......................................................94
8.9 Crewmember and Flight Operations Officer Qualifications: Commercial Air Transport .................95
8.9.1.1 Limitation of Privileges of Pilots who have Attained their 60th Birthday and Curtailment of
Privileges of Pilots who have Attained their 65th Birthday ..................................................95
8.9.1.2 Use of Flight Simulation Training Devices .............................................................................95
8.9.1.3 Approval of a Flight Simulation Training Device for Credit in Training and Checking ............96
8.9.1.4 Licence Requirements for PIC ...............................................................................................96
8.9.1.5 Licence Requirements for Co-pilot and Cruise Relief Pilot ....................................................96
8.9.1.6 Flight Engineer Licence Requirements ..................................................................................96
8.9.1.7 One Pilot Qualified to Perform Flight Engineer Functions .....................................................96
8.9.1.8 Persons Qualified to Flight Release.......................................................................................96
8.9.1.9 Company Procedures Indoctrination......................................................................................96
8.9.1.10 Initial Dangerous Goods Training ........................................................................................97
8.9.1.11 Initial Security Training ........................................................................................................97
8.9.1.12 Initial Crew Resource Management .....................................................................................97
8.9.1.13 Initial Emergency Equipment Drills ......................................................................................97
8.9.1.14 Initial Aircraft Ground Training .............................................................................................97
8.9.1.15 Initial Aircraft Flight Training ................................................................................................98
8.9.1.16 Initial Specialised Operations Training.................................................................................98
8.9.1.17 Aircraft Differences ..............................................................................................................98
8.9.1.18 Reserved .............................................................................................................................98
8.9.1.19 Introduction of New Equipment or Procedures ....................................................................98
8.9.1.20 Pilot Proficiency – Aircraft and Instrument Proficiency Checks............................................99
8.9.1.21 Re-establishing Recency of Experience—Flightcrew ..........................................................99
8.9.1.22 Pairing of Low Experience Pilots .........................................................................................99
8.9.1.23 Flight Engineer and Flight Navigator Proficiency Checks .................................................. 100
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8.9.1.24 Competency Checks—Cabin Crewmembers .................................................................... 100
8.9.1.25 Competency Checks—Flight Operations Officers ............................................................. 100
8.9.1.26 Supervised Line Flying—Pilots .......................................................................................... 100
8.9.1.27 Supervised Line Flying—Flight Engineers ......................................................................... 100
8.9.1.28 Supervised Line Experience—Cabin Crewmembers ......................................................... 101
8.9.1.29 Line Observations—Flight Operations Officers .................................................................. 101
8.9.1.30 Line (Route and Area) Checks—Pilot Qualification ........................................................... 101
8.9.1.31 PIC Low Minimums Authorisation ...................................................................................... 102
8.9.1.32 Designated Special Aerodromes and Heliports—PIC Qualification ................................... 102
8.9.1.33 Recurrent Training—Flight crewmembers ......................................................................... 102
8.9.1.34 Recurrent Training and Re-establishment of Qualifications—Cabin Crewmembers.......... 103
8.9.1.35 Recurrent Training and Re-establishment of Qualifications—Flight Operations Officers... 103
8.9.1.36 Instructor Qualifications –Flight Crew, Cabin Crew, Flight Operations Officer ................... 104
8.9.1.37 Instructor Training .............................................................................................................. 105
8.9.1.38 Personnel Approved to Conduct Checks ........................................................................... 105
8.9.1.39 Check Personnel Qualifications ......................................................................................... 105
8.9.1.40 Check Personnel Training ................................................................................................. 107
8.9.1.41 Single – Pilot Operations Under IFR or at Night – Qualifications, Training, Checking ....... 107
8.9.1.42 Reserved ........................................................................................................................... 108
8.9.1.43 Monitoring of Training and Checking Activities .................................................................. 108
8.9.1.44 Termination of a Proficiency, Competency or Line Check ................................................. 108
8.9.1.45 Recording of Crewmember and Flight Operations Officer Qualifications........................... 108
8.9.1.46 Reserved ........................................................................................................................... 108
8.9.1.47 Eligibility Period ................................................................................................................. 108
8.9.1.48 Reductions in Requirements .............................................................................................. 108
8.10 Fatigue Management............................................................................................................................ 110
8.10.1.1 Applicability ........................................................................................................................ 110
8.10.1.2 Managing Fatigue-related Safety Risks ............................................................................. 110
8.10.1.3 Duty and Rest Periods ....................................................................................................... 111
8.11 Flight Time, Flight Duty Periods, Duty Periods, and Rest Periods for Fatigue Management ........ 112
8.11.1.1 Applicability ........................................................................................................................ 112
8.11.1.2 Duty and Rest Periods – All Crewmembers and Flight Operations Officers ...................... 112
8.11.1.3 Duty Aloft – Flight Crew ..................................................................................................... 113
8.11.1.4 Maximum Number of Flight Time Hours – Flight Crew ...................................................... 113
8.11.1.5 Compliance with Scheduling Requirements ...................................................................... 113
8.11.1.6 Special Flight Duty Schemes ............................................................................................. 114
8.11.1.7 Flight Time, Duty and Rest Period Records....................................................................... 114
8.12 Flight Release—Commercial Air Transport ....................................................................................... 115
8.12.1.1 Applicability ........................................................................................................................ 115
8.12.1.2 Qualified Persons Required for Operational Control Functions ......................................... 115
8.12.1.3 Functions Associated with Operational Control ................................................................. 115
8.12.1.4 Operational Control Duties ................................................................................................ 116
8.12.1.5 Contents of a Flight Release/Operational Flight Plan ........................................................ 116
8.12.1.6 Flight Release—Aircraft Requirements.............................................................................. 117
8.12.1.7 Flight Release—Facilities and NotAMs.............................................................................. 117
8.12.1.8 Flight Release—Weather Reports and Forecasts ............................................................. 117
8.12.1.9 Flight Release — in Icing Conditions ................................................................................. 117
8.12.1.10 Flight Release — under VFR or IFR ................................................................................. 118
8.12.1.11 Flight Release—Minimum Fuel Supply ............................................................................. 118
8.12.1.12 Flight Release—Aircraft Loading and Performance .......................................................... 118
8.12.1.13 Flight Release—Amendment or Re-release En Route ..................................................... 118
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8.12.1.14 Flight Release—with Airborne Weather Radar Equipment ............................................... 119
8.13 Helicopter Performance Operating Limitations ................................................................................. 120
8.13.1 General...................................................................................................................................... 120
8.13.2 Applicable to helicopters certificated in accordance with AOCR Chapter 9 .............................. 120
8.13.3 Obstacle data ............................................................................................................................ 122
8.13.4 Additional requirements for operations of helicopters in performance Class 3 in IMC, except special VFR
flights........................................................................................................................................ 122
8.14 Helicopter Instruments, Equipment and Flight Documents ............................................................. 124
8.14.1 General...................................................................................................................................... 124
8.14.2 All helicopters on all flights ........................................................................................................ 124
8.14.3 Flight recorders ......................................................................................................................... 126
8.14.4 Instruments and equipment for flights operated under VFR and IFR — by day and night ........ 129
8.14.5 All helicopters on flights over water ........................................................................................... 131
8.14.6 All helicopters on flights over designated land areas ................................................................ 133
8.14.7 Emergency locator transmitter (ELT)......................................................................................... 133
8.14.8 All helicopters on high altitude flights ........................................................................................ 133
8.14.9 Helicopters when carrying passengers — significant-weather detection................................... 135
8.14.10 All helicopters required to comply with the noise certification Standards in CCAR Part 7........ 135
8.14.11 Helicopters carrying passengers — cabin crew seats.............................................................. 135
8.14.12 Helicopters required to be equipped with a pressure-altitude reporting transponder ............... 136
8.14.13 Microphones............................................................................................................................. 136
8.14.14 Vibration health monitoring system .......................................................................................... 136
8.14.15 Helicopters equipped with automatic landing systems, ............................................................ 136
8.14.16 Electronic flight bags (EFBs) .................................................................................................... 136
8.15 Helicopter Communication and Navigation Equipment.................................................................... 138
8.15.1 Communication equipment........................................................................................................ 138
8.15.2 Navigation equipment................................................................................................................ 138
8.15.3 Installation ................................................................................................................................. 139
PART 8—IMPLEMENTING STANDARDS ................................................................................................................ 143
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IS: 8.7.2.2(b) General – Rotorcraft Class 1, 2, and 3 Code of Performance .......................................... 143
IS: 8.7.2.3 Single and Multi-engine Aeroplane Operations .................................................................... 144
IS: 8.8.1.7 Instrument Approach Operating Minima................................................................................ 146
IS: 8.8.1.9 Category II and III Manual ......................................................................................................... 147
IS: 8.8.1.28 Interception of Civil Aircraft ................................................................................................... 147
IS: 8.8.1.33 Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA) ........................................................................................... 152
IS: 8.8.2.11 Universal Aviation Signals ..................................................................................................... 155
IS: 8.10.1.9 Company Procedures Indoctrination .................................................................................... 169
IS: 8.10.1.10 Initial Dangerous Goods Training ....................................................................................... 169
IS: 8.10.1.12 Initial Crew Resource Management Training...................................................................... 172
IS: 8.10.1.13 Initial Emergency Equipment Drills ..................................................................................... 173
IS: 8.10.1.14(b) Initial Aircraft Ground Training—Flight Crew ................................................................ 177
IS: 8.10.1.14 (c) Initial Aircraft Ground Training—Cabin Crew Members................................................ 183
IS: 8.10.1.15 Initial Aircraft Flight Training ............................................................................................... 189
IS: 8.10.1.16 Initial Specialised Operations Training ............................................................................... 195
IS: 8.10.1.17 Aircraft Differences ............................................................................................................... 195
is: 8.10.1.20 Pilot Proficiency – Aircraft and Instrument Proficiency Checks ....................................... 196
IS: 8.10.1.22 Pairing of Low Experience Pilots ........................................................................................ 197
IS: 8.10.1.24 Competency Checks—Cabin CrewMembers ...................................................................... 197
IS: 8.10.1.25 Competency Checks- Flight Operations Officer ................................................................... 199
IS: 8.10.1.33 Recurrent Training—Flight Crew ......................................................................................... 199
IS: 8.10.1.34 Recurrent Normal and Emergency Training—Cabin Crew Members ............................... 204
IS: 8.10.1.35 Recurrent Training—Flight Operations Officer .................................................................. 206
IS: 8.10.1.37 Instructor Training ................................................................................................................ 207
IS: 8.10.1.40 Check Personnel Training .................................................................................................... 210
IS: 8.12.1.3 Duty and Rest Periods ............................................................................................................ 212
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INTRODUCTION
Part 8 of the Regulations presents regulatory requirements for the operation of aircraft in Cambodia, based upon the
requirements of ICAO Annexes 2 and 6. Part 8 prescribes the requirements for operations conducted by airmen
certificated in Cambodia while operating aircraft registered in Cambodia, as well as operations of foreign registered
aircraft by Cambodian AOC holders, and operations of aircraft within Cambodia by airman or AOC holders of a
foreign State. Part 8 applies to operations outside of Cambodia by all Cambodian pilots and operators unless
compliance would result in a violation of the laws of the Foreign State in which the operation is conducted. The
regulations apply to all aircraft, except where superseded by the more stringent requirements put upon entities
engaged on commercial air transport and upon AOC holders.
ICAO Annex 2, amendment 44, is used in this version, and is contained primarily in CCAR 8: Subpart 8.8.
The ICAO Annex 6 amendments used are as follows: Part I – amendment 37-A and B; Part II – amendment 32-A
and B; Part III – amendment 18-A and B.

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Part 8—Operations
8.1 GENERAL
8.1.1.1 APPLICABILITY
(a) Part 8 prescribes the requirements for:
(1) Operations conducted by a flight crewmember certified in Cambodia while operating
aircraft registered in Cambodia.
(2) Operations of foreign aircraft registered in another State by Cambodian AOC holders.
(3) Operations of aircraft within Cambodia by flightcrew or AOC holders of another State.
(b) For operations outside of Cambodia, all Cambodian pilots and operators shall comply with these
requirements unless compliance would result in a violation of the laws of the State in which the
operation is conducted.
Note 1: Where a particular requirement is applicable only to a particular segment of aviation operations, it
will be identified by a reference to those particular operations, such as “commercial air transport” or “small
non-turbojet or turbofan aeroplanes.”
Note 2: Those specific subsections not applicable to operators of other States will include the phrase “This
requirement is not applicable to operators of other States.”
8.1.1.2 DEFINITIONS
(a) Definitions are contained in CCAR Part 1.
8.1.1.3 ABBREVIATIONS
(a) The following abbreviations are used in Part 8:
(1) AAC–All Aircraft
(2) AFM—Aeroplane Flight Manual.
(3) AGL—Above Ground Level.
(4) AMSL—Above Mean Sea Level.
(5) AMT—Aviation Maintenance Technician.
(6) AOC—Air Operator Certificate.
(7) AOM—Aircraft Operating Manual.
(8) APU—Auxiliary Power Unit.
(9) ATC—Air Traffic Control.
(10) CAT—Category.
(11) C2 -- Command and Control Link.
(12) CCAR – Cambodia Civil Aviation Regulations
(13) CDL—Configuration Deviation List.
(14) CP—Copilot.
(15) CRM—Crew Resource Management.

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(16) CRT—Cathode Ray Tube
(17) DH—Decision Height.
(18) ETA—Estimated Time of Arrival.
(19) EDTO –Extended Diversion Time Operations.
(20) FAS – Final Approach Segment.
(21) FE—Flight Engineer.
(22) FL—Flight Level.
(23) FN—Flight Navigator.
(24) FRMS—Fatigue Risk Management System
(25) FSTD – Flight Simulation Training Device
(26) GPS—Global Positioning System.
(27) IA—Inspection Authorisation.
(28) IFR—Instrument Flight Rules.
(29) IMC—Instrument Meteorological Conditions.
(30) INS—Inertial Navigation System.
(31) LDA—Localizer-type Directional Aid.
(32) LOC—Localizer.
(33) LORAN—Long-range Navigation.
(34) LVTO—Low Visibility Take Off.
(35) MDA—Minimum Decent Altitude.
(36) MEA— Minimum En Route Altitude.
(37) MEL—Minimum Equipment List.
(38) MMEL—Master Minimum Equipment List.
(39) MNPS—Minimum Navigation Performance Specifications.
(40) MOCA—Minimum Obstruction Clearance Altitude.
(41) MSL—Mean Sea Level.
(42) NM—Nautical Miles.
(43) NOTAM—Notice to Airmen.
(44) OCA – Obstacle Clearance Altitude
(45) OCH – Obstacle Clearance Height
(46) OCA/H – Obstacle Clearance Altitude/Height
(47) PIC—Pilot in Command.
(48) PBE—Protective Breathing Equipment.
(49) RFFS—Rescue and Fire Fighting Service
(50) RFM—Rotorcraft Flight Manual.

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(51) RPA – Remotely Piloted Aircraft.
(52) RPAS – Remotely Piloted Aircraft System.
(53) RVR—Runway Visibility Range.
(54) RVSM—Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum.
(55) SSCA- State Secretariat of Civil Aviation (Cambodia)
(56) SCCM—Senior Cabin Crewmember.
(57) SDF—Simplified Directional Facility.
(58) SM—Statute Miles.
(59) TACAN—Tactical Air Navigation System.
(60) VFR—Visual Flight Rules.
(61) VLOS – Visual Line-Of-Sight
(62) VMC—Visual Meteorological Conditions.
(63) VSM—Vertical Separation Minimum.
(64) V1—Takeoff decision speed.
(65) Vmo—Maximum operating speed.
(66) Vso—Stalling speed or the minimum steady flight speed in the landing configuration.

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8.2 GENERAL OPERATIONS REQUIREMENTS

8.2.1 AIRCRAFT REQUIREMENTS
8.2.1.1 REGISTRATION MARKINGS

(a) No person may operate a Cambodian registered aircraft unless it is displays the proper markings
prescribed in Part 4.
8.2.1.2 CIVIL AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS

(a) No person may operate a civil aircraft unless it is in an airworthy condition.
(b) Each PIC shall determine whether an aircraft is in a condition for safe flight.
(c) The PIC shall discontinue a flight as soon as practicable when an unairworthy mechanical,
electrical, or structural condition occurs.
8.2.1.3 SPECIAL AIRWORTHINESS CERTIFICATE OPERATIONAL RESTRICTIONS

(a) No person may operate an aircraft with a special airworthiness certificate except as provided in the
limitations issued with that certificate.
8.2.1.4 AIRCRAFT INSTRUMENTS AND EQUIPMENT

(a) No person may operate an aircraft unless it is equipped with the required instruments and
navigation equipment appropriate to type of flight operation conducted and the route being flown.
Note: The instruments and equipment required for specific operations are listed in Part 7.
8.2.1.5 INOPERATIVE INSTRUMENTS AND EQUIPMENT

(a) No person may takeoff an aircraft with inoperative instruments or equipment installed, except as
authorised by the Authority.
(b) An AOC Holder shall not operate a multi-engine aircraft with inoperative instruments and
equipment installed unless the following conditions are met:
(1) An approved MEL exists for that aircraft.
(2) The Authority has issued the AOC Holder operations specifications authorising operations
in accordance with an approved MEL. The flightcrew shall have direct access at all times
before flight to all of the information contained in the approved MEL through printed or
other means approved by the Authority in the AOC Holder specific operating provisions.
An approved MEL, as authorised by the specific operating provisions, constitutes an
approved change to the type design without requiring recertification.
(3) The approved MEL must:
(i) Be prepared in accordance with the limitations specified in paragraph (c) of this
section.
(ii) Provide for the operation of the aircraft with certain instruments and equipment in
an inoperative condition.
(4) Records identifying the inoperative instruments and equipment and the information
required by paragraph (b)(3)(ii) of this section must be available to the pilot.

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(5) The aircraft is operated under all applicable conditions and limitations contained in the
MEL and the operations specifications authorising use of the MEL.
(c) The following instruments and equipment may not be included in the MEL:
(1) Instruments and equipment that are either specifically or otherwise required by the
airworthiness requirements under which the aircraft is type certificated and which are
essential for safe operations under all operating conditions.
(2) Instruments and equipment required by an airworthiness directive to be in operable
condition unless the airworthiness directive provides otherwise.
(3) Instruments and equipment required for specific operations under Part 7, Part 8, and/or
AOCR of these regulations.
(d) Notwithstanding paragraphs (c)(1)and (c)(3) of this section, an aircraft with inoperative instruments
or equipment may be operated under a special flight permit under 5.4.1.11 of these regulations
(e) In situations where no master minimum equipment list (MMEL) is available and no MEL is required
for the specific aircraft operation under these regulations, flight operations with inoperative
instruments and equipment installed may commence provided the following conditions are met.
(1) The inoperative instruments and equipment may not be—
(i) Part of the VFR-day instruments and equipment prescribed in Part 7;
(ii) Required on the aircraft’s equipment list or the operations equipment list for the
kind of flight operation being conducted;
(iii) Required by Part 7 for the specific kind of flight operation being conducted; or
(iv) Required to be operational by an airworthiness directive
Note: If deactivation of the inoperative instrument or equipment involves maintenance, it must be
accomplished and recorded in accordance with Part 5.
(2) To be eligible for these provisions, the inoperative instruments and equipment shall be—
(i) Determined by the PIC not to be a hazard to safe operation;
(ii) Deactivated and placarded Inoperative; and
(iii) Removed from the aircraft, the flight deck control placarded and the maintenance
recorded in accordance with Part 5.
Note: The required instruments and equipment for specific operations are listed in Part 7.
8.2.1.6 CIVIL AIRCRAFT FLIGHT MANUAL, MARKING AND PLACARD REQUIREMENTS

(a) No person may operate a Cambodia -registered civil aircraft unless there is available in the
aircraft—
(1) A current, approved AFM or RFM; or
(2) An AOM approved by the Authority for the AOC holder;
(3) If no AFM or RFM exists, approved manual material, markings and placards, or any
combination thereof, which provide the PIC with the necessary limitations for safe
operation.

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(b) No person may operate a civil aircraft within or over Cambodia without complying with the
operating limitations specified in the approved AFM or RFM, markings and placards, or as
otherwise prescribed by the certifying authority for the aircraft's State of Registry.
(c) Each AFM or RFM shall be updated by implementing changes made mandatory by the State of
Registry.
(d) Each operator shall display in the aircraft all placards, listings, instrument markings or combination
thereof, containing those operating limitations prescribed by the certifying Authority for the aircraft's
State of Registry for visual presentation.
8.2.1.7 REQUIRED AIRCRAFT AND EQUIPMENT INSPECTIONS

(a) Unless otherwise authorised by the SSCA or by paragraph 8.2.1.7(b), no person may operate a
Cambodian civil aircraft unless it has had the following inspections—
(1) An annual inspection within the past 12 calendar months;
(2) For remuneration or hire operations, a 100-hour inspection;
(3) For IFR operations, an altimeter and pitot-static system inspection in the past 24 calendar
months;
(4) For transponder equipped aircraft, a transponder check within the past 12 calendar
months; and
(5) For ELT-equipped aircraft, an ELT check within the past 12 calendar months.
(b) Aircraft maintained under an alternate maintenance and inspection program approved by the
SSCA, as specified in 8.3.1.3 may not require having current annual or 100-hour inspections
recorded in their maintenance records.
Note: An "alternate maintenance and inspection program" may include a manufacturer's recommended
program, instructions for continued airworthiness, or a program designed by the operator and approved by
the SSCA.
Note: The requirements of these inspections are provided in Part 5.
8.2.1.8 DOCUMENTS TO BE CARRIED ON AIRCRAFT—ALL OPERATIONS

(a) Except as provided in 8.2.1.6, no person may operate a civil aircraft in commercial air transport
operations unless it has within it the following current and approved documents:
(1) Certificate of Aircraft Registration issued to the owner.
(2) Certificate of Airworthiness.
(3) Aircraft Journey Log.
(4) Aircraft Radio Licence.
(5) List of passenger names and points of embarkation and destination, if applicable.
(6) Cargo manifest including special loads information.
(7) Aircraft Technical Log.
(8) Certified true copy of AOC and operation specification if applicable
(9) Noise Document Certification.
(10) AFM or RFM, for aeroplanes or helicopters.

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(11) Part(s) of the Operations Manual relevant to operation(s) conducted.
(12) MEL.
(13) Category II or III Manual, as applicable.
(14) Operational Flight Plan, for all international flights.
(15) Filed ATC flight plan.
(16) NOTAMS briefing documentation.
(17) Meteorological information.
(18) Mass and balance documentation.
(19) Roster of special situation passengers.
(20) Maps and charts for routes of proposed flight or possibly diverted flights.
(21) Forms for complying with the reporting requirements of the Authority and the AOC holder.
(22) For international flights, a general declaration for customs.
(23) Any documentation that may be required by the Authority or States concerned with a
proposed flight.
(24) The appropriate licences for each member of the flightcrew.
(25) Copy of the release to service, if any, in force with respect to the aircraft.
(26) Search and rescue information, for international flights
(b) Except as provided in 8.2.1.6, no person may operate a civil aircraft in general aviation operations
or aerial work operations unless it has within it the following current and approved documents:
(1) Certificate of Aircraft Registration issued to the owner.
(2) Certificate of Airworthiness.
(3) Aircraft Journey Log.
(4) Aircraft Radio License, for international flights.
(5) List of passenger names and points of embarkation and destination, if applicable.
(6) Cargo manifest including special loads information.
(7) The appropriate licences for each member of the flight crew.
(8) Copy of the release to service, if any, in force with respect to the aircraft, or technical log,
as applicable.
(9) Noise certificate, if required.
(10) AFM or RFM, for aeroplanes or helicopters.
(11) Category II or III Manual, as applicable.
(12) Operational Flight Plan, for all international flights.
(13) NOTAMS briefing documentation.
(14) Maps and charts for routes of proposed flight or possibly diverted flights.
(15) Forms for complying with the reporting requirements of the Authority.
(16) For international flights, a general declaration for customs.

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(17) Aerial work certificate for aerial work operators.
(18) Search and rescue information, for international flights.
(19) Any documentation that may be required by the Authority or States concerned with a
proposed flight.
Note 1: "Special situation passengers" includes armed security personnel, deportees, persons in custody,
and persons with special medical needs.
Note 2: The noise certificate shall state the standards in ICAO Annex 16, Volume 1. The statement may be
contained in any document, carried on board, approved by the State of Registry.
8.3 AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION REQUIREMENTS

(a) This Subpart prescribes the rules governing the maintenance and inspection of Cambodian
registered civil aircraft operating within or outside Cambodia.
(b) Where any aircraft, not registered in Cambodia and operating under an inspection programme
approved or accepted by the State of Registry, does not have the equipment required by
Cambodia, for operations within Cambodia, the owner/operator shall ensure that such equipment is
installed and inspected in accordance with the requirements of the State of Registry, acceptable to
the Authority before operation of that aircraft in Cambodia.
(c) Annual inspections in 8.3.1.4 and Annual Inspections plus 100 hour inspections in Subsection
8.3.1.4 do not apply to–
(1) An aircraft that carries a special flight permit, a current experimental certificate, or a
provisional airworthiness certificate;
(2) An aircraft subject to the requirements of progressive inspections in Subsection 8.3.1.5;
(3) An aircraft subject to the requirements of a continuous airworthiness maintenance
inspections in Subsection 8.3.1.6; and
(4) A large aeroplane, a turbine-powered multi-engine aeroplane and a turbine-powered
rotorcraft when the operator elects to inspect that rotorcraft in accordance with continuous
airworthiness maintenance inspections in Subsection 8.3.1.6.
8.3.1.2 GENERAL
(a) The registered owner or operator of an aircraft is responsible for maintaining that aircraft in an
airworthy condition, including compliance with all airworthiness directives.
(b) No person may perform maintenance, preventive maintenance, or alterations on an aircraft other
than as prescribed in this subpart and other applicable regulations, including Part 5.
(c) No person may operate an aircraft for which a manufacturer’s maintenance manual or instructions
for continued airworthiness has been issued that contains an airworthiness limitations section
unless the mandatory replacement times, inspection intervals and related procedures set forth in
operations specifications approved by the Authority under AOCR for AOC holders, or in
accordance with an inspection programme approved under this subsection are complied with.
(d) The owner or operator shall use one of the following inspection programmes as appropriate for the
aircraft and the type operation:

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(1) Annual inspection;
(2) Annual/100 hour inspection;
(3) Progressive; or
(4) Continuous airworthiness maintenance programme
(e) No aircraft shall be approved for return to service after inspection unless the replacement times for
life-limited parts specified in the aircraft specification-type data sheets are complied with and the
aircraft, including airframe, engines, propellers, rotors, appliances, and survival and emergency
equipment, is inspected in accordance with the selected inspection programme.
(f) Each person wishing to establish or change an approved inspection programme shall submit the
programme for approval by the Authority and shall include in writing—
(1) Instructions and procedures for the conduct of inspection for the particular make and
model aircraft, including necessary tests and checks. The instructions shall set forth in
detail the parts and areas of the aeronautical products, including survival and emergency
equipment required to be inspected; and
(2) A schedule for the inspections that shall be performed expressed in terms of time in
service, calendar time, number of system operations or any combination of these.
(g) When an operator changes from one inspection programme to another, the operator shall apply the
time in service, calendar times, or cycles of operation accumulated under the previous programme,
in determining when the inspection is due under the new programme.
8.3.1.3 ANNUAL INSPECTIONS

(a) An annual inspection programme may be used for non-complex aircraft with a maximum
certificated take-off mass of less than 5700 kg (12566 lb) that are not used for compensation or
hire.
(b) An annual inspection under this paragraph may be performed by an AMT holding an IA in
accordance with Part 2 or an AMO.
(c) No person may operate an aircraft unless, within the preceding 12 calendar-months, the aircraft
has had—
(1) An annual inspection in accordance with Part 5 and has been approved for return to
service by a person authorised by 5.6.1.4
(2) An inspection for the issuance of an airworthiness certificate in accordance with Part 5.
Note: No inspection performed under paragraph (b) of this section may be substituted for any inspection
required by this paragraph unless it is performed by a person authorised to perform annual inspections and
is entered as an “annual” inspection in the required maintenance record.
(d) Except as provided in paragraph (c), no person may operate an aircraft carrying any person (other
than a crew member) for hire, and no person may give flight instruction for hire in an aircraft which
that person provides, unless within the preceding 100 hours of time in service the aircraft has
received an annual or 100-hour inspection and been approved for return to service in accordance
with Part or has received an inspection for the issuance of an airworthiness certificate in
accordance with Part 5. The 100-hour limitation may be exceeded by not more than 10 hours while
en route to reach a place where the inspection can be done. The excess time used to reach a
place where the inspection can be done must be included in computing the next 100 hours of time
in service.

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(e) Paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section do not apply to–
(1) An aircraft that carries a special flight permit, a current experimental certificate, or a
provisional airworthiness certificate;
(2) An aircraft subject to the requirements of paragraph (d) or (e) of this section; or
(3) Turbine-powered rotorcraft when the operator elects to inspect that rotorcraft in
accordance with paragraph (e) of this section.
(f) Progressive inspection. Each registered owner or operator of an aircraft desiring to use a
progressive inspection program shall submit a written request to the SSCA, and shall provide—
(1) A licensed engineer holding an inspection authorisation in accordance with Part 2, an AMO
appropriately rated in accordance with Part 6, or the manufacturer of the aircraft to supervise
or conduct the progressive inspection;
(2) A current inspection procedures manual available and readily understandable to pilot and
maintenance personnel containing, in detail—
(i) An explanation of the progressive inspection, including the continuity of
inspection responsibility, the making of reports, and the keeping of records and
technical reference material;
(ii) An inspection schedule, specifying the intervals in hours or days when routine
and detailed inspections will be performed and including instructions for
exceeding an inspection interval by not more than 10 hours while en-route and
for changing an inspection interval because of service experience;
(iii) Sample routine and detailed inspection forms and instructions for their use; and
(iv) Sample reports and records and instructions for their use;
(3) Enough housing and equipment for necessary disassembly and proper inspection of the
aircraft; and
(4) Appropriate current technical information for the aircraft.
Note: The frequency and detail of the progressive inspection shal be consistent with the current
manufacturer's recommendations, field service experience, and the kind of operation in which the aircraft is
engaged. The progressive inspection schedule shall ensure that the aircraft, at al times, will be airworthy
and wil conform to all applicable aircraft specifications, type certificate data sheets, airworthiness directives,
and other approved data acceptable to the SSCA. If the progressive inspection is discontinued, the owner or
operator shall immediately notify the SSCA, in writing, of the discontinuance. After the discontinuance, the
first annual inspection under Part 8 is due within 12 calendar months after the last complete inspection of
the aircraft under the progressive inspection. The 100-hour inspection under 8.2.1.7(a)(2) is due within 100
hours after that complete inspection. A complete inspection of the aircraft, for the purpose of determining
when the annual and 100 hour inspections are due, requires a detailed inspection of the aircraft and all its
components in accordance with the progressive inspection. A routine inspection of the aircraft and a
detailed inspection of several components is not considered to be a complete inspection.
(g) The registered owner or operator of each large aeroplane, turbojet multi-engine aeroplane, turbo
propeller-powered multi-engine aeroplane, and turbine-powered rotorcraft shall select, identify in the
aircraft maintenance records, and use one of the following programs for the inspection of the aircraft—
(1) A current inspection program recommended by the manufacturer;
(2) A continuous maintenance program that is part of a continuous maintenance program for that
make and model of aircraft currently approved by the SSCA for use by an AOC holder; or

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(3) Any other inspection program established by the registered owner or operator of that aircraft
and approved by the SSCA.
(h) Each owner/operator shall include in the selected program the name and address of the person
responsible for the scheduling of the inspections required by the program and provides a copy of the
program to the person performing inspection on the aircraft.
(i) No aircraft shall be approved for return to service unless the replacement times for life-limited parts
specified in the aircraft specification-type data sheets are complied with and the aeroplane, including
airframe, engines, propellers, rotors, appliances, and survival and emergency equipment, is inspected
in accordance with the inspection program selected.
(j) Each person wishing to establish or change an approved inspection program shall submit the program
for approval by the SSCA and shall include in writing—
(1) Instructions and procedures for the conduct of inspection for the particular make and model
aircraft, including necessary tests and checks. The instructions shall set forth in detail the
parts and areas of the aeronautical products, including survival and emergency equipment
required to be inspected; and
(2) A schedule for the inspections that shall be performed expressed in terms of time in service,
calendar time, number of system operations or any combination of these.
(i) When an operator changes from one inspection program to another, the operator
shall apply the time in service, calendar times, or cycles of operation accumulated
under the previous program, in determining time the inspection is due under the new
program.
8.3.1.4 PROGRESSIVE INSPECTIONS

(a) A progressive inspection programme may be used for aircraft with a maximum certificated take-off
mass of less than 5700 kg (12566 lb).
(b) Aircraft inspected under a progressive inspection programme may be used for aircraft engaged in
compensation or hire.
(c) Progressive inspection. Each registered owner or operator of an aircraft desiring to use a
progressive inspection programme shall submit a written request to the Authority, and shall
provide—
(2) An AMT holding an IA in accordance with Part 2, an AMO appropriately rated in
accordance with Part 6, or the manufacturer of the aircraft to supervise or conduct the
progressive inspection;
(3) A current inspection procedures manual available and readily understandable to pilot and
maintenance personnel containing, in detail—
(i) An explanation of the progressive inspection, including the continuity of
inspection responsibility, the making of reports, and the keeping of records and
technical reference material;
(ii) An inspection schedule, specifying the intervals in hours or days when routine
and detailed inspections will be performed and including instructions for
exceeding an inspection interval by not more than 10 hours while en-route and
for changing an inspection interval because of service experience;
(iii) Sample routine and detailed inspection forms and instructions for their use; and
(iv) Sample reports and records and instructions for their use;

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(4) Enough housing and equipment for necessary disassembly and proper inspection of the
aircraft; and
(5) Appropriate current technical information for the aircraft.
(d) The frequency and detail of the progressive inspection shall provide for the complete inspection of
the aircraft within each 12 calendar-months and be consistent with the current manufacturer's
recommendations, field service experience, and the kind of operation in which the aircraft is
engaged.
(e) The progressive inspection schedule shall ensure that the aircraft, at all times, will be airworthy and
will conform to all applicable aircraft specifications, type certificate data sheets, airworthiness
directives, and other approved data acceptable to the Authority.
(f) Each owner/operator shall include in the inspection programme the name and address of the
person responsible for the scheduling of the inspections required by the programme and provide a
copy of the programme to the person performing inspection on the aircraft.
(g) If the progressive inspection is discontinued, the owner or operator shall immediately notify the
Authority, in writing, of the discontinuance.
(1) After the discontinuance, the first annual inspection under Part 8 is due within 12
calendar-months after the last complete inspection of the aircraft under the progressive
inspection.
(2) The 100-hour inspection is due within 100 hours after that complete inspection.
(3) A complete inspection of the aircraft, for the purpose of determining when the annual and
100 hour inspections are due, requires a detailed inspection of the aircraft and all its
components in accordance with the progressive inspection.
(4) A routine inspection of the aircraft and a detailed inspection of several components are
not considered to be a complete inspection.
8.3.1.5 CONTINUOUS AIRWORTHINESS MAINTENANCE INSPECTION

(a) The registered owner or operator of each large aeroplane certificated with a maximum take-off
mass of over 5700 kg (12566 lb), turbine-powered multi-engine aeroplane, and turbine-powered
rotorcraft shall select, identify in the aircraft maintenance records, and use one of the following
continuous airworthiness maintenance inspection programmes for the inspection of the aircraft—
(1) A current inspection programme recommended by the manufacturer;
(2) A continuous airworthiness maintenance programme for that make and model of aircraft
currently approved by the Authority for use by an AOC holder; or
(3) Any other inspection programme established by the registered owner or operator of that
aircraft and approved by the Authority.
(b) Each owner/operator shall include in the selected inspection programme the name and address of
the person responsible for the scheduling of the inspections required by the programme and
provide a copy of the programme to the person performing inspection on the aircraft.

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Note: The aircraft manufacturer’s inspection programme, and any other inspection programme approved by
the Authority, will specify who can perform aircraft maintenance, inspections and return of the aircraft to
service.
8.3.1.6 CHANGES TO AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE INSPECTION PROGRAMMES

(a) Whenever the Authority finds that revisions to an approved inspection programme are necessary
for the continued adequacy of the programme, the owner or operator shall, after notification by the
Authority, make any changes in the programme found to be necessary.
(b) The owner or operator may petition the Authority to reconsider the notice, within 30 days after
receiving that notice.
(c) Except in the case of an emergency requiring immediate action in the interest of safety, the filing of
the petition stays the notice pending a decision by the Authority.
8.3.1.7 REQUIRED MAINTENANCE

(a) Each owner or operator of an aircraft shall—
(1) Have that aircraft inspected as prescribed in Part 8.3 and discrepancies repaired as
prescribed in the Performance Rules of Part 5;
(2) Repair, replace, remove, or inspect any inoperative instruments or items of equipment at
the next required inspection, except when permitted to be deferred under the provisions of
a Minimum Equipment List (MEL);
(3) Ensure that a placard has been installed on the aircraft when listed discrepancies include
inoperative instruments or equipment; and
(4) Ensure that maintenance personnel make appropriate entries in the aircraft maintenance
records indicating the aircraft has been approved for return to service.
8.3.1.8 MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION RECORDS RETENTION

(a) Except for records maintained by an AOC holder, each registered owner or operator shall retain
the following records until the work is repeated or superseded by other work of equivalent scope
and detail—
(1) Records of the maintenance, preventive maintenance, minor modifications, and records of
the 100-hour, annual, and other required or approved inspections, as appropriate, for
each aircraft (including the airframe) and each engine, propeller, rotor, and appliance of
an aircraft to include—
(i) A description (or reference to data acceptable to the Authority) of the work
performed,
(ii) The date of completion of the work performed; and
(iii) The signature and certificate number of the person approving the aircraft for
return to service.
(2) Records containing the following information—
(i) The total time-in-service of the airframe, each engine, each propeller, and each
rotor
(ii) The current status of all life-limited aeronautical products;

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(iii) The time since last overhaul of all items installed on the aircraft which are
required to be overhauled on a specified time basis;
(iv) The current inspection status of the aircraft, including the time since the last
inspection required by the inspection programme under which the aircraft and its
appliances are maintained
(v) The current status of applicable Airworthiness Directives including, for each, the
method of compliance, the Airworthiness Directive number, and revision date. If
the Airworthiness Directive involves a recurring action, include the time and date
when the next action is required.
(vi) Copies of the forms prescribed by this chapter for each major modification to the
airframe and currently installed engines, rotors, propellers, and appliances.
(b) The records specified in paragraph (a) of this section shall be retained and transferred with the
aircraft at the time the aircraft is sold or leased.
(c) A list of defects shall be retained until the defects are repaired and the aircraft is approved for
return to service.
(d) The owner or operator shall make all maintenance records required by this subsection available for
inspection by the Authority.
Note: Maintenance records for an AOC holder are in AOCR
8.3.1.9 LEASE OR SALE OF AIRCRAFT—TRANSFER OF MAINTENANCE RECORDS

(a) Any owner or operator who sells or leases a Cambodia -registered aircraft shall transfer to the
purchaser/lessor, at the time of sale or lease, the records identified in § 8.3.1.9 of that aircraft, in
plain language form or in coded form at the election of the purchaser/lessor if the coded form
provides for the preservation and retrieval of information in a manner acceptable to the Authority.
8.4 FLIGHTCREW REQUIREMENTS

8.4.1.1 COMPOSITION OF THE FLIGHTCREW
(a) The number and composition of the flight crew may not be less than that specified in the flight
manual or other documents associated with the airworthiness certificate.
(b) Where radio equipment is installed in the aircraft, the flight crew shall include at least one member
who holds a valid radio licence authorising operation of the type of radio transmitting equipment to
be used.
(c) When navigation necessary for the safe operation of the aeroplane cannot be accomplished from
the pilot’s station the flight crew shall include a member who holds a flight navigator licence.
(d) A co-pilot (CP) is required for IFR commercial air transport operations, unless the Authority has
issued an exemption in accordance with the exemption process in Part 1 of these regulations, for
the use of an autopilot in lieu of a co-pilot. This exemption shall be for domestic operations only
and aeroplanes weighting less than 5700 kg (12566 lb) or helicopters weighting less than 3,175 kg.

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(e) When a separate flight engineer’s station is incorporated in the design of an aeroplane and the
flight engineer function cannot be accomplished from the pilot’s station by a pilot who holds a flight
engineer licence without interference with regular duties, the flight crew shall include at least one
crewmember who holds a flight engineer licence especially assigned to that station.
8.4.1.2 FLIGHTCREW QUALIFICATIONS

(a) The PIC shall ensure that the licences of each flight crewmember have been issued or rendered
valid by the State of Registry, contain the proper ratings, and that all that the flight crewmembers
has maintained recency of experience.
(b) No person may operate a civil aircraft in commercial air transport or aerial work unless that person
is qualified for the specific operation and in the specific type of aircraft used.
(c) The owner or operator of an aircraft shall ensure that the flight crewmembers demonstrate the
ability to speak and understand the language used for radiotelephony communications and for
international operations English.
8.4.1.3 AUTHORISATION IN LIEU OF A TYPE RATING

(a) The Authority may authorise a pilot to operate an aircraft requiring a type rating without a type
rating for up to 60 days, provided—
(1) The Authority has determined that an equivalent level of safety can be achieved through
the operating limitations on the authorisation;
(2) The applicant shows that compliance with this subsection is impracticable for the flight or
series of flights;
(3) The operations—
(i) Involve only a ferry flight, training flight, test flight, or skill test for a pilot licence or
rating;
(ii) Are within Cambodia, unless, by previous agreement with the Authority of the
other State, the aircraft is flown to an adjacent contracting State for maintenance;
(iii) Are not for compensation or hire unless the compensation or hire involves
payment for the use of the aircraft for training or taking a skill test; and
(iv) Involve only the carriage of crewmembers considered essential for the flight.
(4) If the purpose of the authorisation provided by this paragraph cannot be accomplished
within the time limit of the authorisation, the Authority may authorise an additional period
of up to 60 days.
8.4.1.4 LICENCES REQUIRED

(a) Except as provided for in paragraph 8.4.1.3, no person may act as PIC or in any other capacity as
a required flight crewmember of a civil aircraft of:
(1) Cambodian registry, unless he or she carries in his or her personal possession the
appropriate and current licence for that flightcrew position for that type of aircraft and a
valid medical certificate
(2) Foreign registry, unless he or she carries in his or her personal possession a valid and
current licence for that type of aircraft issued or validated by the State in which the aircraft
is registered.

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8.4.1.5 RATING REQUIRED FOR IFR OPERATIONS
(a) No person may act as pilot of a civil aircraft under IFR or in weather conditions less than the
minimums prescribed for VFR flight unless—
(1) The pilot holds an instrument rating or an ATP licence with an appropriate aircraft
category, class, and type (if required) rating for the aircraft being flown;
(2) In the case of helicopter, the pilot holds a helicopter instrument rating
8.4.1.6 SPECIAL AUTHORISATION REQUIRED FOR CATEGORY II/III OPERATIONS

(a) Except as shown in paragraph (b), no person may act as a pilot crew member of a civil aircraft in a
Category II/III operation unless—
(1) In the case of a PIC, he or she holds a current Category II or III pilot authorization issued
by the State of Registry for that aircraft type.
(2) In the case of a CP, he or she is authorized by the State of Registry to act as CP in that
aircraft type in Category II/III operations.
(b) An authorisation is not required for individual pilots of an AOC holder that has operations
specifications approving Category II or III operations.
8.4.1.7 PILOT LOGBOOKS

(a) Each pilot shall show the aeronautical training and experience used to meet the requirements for a
licence or rating, or recency of experience, by a reliable record.
(b) Each PIC shall carry his or her logbook on all general aviation international flights.
(c) A student pilot shall carry his or her logbook, including the proper flight instructor endorsements, on
all solo cross-country flights.
Note: The acceptable methods of logging experience are outlined in Part 2 - Personnel Licensing.
8.4.1.8 PILOT RECENCY AND PROFICIENCY – GENERAL AVIATION OPERATIONS

(a) The recency and proficiency requirements for general aviation operations are listed in CCAR Part
2: 2.3.1.6.
8.4.1.9 FLIGHTCREW—LIMITATIONS ON USE OF SERVICES FOR COMMERCIAL AIR TRANSPORT

(a) No person may serve as a flight crewmember, nor may any AOC holder use a flight crewmember
in commercial air transport unless that person is otherwise qualified for the operations for which he
or she is to be used.
(b) The qualifications, training and proficiency checking for flight crewmembers engaged in commercial
air transport operations are provided in Subpart 8.10.
(c) The recency and proficiency requirements for flight crewmembers engaged in commercial air
transport operations are listed in paragraphs 8.4.1.10 – 8.4.1.14.
8.4.1.10 PILOT RECENCY—TAKEOFF AND LANDINGS, COMMERCIAL AIR TRANSPORT OPERATIONS

(a) No person may act as PIC or co-pilot of an aircraft carrying passengers unless, within the
preceding 90 days that pilot has:

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(1) Made 3 takeoffs and landings as the sole manipulator of the flight controls in an aircraft of
the same category and class and if a type rating is required, of the same type or in a flight
simulation training device approved for the purpose.
(2) For a tailwheel aeroplane, made the 3 takeoffs and landings in a tailwheel aeroplane with
each takeoff and landing to a full stop.
(3) For night operations, made the 3 takeoffs and landings required by paragraph (a)(1) at
night with each takeoff and landing to a full stop.
(b) A pilot who has not met the recency of experience for takeoffs and landings shall satisfactorily
complete a requalification curriculum acceptable to the Authority.
(c) Requirements of paragraphs (a) and (b) may be satisfied in a flight simulator approved by the
Authority.
8.4.1.11 PILOT RECENCY- IFR OPERATIONS

(a) No person may act as a pilot under IFR, nor in IMC, unless he or she has, within the past 6
calendar-months—
(1) Logged at least 6 hours of instrument flight time including at least 3 hours in flight in the
category of aircraft; and
(2) Completed at least 6 instrument approaches.
(b) A pilot who has completed an instrument proficiency check with an authorised representative of the
Authority retains currency for IFR operations for 6 calendar-months following that check.
8.4.1.12 PILOT RECENCY CRUISE RELIEF PILOT

(a) No person may act as a cruise relief pilot in commercial air transport unless within the preceding 90
days, that pilot has either:
(1) Operated as pilot-in-command, co-pilot, or cruise relief pilot on the same type of aircraft;
or
(2) Carried out flying skill refresher training including normal, abnormal and emergency
procedures specific to cruise flight on the same type of aircraft or in a flight simulator
approved for the purpose, and has practiced approach and landing procedures, where the
approach and landing procedure practice may be performed as the pilot who is not flying
the aircraft.
(b) When a cruise relief pilot is flying several variants of the same type of aircraft or different types of
aircraft with similar characteristics in terms of operating procedures, systems, and handling, the
recency or refreshing training may be combined, if approved by the Authority.
8.4.1.13 PILOT RECENCY – NIGHT VISION GOGGLES

(a) No person may act as PIC in a night vision goggle operation unless that pilot has completed the
required training in Part 2: 2.3.2.9, and has performed and logged the following tasks as the sole
manipulator of the controls on a flight during a night vision goggle operation, within the preceding
60 days to carry passengers on board, or within the preceding 120 days to act as PIC without
passengers on board:--
(1) 3 takeoffs and landings, with each takeoff and landing including a climb out, cruise,
descent, and approach phase of flight, if the pilot intends to use night visions goggles
during the takeoff and landing phase of flight;

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(2) 3 hovering tasks, if the pilot intends to use night vision goggles when operating
helicopters or powered- lifts during the hovering phase;
(3) 3 area departure and area arrival tasks;
(4) 3 tasks of transitioning from aided night flight to unaided night flight and back to aided
night flight.
(5) 3 night vision goggle operations, or when operating helicopters or powered-lifts, 6 night
vision goggle operations, or
(b) Successfully completed the night vision goggles proficiency check required in Part 2: 2.3.2.9, with
the Authority or an authorised representative of the Authority.
8.4.1.14 PILOT PROFICIENCY - COMMERCIAL AIR TRANSPORT OPERATIONS

(a) The qualification, training and proficiency checking requirements for flight crewmembers engaged
in commercial air transport are listed in Subsection 8.10. Additionally, the following requirements in
(b) – (c) shall be met, as applicable.
(b) All pilots. No person shall act as a pilot of an aircraft unless he or she has successfully passed two
proficiency checks within the 12 months, conducted by an authorised representative of Authority.
The proficiency check requirement --
(1) Shall ensure that piloting technique and the ability to execute emergency procedures is
checked in such a way as to demonstrate the pilot’s competence on each type or variant
of a type of aircraft, including where the operations may be conducted under IFR;
(2) Shall not be satisfied by the conduct of two checks that are similar and which occur within
a period of four consecutive months
(3) May be combined for several variants of the same type of aircraft or different types of
aircraft with similar characteristics in terms of operating procedures, systems and
handling, if approved by the Authority.
(c) Single pilot operations. No person shall act as PIC of an aircraft unless he or she has completed
the following proficiency requirement in the class of aeroplane in an environment representative of
the operation:
(1) For operations under the IFR or at night, have accumulated at least 50 hours flight time on
the class of aeroplane, of which at least 10 hours shall be as PIC;
(2) For operations under the IFR, have accumulated at least 25 hours flight time under the
IFR on the class of aeroplane, which may form part of the 50 hours flight time in (1)
above;
(3) For operations at night, have accumulated at least 15 hours flight time at night, which may
form part of the 50 hours flight time in (1) above; and
(4) Have successfully completed training programmes that include, in addition to the
operator’s training programme, passenger briefing with respect to emergency evacuation,
autopilot management, and the use of simplified in-flight documentation.
(d) The aircraft pilot proficiency check and the instrument proficiency check must be accomplished by
the Authority or an authorised representative of the Authority in the category, class and type of
aircraft to be operated, or in a flight simulation training device approved for the purpose, to the
requirements in Part 8: 8.10.1.20 and IS: 8.10.1.20 and the applicable skill test in CCAR Part 2.

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(e) Night vision goggles operation. No person may act as PIC in a night vision goggle operation
unless, the pilot has completed the required training in Part 2: 2.3.2.9, and meets either the:
(1) Currency requirements in paragraph 8.4.1.13(a) above, or
(2) Passes the night vision goggles proficiency check required by paragraph 8.4.1.13(b)
above with the Authority or an authorised representative of the Authority.
8.4.1.15 PILOT PRIVILEGES AND LIMITATIONS

(a) A pilot may conduct operations only within the general privileges and limitations of each licence,
rating or authorisation as specified in Part 2 of these regulations.
8.4.1.16 AUTHORITY AND RESPONSIBILITY OF THE PIC

(a) The PIC shall be responsible for the operations and safety of the aircraft and for the safety of all
persons on board, during flight.
(b) The PIC of an aircraft shall have final authority as to the operation of the aircraft while he or she is
in command.
(c) The PIC of an aircraft shall, whether manipulating the controls or not, be responsible for the
operation of the aircraft in accordance with the rules of the air, except that the PIC may depart from
these rules in emergency circumstances that render such departure absolutely necessary in the
interests of safety.
8.4.1.17 COMPLIANCE WITH LOCAL REGULATIONS

(a) The PIC shall comply with the relevant laws, regulations and procedures of the States in which the
aircraft is operated.
(b) If an emergency situation which endangers the safety of the aircraft or persons necessitates the
taking of action which involves a violation of local regulations or procedures, the PIC shall—
(1) Notify the appropriate local Authority without delay;
(2) Submit a report of the circumstances, if required by the State in which the incident occurs;
and
(3) Submit a copy of this report to the State of Operator if an AOC or State of Register if in
general aviation.
(c) Each PIC shall submit reports specified in paragraph (b) to the Authority within 10 days in the form
prescribed.
8.4.1.18 NEGLIGENT OR RECKLESS OPERATIONS OF THE AIRCRAFT

(a) No person may operate an aircraft in a negligent or reckless manner so as to endanger life or
property of others.
8.4.1.19 FITNESS OF FLIGHT CREWMEMBERS

(a) No person may act as PIC or in any other capacity as a required flight crew member when he or
she is aware of any decrease in his or her medical fitness which might render the crewmember
unable to safely exercise the privileges of his or her licence.
(b) The PIC shall be responsible for ensuring that a flight is not—

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(1) Commenced if any flight crewmember is incapacitated from performing duties by any
cause such as injury, sickness, fatigue, the effects of alcohol or drugs; or
(2) Continued beyond the nearest suitable aerodrome if a flight crewmember’s capacity to
perform functions is significantly reduced by impairment of faculties from causes such as
fatigue, sickness or lack of oxygen.
8.4.1.20 PROHIBITION ON USE OF PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES, INCLUDING NARCOTICS, DRUGS

OR ALCOHOL
(a) No person may act or attempt to act as a crewmember of a civil aircraft—
(1) Within 8 hours after the consumption of any alcoholic beverage;
(2) While under the influence of alcohol; or
(3) While using any psychoactive substance that affects the person’s faculties in any way
contrary to safety
(b) A crewmember shall, up to 8 hours before or immediately after acting or attempting to act as a
crewmember, on the request of a law enforcement officer or the Authority, submit to a test to
indicate the presence of alcohol or other psychoactive substances in the blood.
(c) Whenever there is a reasonable basis to believe that a person may not be in compliance with this
paragraph and upon the request of the Authority, that person shall furnish the Authority or
authorise any clinic, doctor, or other person to release to the Authority, the results of each blood
test taken for presence of alcohol or narcotic substances up to 8 hours before or immediately after
acting or attempting to act as a crewmembers.
(d) Any test information provided to the Authority under the provisions of this section may be used as
evidence in any legal proceeding.
8.4.1.21 FLIGHT CREWMEMBER USE OF SEAT BELTS AND SHOULDER HARNESSES

(a) Each flight crewmember shall have his or her seat belts fastened during takeoff and landing and all
other times when seated at his or her station.
(b) Each flight crewmember occupying a station equipped with a shoulder harness shall fasten that
harness during takeoff and landing, except that the shoulder harness may be unfastened if the
crewmember cannot perform the required duties with the shoulder harness fastened.
(c) Each occupant of a seat equipped with a combined safety belt and shoulder harness shall have the
combined safety belt and shoulder harness properly secured about that occupant during takeoff
and landing and be able to properly perform assigned duties.
(d) At each unoccupied seat, the safety belt and shoulder harness, if installed, shall be secured so as
not to interfere with crewmembers in the performance of their duties or with the rapid egress of
occupants in an emergency.
8.4.1.22 FLIGHT CREWMEMBERS AT DUTY STATIONS

(a) Each required flight crewmember shall remain at the assigned duty station during take-off and
landing and critical phases of flight.
(b) Each flight crewmember shall remain at his or her station during all phases of flight unless—
(1) Absence is necessary for the performance of his or her duties in connection with the
operation;

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(2) Absence is necessary for physiological needs, provided one qualified pilot remains at the
controls at all times; or
(3) The crewmember is taking a rest period and a qualified relief crewmember replaces him
or her at the duty station.
(i) For the assigned PIC during the en route cruise portion of the flight by a pilot who
holds an airline transport pilot licence and an appropriate type rating, and who is
currently qualified as PIC or CP, and is qualified as PIC of that aircraft during the
en route cruise portion of the flight; and
(ii) In the case of the assigned CP, by a pilot qualified to act as PIC or Co-Pilot of
that aircraft during en route operations
8.4.1.23 REQUIRED CREWMEMBER EQUIPMENT

(a) Each crewmember involved in night operations shall have a flashlight at his or her station.
(b) Each pilot crewmember shall have at his or her station an aircraft checklist containing the normal,
abnormal and emergency procedures relating to the operation of the aircraft for that type aircraft.
(c) Each pilot crew member shall have at his or her station current and suitable charts to cover the
route of the proposed flight and any route along which it is reasonable to expect that the flight may
be diverted.
(d) Each flight crewmember assessed as fit to exercise the privileges of a licence subject to the use of
suitable correcting lenses, shall have a spare set of the correcting lenses readily available when
performing as a required crewmember in commercial air transport.
8.4.1.24 COMPLIANCE WITH CHECKLISTS

(a) The PIC shall ensure that the flightcrew follows the approved checklist procedures when operating
the aircraft.
8.4.1.25 SEARCH AND RESCUE INFORMATION

(a) For all international flights, the PIC shall have on board the aircraft essential information
concerning the search and rescue services in the areas over which he or she intends to operate
the aircraft.
8.4.1.26 PRODUCTION OF AIRCRAFT AND FLIGHT DOCUMENTATION

(a) The PIC shall, within a reasonable time of being requested to do so by a person authorised by the
Authority, produce to that person the documentation required to be carried on the aircraft.
8.4.1.27 LOCKING OF FLIGHT DECK COMPARTMENT DOOR: COMMERCIAL AIR TRANSPORT

(a) The PIC shall ensure that the flight deck compartment door (if installed) is locked at all times during
passenger-carrying commercial air transport operations, except as necessary to accomplish
approved operations or to provide for emergency evacuation.
(b) No person may operate a passenger carrying aeroplane having a maximum certificated takeoff
mass in excess of 45,000 kg or with a passenger capacity greater than 60 unless the flightcrew
compartment door is closed and locked –
(c) From the time all external doors are closed following embarkation; until
(d) Any such door is opened for disembarkation; except

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(e) When necessary to permit access and egress by authorised persons.
8.4.1.28 ADMISSION TO THE FLIGHT DECK—COMMERCIAL AIR TRANSPORT

(a) No person may admit any person to the flight deck of an aircraft engaged in commercial air
transport operations unless the person being admitted is—
(1) An operating crewmember;
(2) A representative of the Authority responsible for certification, licensing or inspection, if this
is required for the performance of his or her official duties; or
(3) Permitted by and carried out in accordance with instructions contained in the Operations
Manual.
(b) The PIC shall ensure that—
(4) In the interest of safety, admission on the flight deck does not cause distraction and/or
interference with the flight’s operations; and
(5) All persons carried on the flight deck are made familiar with the relevant safety
procedures.
8.4.1.29 ADMISSION OF INSPECTOR TO THE FLIGHT DECK

(a) Whenever, in performing the duties of conducting an inspection, an inspector from the Authority
presents Inspector’s Credential Form to the PIC, the PIC shall give the inspector free and
uninterrupted access to the flight deck of the aircraft.
8.4.1.30 DUTIES DURING CRITICAL PHASES OF FLIGHT: COMMERCIAL AIR TRANSPORT

(a) No flight crewmember may perform any duties during a critical phase of flight except those required
for the safe operation of the aircraft.
(b) No PIC may permit a flight crewmember to engage in any activity during a critical phase of flight
which could distract or interfere with the performance of his or her assigned duties.
8.4.1.31 MANIPULATION OF THE CONTROLS—COMMERCIAL AIR TRANSPORT

(a) No PIC may allow an unqualified person to manipulate the controls of an aircraft during commercial
air transport operations.
(b) No person may manipulate the controls of an aircraft during commercial air transport operations
unless he or she is qualified to perform the applicable crewmember functions and is authorised by
the AOC holder.
8.4.1.32 SIMULATED ABNORMAL SITUATIONS IN FLIGHT: COMMERCIAL AIR TRANSPORT

(a) No person may cause or engage in simulated abnormal or emergency situations or the simulation
of IMC by artificial means during commercial air transport operations.
8.4.1.33 COMPLETION OF THE TECHNICAL LOG—COMMERCIAL AIR TRANSPORT AND AERIAL WORK
(a) The PIC shall ensure that all portions of the technical log are completed at the appropriate points
before, during and after flight operations, including:
(1) The journey logbook and
(2) The aircraft maintenance records section.

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Note: See AOCR for details of the journey logbook and the aircraft maintenance records section of the
technical log.
8.4.1.34 REPORTING MECHANICAL IRREGULARITIES

(a) The PIC shall ensure that all mechanical irregularities occurring during flight time are—
(b) For general aviation operations, entered in the aircraft logbook and disposed of in accordance with
the MEL or other approved or prescribed procedure.
(c) For commercial air transport operations and aerial work operations, entered in the aircraft
maintenance records section of the technical log for the aircraft at the appropriate points before,
during and at the end of that flight time.
8.4.1.35 REPORTING OF FACILITY AND NAVIGATION AID INADEQUACIES

(a) Each crewmember shall report, without delay, any inadequacy or irregularity of a facility or
navigational aid observed in the course of operations to the person responsible for that facility or
navigational aid.
8.4.1.36 REPORTING OF HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS

(a) The PIC shall report to the appropriate ATC facility, without delay and with enough detail to be
pertinent to the safety of other aircraft, any hazardous flight conditions encountered en route,
including those associated with meteorological conditions.
8.4.1.37 REPORTING OF INCIDENTS

(a) Air traffic incident report. The PIC shall submit, without delay, an air traffic incident report
whenever an aircraft in flight has been endangered by—
(1) A near collision with another aircraft or object;
(2) Faulty air traffic procedures or lack of compliance with applicable procedures by ATC or
by the flightcrew; or
(3) A failure of ATC facilities.
(b) Birds. In the event a bird constitutes an in-flight hazard or an actual bird strike occurs, the PIC
shall, without delay—
(4) Inform the appropriate ground station whenever a potential bird hazard is observed; and
(5) Submit a written bird strike report after landing.
(c) Dangerous Goods. The PIC shall inform the appropriate ATC facility, if the situation permits, when
an in-flight emergency occurs involving dangerous goods on board.
(d) Unlawful Interference. The PIC shall submit a report to the local authorities and to the Authority,
without delay, following an act of unlawful interference with the crewmembers on board an aircraft.
8.4.1.38 ACCIDENT NOTIFICATION

(a) The PIC shall notify the nearest appropriate Authority, by the quickest available means, of any
accident involving his or her aircraft that results in serious injury or death of any person, or
substantial damage to the aircraft or property.
(b) The PIC shall submit a report to the Authority of any accident which occurred while he or she was
responsible for the flight.

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8.4.1.39 OPERATION OF COCKPIT VOICE AND FLIGHT DATA RECORDERS
(a) The PIC shall ensure that whenever an aircraft has flight recorders installed, those recorders are
operationally checked and operated continuously from the instant—
(1) For a flight data recorder, the aircraft begins its takeoff roll until it has completed the
landing roll, and
(2) For a cockpit voice recorder, the initiation of the pre-start checklist until the end of the
securing aircraft checklist.
(b) The PIC may not permit a flight data recorder or cockpit voice recorder to be disabled, switched off
or erased during flight, unless necessary to preserve the data for an accident or incident
investigation.
(c) In event of an accident or incident, the PIC shall act to preserve the recorded data for subsequent
investigation upon completion of flight.
Note: The ICAO Annex requirement is that a PIC shall not turn off the CVR/FDR in flight. However,
Subsection 8.5.1.24(b) is in the regulations of many ICAO Contracting State to enable the PIC to stop the
recording in order to prevent recording over an accident or incident which would otherwise be lost.
8.4.1.40 CREWMEMBER OXYGEN—MINIMUM SUPPLY AND USE

(a) The PIC shall ensure that breathing oxygen and masks are available to crew members in sufficient
quantities for all flights at such altitudes where a lack of oxygen might result in impairment of the
faculties of crewmembers.
(b) In no case shall the minimum supply of oxygen on board the aircraft be less than that prescribed by
the Authority.
Note: The requirements for oxygen supply and use are prescribed in Part 7, 7.1.8.12, Required Instruments
and Equipment.
(c) The PIC shall ensure that all flight crewmembers, when engaged in performing duties essential to
the safe operation of an aircraft in flight, use breathing oxygen continuously at cabin altitudes
exceeding 3,000 m (10000 ft) for a period in excess of 30 minutes and whenever the cabin altitude
exceeds 4,000 m (13000 ft).
(d) One pilot at the controls of a pressurised aircraft in flight shall wear and use an oxygen mask—
(1) For general aviation operations, at flight levels above 350, if there is no other pilot at a
pilot duty station; and
(2) For commercial air transport operations, at flight levels above 250, if there is no other pilot
at a pilot duty station.
8.4.1.41 PORTABLE ELECTRONIC DEVICES

(a) No PIC or SCCM may permit any person to use, nor may any person use a portable electronic
device on board an aircraft that may adversely affect the performance of aircraft systems and
equipment unless—
(1) For IFR operations other than commercial air transport, the PIC allows such a device
before its use; or
(2) For commercial air transport operations, the AOC holder makes a determination of
acceptable devices and publishes that information in the Operations Manual for the
crewmembers use; and

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(3) The PIC informs passengers of the permitted use.
8.4.1.42 CARRIAGE OF DANGEROUS GOODS

(a) No person shall carry dangerous goods in an aircraft registered in Cambodia or operated in
Cambodia except:
(1) With the written permission of the Authority and subject to any condition the Authority may
impose in granting such permission; and
(2) In accordance with the Technical Instructions for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods
by Air issued by the Council of International Civil Aviation Organisation and with any
variations to those instructions that the Authority may from time to time mandate and
provide notification of to ICAO.
8.4.1.43 MICROPHONES
(a) For AOC holders operating aircraft, a required flight crewmember shall use a boom or throat
microphone to communicate with another flight crewmember and air traffic service below the
transition level or altitude.
(b) For general aviation operations in an aeroplane, helicopter or powered lift aircraft, a required flight
crewmember should use a boom or throat microphone to communicate with another flight
crewmember and air traffic service below the transition level or altitude.
(c) For aerial work operations, a required flight crewmember should use a boom or throat microphone
to communicate with another flight crewmember and air traffic service below the transition level or
altitude, as applicable to the mission.

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8.5 FLIGHT PLANNING AND SUPERVISION

8.5.1.1 SUBMISSION OF A FLIGHT PLAN
(a) Before operating one of the following, a pilot shall file a VFR or IFR flight plan, as applicable, for—
(1) Any flight (or portion thereof) to be provided with ATC service;
(2) Any IFR flight within advisory airspace;
(3) Any flight within or into designated areas, or along designated routes, when so required
by the appropriate ATC Authority to facilitate the provision of flight information, alerting
and search and rescue services;
(4) Any flight within or into designated areas, or along designated routes, when so required
by the appropriate ATC Authority to facilitate co-ordination with appropriate military units
or with ATC facilities in adjacent states in order to avoid the possible need for interception
for the purpose of identification; and
(b) Any flight across international borders
(c) The PIC shall submit a flight plan before departure or during flight, to the appropriate ATC facility,
unless arrangements have been made for submission of repetitive flight plans.
(1) Unless otherwise prescribed by the appropriate ATC Authority a pilot should submit a
flight plan to the appropriate ATC facility—
(2) At least sixty minutes before departure; or
(3) If submitted during flight, at a time which will ensure its receipt by the appropriate ATC
facility at least ten minutes before the aircraft is estimated to reach—
(i) The intended point of entry into a control area or advisory area; or
(ii) The point of crossing an airway or advisory route
8.5.1.2 AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL FLIGHT PLAN—COMMERCIAL AIR TRANSPORT

(a) No person may takeoff an aircraft in commercial air transport if an ATC flight plan has not been
filed, except as authorised by the Authority.
8.5.1.3 CONTENTS OF A FLIGHT PLAN

(a) Each person filing an IFR or VFR flight plan shall include in it the following information—
(1) Aircraft identification;
(2) Flight rules and type of flight;
(3) Number and type(s) of aircraft and wake turbulence category;
(4) Equipment;
(5) Departure aerodrome and alternate (if required);
(6) Estimated off-block time;
(7) Cruising speed(s);
(8) Cruising level(s);

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(9) Route to be followed;
(10) Enroute alternate aerodrome (if required);;
(11) Destination aerodrome and alternate(s) (if required);
(12) Fuel endurance;
(13) Total number of persons on board;
(14) Emergency and survival equipment; and
(15) Other information
8.5.1.4 PLANNED RECLEARANCE

(a) If during flight planning a person determines that there is a possibility depending on fuel
endurance, that a flight may be able to change destinations and still comply with minimum fuel
supply planning requirements, that person shall notify the appropriate ATC facility of this possibility
when the flight plan is submitted.
Note: The intent of this provision is to facilitate a new clearance to a revised destination, normally beyond
the filed destination aerodrome.
8.5.1.5 CHANGES TO A FLIGHT PLAN

(a) When a change occurs to a flight plan submitted for an IFR flight or a VFR flight operated as a
controlled flight, the pilot shall report that change as soon as practicable to the appropriate ATC
facility.
(b) For VFR flights other than those operated as controlled flight, the PIC shall report significant
changes to a flight plan as soon as practicable to the appropriate ATC facility.
Note: Information submitted before departure regarding fuel endurance or total number of persons carried
on board, if incorrect at time of departure, constitutes a significant change and shall be reported.
8.5.1.6 CLOSING A FLIGHT PLAN

(a) The PIC shall make a report of arrival either in person or by radio to the appropriate ATC facility at
the earliest possible moment after landing at the destination aerodrome, unless ATC automatically
closes a flight plan.
(b) When a flight plan has been submitted for a portion of a flight, but not the arrival at destination, the
pilot shall close that flight plan en route with the appropriate ATC facility.
(c) When no ATC facility exists at the arrival aerodrome, the pilot shall contact the nearest ATC facility
to close the flight plan as soon as practicable after landing and by the quickest means available.
(d) Pilots shall include the following elements of information in their arrival reports—
(2) Departure aerodrome;
(3) Destination aerodrome (only in the case of a diversionary landing);
(4) Arrival aerodrome; and
(5) Time of arrival

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8.5.2 FLIGHT PLANNING AND PREPARATION
8.5.2.1 AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS AND SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

(a) The PIC may not operate a civil aircraft in flight until satisfied that—
(1) The aircraft is airworthy, duly registered and that appropriate certificates are aboard the
aircraft;
(2) The instruments and equipment installed in the aircraft are appropriate, taking into
account the expected flight conditions; and
(3) Any necessary maintenance has been performed and a maintenance release, if
applicable, has been issued in respect to the aircraft.
(b) For commercial air transport operations, the PIC shall certify by signing the aircraft technical log
that he or she is satisfied that the requirements of paragraph (a) have been met for a particular
flight.
8.5.2.2 ADEQUACY OF OPERATING FACILITIES

(a) No person may commence a flight unless it has been determined by every reasonable means
available that the ground and/or water areas and facilities available and directly required for such
flight and for the safe operation of the aircraft, are adequate, including communication facilities and
navigation aids.
(b) An operator shall ensure that any inadequacy of facilities observed in the course of operations is
reported to the Authority responsible for them, without undue delay.
(c) Subject to their published conditions of use, aerodromes and their facilities shall be kept
continuously available for flight operations during their published hours of operations, irrespective
of meteorological conditions.
(d) An operator shall, as part of its safety management system, assess the level of rescue and fire
fighting service (RFFS) protection available at any aerodrome intended to be specified in the
operational flight plan in order to ensure that an acceptable level of protection is available for the
aeroplane intended to be used.
(e) Information related to the level of RFFS protection that is deemed acceptable by the operator shall
be contained in the operations manual.
Note1: “Reasonable means” denotes use, at the point of departure, of information available to the PIC
either through official information published by the aeronautical information services or readily obtainable in
other sources.
Note 2: ICAO Annex 6, Part 1, Attachment K, contains guidance on assessing an acceptable level of RFFS
protection at aerodromes.
Note 3: It is not intended that this guidance limit or regulate the operation of an aerodrome. The
assessment performed by the operator does not in any way affect the RFFS requirements of ICAO Annex
14, Volume I, for aerodromes.
8.5.2.3 METEOROLOGICAL REPORTS AND FORECASTS

(a) Before commencing a flight, the PIC shall be familiar with all available meteorological information
appropriate to the intended flight.
(b) The PIC shall include, during preparation for a flight away from the vicinity of the place of
departure, and for every flight under the instrument flight rules—

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(1) A study of available current meteorological reports and forecasts; and
(2) The planning of an alternative course of action to provide for the eventuality that the flight
cannot be completed as planned, because of meteorological conditions.
8.5.2.4 METEOROLOGICAL LIMITATIONS FOR VFR FLIGHTS

(a) No person will commence a flight to be conducted in accordance with VFR unless available current
meteorological reports, or a combination of current reports and forecasts, indicate that the
meteorological conditions along the route, or that part of the route to be flown under VFR, will, at
the appropriate time, allow VFR operations.
8.5.2.5 IFR DESTINATION AERODROMES

(a) No person may conduct an IFR flight unless—
(1) At the time of take-off, the meteorological conditions at the departure aerodrome are at or
above the operator’s established aerodrome operating minima for that operation; and
(2) At the time of take-off or point of in-flight re-planning, current meteorological reports or a
combination of current reports and forecasts indicate that the meteorological conditions
will be, at the estimated time of use, at or above the operator’s established aerodrome
operating minima for that operation.
Note: A partial exception is granted for commercial air transport IFR flight planning, to the effect that the
meteorological conditions at the destination do not have to be at or above the approach minima to release
and commence a flight, as long as the designated alternate aerodrome meets the IFR meteorological
selection criteria.
8.5.2.6 IFR DESTINATION ALTERNATE REQUIREMENT

(a) [AAC] No person may commence an IFR flight in an aeroplane without at least one destination
alternate aerodrome listed in the flight plan unless—
(1) The duration of the flight and the meteorological conditions prevailing are such that there
is reasonable certainty that, at the ETA at the aerodrome of intended landing, and for a
reasonable period before and after such time, the approach and landing may be made
under visual meteorological conditions; or
(2) The aerodrome of intended landing is isolated and there is no suitable destination
alternate aerodrome, and
(i) There is a standard instrument approach procedure prescribed for the
aerodrome of intended landing by the jurisdictional authorities; and
(ii) Available current meteorological information indicates that the following
meteorological conditions will exist from two hours before to two hours after the
ETA—
(A) A cloud base of at least 600 m (2000 ft) above the airport elevation; and
(B) Visibility will be at least 3 km (2 statute miles).
(b) [AOC] No person may commence an IFR flight in an aeroplane –
(1) without at least one destination alternate aerodrome listed in the flight plan unless—

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(i) the duration of the flight from the departure aerodrome, or from the point of in-
flight re-planning to the destination aerodrome is such that, taking into account all
meteorological conditions and operational information relevant to the flight, at
the estimated time of use there is a reasonable certainty that
(A) the approach and landing may be made under visual meteorological
condition; and
(B) separate runways are usable at the estimated time of use of the
destination aerodrome with at least one runway having an operational
instrument approach procedure, or
(ii) the aerodrome is isolated, and
(A) for each flight into an isolated aerodrome a point of no return shall be
determined; and
(B) a flight to be conducted to an isolated aerodrome shall not be continued
past the point of no return unless a current assessment of
meteorological conditions, traffic, and other operational conditions
indicate that a safe landing can be made at the estimated time of use.
(C) The fuel requirements of Subsection 8.6.2.15(b)(4)(iv) are met.
(2) without at least two destination alternate aerodromes listed in the operational and ATC
flight plan when, for the destination aerodrome –
(i) meteorological condition as at the estimated time of use will be below the
operator’s established aerodrome operating minima for that operation; or
(ii) meteorological information is not available.
Note 1: Separate runways are two or more runways at the same aerodrome configured such that if one
runway is closed, operations to the other runway(s) can be conducted.
Note 2: ICAO Doc 9976, Flight Planning and Fuel Management Manual, contains guidance on planning
operations to isolated aerodromes.
(c) [AAC] No person may commence an IFR flight in a helicopter,
(1) where no alternate aerodrome is required unless,
(i) The operation is conducted as general aviation: and
(ii) Available current meteorological information indicates that the following
meteorological conditions will exist from two hours before to two hours after the
ETA:
(A) A cloud base of at least 300 m (1000 ft) above the aerodrome elevation,
or at least 120 m (400 ft) above the lowest applicable approach
minimum, whichever is higher; and
(B) Visibility will be of at least 3 km (2 statute miles).
Note: These should be considered as minimum values where a reliable and continuous meteorological
watch is maintained. When only an “area” type forecast is available, these values should be increased
accordingly.
(1) without at least one destination alternate heliport listed in the flight plan unless the
available information indicates that conditions, at the heliport of intended landing and at
least one alternate heliport will, at the ETA, be at or above the heliport operating minima.

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Note: It is the practice in some States to declare, for flight planning purposes, higher minima for a heliport
when nominated as an alternate than for the same heliport when planned as that of intended landing.
(d) [AOC] No person may commence an IFR flight in a helicopter –
(1) without at least one destination alternate heliport listed in the flight plan unless the
available information indicates that conditions, at the heliport of intended landing, and for
a reasonable period before and after such time, the approach and landing may be made
under visual meteorological conditions as prescribed by Cambodia , or
(2) without at least two destination alternate heliports, forecast to be at are above the
helicopter operating minima, listed in the operational and ATC flight plan when, at the time
of flight departure, the intended heliport destination is forecast to be below the helicopter
operating minima; or
(3) If the heliport of intended landing is isolated and no suitable alternate is available, in which
case a point of no return shall be determined.
(e) The ceiling and visibility requirements for operations conducted in accordance with paragraphs (a)
– (d) may be reduced upon approval of the Authority for—
(1) Other categories of aircraft, such as powered-lift, and airships;
(2) Commercial air transport where the Authority has approved alternate minima as an
equivalent level of safety based on the results of a specific safety risk assessment
demonstrated by the operator, which contains the following:
(i) Capabilities of the operator;
(ii) Overall capability of the aeroplane and its systems;
(iii) Available aerodrome technologies, capabilities and infrastructure;
(iv) Quality and reliability of meteorological information;
(v) Identified hazards and safety risks associated with each alternate aerodrome
variation;
(vi) Specific mitigation measures.
Note: ICAO Doc 9859, Safety Management Manual, and ICAO Doc 9976, Flight Planning and Fuel
Management Manual, contain guidance on performing a safety risk assessment and on determining
variations, including examples of variations.
8.5.2.7 IFR ALTERNATE AERODROME SELECTION CRITERIA

(a) If alternate minimums are published, no PIC may designate an alternate aerodrome in an IFR flight
plan unless the current available forecast indicates that the meteorological conditions at that
alternate at the ETA –
(1) [AAC] will be at or above those published alternate minimums upon take-off from the
departing aerodrome, or
(2) [AOC] will be at or above the operators established minima for that operation upon
(i) take-off from the departing aerodrome, or
(ii) the point of in-flight re-planning.

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(b) If alternate minimums are not published, and if there is no prohibition against using the aerodrome
as an IFR planning alternate, each PIC shall ensure that the meteorological conditions at that
alternate at the ETA will be at or above—
(1) For aeroplanes:
(i) For a precision approach procedure, a ceiling of at least 180 m (600 ft) and
visibility of not less than 3 km (2 statute miles); or
(ii) For a non-precision approach procedure, a ceiling of at least 240 m (800 ft) and
visibility of not less than 5 km (3 statute miles).
(2) For helicopters:
(i) Ceiling 60 m (200 ft) above the minimum for the approach to be flown, and
visibility at least 1 statute mile but never less than the minimum visibility for the
approach to be flown: or
(ii) If no instrument approach procedure has been published and no special
instrument approach procedure has been issued by the Authority to the operator,
for the alternate airport, the ceiling and visibility minima are those allowing
descent from the MEA, approach, and landing under basic VFR.
(c) The Planning Minima Table will be used in selecting IFR alternate aerodromes.

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Planning Minima
(Ceiling & RVR/visibility required, if applicable)
Type of Approach Aerodrome with
at least 2 separate approach at least 2 separate approach procedures
procedures based on 2 separate aids based on 2 separate aids serving 1 runway
serving 2 separate runways or, at least 1 approach procedure based on 1
(See Note 1) aid serving 1 runway
Precision Approach Precision Approach CAT I Minima Non-Precision Approach Minima
CAT I, III (ILS, MLS)
Precision Approach Non-Precision Approach Minima Circling minima or, if not available, non-
CAT 1(ILS, MLS) precision approach minima plus 60 m (200
ft)/1,000 m (3300 ft)
Non-Precision Approach The lower of non-precision approach The higher of non-precision approach minima
minima plus 60 m (200 ft)/1,000 m plus 60 m (200 ft)/1,000 m (3300 ft) or circling
(3300 ft) or circling minima minima
Circling Approach Circling Minima Circling Minima
Note: Runways on the same aerodrome are considered to be separate runways when they are separate
landing surfaces which may overlay or cross such that if one of the runways is blocked, it will not prevent the
planned type of operations on the other runway and each of the landing surfaces has a separate approach
based on a separate aid.
8.5.2.8 OFFSHORE ALTERNATES FOR HELICOPTER OPERATIONS [AOC]

(a) No person may designate an offshore alternate landing site—
(1) when it is possible to carry enough fuel to have an on-shore alternate landing site, or
(2) when the environment around the offshore alternate is hostile.
Note: The selection of offshore alternates should be exceptional cases, the details of which have been
approved by the Authority, and should not include payload enhancement in IMC.
(b) Each person selecting an off-shore alternate landing site shall consider the following:
(1) Until the point of no return, using an on-shore alternate. The offshore alternate may be
used only after a point of no return.
(2) Attaining one engine inoperative performance capability before arrival at the alternate.
(3) Guaranteeing helideck availability.
(4) The meteorological information at the helideck shall be available from a source approved
by the Authority.
(5) For IFR operations, an instrument approach procedure shall be prescribed and available.
(6) Attaining mechanical reliability of critical control systems and critical components when
determining the suitability of the alternate.
Note: The landing technique specified in the flight manual following control system failure may preclude the
selection of certain helidecks as alternate aerodromes. The mechanical reliability of critical control systems
shall be taken into account when determining the suitability and necessity for an offshore alternate.

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8.5.2.9 TAKEOFF ALTERNATE AERODROMES—COMMERCIAL AIR TRANSPORT OPERATIONS
(a) No person may release or takeoff an aeroplane without a suitable takeoff alternate specified in the
flight plan if either –
(1) it would not be possible to return to the aerodrome of departure, or
(2) meteorological conditions at the aerodrome of departure are below the operator’s
established aerodrome landing minima for that operation.
(b) Each operator shall ensure that each takeoff alternate specified shall be located within the
following flight time from the aerodrome of departure—
(1) For two-engine aeroplane, one hour flight time at a one-engine-inoperative cruising
speed, determined form the aircraft operating manual, calculated in ISA and still-air
conditions using the actual take-off mass; or
(2) For three or more - engine aeroplane, two hours flight time at an all engine operating
cruising speed, determined from the aircraft operating manual, calculated in ISA and still-
air conditions using the actual take-off mass; or
(3) For aeroplanes engaged in extended diversion time operations where an alternate
aerodrome meeting the distance criteria of (b)(1) or (2) above is not available, the first
available alternate aerodrome located within the distance of the operator’s approved
maximum diversion time considering the actual take-off mass.
(c) The ceiling and visibility requirements for operations conducted in accordance with paragraphs (a)
and (b) may be reduced upon approval of the Authority for—
(1) Commercial air transport where the Authority has approved alternate minima as an
equivalent level of safety based on the results of a specific safety risk assessment
demonstrated by the operator, which contains the following:
(ii) Overall capability of the aeroplane and its systems;
(iii) Available aerodrome technologies, capabilities and infrastructure;
(iv) Quality and reliability of meteorological information;
(v) Identified hazards and safety risks associated with each alternate aerodrome
variation;
(vi) Specific mitigation measures.
Note: ICAO Doc 9859, Safety Management Manual, and ICAO Doc 9976, Flight Planning and Fuel
Management Manual, contain guidance on performing a safety risk assessment and on determining
variations, including examples of variations.
8.5.2.10 MAXIMUM DISTANCE FROM AN ADEQUATE AERODROME FOR AEROPLANES WITHOUT AN

EDTO APPROVAL – [AOC]
(a) Unless specifically approved by the Authority (EDTO Approval), an AOC holder shall not operate a
an aeroplane with two engines or more over a route which contains a point further from an
adequate aerodrome than, in the case of—
(1) Turbine-powered aeroplanes the distance flown in 60 minutes at the one-engine-
inoperative cruise speed determined in accordance with paragraph (b).
(2) Piston-engined aeroplanes:

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(i) The distance flown in 120 minutes at the one-engine-inoperative cruise speed
determined in accordance with paragraph (b); or
(ii) 555 km (300 nautical miles), whichever is less.
(b) An AOC holder shall determine a speed for the calculation of the maximum distance to an
adequate aerodrome for each aeroplane with two or more engines operated, not exceeding Vmo
based upon the true airspeed that the aeroplane can maintain with one engine inoperative under
the following conditions:
(1) International Standard Atmosphere;
(2) Level flight:
(i) For turbine-powered aeroplanes at:
(A) FL 170; or
(B) At the maximum flight level to which the aeroplane, with one engine
inoperative, can climb, and maintain, using the gross rate of climb
specified in the AFM, whichever is less.
(ii) For piston-powered aeroplanes
(A) FL 80; or
(B) At the maximum flight level to which the aeroplane, with one engine
inoperative, can climb, and maintain, using the gross rate of climb
specified in the AFM, whichever is less.
(3) Maximum continuous thrust or power on the remaining operating engine;
(4) An aeroplane mass not less than that resulting from:
(i) Take off at sea level at maximum takeoff mass until the time elapsed since take-
off is equal to the applicable threshold prescribed in paragraph (a);
(ii) All engines climb to the optimum long range cruise altitude until the time elapsed
since take-off is equal to the applicable threshold prescribed in subparagraph (a);
and
(iii) All engines cruise at the long range cruise speed at this altitude until the time
elapsed since take-off is equal to the applicable threshold prescribed in
paragraph (a).
(c) An AOC holder shall ensure that the following data, specific to each type or variant, is included in
the Operations Manual:
(1) The one-engine-inoperative cruise speed determined in accordance with paragraph (b);
and
(2) The maximum distance from an adequate aerodrome determined in accordance with
paragraphs (a) and (b).
Note: The speeds and altitudes (flight levels) specified above are only intended to be used for establishing
the maximum distance from an adequate aerodrome.
8.5.2.11 REQUIREMENTS FOR EXTENDED DIVERSION TIME OPERATIONS - AEROPLANES [AOC]

(a) An AOC holder shall not conduct operations beyond the threshold distance determined in
accordance with Subsection 8.6.2.10 unless approved to do so by the Authority.

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(b) In requesting EDTO approval, each AOC holder shall show to the satisfaction of the Authority that:
(1) For aeroplanes:
(i) For all aeroplanes,
(A) the most limiting EDTO significant system time limitation, if any
indicated in the Aeroplane Flight Manual (directly or by reference) and
relevant to that particular operation is not exceeded; and
(B) the additional fuel required by Subsection 8.6.2.15 shall include the fuel
necessary to comply with the EDTO critical fuel scenario as established
by the Authority.
(ii) For aeroplanes with two turbine engines, the aeroplane is EDTO certified and
has verified the–
(A) Reliability of the propulsion system;
(B) Airworthiness certification for EDTO of the aeroplane type; and
(C) EDTO maintenance programme.
(2) It has conducted a safety risk assessment which demonstrates how an equivalent level of
safety will be maintained, taking into account the following:
(ii) Overall reliability of the aeroplane;
(iii) Reliability of each time limited system;
(iv) Relevant information from the aeroplane manufacturer; and
(v) Specific mitigation measures.
(c) Before conducting an EDTO flight, an AOC holder shall ensure that a suitable EDTO en-route
alternate is available, within either the approved diversion time or a diversion time based on MEL
generated serviceability status of the aeroplane whichever is shorter.
(d) No AOC holder shall commence a flight unless, during the possible period of arrival, the required
en-route alternate aerodrome will be available and the available information indicates that
conditions at the aerodrome will be at or above the aerodrome operating minima approved for the
operation.
(e) No AOC holder shall conduct operations beyond 60 minutes, from a point on a route to an en-route
alternate aerodrome unless it ensures that:
(1) For all aeroplanes;
(i) En-route alternate aerodromes are identified; and
(ii) The most up-to-date information is provided to the flight crew on identified en-
route alternate aerodromes, including operational status and meteorological
conditions;
(2) For aeroplanes with two turbine engines, the most up-to-date information provided to the
flight crew indicates that conditions at identified en-route alternate aerodromes will be at
or above the operator’s established aerodrome operating minima for the operation at the
estimated time of use.
(3) these requirements are incorporated into the operators:

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(i) operational control and flight dispatch procedures;
(ii) operating procedures; and
(iii) training programmes.
(f) No AOC Holder shall proceed beyond the threshold time approved by the Authority unless:
(1) the identified en-route alternate aerodromes have been re-evaluated for availability; and
(2) the most up to date information indicates that, during the estimated time of use, conditions
at those aerodromes will be at or above the operator’s established aerodrome operating
minima for that operation; or.
(3) conditions are identified that would preclude a safe approach and landing at that
aerodrome during the estimated time of use and an alternative course of action has been
determined.
Note: ICAO Annex 6, Part I, Attachment D contains guidance on the requirements of this provision.
(a) The PIC shall ensure that the required en route alternates for EDTO are selected and specified in
ATC flight plans in accordance with the EDTO diversion time approved by the Authority.
(b) No person shall select an aerodrome as an EDTO en-route alternate aerodrome unless the
appropriate weather reports or forecasts, or any combination thereof, indicate that during a period
commencing 1 hour before and ending 1 hour after the expected time of arrival at the aerodrome,
the weather conditions will be at or above the planning minima prescribed in the table below, and in
accordance with the operator’s EDTO approval.
(c) The ceiling and visibility requirements for operations conducted in accordance with paragraphs (a)
and (b) may be reduced upon approval of the Authority for—
(d) Commercial air transport where the Authority has approved alternate minima as an equivalent level
of safety based on the results of a specific safety risk assessment demonstrated by the operator,
which contains the following:
(e) Capabilities of the operator;
(f) Overall capability of the aeroplane and its systems;
(g) Available aerodrome technologies, capabilities and infrastructure;
(h) Quality and reliability of meteorological information;
(i) Identified hazards and safety risks associated with each alternate aerodrome variation;
(j) Specific mitigation measures.
Note: The forecast weather criteria used in the selection of alternate aerodromes for IFR flight will also be
used for the selection of EDTO alternates.
8.5.2.12 FUEL, OIL, AND OXYGEN PLANNING AND CONTINGENCY FACTORS

(a) No person may commence a flight unless he or she takes into account the fuel, oil, and oxygen
needed to ensure the safe completion of the flight, including any reserves to be carried for
contingencies.
(b) For aeroplanes in AOC operations, the amount of usable fuel to be carried shall, as a minimum, be
based on:
(1) The following data –

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(i) Current aeroplane-specific data derived from a fuel consumption monitoring
system, if available; or
(ii) If current aeroplane-specific data are not available, data provided by the
aeroplane manufacturer, and
(2) The operating conditions for the planned flight including:
(i) Anticipated aeroplane mass;
(ii) Notices to Airmen;
(iii) Current meteorological reports or a combination of current reports and forecasts;
(iv) ATC procedures, restrictions and anticipated delays; and
(v) The effects of deferred maintenance items and/or configuration deviations.
(vi) Any other conditions that may delay the landing of the aeroplane or increase fuel,
oil and/or oxygen consumption.
(c) For helicopters, each person computing the required minimum fuel and oil supply shall ensure that
additional fuel and oil are carried to provide for the increased consumption that would result from
any additional operating conditions in (b)(2) as applied to helicopters, and any of the following
contingencies:
(1) Expected winds or other meteorological conditions;
(2) Possible variations in ATC routings
(3) Anticipated traffic delays;
(4) A complete instrument approach procedure and possible missed approach at destination;
(5) Loss of pressurization en route, if applicable;
(6) Loss of one power-unit en route; and
(7) Any other conditions that may delay the landing of the helicopter or increase fuel, oil
and/or oxygen (if applicable) consumption.
(d) [AAC] In-flight fuel management. The PIC shall--
(1) Continually ensure that the amount of usable fuel remaining on board is not less than the
fuel required to proceed to an aerodrome/heliport where a safe landing can be made with
the planned final reserve fuel remaining upon landing.
(2) Request delay information from ATC when unanticipated circumstances may result in
landing at the destination aerodrome/heliport with less than the final reserve fuel plus any
fuel required to proceed to an alternate aerodrome or the fuel required to operate to an
isolated aerodrome/heliport.
(3) Advise ATC of a minimum fuel state by declaring MINIMUM FUEL when, having
committed to land at a specific aerodrome, the pilot calculates that any change to the
existing clearance to that aerodrome/heliport may result in landing with less than planned
final reserve fuel.
(4) Declare a situation of fuel emergency by broadcasting MAYDAY MAYDAY MAYDAY
FUEL, when the calculated usable fuel predicted to be available upon landing at the
nearest aerodrome/heliport where a safe landing can be made is less than the planned
final reserve fuel.

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8.5.2.13 MINIMUM FUEL SUPPLY FOR VFR FLIGHTS
(a) [AAC] Aeroplane. No person may commence a flight in an aeroplane under VFR unless,
considering the wind and forecast weather conditions, there is enough fuel to fly to the first point of
intended landing and, assuming normal cruising speed—
(1) For flights during the day, for at least 30 minutes thereafter;
(2) For flights during the night, for at least 45 minutes thereafter, and
(b) [AAC] Helicopter. No person may commence a flight in a helicopter under VFR unless, considering
the wind and forecast weather conditions, there is enough fuel to fly to the first point of intended
landing and, assuming normal cruising speed—
(1) For 20 minutes thereafter; and
(2) To have an additional amount of fuel sufficient to provide for the increased consumption
on the occurrence of any of the potential contingencies specified by the operator to the
satisfaction of the Authority.
8.5.2.14 MINIMUM FUEL SUPPLY FOR IFR FLIGHTS

(a) [AAC] Aeroplanes. No person may commence a flight under IFR unless there is enough fuel
supply, considering meteorological conditions and any delays that are expected in flight, to—
(1) When a destination alternate aerodrome is required, fly from the aerodrome of intended
landing to an alternate aerodrome, and after that, for at least 45 minutes at normal
cruising altitude;
(2) When a destination alternate aerodrome is not required, fly to the aerodrome of intended
landing and after that for at least 45 minutes at normal cruising altitude.
(b) [AOC] Aeroplanes. No person may commence a flight under IFR, or continue past the point of in-
flight re-planning, unless there is enough fuel supply, considering meteorological conditions and
any delays that are expected in flight, to include the following:
(1) Taxi fuel – which shall be the amount of fuel expected to be consumed before take-off;
(2) Trip fuel – which shall be the amount of fuel required to enable the aeroplane to fly from
take-off, or the point of in-flight re-planning, until landing at the destination aerodrome
taking into account the operating conditions in the data provided by the manufacturer;
(3) Contingency fuel – which shall be the amount of fuel required to compensate for
unforeseen factors. It shall be five percent of the planned trip fuel or of the fuel required
from the point of in-flight re-planning based on the consumption rate used to plan the trip
fuel, but in any case, shall not be lower than the amount required to fly for five minutes at
holding speed at 450 m (1500 ft) above the destination aerodrome in standard conditions;
(4) Destination alternate fuel – which shall be
(i) Where a destination alternate aerodrome is required, the amount of fuel required
to enable the aeroplane to:
(A) Perform a missed approach at the destination aerodrome;
(B) Climb to the expected cruising altitude;
(C) Fly the expecting routing;
(D) Descend to the point where the expected approach is initiated; and

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(E) Conduct the approach and landing at the destination alternate
aerodrome; or
(ii) Where two destination alternate aerodromes are required, the amount of fuel, as
calculated in (4)(i) above, required to enable the aeroplane to proceed to the
destination alternate aerodrome which requires the greater amount of alternate
fuel; or
(iii) Where a flight is operated without a destination alternate aerodrome, the amount
of fuel required to enable the aeroplane to fly for 15 minutes at holding speed at
450 m (1500 ft) above destination aerodrome elevation in standard conditions; or
(iv) Where the aerodrome of intended landing is an isolated aerodrome:
(A) For a reciprocating engine aeroplane, the amount of fuel required to fly
for 45 minutes plus 15 percent of the flight time planned to be spend at
cruising level, including final reserve fuel, or two hours, whichever is
less; or
(B) For a turbine-engined aeroplane, the amount of fuel required to fly for
two hours at normal cruise consumption above the destination
aerodrome, including final reserve fuel;
(5) Final reserve fuel – which shall be the amount of fuel calculated using the estimated mass
on arrival at the destination alternate aerodrome, or the destination aerodrome when no
destination alternate aerodrome is required, or a pre-calculated value for each aeroplane
type and variant in the fleet rounded up to an easily recalled figure:
(i) For a reciprocating engine aeroplane, the amount of fuel required to fly for 45
minutes, under speed and altitude conditions specified by the Authority; or
(ii) For a turbine-engined aeroplane, the amount of fuel required to fly for 30 minutes
at holding speed at 450 m (1500 ft) above aerodrome elevation in standard
conditions;
(6) Additional fuel – which shall be the supplementary amount of fuel required if the minimum
fuel calculated in accordance with trip fuel, contingency fuel, destination alternate fuel and
final reserve fuel above is not sufficient to:
(i) Allow the aeroplane to descend as necessary and proceed to an alternate
aerodrome in the event of engine failure or loss or pressurization, whichever
requires the greater amount of fuel based on the assumption that such a failure
occurs at the most critical point along the route;
(A) To fly for 15 minutes at holding speed at 450 m (1500 ft) above the
aerodrome elevation in standard conditions; and
(B) Make an approach and landing;
(C) Allow an aeroplane engaged in EDTO to comply with the EDTO critical
fuel scenario as established by the Authority;
(D) Meet additional requirements not covered above.
Note: Fuel planning for a failure that occurs at the most critical point along a route may place the
aeroplane in a fuel emergency situation.
(7) Discretionary fuel – shall be the extra amount of fuel to be carried at the discretion of the
PIC, or

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(8) Notwithstanding the provisions in (1)–(7) above, the Authority may approve a variation to
these requirements provided the operator can demonstrate an equivalent level of safety
will be maintained through a safety risk assessment that includes at least the following:
(i) Flight fuel calculations;
(ii) Capabilities of the operator to include:
(A) A data-driven method that includes a fuel consumption monitoring
programme; and/or
(B) The advanced use of alternate aerodromes; and
(iii) Specific mitigation measures.
Note: ICAO Doc 9976, Flight Planning and Fuel Management Manual, contains guidance on the
specific safety risk assessment, fuel consumption monitoring programmes and the advanced use
of alternate aerodromes.
(c) [AAC] and [AOC] Helicopters. No person may commence a flight under IFR unless there is
enough fuel supply, considering meteorological conditions and any delays that are expected in
flight, to—
(1) When a destination alternate is required,
(i) Fly to and execute an approach, and a missed approach, at the heliport to which
the flight is planned, and thereafter
(ii) fly for 30 minutes at a holding speed at 450 m (1500 ft) above the alternate under
standard temperature conditions, and approach and land; and
(iii) have a reserve for contingencies specified by the operator and approved by the
Authority.
(2) When a destination alternate is not required, to fly to the heliport to which the flight is
planned and thereafter:
(3) fly for 30 minutes at a holding speed at 450 m (1500 ft) above the alternate under
standard temperature conditions, and approach and land; and
(4) have a reserve for contingencies specified by the operator and approved by the Authority.
8.5.2.15 FLIGHT PLANNING DOCUMENT DISTRIBUTION AND RETENTION—COMMERCIAL AIR

TRANSPORT
(a) For commercial air transport operations, the PIC shall complete and sign the following flight
preparation documents before departure:
(1) An operational flight plan, including NOTAMs and weather pertinent to the flight planning
decisions regarding minimum fuel supply, en route performance, and destination and
alternate aerodromes
(2) A load manifest, showing the distribution of the load, centre of gravity, takeoff and landing
mass and compliance with maximum operating mass limitations, and performance
analysis.
(3) An applicable technical log page, if mechanical irregularities were entered after a previous
flight, maintenance or inspection functions were performed or a maintenance release was
issued at the departure aerodrome.

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(b) No person may takeoff an aircraft in commercial air transport unless all flight release documents,
signed by the PIC, are retained and available at the point of departure.
(c) The PIC shall carry a copy of the documents specified in paragraph (a) on the aircraft to the
destination aerodrome.
(d) Completed flight preparation documents shall be kept by the AOC holder for a period of three
months.
Note: The Authority may approve a different retention location where all documents can be available for
subsequent review.
(a) No person may operate an aircraft unless all loads carried are properly distributed and safely
secured.
(b) No person may operate an aircraft unless the calculations for the mass of the aeroplane and centre
of gravity location indicate that the flight can be conducted safely, taking into account the flight
conditions expected.
Note: When load masters, load planners or other qualified personnel are provided by the AOC holder in a
commercial air transport operation, the PIC may delegate these responsibilities, but shall ascertain that
proper loading procedures are followed.
(c) For commercial air transport operations, no PIC may commence a flight unless the PIC is satisfied
that the loading and mass and balance calculations contained in the load manifest are accurate
and comply with the aircraft limitations.
8.5.2.16 MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE MASS TO BE CONSIDERED ON ALL LOAD MANIFESTS

(a) The PIC shall ensure that the maximum allowable mass for a flight does not exceed the maximum
allowable takeoff mass—
(1) For the specific runway and conditions existing at the takeoff time; and
(2) Considering anticipated fuel and oil consumption that allows compliance with applicable
en route performance, landing mass, and landing distance limitations for destination and
alternate aerodromes.
8.5.2.17 FLIGHT RELEASE REQUIRED—COMMERCIAL AIR TRANSPORT

(a) No person may start a flight under a flight following system without specific authority from the
person authorised by the AOC holder to exercise operational control over the flight.
(b) No person may commence a passenger-carrying flight in commercial air transport unless a
qualified person authorised by the AOC holder to perform operational control functions has issued
a flight release for that specific operation or series of operations.
8.5.2.18 OPERATIONAL FLIGHT PLAN—COMMERCIAL AIR TRANSPORT

(a) No person may commence a flight unless the operational flight plan has been signed by the PIC.
(b) A PIC may sign the operational flight plan only when the PIC and the person authorised by the
operator to exercise operational control have determined that the flight can be safely completed.
(c) Note: The operational flight plan shall include the routing and fuel calculations, with respect to the
meteorological and other factors expected, to complete the flight to the destination and all required
alternates.

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(d) The PIC signing the operational flight plan shall have access to the applicable flight planning
information for fuel supply, alternate aerodromes, weather reports and forecasts and NOTAMs for
the routing and aerodrome.
(e) No person may continue a flight from an intermediate aerodrome without a new operational flight
plan if the aircraft has been on the ground more than 6 hours.

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8.6 AIRCRAFT OPERATING AND PERFORMANCE LIMITATIONS

8.6.1 ALL AIRCRAFT
(a) This Section prescribes the operating and performance limitations for all civil aircraft.
8.6.1.2 GENERAL
(a) No person may operate an aircraft that—
(1) Exceeds its designed performance limitations for any operation, as established by the
State of Registry;
(2) Exceeds the operating limitations contained in the aircraft flight manual, or its equivalent;
(3) Exceeds the terms of its certificate of airworthiness; or
(4) Exceeds the mass limitations, if applicable, imposed by the terms of its noise certification
standards, as contained in the applicable part of ICAO Annex 16, Volume I, unless
otherwise approved by the Authority.
8.6.1.3 AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE CALCULATIONS

(a) Each operator shall ensure that the performance data contained in the AFM, RFM, or other
authorised source is used to determine compliance with the appropriate requirements of
Subpart 8.7.
(b) When applying performance data, each person performing calculations shall account for all factors
that significantly affect the performance of the aircraft configuration, including, but not limited to:
mass of the aeroplane, the operating procedures, the pressure-altitude appropriate to the elevation
of the aerodrome, the ambient temperature, the wind, the runway slope, and surface conditions of
the runway i.e., environmental conditions, snow, slush, water, ice, for landplanes, water surface
condition for seaplanes, and the operation of any system or systems that may have an adverse
effect on performance.
(c) The factors described in subpart (b) of the aircraft performance calculations shall be taken into
account directly as operations parameters or indirectly by means of allowances or margins, which
may be provided in the design performance limits or in the terms of the AOC in accordance with
which the aeroplane is being operated.
8.6.1.4 GENERAL MASS AND OBSTRUCTION CLEARANCE LIMITATIONS

(a) No person may takeoff an aircraft without ensuring that the maximum allowable mass for a flight
does not exceed the maximum allowable takeoff or landing mass, or any applicable en route
performance or landing distance limitations considering the—
(1) Condition of the takeoff and landing areas to be used;
(2) Gradient of runway to be used (landplanes only);
(3) Pressure altitude;
(4) Ambient temperature;
(5) Current and forecast winds; and

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(6) Any known conditions (e.g., atmospheric and aircraft configuration) which may adversely
affect aircraft performance, or compliance with noise certification standards if required.
(b) No person may takeoff an aircraft at a mass that, assuming normal engine operation, cannot safely
clear all obstacles during all phases of flight, including all points along the intended en route path or
any planned diversions.
8.6.2 AIRCRAFT USED IN COMMERCIAL AIR TRANSPORT
(a) This Section prescribes aircraft performance and operating limitations for aircraft used in
commercial air transport operations, except for those used by air transport operators holding a
special authorization or waiver granted by the Authority, that exempts the aircraft from specific
operating and performance limitations.
8.6.2.2 GENERAL
(a) Each person operating an aircraft engaged in commercial air transport shall comply with the
provisions of Section 8.7.2.
(b) Each person operating a rotorcraft identified as Class 1, 2, or 3 in international commercial air
transport shall comply with the code of performance in IS: 8.7.2.2(b).
(c) The Authority may grant exemptions in accordance with Part 1 of these regulations, from the
requirements of Section 8.7.2 if special circumstances make a literal observance of a requirement
unnecessary for safety.
(d) Where full compliance with the requirements of Section 8.7.2 cannot be shown due to specific
design characteristics (e.g., seaplanes, airships, or supersonic aircraft), the operator shall apply
approved performance standards that ensure a level of safety not less restrictive than those of
relevant requirements of this Section.
(e) No person may operate a single-engine aircraft or an aircraft type certificated for operation by a
single-pilot used for revenue passenger carrying operations unless that aircraft is continually
operated in daylight, VFR, excluding over the top, and over routes and diversions there that do not
permit a safe forced landing to be executed in the event of an engine failure.
(1) Notwithstanding Subsection 8.7.2.2(e), the Authority may approve single-pilot operations
in propeller driven, turbine powered aircraft under IFR, at night, or under IMC for aircraft
certificated for a maximum take-off weight of 5,700 kg (12566 lb) or less and a maximum
approved passenger seating configuration of 9 or less, provided it meets the equipment
requirements of Part 7.
(2) Notwithstanding Subsection 8.7.2.2(e)(1), the Authority may approve single-pilot
operations in propeller driven, turbine powered aircraft under IFR at night, or under IMC
for aircraft certificated maximum take-off weight of 5,700 kg (12566 lb) or less with a
passenger seating configuration of more than 9 passengers if the aircraft is type
certificated for operations by a single pilot, provided it meets the equipment requirements
of Part 7 and the Authority has authorised an exemption from Subsection 8.7.2.2(e)(1) in
the operators operations specifications. If such operations are to be conducted outside
Cambodia , the Cambodia shall have an arrangement with the States where operations
will be conducted.
Note: Subsection 8.7.2.2(e)(2) is not currently in compliance with ICAO Annex 6, Part I, 4.9.1 but is
included here at the request of States that operate aircraft with a passenger seating configuration of 14.

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ICAO is giving consideration to change the passenger seating configuration requirements of 9 or less in
propeller-driven aircraft.
(f) No person may operate a multiengine aircraft used for revenue passengers carrying operations
that is unable to comply with any of the performance limitations of Subsections 8.7.2.5 through
8.7.2.9 unless that aircraft is continually operated—
(1) In daylight;
(2) In VFR, excluding over the top operations; and
(3) At a mass that will allow it to climb, with the critical engine inoperative, at least 15 m (50 ft)
a minute when operating at the MEAs of the intended route or any planned diversion, or at
1500 m (5,000 ft) MSL, whichever is higher.
(g) Multiengine aircraft that are unable to comply with paragraph (e)(3) are, for the purpose of this
Section, considered to be a single engine aircraft and shall comply with the requirements of
paragraph (d).
8.6.2.3 SINGLE AND MULTI-ENGINE AEROPLANE OPERATIONS

(a) No person may operate a single-engine aircraft in revenue passenger carrying operations unless
that aircraft is continually operated in daylight, VFR over such routes and diversions there from that
permit a safe forced landing to be executed in the event of an engine failure.
(1) Notwithstanding Subsection 8.7.2.3 (a), the Authority may approve single-engine
operations in propeller driven, turbine powered aircraft under IFR, at night, or under IMC
for aircraft certificated for a maximum take-off weight of 5,700 kg (12566 lb) or less and a
maximum approved passenger seating configuration of 9 or less, provided it meets the
equipment requirements of Part 7.
(2) Notwithstanding Subsection 8.7.2.3 (a)(1), the Authority may approve single-engine
operations in propeller driven, turbine powered aircraft under IFR at night, or under IMC
for aircraft certificated maximum take-off weight of 5,700 kg (12566 lb) or less with a
passenger seating configuration of more than 9 passengers if the aircraft is type
certificated for operations by a single pilot, provided it meets the equipment requirements
of Part 7 and the Authority has authorised an exemption from Subsection 8.7.2.3 (a)(1), in
the operators operations specifications. If such operations are to be conducted outside
Cambodia , the Cambodia shall have an arrangement with the States where operations
will be conducted
(b) No person shall operate single-engine turbine-powered aeroplanes at night and/or in IMC unless
the airworthiness certification of the aeroplane is appropriate and acceptable to the Authority and
that the overall safety of the operation is consistent with commercial air transportation operations
as provided by:
(1) The reliability of the turbine engine;
(2) The operator’s maintenance procedures, operating practices, flight dispatch procedures;
(3) Crew training programmes; and
(4) Equipment and additional requirements provided in accordance with paragraph (d)
(c) No person shall operate a single-engine turbine-powered aeroplane at night and/or in IMC unless
the aeroplane has an engine trend monitoring system, and those aeroplanes for which the
individual certificate of airworthiness is first issued on or after 1 January 2005 shall have an
automatic trend monitoring system.

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(d) IS: 8.7.2.3 provides additional airworthiness and operational requirements applicable to the
operation of single-engine turbine-powered aeroplanes at night and/or in IMC with respect to:
(1) Turbine engine reliability
(2) Systems and equipment
(3) Minimum equipment list
(4) Flight manual information
(5) Event reporting
(6) Operator planning
(7) Flight crew experience, training and checking
(8) Route limitations over water
(9) Operator certification or validation
(e) No person may operate a multiengine aircraft used for revenue passengers carrying operations
that is unable to comply with any of the performance limitations of Subsections 8.7.2.4 through
8.7.2.8 unless that aircraft is continually operated—
(1) In daylight;
(2) In VFR, excluding over the top operations; and
(3) At a mass that will allow it to climb, with the critical engine inoperative, at least 15 m (50 ft)
a minute when operating at the MEAs of the intended route or any planned diversion, or at
1500 m (5000 ft) MSL, whichever is higher.
(f) Multiengine aircraft that are unable to comply with paragraph (e) (3) are, for the purpose of this
Section, considered to be a single engine aircraft and shall comply with the requirements of
paragraph (a).
8.6.2.4 AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE CALCULATIONS

(a) No person may takeoff an aircraft used in commercial air transport without ensuring that the
applicable operating and performance limitations required for this section can be accurately
computed based on the AFM, RFM, or other data source approved by the Authority.
(b) Each person calculating performance and operating limitations for aircraft used in commercial air
transport shall ensure that performance data used to determine compliance with this section can,
during any phase of flight, accurately account for—
(1) Any reasonably expected adverse operating conditions that may affect aircraft
performance;
(2) One engine failure for aircraft having two engines, if applicable; and
(3) Two engine failure for aircraft having three or more engines, if applicable.
(c) When calculating the performance and limitation requirements of Subsections 8.7.2.5 to 8.7.2.9,
each person performing the calculation shall, for all engines operating and for inoperative engines,
accurately account for—
(1) In all phases of flight—
(i) The effect of fuel and oil consumption on aircraft mass;

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(ii) The effect of fuel consumption on fuel reserves resulting from changes in flight
paths, winds, and aircraft configuration;
(iii) The effect of fuel jettisoning on aircraft mass and fuel reserves, if applicable and
approved;
(iv) The effect of any ice protection system, if applicable and weather conditions
require its use;
(v) Ambient temperatures and winds along intended route and any planned
diversion;
(vi) Flight paths and minimum altitudes required to remain clear of obstacles.
(2) During takeoff and landing—
(d) The condition of the takeoff runway or area to be used, including any contaminates (e.g., water,
slush, snow, ice);
(1) The gradient of runway to be used;
(2) The runway length including clearways and stopways, if applicable;
(3) Pressure altitudes at takeoff and landing sites;
(4) Current ambient temperatures and winds at takeoff;
(5) Forecast ambient temperatures and winds at each destination and planned alternate
landing site;
(6) The ground handling characteristics (e.g., braking action) of the type of aircraft; and
(7) Landing aids and terrain that may affect the takeoff path, landing path, and landing roll.
Note 1: Where conditions are different from those on which the performance is based, compliance may be
determined by interpolation or by computing the effects of changes in the specific variables, if the results of
the interpolation or computations are substantially as accurate as the results of direct tests.
Note 2: To allow for wind effect, takeoff and landing data based on still air may be corrected by taking into
account not more than 50 percent of any reported headwind component and not less than 150 percent of
any reported tailwind component.
8.6.2.5 TAKEOFF LIMITATIONS

(a) Aeroplanes. No person may takeoff an aeroplane used in commercial air transport unless the
following requirements are met when determining the maximum permitted take-off mass:
(1) The takeoff run shall not be greater than the length of the runway.
(2) For turbine- powered aeroplanes—
(i) The takeoff distance shall not exceed the length of the runway plus the length of
any clearway, except that the length of any clearway included in the calculation
shall not be greater than 1/2 the length of the runway; and
(ii) The accelerate-stop distance shall not exceed the length of the runway, plus the
length of any stopway, at any time during takeoff until reaching V1.
(3) For piston-engined aeroplanes—
(i) The accelerate-stop distance shall not exceed the length of the runway at any
time during takeoff until reaching V1.

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(4) If the critical engine fails at any time after the aeroplane reaches V1, to continue the
takeoff flight path and clear all obstacles either—
(i) By a height of at least 9 m (35 ft) vertically for turbine-powered aeroplanes or 15
m (50 ft) for piston-engined aeroplanes; and
(ii) By at least 60 m (200 ft) horizontally within the aerodrome boundaries and by at
least 90 m (300 ft) horizontally after passing the boundaries, without banking
more than 15 degrees at any point on the takeoff flight path.
(b) Helicopters. No person may take-off a helicopter used in commercial air transport that, in the event
of a critical engine failure, cannot—
(1) For Class 1 helicopters—
(i) At or before the takeoff decision point, discontinue the takeoff and stop within the
rejected takeoff area; or
(ii) After the takeoff decision point, continue the takeoff and then climb, clearing all
obstacles along the flight path, until a suitable landing site is found.
(i) Before reaching a defined point after take-off, safely execute a forced landing
within the rejected takeoff area, or
(ii) At any point after reaching a defined point after take-off, continue the takeoff and
then climb, clearing all obstacles along the flight path, until a suitable landing site
is found.
(i) Clear the obstacles along its flight path by an adequate margin; or
(ii) Maintain minimum flight altitude; or
(iii) At engine failure permit a safe, forced landing.
8.6.2.6 EN ROUTE LIMITATIONS- AEROPLANE—ALL ENGINES OPERATING

(a) No person may take off a piston-engined aeroplane used in commercial air transport at a mass that
does not allow a rate of climb of at least 6.9 Vso, (that is, the number of feet per minute obtained
by multiplying the aeroplane’s minimum steady flight speed by 6.9) with all engines operating, at an
altitude of at least 300 m (1000 ft) above all terrain and obstructions within ten miles of each side of
the intended track.
8.6.2.7 EN ROUTE LIMITATIONS—ONE ENGINE INOPERATIVE

(a) Aeroplane. No person may take off an aeroplane used in commercial air transport having two
engines unless that aeroplane can, in the event of a power failure at the most critical point en
route, continue the flight to a suitable aerodrome where a landing can be made while allowing—
(i) At least a rate of climb of 0.079 - (0.106/number of engines installed) Vso2 (when
Vso is expressed in knots) at an altitude of 300 m (1000 ft) above all terrain and
obstructions within 9.3 km (5 nautical miles), on each side of the intended track;
and

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(ii) A positive slope at an altitude of at least 450 m (1500 ft) above the aerodrome
where the aeroplane is assumed to land.
(2) For turbine-powered transport category aeroplanes—
(i) A positive slope at an altitude of at least 300 m (1000 ft) above all terrain and
obstructions within 9.3 km (5 nautical miles), on each side of the intended track;
(ii) A net flight path from cruising altitude to the intended landing aerodrome that
allows at least 600 m (2000 ft) clearance above all terrain and obstructions within
9.3 km (5 nautical miles), on each side of the intended track; and
(iii) A positive slope at an altitude of at least 450 m (1500 ft) above the aerodrome
where the aeroplane is assumed to land;
Note: The climb rate specified in paragraph (a)(1)(i) may be amended to 0.026 Vso2 for large transport
category aircraft issued a type certificate before 1953.
Note: The 9.3 km (5 nautical miles) clearance margin stated in paragraph (a) shall be increased to 18.5 km
(10 nautical miles) if navigational accuracy does not meet the 95% containment level.
(b) Helicopter. No person shall take off a helicopter used in commercial air transport having two
engines unless that helicopter can, in the event of the critical engine failing at any point in the en
route phase, continue the flight to the destination or alternate landing site without flying below the
minimum flight altitude at any point and clearing all obstacles in the approach path by a safe
margin.
8.6.2.8 EN ROUTE LIMITATIONS—TWO ENGINES INOPERATIVE

(a) Aeroplane. No person may takeoff an aeroplane used in commercial air transport having three or
more engines at such a mass where there is no suitable landing aerodrome within 90 minutes at
any point along the intended route (with all engines operating at cruising power), unless that
aeroplane can, in the event of simultaneous power failure of two critical engines at the most critical
point along that route, continue to a suitable landing aerodrome while allowing—
(1) For turbine-powered aeroplanes—
(i) A net flight path (considering the ambient temperatures anticipated along the
track) clearing vertically by at least 600 m (2000 ft) all terrain and obstructions
within 9.3 km (five nautical miles) on each side of the intended track;
(ii) A positive slope at 450 m (1500 ft) above the aerodrome of intended landing; and
(iii) Enough fuel to continue to the aerodrome of intended landing, to arrive at an
altitude of at least 450 m (1500 ft) directly over the aerodrome, and thereafter to
fly for 15 minutes at cruise power.
Note: The consumption of fuel and oil after the engine failure is the same as the consumption that
is allowed for in the net flight path data in the AFM.
(i) A rate of climb at 0.013 Vso2 feet per minute (that is, the number of feet per
minute is obtained by multiplying the number of knots squared by 0.013) at an
altitude of 300m (1000 ft) above the highest ground or obstruction within 18.6 km
(10 nautical miles) on each side of the intended track, or at an altitude of 1500 m
(5000 ft), whichever is higher; and

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(ii) Enough fuel to continue to the aerodrome of intended landing and to arrive at an
altitude of at least 300 m (1000 ft) directly over that aerodrome.
Note 1: When the two engines of the piston-engined aeroplane are predicted to fail at an altitude above the
prescribed minimum altitude, compliance with the prescribed rate of climb need not be shown during the
descent from the cruising altitude to the prescribed minimum altitude, if those requirements can be met once
the prescribed minimum altitude is reached, and assuming descent to be along a net flight path and the rate
of descent to be 0.013 Vso2 greater than the rate in the approved performance data.
Note 2: If fuel jettisoning is authorised (or planned), the aeroplane’s mass at the point where the two
engines fail is considered to be not less than that which would include enough fuel to proceed to an
aerodrome and to arrive at an altitude of at least 300 m (1000 ft) directly over that aerodrome.
(b) Helicopters. No person shall takeoff a Class 1 or Class 2 helicopter used in commercial air
transport having three or more engines unless that helicopter can, in the event of two critical
engines failing simultaneously at any point in the en route phase, continue the flight to a suitable
landing site.
8.6.2.9 LANDING LIMITATIONS

(a) Aeroplane. No person may take off an aeroplane used in commercial operations unless its mass
on arrival at either the intended destination aerodrome or any planned alternate aerodrome would
allow a full stop landing from a point 15 m (50 ft) above the intersection of the obstruction
clearance plane and the runway, and within—
(1) For turbine-powered aeroplanes, 60 percent of the effective length of each runway.
(2) For piston-engined aeroplanes, 70 percent of the effective length of each runway.
(b) For the purpose of determining the allowable landing mass at the destination aerodrome, each
person determining the landing limit shall ensure that—
(1) The aeroplane is landed on the most favourable runway and in the most favourable
direction, in still air; or
(2) The aeroplane is landed on the most suitable runway considering the probable wind
velocity and direction, runway conditions, the ground handling characteristics of the
aeroplane, and considering other conditions such as landing aids and terrain.
Note: If the runway at the landing destination is reported or forecast to be wet or slippery, the landing
distance available shall be at least 115 percent of the required landing distance unless, based on a showing
of actual operating landing techniques on wet or slippery runways, a shorter landing distance (but not less
than that required by paragraph (a)) has been approved for a specific type and model aeroplane and this
information is included in the AFM.
(c) A turbine-powered transport category aeroplane that would be prohibited from taking off because it
could not meet the requirements of paragraph (a)(1), may take off if an alternate aerodrome is
specified that meets all the requirements of paragraph (a).
(d) Helicopters. No person may take off a helicopter used in commercial air transport unless, with all
engines operating on arrival at the intended destination landing site or any planned alternate
landing, it can clear all obstacles on the approach path and can land and stop within the landing
distance available.
(e) Helicopters. No person may take off a helicopter used in commercial air transport unless, in the
event of any engine becoming inoperative in the approach and landing phase on arrival at the
intended destination landing site or any planned alternate landing, it can—

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(i) Before the landing decision point, clear all obstacles on the approach path and
be able to land and stop within the landing distance available or to perform a
balked landing and clear all obstacles in the flight path by an adequate margin; or
(ii) After the landing decision point, land and stop within the landing distance
available.
(i) Before reaching a defined point before landing, safely execute a forced landing
within the landing distance available.
(i) Safely execute a forced landing within the landing distance available.
8.6.2.10 ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR CLASS 3 HELICOPTERS OPERATING IN IMC

(a) Except for special VFR flights, no person may operate a performance Class 3 helicopter in IMC
unless:
(1) The surface environment over which the operation is to be performed is acceptable to the
Authority;
(2) The helicopter is certified for flight under IFR;
(3) The operation is approved by the Authority taking into consideration the overall level of
safety provided by:
(i) The reliability of the engines;
(ii) The operator’s maintenance procedures, operating practices and crew training
programmes; and equipment including the operator’s vibration health monitoring
practices for the tail-rotor drive system.
(b) Except for special VFR flights, no person may operate a performance Class 3 helicopter in IMC
unless the operator has an engine trend monitoring system and uses the instruments, systems and
operational/maintenance procedures to monitor the engines that are recommended by the
helicopter manufacture.

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8.7 FLIGHT RULES

8.7.1 ALL OPERATIONS
8.7.1.1 OPERATION OF AIRCRAFT ON THE GROUND

(a) No person may taxi an aircraft on the movement area of an aerodrome unless the person at the
controls—
(1) Has been authorised by the owner, the lessee, or a designated agent;
(2) Is fully competent to taxi the aircraft;
(3) Is qualified to use the radio if radio communications are required; and
(4) Has received instruction from a competent person in respect of aerodrome layout, and
where appropriate, information on routes, signs, marking, lights, ATC signals and
instructions, phraseology and procedures, and is able to conform to the operational
standards required for safe aircraft movement at the aerodrome.
(b) No person shall cause a helicopter rotor to be turned under power unless there is a qualified pilot
at the controls.
(c) No person shall taxi an aircraft under the guidance of a signalman unless—
(1) The standard marshalling signals to the aircraft are provided in a clear and precise
manner using the signals as prescribed by the Authority in IS: 8.8.2.11.
(2) The signalman is wearing a distinctive fluorescent identification vest to allow the flight
crew to identify that he or she is the person responsible for the marshalling operation; and
(3) The signalman and all participating ground staff are using daylight-fluorescent wands,
table-tennis bats or gloves for all signaling during daylight hours and illuminated wands at
night or in low visibility.
8.7.1.2 TAKEOFF CONDITIONS

(a) Before commencing takeoff, a PIC shall ensure that—
(1) According to the available information, the weather at the aerodrome and the condition of
the runway intended to be used will allow for a safe takeoff and departure; and
(2) The RVR or visibility in the takeoff direction of the aircraft is equal to or better than the
applicable minimum.
8.7.1.3 FLIGHT INTO KNOWN OR EXPECTED ICING

(a) No person may take off an aircraft or continue to operate an aircraft en route when icing conditions
are expected or encountered, without ensuring that the aircraft is certified for icing operations and
has sufficient operational de-icing or anti-icing equipment.
(b) No person may take off an aircraft when frost, ice or snow is adhering to the wings, control
surfaces, propellers, engine inlets or other critical surfaces of the aircraft which might adversely
affect the performance or controllability of the aircraft.

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(c) For commercial air transport operations, no person may take off an aircraft when conditions are
such that frost, ice or snow may reasonably be expected to adhere to the aircraft, unless the
aircraft has been inspected for icing, and the procedures approved for the AOC holder by the
Authority are followed to ensure ground de-icing and anti-icing is accomplished.
8.7.1.4 ALTIMETER SETTINGS

(a) Each person operating an aircraft, except a balloon or glider, shall maintain the cruising altitude or
flight level by reference to an altimeter setting.
(b) The lowest usable flight level is determined by the atmospheric pressure in the area of operation.
(c) The flightcrew shall use the altimeter settings provided by the ATC service of Cambodia.
Note: In areas of the world where it may not be possible to get an altimeter setting, reference the State’s
procedures in the AIP.
8.7.1.5 MINIMUM SAFE ALTITUDES—GENERAL

(a) Except when necessary for takeoff or landing, no person may operate an aircraft below the
following altitudes:
(1) Anywhere. An altitude allowing, if a power unit fails, continuation of flight or an
emergency landing without undue hazard to persons or property on the surface.
(2) Over congested areas. Over any congested area of a city, town, or settlement, or over
any open-air assembly of persons, an altitude of 300 m (1000 ft) above the highest
obstacle within a horizontal radius of 600 m (2000 ft) of the aircraft.
(3) Over other than congested areas. An altitude of 150 m (500 ft) above the surface, except
over open water or sparsely populated areas where the aircraft may not be operated
closer than 150 m (500 ft) to any person, vessel, vehicle, or structure.
(4) Helicopters. Pilots of helicopters are not subject to the proximity restrictions provided they
are operated in a manner that is not hazardous to persons and property on the surface.
The PIC of a helicopter shall comply with any routes or altitudes for the area that are
prescribed for helicopters by the Authority.
(5) Altitudes prescribed by ICAO Annex 2: 3.1.2, 4.6; 5.1.2
8.7.1.6 MINIMUM SAFE VFR ALTITUDES

(a) Except when necessary for takeoff or landing, no person may operate an aircraft below the
following altitudes:
(1) No person may operate an aeroplane during the day, under VFR, at an altitude less than
300 m (1000 ft) above the surface or within 300 m (1000 ft) of any mountain, hill, or other
obstruction to flight.
(2) No person may operate an aeroplane at night, under VFR, at an altitude less than 300 m
(1000 ft) above the highest obstacle within a horizontal distance of 8 km (5 statute miles)
from the centre of the intended course, or, in designated mountainous areas, less than
600 m (2000 ft) above the highest obstacle within a horizontal distance of 8 km (5 statute
miles) from the centre of the intended course.

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8.7.1.7 INSTRUMENT APPROACH OPERATING MINIMA
(a) No person may operate to or from an aerodrome using operating minima lower than those which
may be established for that aerodrome by the State in which it is located, unless that State
specifically approves that operation in accordance with the provisions of Implementing Standard:
IS: 8.8.1.7.
(b) No person may conduct instrument approach operations at an aerodrome below 800 m (2600 ft)
visibility unless RVR information is provided.
(c) Instrument approach operations shall be classified based on the designed lowest operating minima
below which an approach operation shall only be continued with the required visual reference as
follows:
(1) Type A: a minimum descent height or decision height at or above 75 m (250 ft); and
(2) Type B: a decision height below 75 m (250 ft). Type B instrument approach operations
are categorized as:
(i) Category I (CAT I): a decision height not lower than 60 m (200 ft) with either a
visibility not less than 800 m or a runway visual range not less than 550 m;
(ii) Category II (CAT II): a decision height lower than 60 m (200 ft) but not lower than
30 m (100 ft) and a runway visual range not less than 300 m;
(iii) Category IIIA (CAT IIIA): a decision height lower than 30 m (100 ft) or no
decision height and a runway visual range not less than 175 m;
(iv) Category IIIB (CAT IIIB): a decision height lower than 15m (50 ft) or no decision
height and a runway visual range less than 175 m but not less than 50 m; and,
(v) Category IIIC (CAT IIIC): no decision height and no runway visual range
limitations.
(d) The operating minima for 2D instrument approach operations using instrument approach
procedures shall be determined by establishing a minimum descent altitude (MDA) or minimum
descent height (MDH), minimum visibility and, if necessary, cloud conditions.
(e) The operating minima for 3D instrument approach operations using instrument approach
procedures shall be determined by establishing a decision altitude (DA) or decision height (DH)
and the minimum visibility or RVR.
Note 1: Where DH and RVR fall into different categories of operation, the instrument approach operation
would be conducted in accordance with the requirements of the most demanding category (e.g., an
operation with a DH in the range of CAT IIIA but with an RVR in the range of CAT IIIB would be considered
a CAT IIIB operation or an operation with a DH in the range of CAT II but with an RVR in the range of CAT I
would be considered a CAT II operation).
Note 2: The required visual reference means that section of the visual aids or of the approach area which
should be been in view for sufficient time for the pilot to have made an assessment of the aircraft position
and rate of change of position, in relation to the desired flight path. In the case of a circling approach
operation the required visual reference is the runway environment.
Note 3: Guidance on approach classification as it relates to instrument approach operations, procedures,
runways and navigation systems is contained in ICAO Doc 9365, All Weather Operations Manual.
Note 4: For guidance on applying a continuous descent final approach (CDFA) flight technique on non-
precision approach procedures (2D instrument approach operations Type A) refer to ICAO Doc 8168,
PANS-OPS, Volume I, Section 4, Chapter 1. CDFA with manual calculation of the required rate of descent

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(see PANS-OPS (Doc 8168), Volume I, Part I, Section 4, Chapter 1, Sub-Sections 1.7 and 1.8) are
considered 2D instrument approach operations. CDFA with advisory VNAV guidance calculated by on-
board equipment (see PANS-OPS (Doc 8168), Volume I, Part I, Section 4, Chapter 1, Sub-Section 1.8,
paragraph 1.8.1) are considered 3D instrument approach operations.
8.7.1.8 CATEGORY II AND III OPERATIONS—GENERAL OPERATING RULES

(a) No person may operate a civil aircraft in a Category II or III operation unless—
(1) The PIC and CP of the aircraft hold the appropriate authorisations and ratings prescribed
in Part 2.
(2) Each flight crewmember has adequate knowledge of, and familiarity with, the aircraft and
the procedures to be used; and
(3) The instrument panel in front of the pilot who is controlling the aircraft has appropriate
instrumentation for the type of flight control guidance system that is being used.
(b) Unless otherwise authorised by the Authority, no person may operate a civil aircraft in a Category II
or Category III operation unless each ground component required for that operation and the related
airborne equipment is installed and operating.
(c) When the approach procedure being used provides for and requires the use of a DH, the
authorised DH is the highest of the following:
(1) The DH prescribed by the approach procedure.
(2) The DH prescribed for the PIC.
(3) The DH for which the aircraft is equipped.
(d) Unless otherwise authorised by the Authority, no pilot operating an aircraft in a Category II or
Category III approach that provides and requires use of a DH may continue the approach below
the authorised decision height unless the following conditions are met:
(1) The aircraft is in a position from which a descent to a landing on the intended runway can
be made at a normal rate of descent using normal manoeuvres, and where that descent
rate will allow touchdown to occur within the touchdown zone of the runway of intended
landing.
(2) At least one of the following visual references for the intended runway is distinctly visible
and identifiable to the pilot:
(i) The approach light system, except that the pilot may not descend below 30 m
(100 ft) above the touchdown zone elevation using the approach lights as a
reference unless the red terminating bars or the red side row bars are also
distinctly visible and identifiable.
(ii) The threshold.
(iii) The threshold markings.
(iv) The threshold lights.
(v) The touchdown zone or touchdown zone markings.
(vi) The touchdown zone lights.

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(e) Unless otherwise authorised by the Authority, each pilot operating an aircraft shall immediately
execute an appropriate missed approach whenever, before touchdown, the requirements of
paragraph (d) of this section are not met.
(f) No person operating an aircraft using a Category III approach without DH may land that aircraft
except in accordance with the provisions of the letter of authorisation issued by the Authority.
(g) No person may conduct Category II or III instrument approaches and landing operations below 800
m (2600 ft) visibility unless RVR information is provided.
(h) Paragraphs (a) through (g) of this section do not apply to operations conducted by AOC holders
issued a certificate under AOCR. No person may operate a civil aircraft in a CAT II or CAT III
operation conducted by an AOC holder unless the operation is conducted in accordance with that
AOC holder's approved training programme and operations specifications.
Note: Category II approval is required to prior to obtaining Category III approval.
8.7.1.9 CATEGORY II AND CATEGORY III MANUAL

(a) Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, no person may operate a civil aircraft in a
Category II or a Category III operation unless—
(1) There is available in the aircraft a current and approved Category II or Category III
Manual, as appropriate, for that aircraft;
(2) The operation is conducted in accordance with the procedures, instructions, and
limitations in the appropriate manual; and
(3) The instruments and equipment listed in the manual that are required for a particular
Category II or Category III operation have been inspected and maintained in accordance
with the maintenance programme contained in the manual.
(b) Each operator must keep a current copy of each approved manual at its principal base of
operations and must make each manual available for inspection upon request by the Authority.
(c) Paragraphs (a) and (b) do not apply to operations conducted by an AOC holder issued a certificate
under AOCR, which will have approved Category II or III operations included as a part of its
operations manual.
(d) IS: 8.8.1.9 provides specific Category II and III Manual requirements.
8.7.1.10 EXEMPTION FROM CERTAIN CATEGORY II OPERATIONS

(a) The Authority may grant an exemption from the requirements of Subsections 8.8.1.8 and 8.8.1.9
for the operation of small aircraft Category II operations if the operator can demonstrate to the
Authority that the proposed operation can be safely conducted.
Note: Such authorisation does not permit operation of the aircraft carrying persons or property for
compensation or hire.
8.7.1.11 DIVERSION DECISION—ENGINE INOPERATIVE

(a) Except as provided in paragraph (b), the PIC shall land the aircraft at the nearest suitable
aerodrome at which a safe landing can be made whenever an engine of an aircraft fails or is shut
down to prevent possible damage.

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(b) If not more than one engine of an aeroplane having three or more engines fails, or its rotation is
stopped, the PIC may proceed to an aerodrome if he or she decides that proceeding to that
aerodrome is as safe as landing at the nearest suitable aerodrome after considering the—
(1) Nature of the malfunction and the possible mechanical difficulties that may occur if flight is
continued;
(2) Altitude, mass, and usable fuel at the time of engine stoppage;
(3) Weather conditions en route and at possible landing points;
(4) Air traffic congestion;
(5) Kind of terrain; and
(6) Familiarity with the aerodrome to be used
8.7.1.12 OPERATING NEAR OTHER AIRCRAFT—INCLUDING FORMATION FLIGHTS

(a) No person may operate an aircraft so close to another aircraft as to create a collision hazard.
(b) No person may operate an aircraft in formation flight except --
(1) By arrangement with the PIC of each aircraft in the formation, and
(2) If in controlled airspace, in accordance with conditions prescribed by the appropriate air
traffic authority, which includes that:
(i) The formation operates as a single aircraft with regard to navigation and position
reporting
(ii) Separation between aircraft in the flight shall be the responsibility of the flight
leader and the pilots in command of the other aircraft in flight;
(iii) Separation between aircraft shall include periods of transition when aircraft are
manoeuvring to attain their own separation within the formation and during join-
up and break-away; and
(iv) A distance not exceeding 1 km (1/2 nautical mile) laterally and longitudinally and
30 m (100 ft) vertically from the flight leader shall be maintained by each aircraft.
(c) No person may operate an aircraft, carrying passengers for hire, in formation flight.
8.7.1.13 RIGHT-OF-WAY RULES—EXCEPT WATER OPERATIONS

(a) General.
(1) Each pilot shall maintain vigilance so as to see and avoid other aircraft; and
(2) When a rule of this subsection gives another aircraft the right-of-way, the pilot shall give
way to that aircraft and may not pass over, under, or ahead of it unless well clear and
taking into account the effect of aircraft wake turbulence.
(3) Each pilot who has the right-of-way shall maintain his or her heading and speed but is still
responsible for taking such action, including collision avoidance manoeuvres based on
resolution advisories provided by ACAS equipment, as will best avert collision.
(b) In distress. An aircraft in distress has the right-of-way over all other air traffic.
(c) Converging.
(1) When aircraft of the same category are converging at approximately the same altitude
(except head-on, or nearly so), the aircraft to the other's right has the right-of-way.

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(2) If the converging aircraft are of different categories—
(i) A balloon has the right-of-way over any other category of aircraft;
(ii) A glider has the right-of-way over an airship, and power driven heavier than air
aircraft; and
(iii) An airship has the right-of-way over a power driven heavier than air aircraft
(d) Towing or refueling. An aircraft towing or refueling other aircraft has the right-of- way over all other
engine-driven aircraft, except aircraft in distress.
(e) Approaching head-on. When aircraft are approaching each other head-on, or nearly so, each pilot
of each aircraft shall alter course to the right.
(f) Overtaking. Each aircraft that is being overtaken has the right-of-way and each pilot of an
overtaking aircraft, whether climbing, descending or in horizontal flight, shall alter course to the
right to pass well clear.
(g) Landing. Aircraft, while on final approach to land or while landing, have the right-of-way over other
aircraft in flight or operating on the surface.
(h) More than one landing aircraft. When two or more aircraft are approaching an aerodrome for the
purpose of landing, the aircraft at the lower altitude has the right-of-way.
(i) The PIC shall not take advantage of the right of way landing rules in items (g) and (h) in this
paragraph to cut in front of another aircraft that is on final approach to land or to overtake that
aircraft.
(j) Emergency landing. Aircraft that are compelled to land have the right-of-way over other aircraft.
(k) Taking off. Aircraft taking off have the right-of-way over aircraft taxiing on the manoeuvring area of
an aerodrome.
(l) Surface movement of aircraft.
(1) Approaching head-on. When aircraft are approaching each other head-on, or
approximately so, each pilot of each aircraft shall stop, or wherever practicable alter
course to the right so as to keep well clear
(2) Converging. When aircraft are converging on a course, the pilot who has the other
aircraft on his right shall give way.
(3) Overtaking. Each aircraft that is being overtaken has the right-of-way and each pilot of an
overtaking aircraft shall keep well clear.
(m) Aircraft taxiing on the manoeuvring area of an aerodrome.
(1) The pilot of an aircraft taxiing on the manoeuvring area shall stop and hold at all runway-
holding positions unless otherwise authorised by the aerodrome control tower.
(2) The pilot of an aircraft taxiing on the manoeuvring area shall stop and hold at all lighted
stop bars and may proceed further when the lights are switched off.
(3) The pilot of an aircraft taxiing on the manoeuvring area of an aerodrome shall give way to
aircraft –
(i) taking off or about to take off;
(ii) landing or in the final stages of an approach to landing.

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8.7.1.14 RIGHT-OF-WAY RULES—WATER OPERATIONS
(a) General. Each person operating an aircraft on the water shall, insofar as possible, keep clear of all
vessels and avoid impeding their navigation, and shall give way to any vessel or other aircraft that
is given the right-of-way by any rule of this subsection.
(b) Converging or Crossing. When aircraft, or an aircraft and a vessel, are on crossing courses, the
aircraft or vessel to the other's right has the right-of-way.
(c) Approaching head-on. When aircraft, or an aircraft and a vessel, are approaching head-on, or
nearly so, each shall alter its course to the right to keep well clear.
(d) Overtaking. Each aircraft or vessel that is being overtaken has the right-of-way, and the one
overtaking shall alter course to keep well clear.
(e) Special circumstances. When aircraft, or an aircraft and a vessel, approach so as to involve risk of
collision, each aircraft or vessel shall proceed with careful regard to existing circumstances,
including the limitations of the respective craft
(f) Landing and taking off. When aircraft, on landing or taking off from the water, shall keep well clear
of all vessels and avoid impeding their navigation.
8.7.1.15 USE OF AIRCRAFT LIGHTS

(a) If an aircraft has red rotating beacon lights, or other lights installed to show that the engine is
running, the pilot shall switch those lights on before starting engines and display those lights at all
times the engines are running.
(b) No person may operate an aircraft between the period from sunset to sunrise unless—
(1) It has lighted navigation lights; and
(2) If anti-collision lights are installed, those lights are lighted.
(c) No person may park or move an aircraft between the period from sunset to sunrise in, or in a
dangerous proximity to, a movement area of an aerodrome, unless the aircraft—
(1) Is clearly illuminated;
(2) Has lighted navigation lights, or
(3) Is in an area that is marked by obstruction lights, or
(4) Has lights to indicate when the engine is running.
(d) No person may anchor an aircraft unless that aircraft—
(1) Has lighted anchor lights; or
(2) Is in an area where anchor lights are not required on vessels.
(e) No person may operate an aircraft on water during the period from sunset to sunrise unless—
(1) It displays lights as required by the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at
Sea (most recent edition); or
(2) It shall display lights as similar as possible in characteristics and position to those required
by the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea if it is not practical to
display the lights exactly as required.
(f) A pilot is permitted to switch off or reduce the intensity of any flashing lights fitted to meet the
requirements of this paragraph if they do or are likely to—

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(1) Adversely affect the satisfactory performance of duties; or
(2) Subject an outside observer to harmful dazzle.
8.7.1.16 SIMULATED INSTRUMENT FLIGHT

(a) No person may operate an aircraft in simulated instrument flight unless—
(1) The aircraft has fully functioning dual controls,
(2) The other control seat is occupied by a safety pilot who holds at least a private pilot
licence with category and class ratings appropriate to the aircraft being flown, and
(3) The safety pilot has adequate vision forward and to each side of the aircraft, or a
competent observer in the aircraft adequately supplements the vision of the safety pilot.
(b) No person may engage in simulated instrument flight conditions during commercial air transport
operations.
8.7.1.17 INFLIGHT SIMULATION OF ABNORMAL SITUATIONS

(a) No person may simulate an abnormal or emergency situation during commercial air transport
operations.
8.7.1.18 DROPPING, SPRAYING, TOWING

(a) Except under conditions prescribed by the Authority, no pilot may take the following actions—
(1) Dropping, dusting or spraying from an aircraft;
(2) Towing of aircraft or other objects; or
(3) Allowing parachute descents.
8.7.1.19 AEROBATIC FLIGHT

(a) No person may operate an aircraft in aerobatic flight—
(1) Over any city, town or settlement;
(2) Over an open air assembly of persons;
(3) Within the lateral boundaries of the surface areas of Class B, C, D or E airspace
designated for an aerodrome;
(4) Below an altitude of 450 m (1500 ft) above the surface;
(5) When the flight visibility is less than 5 km (3 statute miles), and
(6) Unless in compliance with any other conditions prescribed by the Authority.
(b) No person may operate an aircraft in manoeuvres exceeding a bank of 60 degrees or pitch of 30
degrees from level flight attitude unless all occupants of the aircraft are wearing parachutes packed
by a qualified parachute rigger, licensed in accordance with Part 2 of these regulations, in the past
12 calendar-months.
8.7.1.20 FLIGHT TEST AREAS

(a) No person may flight-test an aircraft except over open water, or sparsely populated areas having
light traffic.

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8.7.1.21 PROHIBITED AREAS AND RESTRICTED AREAS
(a) No person may operate an aircraft in a prohibited area, or in restricted areas, the particulars of
which have been duly published, except in accordance with the conditions of the restrictions or by
permission of the State over whose territory the areas are established.
8.7.1.22 OPERATIONS IN MNPS OR RVSM AIRSPACE

(a) No person may operate a civil aircraft of Cambodian registry in the North Atlantic airspace
designated as MNPS airspace or in airspace designated as RVSM without a written authorisation
issued by the Authority.
(b) No person may operate an aircraft in MNPS or RVSM airspace, except in accordance with the
conditions of the procedures and restrictions required for this airspace.
Note: CCAR Part 7 contains requirements regarding navigation equipment for operations in MNPS and
RVSM airspace.
8.7.1.23 OPERATIONS ON OR IN THE VICINITY OF A CONTROLLED OR AN UNCONTROLLED

AERODROME
(a) When approaching to land at an aerodrome, each pilot of:
(1) An aeroplane shall make all turns of that aeroplane to the left; or to the right, if
appropriately indicated by the authorities having jurisdiction over that aerodrome;
(2) A helicopter shall avoid the flow of aeroplanes.
(b) When departing an aerodrome, each pilot of an aircraft shall comply with any traffic patterns
established by the authorities having jurisdiction over that aerodrome.
(c) Each pilot of an aircraft shall land and takeoff into the wind unless safety, the runway
configurations, or traffic considerations determine that a different direction is preferable.
(d) Each pilot operating an aircraft either on or in the vicinity of an aerodrome shall:
(1) Observe other aerodrome traffic for the purpose of avoiding collision; and
(2) Conform with or avoid the pattern of traffic formed by other aircraft in operation.
(e) Each pilot of an aircraft when operating to, from, or through an aerodrome having an operational
control tower shall also comply with the requirements at Subsection 8.8.2.8.
(f) Aerodrome traffic management at controlled and uncontrolled aerodromes may be supplemented
or directed by the use of universal aviation signals, such as the light displays and visual markings
described in IS: 8.8.2.11.
8.7.1.24 AERODROME TRAFFIC PATTERN ALTITUDES—TURBOJET, TURBOFAN, OR LARGE

AIRCRAFT
(a) When arriving at an aerodrome, the PIC of a turbojet, turbofan, or large aircraft shall enter the
traffic pattern at least 450 m (1500 ft) AGL until further descent is required for landing.
(b) When departing, the PIC of a turbojet, turbofan, or large aircraft shall climb to 450 m (1500 ft) AGL
as rapidly as practicable.

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8.7.1.25 COMPLIANCE WITH VISUAL AND ELECTRONIC GLIDE SLOPES
(a) The PIC of an aeroplane approaching to land on a runway served by a visual approach slope
indicator shall maintain an altitude at or above the glide slope until a lower altitude is necessary for
a safe landing.
(b) The PIC of a turbojet, turbofan, or large aeroplane approaching to land on a runway served by an
ILS shall fly that aeroplane at or above the glide slope from the point of interception to the middle
marker.
8.7.1.26 RESTRICTION OR SUSPENSION OF OPERATIONS: COMMERCIAL AIR TRANSPORT

(a) If a PIC or an AOC holder knows of conditions, including aerodrome and runway conditions, that
are a hazard to safe operations, that person shall restrict or suspend all commercial air transport
operations to such aerodromes and runways as necessary until those conditions are corrected.
8.7.1.27 CONTINUATION OF FLIGHT WHEN DESTINATION AERODROME IS TEMPORARILY

RESTRICTED—COMMERCIAL AIR TRANSPORT
(a) No PIC may allow a flight to continue toward any aerodrome of intended landing where commercial
air transport operations have been restricted or suspended, unless:
(1) In the opinion of the PIC, the conditions that are a hazard to safe operations may
reasonably be expected to be corrected by the ETA; or
(2) There is no safer procedure.
8.7.1.28 INTERCEPTION
(a) When intercepted by a military or government aircraft, each PIC shall comply with the international
standards when interpreting and responding to visual signals and communication as specified in
IS: 8.8.1.28.
(b) No pilot may conduct an international flight unless the procedures and signals relating to
interception of aircraft, as specified in IS: 8.8.1.28, are readily available on the flight deck.
8.7.1.29 CONTROL OF AIRCRAFT NOISE

"Annex" means Volume I of Annex 16 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation entitled
"Environmental Protection" and any amendment thereto;
"Noise certification” means a certificate of airworthiness issued with State of Design noise certification.
(a) This Part shall apply to every aircraft landing or taking off in Cambodia.
(b) An administrative system for implementation of noise certification documentation has been
developed by the SSCA in accordance with Option 2 of ICAO Annex 16 with two complementary
documents :
(1) The second option is an administrative system consisting of two documents in which the
first official document is the certificate of airworthiness and attests noise certification
but is limited to identification of the aircraft and the statement of compliance, containing
only Items 1 through 6 of C of A and Items 18 through 20 of 2.1 of the Annex 16.
8.7.1.30 SINGLE PILOT OPERATIONS - AEROPLANE

(a) An aeroplane shall not be operated under the IFR or night by a single pilot unless approved by the
State of the Operator.

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(b) An aeroplane shall not be operated under IFR or at night by a single pilot unless;
(1) the flight manual does not require a flight crew of more than one;
(2) the aeroplane is propeller driven; turbine powered and complies with Subsection 8.7.2.2
(e)(1),
(3) the maximum approved passenger seating configuration is not more than nine, or the
aeroplane is propeller driven, turbine powered and complies with Subsection 8.7.2.2(e)(2)
and the maximum approved passenger seating configuration is more than nine;
(4) the maximum certificated take-off mass does not exceed 5700 kg (12566 lb);
(5) the aeroplane is equipped as described in Part 7: 7.2.1.4 (c)(e) ;
(6) the pilot-in-command has satisfied the requirements of experience, training, checking, and
recency described in Subsection 8.10.1.41.
(c) Notwithstanding (b)(2) and (b)(3) above, the aeroplane shall be operated in compliance with
Subsection 8.7.2.2(a).
(d) Any exemption for single pilot operations with more than nine passengers shall be authorized by
the Authority in the operator’s operations specifications, as required by Subsection 8.7.2.2(e)(2).
(e) If such operations are to be conducted outside of Cambodia, shall have an arrangement with the
States where the operations will be conducted.
8.7.1.31 SINGLE ENGINE AEROPLANE OPERATIONS

(a) Except as provided in (b) and (c) single-engine aeroplanes, shall only be operated in conditions of
weather and light, and over such routes and diversions there from, that permit a safe forced
landing to be executed in the event of engine failure.
(b) In approving operations by single-engine turbine-powered aeroplanes, at night and/or in IMC, the
State of the Operator shall ensure that the airworthiness certification of the aeroplane is
appropriate and that the overall level of safety intended by the provisions of CCAR Parts 5 and 8 is
provided by;
(1) the reliability of the turbine engine;
(2) the operator’s maintenance procedures, operating practices, flight dispatch procedures
and crew training programmes; and
(3) equipment, and other requirements provided in accordance with Subsection 8.7.2.3 and
IS: 8.7.2.3
(c) All single-engine turbine-powered aeroplanes operated at night and /or in IMC shall have an engine
trend monitoring system, and those aeroplanes for which the individual certificate .of airworthiness
is first issued on or after 1 January 2005 shall have an automatic trend monitoring system
8.7.1.32 AEROPLANE OPERATING PROCEDURES FOR RATES OF CLIMB AND DESCENT

(a) Unless otherwise specified in an air traffic control instruction, to avoid unnecessary airborne
collision avoidance system (ACAS II) resolution advisories in aircraft at or approaching adjacent
altitudes or flight levels, operators should specify procedures by which an aeroplane climbing or
descending to an assigned altitude or flight level, especially with an autopilot engaged, may do so
at a rate less than 8 m (26 ft)/sec or 450 m (1500 ft)/min (depending on the instrumentation
available throughout the last 300 m (1000 ft) of climb or descent to the assigned level when the
pilot is made aware of another aircraft at or approaching an adjacent altitude or flight level.

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Note. Material concerning the development of these procedures is contained in the PANS-OPS (Doc 8168)
Volume I, Part III, Section 3, Chapter 3.
8.7.1.33 REMOTELY PILOTED AIRCRAFT (RPA)

(a) No person shall operate a RPA in a manner that would cause a hazard to persons, property or
other aircraft.
(b) Operating Rules. A person operating a RPA shall comply with the general operating rules as listed
below.
(1) A person operating an RPA, registered in Cambodia or holding an operator certificate
from Cambodia , and its RPAS,
(i) Shall not operate in Cambodia without appropriate authorisation from the
Authority,
(ii) Shall not engage in international air navigation appropriate authorisation from the
State from which the take-off of the RPA is made.
(iii) Shall not operator across the territory of another State, without special
authorisation issued by each State in which the flight is to operate, which shall be
obtained prior to take-off if there is reasonable expectation, when planning the
operations, that the aircraft may enter the airspace concerned.
Note: This authorisation may be in the form of agreements between the States involved.
(iv) Shall not operate over the high seas without prior coordination with the
appropriate ATS Authority, which shall be obtained prior to take-off if there is
reasonable expectation, when planning the operations, that the aircraft may enter
the airspace concerned.
(v) Shall operate in accordance with conditions specified by the State of Registry,
and the State of the Operator if different, and the State(s) in which the flight is to
operate.
(vi) Shall ensure that the RPAS meets the performance and equipment carriage
requirements for the specific airspace in which the flight is to operate.
(2) Once authorization has been received by the Authority, the operator”
(i) Shall file a flight plan prior to operation of a RPA.
(ii) Shall notify the Authority and ATC immediately in the event of a flight
cancellation, and
(iii) Shall, in the case of changes to the proposed flight, submit such changes to the
Authority for consideration.
(b) Certificates and Licences. No person may operate an RPA, registered in Cambodia or holding an
operator certificate from Cambodia unless the RPA, RPAS and the remote pilot has obtained the
proper approvals of the Authority, as listed below.
(1) An RPAS shall be approved, taking into account the interdependencies of the
components, in accordance with CCAR Part 5, including:
(i) A certificate of airworthiness for the RPA, and.
(ii) The associated RPAS components specified in the type design certificate and
maintained in accordance with national regulations.

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(2) An operator shall have an RPAS operator certificate issued in accordance with national
regulations.
(3) Remote pilots shall be licensed or have their licences rendered valid in accordance with
CCAR Part 2.
(c) Request for Authorisation.
(1) The request for authorisation referred to in paragraph (b) above shall be made by
providing the required information in the application form contained in IS 8.8.1.33;
(2) A request for authorization to operate an RPA in Cambodia shall be made by following the
requirements in CCAR 10: 10.2.1.3 and providing the required information in the
application form contained in CCAR 10: IS: 10.2.1.3
8.7.1.34 UNMANNED FREE BALLOONS

(a) No person shall operate an unmanned free balloon in a manner that would cause a hazard to
persons, property or other aircraft.
(b) Classification. Unmanned free balloons shall be classified as:
(1) Light. An unmanned free balloon which carries a payload or one or more packages with a
combined mass of less than 4 kg (9 lb), unless qualifying as a heavy balloon below, or
(2) Medium. An unmanned free balloon which carries a payload of two or more packages
with a combined mass of 4 kg (9 lb)or more, but less than 6 kg, unless qualifying as a
heavy balloon; or
(3) Heavy. An unmanned free balloon which carries a payload which:
(i) Has a combined mass of 6 kg (13 lb) or more; or
(ii) Includes a package of 3 kg (6 lb) or more; or
(iii) Includes a package of 2 kg (4 lb) or more with an area density of more than 13 g
(28 lb) per square centimeter; or
(iv) Uses a rope of other device for suspension of the payload that requires an
impact force of 230 N or more to separate the suspended payload from the
balloon.
Note 1: The area density referred to in 8.8.1.34(b)(1)(iii) is determined by dividing the total mass in grams of
the payload package by the area in square centimeters of its smallest surface.
Note 2: The impact force of 230 N referred to in 8.8.1.34(b)(1)(iv) and (d)(9) is a unit of measure of force
equivalent to a breaking strain of greater than 50 lb.
(d) Operating Rules. No person may operate an unmanned free balloon --
(1) Unless it has received appropriate authorization from Cambodia ;
(2) Across the territory of another State without appropriate authorization from the other State
concerned prior to the launching of the balloon;
(3) Except in accordance with the conditions specified by the State of Registry and the
State(s) to be overflown;
(4) In such a manner that the balloon, or any part thereof, including its payload with the
surface of the earth, creates a hazard to persons or property not associated with the
operation.

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(5) Over the high seas without prior coordination with the appropriate ATS Authority.
(d) Operating Limitations and Equipment Requirements. No person shall operate a unmanned
balloon—
(1) Without authorization from the appropriate ATS Authority
(2) At or through any level below 18000 m (60000 ft) pressure-altitude at which:
(i) There are clouds or obscuring phenomena of more than 4 oktas coverage; or
(ii) The horizontal visibility is less than 8 km (5 statute miles).
(3) By releasing it in a manner that will cause it to fly lower than 300 m (1000 ft) over the
congested areas of cities, towns or settlements or in open-air assembly of persons not
associated with the operation.
(4) Unless it is equipped with at least two payload flight-termination devices or systems,
whether automatic or operated by telecommand, that operate independently of each
other.
(5) That is polyethylene zero-pressure unless is it equipped with at least two methods,
systems, devices or combinations thereof, that function independently of each other for
terminating the flight of the balloon envelope;
(6) Unless the balloon envelope is equipped with either a radar reflective device(s) or radar
reflective material that will present an echo to surface radar operating in the 200 MHz to 2
700 MHz frequency range, and/or the balloon is equipped with such other devices as will
permit continuous tracking by the operator beyond the range of ground-based radar.
(7) In an area where ground-based SSR equipment is in use, unless it is equipped with a
secondary surveillance radar transponder, with pressure-altitude reporting capability,
which is continuously operating on an assigned code, or which can be turned on when
necessary by the tracking station;
(8) In an area where ground-based ADS-B equipment is in use, unless it is equipped with an
ADS-B transmitter, with pressure-altitude reporting capability, which is continuously
operated or which can be turned on when necessary by the tracking station.
(9) With a trailing antenna with requires a force of more than 230 N to break it at any point
unless the antenna has coloured pennants or streamers that are attached at not more
than 15 m intervals;
(10) Below 18000 m (60000 ft) pressure-altitude between sunset and sunrise or such other
period between sunset and sunrise (corrected to the altitude of operations) as may be
prescribed by the appropriate ATS Authority, unless the balloon and its attachments and
payload, whether or not they become separated during the operations, are lighted;
(11) That is equipped with a suspension device (other than a highly conspicuously coloured
open parachute) more than 15 m (50 ft) long between sunrise and sunset below 18000 m
(60000 ft) pressure-altitude unless the suspension device is coloured in alternate bands of
high conspicuity colours or has coloured pennants attached.
(e) Termination. The operator of an unmanned free balloon with shall activate the appropriate
termination device –
(1) When it becomes know that weather conditions are less than those prescribed for the
operation;

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(2) If a malfunction or any other reason makes further operation hazardous to air traffic or to
persons or property on the surface, or
(3) Prior to unauthorized entry into the airspace over another State’s territory.
(f) Preflight Notification.
(1) No person shall operate a medium or heavy unmanned balloon unless he/she has made
the appropriate notification to the ATS unit
(i) The preflight notification contained in (b) below at least seven days prior to the
flight, and
(ii) Any changes in the pre-launch information no later than
(A) six hours before the estimated time of launch, or
(B) in the case of solar or cosmic disturbance investigations involving a
critical time element, 30 minutes before the estimated time of launch.
(2) The preflight notification shall contain the following:
(i) Balloon flight identification or project code name;
(ii) Balloon classification and description;
(iii) SSR code, aircraft address or NDB frequency as applicable;
(iv) Operator’s name and telephone number;
(v) Estimated time of launch (or time of commencement and completion of multiple
launches);
(vi) Number of balloons to be launched and the scheduled interval between launches
(if multiple launches);
(vii) Expected direction of ascent;
(viii) Cruising level(s) (pressure-altitude);
(ix) The estimated elapsed time to pass 18000 m (60000 ft) pressure-altitude or to
reach cruising level if at or below 18000 m (60000 ft) together with the estimated
location or if the operation consists of continuous launchings, the time to be
included is the estimated time at which the first and last in the series will reach
the appropriate level;
(x) The estimated date and time of termination of the flight and the planned location
of the impact/recovery area.
(A) In the case of balloons carry out flights of long duration, such that the
date and time of termination of the flight and the location of impact
cannot be forecast with accuracy, the term “long duration” shall be
used.
(B) If there is to be more than one location of impact/recover, each location
is to be listed together with the appropriate estimated time of impact.
(C) If there is to be a series of continuous impacts, the time to be included
is the estimated time of the first and the last in the series.
(g) Notification of launch. The operator of a medium or heavy unmanned free balloon shall,
immediately after launch, notify the appropriate ATS unit of the following:

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(1) Balloon flight Identification
(2) launch site;
(3) Actual time of launch;
(4) Estimate time at which 18000 m (60000 ft) pressure-altitude will be passed, or the
estimated time at which the cruising level will be reached if at or below 18000 m (60000 ft)
and the estimated location; and
(5) Any changes to the information previously notified in the preflight notification information.
(h) Notification of cancellation. The operator shall notify the ATS until immediately of a cancellation of
the launch of a medium or heavy unmanned free balloon for which a preflight plan has been filed.
(i) Position recording and reports.
(1) The operator of a heavy unmanned balloon shall monitor the flight path of the balloon and
forward reports of the balloon’s position to the ATS unit as follows –
(i) For operations at or below 18000 m (60000 ft) – every two hours;
(ii) For operations above 18000 m (60000 ft) – every 24 hours, or
(iii) Immediately if the tracking of the balloon has been lost, providing
(A) the balloons last known position, and
(B) the re-establishment of tracking of the balloon.
(2) The operator of a heavy unmanned balloon shall forward to the ATS unit the following
information regarding the balloon one hour before the beginning of the planned descent:
(i) The current geographical position;
(ii) The current level (pressure-altitude);
(iii) The forecast time of penetration of 18000 m (60000 ft) pressure-altitude, if
applicable;
(iv) The forecast time and location of ground impact.
(3) The operator of a medium or heavy unmanned free balloon shall notify the appropriate
ATS unit when the operation is completed.
8.7.2 CONTROL OF AIR TRAFFIC
8.7.2.1 ATC CLEARANCES

(a) Each PIC shall obtain an ATC clearance before operating a controlled flight, or a portion of a flight
as a controlled flight.
(b) Each PIC shall request an ATC clearance through the submission of a flight plan to an ATC facility,
including potential re-clearance in flight.
(c) Whenever an aircraft has requested a clearance involving priority, each PIC shall submit a report
explaining the necessity for such priority, if requested by the appropriate ATC facility.
(d) No person operating an aircraft on a controlled aerodrome may taxi on the manoeuvring area or
any runway without clearance from the aerodrome control tower.

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8.7.2.2 ADHERENCE TO ATC CLEARANCES
(a) When an ATC clearance has been obtained, no PIC may deviate from the clearance, except in an
emergency, unless he or she obtains an amended clearance.
Note 1: A flight plan may cover only part of a flight, as necessary, to describe that portion of the flight or
those manoeuvres which are subject to ATC. A clearance may cover only part of a current flight plan, as
indicated in a clearance limit or by reference to specific manoeuvres such as taxiing, landing or taking off.
Note 2: 8.8.2.2(a) does not prohibit a pilot from cancelling an IFR clearance when operating in VMC
conditions or cancelling a controlled flight clearance when operating in airspace that does not required
controlled flight.
(b) When operating in airspace requiring controlled flight, no PIC may operate contrary to ATC
instructions, except in an emergency.
(c) Each PIC who deviates from an ATC clearance or instructions in an emergency, shall notify ATC of
that deviation as soon as possible.
8.7.2.3 COMMUNICATIONS
(a) Each person operating an aircraft on a controlled flight shall maintain a continuous listening watch
on the appropriate radio frequency of, and establish two-way communication as required with, the
appropriate ATC facility.
(b) Each person operating an aircraft on a controlled flight shall, except when landing at a controlled
aerodrome, advise the appropriate ATC facility as soon as it ceases to be subject to ATC service.
Note 1: More specific procedures may be prescribed by the appropriate ATC Authority in respect of aircraft
forming part of aerodrome traffic at a controlled aerodrome.
Note 2: Automatic signaling devices may be used to satisfy the requirement to maintain a continuous
listening watch, if authorised by the Authority.
8.7.2.4 ROUTE TO BE FLOWN

(a) Unless otherwise authorised or directed by the appropriate ATC facility, the PIC of a controlled
flight shall, in so far as practicable—
(1) When on an established ATC route, operate along the defined centre line of that route; or
(2) When on any other route, operate directly between the navigation facilities and/or points
defining that route.
(b) The PIC of a controlled flight operating along an ATC route defined by reference to VORs shall
change over for primary navigation guidance from the facility behind the aircraft to that ahead of it
at, or as close as operationally feasible to, the change-over point, where established.
Note: These requirements do not prohibit manoeuvring the aircraft to pass well clear of other air traffic or the
manoeuvring of the aircraft in VFR conditions to clear the intended flight path both before and during climb
or descent.
8.7.2.5 INADVERTENT CHANGES

(a) A PIC shall take the following action in the event that a controlled flight inadvertently deviates from
its current flight plan:
(1) Deviation from track. If the aircraft is off track, the PIC shall adjust the heading of the
aircraft to regain track as soon as practicable.

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(2) Variation in true airspeed. Each PIC shall inform the appropriate ATC facility if the
average true airspeed at cruising level between reporting points varies from that given in
the flight plan or is expected to vary by plus or minus 5 per cent of the true airspeed.
(3) Change in time estimate. Each PIC shall notify the appropriate ATC facility and give a
revised estimated time as soon as possible if the time estimate for a reporting point, flight
information region boundary, or destination aerodrome, whichever comes first, is found to
be in excess of three minutes from that notified to ATC, or such other period of time as is
prescribed by the appropriate ATC Authority or on the basis of air navigation regional
agreements.
(b) When an ADS agreement is in place, the air traffic services unit shall be informed automatically via
data link whenever changes occur beyond the threshold values stipulated by the ADS event
contract.
8.7.2.6 ATC CLEARANCE—INTENDED CHANGES

(a) Requests for flight plan changes shall include the following information:
(1) Change of cruising level. Aircraft identification, requested new cruising level and cruising
speed at this level, and revised time estimates, when applicable, at subsequent flight
information region boundaries.
(2) Change of route:
(i) Destination unchanged. Aircraft identification, flight rules; description of new
route of flight including related flight plan data beginning with the position from
which requested change of route is to commence; revised time estimates, and
any other pertinent information.
(ii) Destination change. Aircraft identification; flight rules; description of revised
route of flight to revised destination aerodrome including related flight plan data,
beginning with the position from which requested change of route is to
commence; revised time estimates; alternate aerodrome(s); any other pertinent
information.
8.7.2.7 POSITION REPORTS

(a) Each pilot of a controlled flight shall report to the appropriate ATC facility, as soon as possible, the
time and level of passing each designated compulsory reporting point, together with any other
required information, unless exempted from this requirement by the appropriate ATC Authority.
(b) Each pilot of a controlled flight shall make position reports in relation to additional points or
intervals when requested by the appropriate ATC facility.
(c) When operating via data link communications providing position information to the appropriate air
traffic services unit, each pilot of a controlled flight shall only provide voice position reports when
requested by the appropriate ATC facility.
8.7.2.8 OPERATIONS ON OR IN THE VICINITY OF A CONTROLLED AERODROME

(a) No person may operate an aircraft to, from, through, or on an aerodrome having an operational
control tower unless two-way communications are maintained between that aircraft and the control
tower.
(b) On arrival, each PIC shall establish communications required by (a) prior to 7.4 km (4 nautical
miles) from the aerodrome when operating from the surface up to and including 760 m (2500 ft).

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(c) On departure, each PIC shall establish communications with the control tower before taxi.
(d) Takeoff, landing, taxi clearance. No person may, at any aerodrome with an operating control
tower, operate an aircraft on a runway or taxiway or takeoff or land an aircraft, unless an
appropriate clearance has been received by ATC.
Note: A clearance to “taxi to” the takeoff runway is not a clearance to cross or taxi on to that runway. It does
authorise the PIC to cross other runways during the taxi to the assigned runway. A clearance to “taxi to”
any other point on the aerodrome is a clearance to cross all runways that intersect the taxi route to the
assigned point.
(e) Communications failure. If the radio fails or two-way communication is lost, a PIC may continue a
VFR flight operation and land if:
(1) The weather conditions are at or above basic VFR minimums; and
(2) Clearance to land from the ATC tower is given in accordance with the universal light
signals and acknowledged by the PIC as contained in IS: 8.8.2.11(e) and (f) for light
signals and acknowledgement.
Note: During IFR operations, the two-way communications failure procedures in Subsection 8.8.4.19 will
apply.
8.7.2.9 UNLAWFUL INTERFERENCE

(a) A PIC shall, when and if possible, notify the appropriate ATC facility when an aircraft is being
subjected to unlawful interference, including—
(1) Any significant circumstances associated with the unlawful interference, and
(2) Any deviation from the current flight plan necessitated by the circumstances.
(b) A PIC shall attempt to land as soon as practicable when an aircraft is subjected to unlawful
interference at:
(1) The nearest suitable aerodrome, or
(2) A dedicated aerodrome assigned by the appropriate Authority unless considerations
aboard the aircraft dictate otherwise.
8.7.2.10 TIME CHECKS

(a) Each PIC shall use Co-ordinated Universal Time (UTC), expressed in hours and minutes of the 24-
hour day beginning at midnight, in flight operations.
(b) Each PIC shall obtain a time check before operating a controlled flight and at such other times
during the flight as may be necessary.
(c) Whenever time is used in the application of data link communications, it shall be accurate to within
one second of UTC.
Note: The time checks above in Subsection 8.8.2.10 (a) and (b) are normally obtained from an air traffic
services unit unless other arrangements have been made by the operator or by the appropriate ATC
Authority.
8.7.2.11 UNIVERSAL SIGNALS

(a) Upon observing or receiving any of the designated universal aviation signals as contained in IS:
8.8.2.11 and IS: 8.8.1.28, each person operating an aircraft shall take such action as may be
required by the interpretation of the signal.

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(b) The universal aviation signals shall have only the meaning indicated in the implementing standard.
(c) Each person using universal signals in the movement of aircraft shall only use them for the
purpose indicated.
(d) No person may use signals likely to cause confusion with universal aviation signals.
8.7.2.12 SIGNALMAN
(a) No person shall guide an aircraft unless trained, qualified and approved by the appropriate
authority to carry out the functions of a signalman.
(b) The signalman shall wear a distinctive fluorescent identification vest to allow the flight crew to
identify that he or she is the person responsible for the marshalling operation.
(c) The signalman shall use the marshalling equipment as specified in paragraph CCAR 8: 8.8.1.1(c).
8.7.3 VFR FLIGHT RULES
8.7.3.1 VISUAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS

(a) No person may operate an aircraft under VFR when the flight visibility is less than, or at a distance
from the clouds that is less than that prescribed, or the corresponding altitude and class of airspace
in the following table
Airspace and VMC Minimums*

Airspace Class A***B C D E FG
Above 900 m (3000 ft) At and below 900 m (3000
AMSL or above 300 m ft) AMSL or 300 m (I000 ft)
(1000 ft) above terrain, above terrain, whichever is
whichever is the higher the higher
Distance from cloud 1500 m (4920 ft) horizontally Clear of cloud and in sight
300 m (1000 ft) vertically of the surface
Flight visibility 8 km (5 statute miles) at and above 3050 m (10000 ft) 5 km (3 statute miles) **
AMSL
5 km (3 statute miles) below 3050 m (10000 ft) AMSL
*When the height of the transition altitude is lower than 3050 m (10000 ft) AMSL, FL 100 should be used in lieu of
10000 ft.
** When so prescribed by the appropriate ATC Authority lower flight visibilities to 1500 m (4920 ft) may be permitted
for flights operating:
1. at speeds that, in the prevailing visibility, will give adequate opportunity to observe other traffic or any
obstacles in time to avoid collision; or
2. in circumstances in which the probability of encounters with other traffic would normally be low, e.g., in
areas of low volume traffic and for aerial work at low levels.
Helicopters may be permitted to operate in less than 1500 m (4920 ft) flight visibility, if manoeuvred at a speed that
will give adequate opportunity to observe other traffic or any obstacles in time to avoid collision.
***The VMC minima in Class A airspace are included for guidance to pilots and do not imply acceptance of VFR
flights in Class A airspace.
)

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8.7.3.2 VFR WEATHER MINIMUMS FOR TAKEOFF AND LANDING
(a) No person may land or takeoff an aircraft under VFR from an aerodrome located within a control
zone, or enter the aerodrome traffic zone or traffic pattern airspace unless the—
(1) Reported ceiling is at least 450 m (1500 ft); and
(2) Reported ground visibility is at least 5 km (3 statute miles); or, except when a clearance is
obtained from ATC.
(a) No person may land or takeoff an aircraft or enter the traffic pattern under VFR from an aerodrome
located outside a control zone, unless VMC conditions are at or above those indicated in
Subsection 8.8.3.1.
(b) The only exception to the required weather minimums of this subsection is during a Special VFR
operation.
8.7.3.3 SPECIAL VFR OPERATIONS

(a) No person may conduct a Special VFR flight operation to enter the traffic pattern, land or takeoff an
aircraft under Special VFR from an aerodrome located in Class B, Class C, Class D or Class E
airspace unless:
(1) Authorised by an ATC clearance;
(2) The aircraft remains clear of clouds; and
(3) The flight visibility is at least 1.5 km (1 statute mile).
(b) No person may conduct a Special VFR flight operation in an aircraft between sunset and sunrise
unless
(1) The PIC is current and qualified for IFR operations; and
(2) The aircraft is qualified to be operated for IFR flight.
8.7.3.4 VFR CRUISING ALTITUDES

(a) Each person operating an aircraft in level cruising flight under VFR at altitudes above 900 m (3000
ft) from the ground or water, shall maintain a flight level appropriate to the track as specified in the
table of cruising levels in IS: 8.8.3.4:
(b) Paragraph (a) does not apply when otherwise authorised by ATC, when operating in a holding
pattern, or during maneuvering in turns.
8.7.3.5 ATC CLEARANCES FOR VFR FLIGHTS

(a) Each pilot of a VFR flight shall obtain and comply with ATC clearances and maintain a listening
watch before and during operations:
(1) Within Classes B, C and D airspace;
(2) As part of aerodrome traffic at controlled aerodromes; and
(3) Under Special VFR.
8.7.3.6 VFR FLIGHTS REQUIRING ATC AUTHORISATION

(a) Unless authorised by the appropriate ATC Authority, no pilot may operate in VFR flight—
(1) Above FL 200; or

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(2) At transonic and supersonic speeds.
(b) ATC authorisation for VFR flights may not be granted in areas where a VSM of only 300m (1,000
ft) is applied above FL 290.
(c) No person may operate in VFR flight between sunset and sunrise unless:
(1) Authorised by the appropriate ATC Authority, and
(2) Operating in accordance with any conditions prescribed by the Authority.
8.7.3.7 WEATHER DETERIORATION BELOW VMC

(a) Each pilot of a VFR flight operated as a controlled flight shall, when he or she finds it is not
practical or possible to maintain flight in VMC in accordance with the ATC flight plan—
(1) Request an amended clearance enabling the aircraft to continue in VMC to its destination
or to an alternative aerodrome, or to leave the airspace within which an ATC clearance is
required;
(2) If no clearance can be obtained, continue to operate in VMC and notify the appropriate
ATC facility of the action being taken either to leave the airspace concerned or to land at
the nearest suitable aerodrome;
(3) Operating within a control zone, request authorisation to operate as a special VFR flight;
or
(4) Request clearance to operate in IFR, if currently rated for IFR operations.
8.7.3.8 CHANGING FROM VFR TO IFR

(a) Each pilot operating in VFR who wishes to change to IFR shall—
(1) If a flight plan was submitted, communicate the necessary changes to be effected to its
current flight plan; or
(2) Submit a flight plan to the appropriate ATC facility and obtain a clearance before
proceeding IFR when in controlled airspace.
8.7.3.9 TWO-WAY RADIO COMMUNICATION FAILURE IN VFR

(a) Communications Failure: General
(1) In the event of communications failure, the pilot shall attempt to establish communications
with the appropriate air traffic control unit using all other available means.
(2) In addition, the pilot shall, when forming part of the aerodrome traffic at a controlled
aerodrome, shall keep a watch for such instructions as may be issued by visual signals.
(b) If radio failure occurs in VMC while under ATC control, or if VMC conditions are encountered after
the failure, each pilot shall—
(1) Continue the flight under VMC;
(2) Land at the nearest suitable aerodrome; and
(3) Report arrival to the appropriate ATC services unit by the most expeditious means
possible.

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8.7.4 IFR FLIGHT RULES
(a) All aircraft operated in accordance with instrument flight procedures shall comply with the
instrument flight rules, and the aerodrome instrument approach procedures approved by the
STATE where the operation will take place.
Note: Information for pilots on flight procedure parameters and operational procedures is contained in ICAO
Doc 8168, PANS-OPS, Volume I. Criteria for the construction of visual and instrument flight procedures are
contained in ICAO DOC 8186, PANS-OPS, Volume II. Obstacle clearance criteria and procedures used in
certain States may differ from PANS-OPS, and knowledge of these differences is important for safety
reasons.
8.7.4.2 IFR IN CONTROLLED AIRSPACE

(a) No person may operate an aircraft in controlled airspace under IFR unless that person has—
(b) Filed an IFR flight plan; and
(c) Received an appropriate ATC clearance.
8.7.4.3 IFR FLIGHTS OUTSIDE CONTROLLED AIRSPACE

(a) Each PIC of an IFR flight operating outside controlled airspace but within or into areas, or along
routes, designated by the appropriate ATC Authority, shall maintain a listening watch on the
appropriate radio frequency and establish two-way communication, as necessary, with the ATC
facility providing flight information service.
(b) Each PIC of an IFR flight operating outside controlled airspace for which the appropriate ATC
Authority requires a flight plan, a listening watch on the appropriate radio frequency and
establishment of two-way communication, as necessary, with the ATC facility providing flight
information service, shall report position as specified for controlled flights.
8.7.4.4 IFR TAKEOFF MINIMUMS FOR COMMERCIAL AIR TRANSPORT

(a) Unless otherwise authorised by the Authority, no pilot operating an aircraft in commercial air
transport operations may accept a clearance to take off from a civil aerodrome under IFR unless
weather conditions are at or above:
(1) For aircraft, other than helicopters, having two engines or less—1,500 m (1 statute mile)
visibility.
(2) For aircraft having more than two engines—800 m (1/2 statute mile) visibility.
(3) For helicopters—800 m (1/2 statute mile) visibility.
8.7.4.5 MINIMUM ALTITUDES FOR IFR OPERATIONS

(a) Operation of aircraft at minimum altitudes. Except when necessary for takeoff or landing, no
person may operate an aircraft under IFR below—
(1) The applicable minimum altitudes prescribed by the authorities having jurisdiction over the
airspace being overflown; or
(2) If no applicable minimum altitude is prescribed by the authorities—

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(i) Over high terrain or in mountainous areas, at a level which is at least 600 m
(2000 ft) above the highest obstacle located within 8 km (5 statute miles) of the
estimated position of the aircraft; and
(ii) Elsewhere than as specified in paragraph (i), at a level which is at least 300 m
(I000 ft) above the highest obstacle located within 8 km (5 statute miles) of the
estimated position of the aircraft.
(3) If an MEA and a MOCA are prescribed for a particular route or route segment, a person
may operate an aircraft below the MEA down to, but not below, the MOCA, when within
40.7 km (22 nautical miles) of the VOR concerned.
(b) Climb for obstacle clearance.
(1) If unable to communicate with ATC, each pilot shall climb to a higher minimum IFR
altitude immediately after passing the point beyond which that minimum altitude applies
(2) If ground obstructions intervene, each pilot shall climb to a point beyond which that higher
minimum altitude applies, at or above the applicable Minimum Crossing Altitude.
8.7.4.6 MINIMUM ALTITUDES FOR USE OF AN AUTOPILOT

(a) For en route operations, no person may use an autopilot at an altitude above the terrain that is less
than 152 m (500 ft).
Note: If the maximum altitude loss specified in the AFM for a malfunction under cruise conditions when
multiplied by two is more than 152 m (500 ft), then it becomes the controlling minimum altitude for use of the
autopilot.
(b) For instrument approach operations, no person may use an autopilot at an altitude above the
terrain that is less than 15 m (50 ft) below the MDA or DH.
Note: If the maximum altitude loss specified in the AFM for a malfunction under approach conditions when
multiplied by two is more than 15 m (50 ft), then it becomes the controlling minimum altitude for use of the
autopilot.
(c) For CAT III approaches, the Authority may approve the use of a flight control guidance system with
automatic capability to touchdown.
8.7.4.7 IFR CRUISING ALTITUDE OR FLIGHT LEVEL IN CONTROLLED AIRSPACE

(a) Each person operating an aircraft under IFR in level cruising flight in controlled airspace shall
maintain the altitude or flight level assigned that aircraft by ATC.
(b) Each person operating an aircraft in level cruising flight under IFR, or if authorised to employ cruise
climb techniques between two levels, shall maintain a flight level appropriate to the track as
specified in the table of cruising levels in IS: 8.8.3.4 or according to a modified table of cruising
levels when so prescribed in accordance with IS: 8.8.3.4 for flight above FL 410.
(c) Paragraph (c) above does not apply when otherwise authorised by ATC or specified by the
appropriate ATC Authority in Aeronautical Information Publications.
Note: The requirements for VFR cruising altitudes are in Subsection 8.8.3.4.

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8.7.4.8 IFR CRUISING ALTITUDE OR FLIGHT LEVEL IN UNCONTROLLED AIRSPACE
(a) Each person operating an aircraft in level cruising flight under IFR, outside of controlled airspace,
shall maintain a flight level appropriate to the track as specified in the table of cruising levels in IS:
8.8.3.4 or according to a modified table of cruising levels when so prescribed in accordance with
IS: 8.8.3.4 for flight above FL 410.
(b) A person may deviate from the cruising altitudes specified in paragraph (a) only when—
(1) Authorised by ATC for flight at or below 900 m (3000 ft) above MSL; or
(2) When otherwise authorised by ATC.
8.7.4.9 IFR RADIO COMMUNICATIONS

(a) Each PIC of an aircraft operated under IFR in controlled airspace shall have a continuous watch
maintained on the appropriate frequency and shall report by radio as soon as possible—
(1) The time and altitude of passing each designated reporting point, or the reporting points
specified by ATC, except that while the aircraft is under radar control, only the passing of
those reporting points specifically requested by ATC need be reported;
(2) Any unforecast weather conditions encountered; and
(3) Any other information relating to the safety of flight, such as hazardous weather or
abnormal radio station indications.
8.7.4.10 OPERATION UNDER IFR IN CONTROLLED AIRSPACE—MALFUNCTION REPORTS

(a) The PIC of each aircraft operated in controlled airspace under IFR shall report as soon as practical
to ATC any malfunctions of navigational, approach, or communication equipment occurring in flight.
(b) In each report specified in paragraph (a), the PIC shall include the—
(2) Equipment affected;
(3) Degree to which the capability of the pilot to operate under IFR in the ATC system is
impaired; and
(4) Nature and extent of assistance desired from ATC.
8.7.4.11 CONTINUATION OF IFR FLIGHT TOWARD A DESTINATION

(a) No pilot may continue an IFR flight toward an aerodrome or heliport of intended landing, unless the
latest available meteorological information indicates that the conditions at that aerodrome, or at
least one destination alternate aerodrome will, at the expected time of arrival be, at or above the
specified instrument approach minima.
8.7.4.12 INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURES AND IFR LANDING MINIMUMS

(a) No person may make an instrument approach at an aerodrome except in accordance with IFR
weather minimums and instrument approach procedures established for that aerodrome as set
forth by the Authority.
(b) No AOC holder may make an instrument approach at an aerodrome except as set forth in the
AOC holder's operations specifications.

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8.7.4.13 COMMENCING AN INSTRUMENT APPROACH
(a) No pilot may continue an approach below 300 m (1,000 ft.) above the aerodrome elevation or info
the final approach segment unless --
(1) A source approved by the Authority issues a weather report for that aerodrome; and
(2) The latest weather report for that aerodrome reports the visibility or controlling RVR to be
equal to or more than the minimums prescribed for that procedure.
(b) If a pilot begins the final approach segment of an instrument approach procedure and subsequently
receives a weather report indicating below-minimum conditions, the pilot may continue the
approach to DH or MDA.
Note 1: For the purpose of this subsection, the final approach segment begins at the final approach fix or
facility prescribed in the instrument approach procedure. When a final approach fix is not prescribed for a
procedure that includes a procedure turn, the final approach segment begins at the point where the
procedure turn is completed and the aircraft is established inbound toward the aerodrome on the final
approach course within the distance prescribed in the procedure.
Note 2 – Criteria for the Final Approach Segment is contained in ICAO Doc 8168, PANS-OPS, Volume H.
Note 3 – Controlling RVR means the reported values of one or more RVR reporting locations (touchdown,
mid-point and stop-end) used to determine whether operating minima are or are not met. Where RVR is
used, the controlling RVR is the touchdown RVR, unless otherwise specified by State criteria.
8.7.4.14 INSTRUMENT APPROACHES TO CIVIL AERODROMES

(a) Each person operating a civil aircraft shall use a standard instrument approach procedure
prescribed by the authorities having jurisdiction over the aerodrome, unless otherwise authorised
by the Authority.
(b) Authorised DH or MDA. For the purpose of this section, when the approach procedure being used
provides for and requires the use of a DH or MDA, the authorised DH or MDA is the highest of the
following:
(1) The DH or MDA prescribed by the approach procedure.
(2) The DH or MDA prescribed for the PIC.
(3) The DH or MDA for which the aircraft is equipped.
8.7.4.15 OPERATION BELOW DH OR MDA

(a) Where a DH or MDA is applicable, no pilot may operate a civil aircraft at any aerodrome or heliport
below the authorised MDA, or continue an approach below the authorised DH unless—
(1) The aircraft is continuously in a position from which a descent to a landing on the intended
runway can be made at a normal rate of descent using normal manoeuvres;
(2) For commercial air transport operations, a descent rate will allow touchdown to occur
within the touchdown zone of the runway of intended landing;
(3) The reported flight visibility is not less than the visibility prescribed in the standard
instrument approach being used or the controlling RVR is above the specified minimum;
and
(4) At least one of the following visual references for the intended runway is distinctly visible
and identifiable to the pilot—

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(i) The approach light system, except that the pilot may not descend below 30 m
(100 ft) above the touchdown zone elevation using the approach lights as a
reference unless the red terminating bars or the red side row bars are also
distinctly visible and identifiable.
(ii) The threshold;
(iii) The threshold markings;
(iv) Threshold lights;
(v) The runway end identifier lights;
(vi) The visual approach slope indicator;
(vii) The touchdown zone or touchdown zone markings;
(viii) The touchdown zone lights;
(ix) The runway or runway markings; or
(x) The runway lights.
Note 1: Controlling RVR means the reported values of one or more RVR reporting locations (touchdown,
mid-point and stop-end) used to determine whether operating minima are or are not met. Where RVR is
used, the controlling RVR is the touchdown RVR, unless otherwise specified.
Note 2: The visual references above do not apply to Category II and III operations. The required visual
references under Category II and III operations are stated in the AOC holder’s approved operations
specifications or in a special authorisation prescribed by the Authority.
8.7.4.16 LANDING DURING INSTRUMENT METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS

(a) No pilot operating a civil aircraft may land that aircraft when the flight visibility is less than the
visibility prescribed in the standard instrument approach procedure being used.
8.7.4.17 EXECUTION OF A MISSED APPROACH PROCEDURE

(a) Each pilot operating a civil aircraft shall immediately execute an appropriate missed approach
procedure when either of the following conditions exists:
(1) Whenever the required visual reference criteria is not met in the following situations:
(i) When the aircraft is being operated below MDA; or
(ii) Upon arrival at the missed approach point, including a DH where a DH is
specified and its use is required, and at any time after that until touchdown.
(2) Whenever an identifiable part of the aerodrome is not distinctly visible to the pilot during a
circling manoeuvre at or above MDA, unless the inability to see an identifiable part of the
aerodrome results only from a normal bank of the aircraft during the circling approach.
8.7.4.18 CHANGE FROM IFR FLIGHT TO VFR FLIGHT

(a) An pilot electing to change from IFR flight to VFR flight shall notify the appropriate ATC facility
specifically that the IFR flight is cancelled and then communicate the changes to be made to his or
her current flight plan.

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(b) When a pilot operating under IFR encounters VMC, he or she may not cancel the IFR flight unless
it is anticipated, and intended, that the flight will be continued for a reasonable period of time in
uninterrupted VMC.
8.7.4.19 TWO-WAY RADIO COMMUNICATIONS FAILURE IN IFR

(a) Communications Failure: General
(1) In the event of communications failure, the pilot shall attempt to establish communications
with the appropriate air traffic control unit using all other available means.
(2) In addition, the pilot shall, when forming part of the aerodrome traffic at a controlled
aerodrome, shall keep a watch for such instructions as may be issued by visual signals.
(b) If radio failure occurs in VMC while under ATC control, or if VMC conditions are encountered after
the failure, each pilot shall—
(4) Continue the flight under VMC;
(5) Land at the nearest suitable aerodrome; and
(6) Report arrival to the appropriate ATC services unit by the most expeditious means
possible.
(c) If two-way radio communication failure occurs in IMC, or when the pilot of an IFR flight considers it
inadvisable to continue the flight in VMC, the PIC shall:
(1) unless otherwise prescribed on the basis of regional air navigation agreement, in airspace
where radar is not used in the provision of air traffic control, maintain the last assigned
speed and level, or minimum flight altitude if higher, for a period of 20 minutes following
the aircraft’s failure to report its position over a compulsory reporting point and thereafter
adjust level and speed in accordance with the filed flight plan;
(2) in airspace where radar is used in the provision of air traffic control, maintain the last
assigned speed and level, or minimum flight altitude if higher, for a period of 7 minutes
following -
(i) The time the last assigned level or minimum flight altitude is reached; or
(ii) The time the transponder is set to Code 7600; or
(iii) The aircraft’s failure to report its position over a compulsory reporting point;
whichever is later, and thereafter adjust level and speed in accordance with the
filed flight plan;
(3) when being radar vectored or having been directed by ATC to proceed offset using area
navigation (RNAV) without a specified limit, rejoin the current flight plan route no later than
the next significant point, taking into consideration the applicable minimum flight altitude;
(4) proceed according to the current flight plan route to the appropriate designated navigation
aid or fix serving the destination aerodrome and, when required to ensure compliance with
(5) below, hold over this aid or fix until commencement of descent;
(5) commence descent from the navigation aid of fix specified in (4) at, or as close as
possible to, the expected approach time last received and acknowledged; or, if no
expected approach time has been received and acknowledged, at, or as close as possible
to the estimated time of arrival resulting from the current flight plan;
(6) complete a normal instrument approach procedure as specified for the designated
navigation aid or fix; and

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(7) land, if possible, within 30 minutes after the estimated time of arrival specified in (5) or the
last acknowledged expected approach time, whichever is later.
8.7.4.20 THRESHOLD CROSSING HEIGHT FOR 3D INSTRUMENT APPROACH OPERATIONS

(a) An operator shall establish operational procedures designed to ensure that an aeroplane being
used to conduct 3D approach operations crosses the threshold by a safe margin with the
aeroplane in the landing configuration and attitude.

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8.8 PASSENGERS AND PASSENGER HANDLING

8.8.1 ALL PASSENGER CARRYING OPERATIONS
8.8.1.1 UNACCEPTABLE CONDUCT

(a) No person on board may interfere with a crewmember in the performance of his or her duties.
(b) Each passenger shall fasten his or her seat belt and keep it fastened while the seat belt sign is
lighted.
(c) No person on board an aircraft shall recklessly or negligently act or omit to act in such a manner as
to endanger the aircraft or persons and property therein.
(d) No person may secrete him or herself nor secrete cargo on board an aircraft.
(e) No person may smoke while the no-smoking sign is lighted.
(f) No person may smoke in any aeroplane lavatory.
(g) No person may tamper with, disable or destroy any smoke detector installed in any aeroplane
lavatory.
8.8.1.2 REFUELLING WITH PASSENGERS ONBOARD

(a) No PIC may allow an aeroplane to be refueled when passengers are embarking, on board or
disembarking unless—
(1) The aeroplane is manned by qualified personnel ready to initiate and direct an evacuation;
and
(2) Two-way communication is maintained between the qualified personnel in the aeroplane
and the ground crew supervising the refueling.
(b) Helicopters. No PIC may allow a helicopter to be refueled when passengers are embarking, on
board, or disembarking; or the rotors are turning unless—
(1) The helicopter is manned by qualified personnel ready to initiate and direct an evacuation;
and
(2) Two-way communication is maintained between the qualified personnel in the helicopter
and the ground crew supervising the refueling.
8.8.1.3 PASSENGER SEATS, SAFETY BELTS, AND SHOULDER HARNESSES

(a) The PIC shall ensure that each person on onboard occupies an approved seat or berth with their
own individual safety belt and shoulder harness (if installed) properly secured about them during
takeoff and landing.
(b) Each passenger shall have his or her seatbelt securely fastened at any other time the PIC
determines it is necessary for safety.
(c) A safety belt provided for the occupant of a seat may not be used during takeoff and landing by
more than one person who has reached his or her second birthday.
Note: When cabin crewmembers are required in a commercial air transport operation, the PIC may delegate
this responsibility, but shall ascertain that the proper briefing has been conducted before takeoff.

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8.8.1.4 PASSENGER BRIEFING
(a) The PIC shall ensure that crewmembers and passengers are made familiar, by means of an oral
briefing or by other means, with the location and use of the following items, if appropriate—
(1) Seat belts;
(2) Emergency exits;
(3) Life jackets;
(4) Oxygen dispensing equipment; and
(5) Other emergency equipment provided for individual use, including passenger emergency
briefing cards.
(b) The PIC shall ensure that all persons on board are aware of the locations and general manner of
use of the principal emergency equipment carried for collective use.
Note 1: For commercial air transport operations, the briefing shall contain all subjects approved by the
Authority for the specific operations conducted as included in the pertinent Operations Manual.
Note 2: When cabin crewmembers are required in a commercial air transport operation, the PIC may
delegate this responsibility, but shall ascertain that the proper briefing has been conducted before takeoff.
(c) During takeoff and landing, and whenever by reason of turbulence or any emergency occurring
during flight the precaution is considered necessary, cabin crewmembers shall ensure that all
passengers aboard the aircraft fasten their seat belts so as to be secured in their seats.
(d) For helicopter off-shore operations, the PIC shall ensure that each occupant of the aircraft wear-
(1) A life jacket or integrated survival suit, when operating beyond autorotational distance
from land;
(2) A survival suit, when the sea temperature is less than 10˚C or when the estimated rescue
time exceeds the calculated survival time.
8.8.1.5 INFLIGHT EMERGENCY INSTRUCTION

(a) In an emergency during flight, the PIC shall ensure that all persons on board are instructed in such
emergency action as may be appropriate to the circumstances.
(b) When cabin crewmembers are required in a commercial air transport operation, the PIC may
delegate this responsibility, but shall ascertain that the proper briefing has been conducted.
8.8.1.6 PASSENGER OXYGEN—MINIMUM SUPPLY AND USE

(a) The PIC shall ensure that breathing oxygen and masks are available to passengers in sufficient
quantities for all flights at such altitudes where a lack of oxygen might harmfully affect passengers.
(b) The PIC shall ensure that the minimum supply of oxygen prescribed by the Authority is on board
the aircraft.
(c) Note: The requirements for oxygen storage and dispensing apparatus are prescribed in Part 7.
(e) The PIC shall require all passengers to use oxygen continuously at cabin pressure altitudes above
4000 m (13000 ft).

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8.8.1.7 ALCOHOL OR DRUGS
(a) No person may permit the boarding or serving of any person who appears to be intoxicated or who
demonstrates, by manner or physical indications, that that person is under the influence of drugs
(except a medical patient under proper care).
8.8.2 COMMERCIAL AIR TRANSPORT PASSENGER CARRYING OPERATIONS
8.8.2.1 PASSENGER COMPLIANCE WITH INSTRUCTIONS

(a) Each passenger on a commercial air transport flight shall comply with instructions given by a
crewmember in compliance with this section.
8.8.2.2 DENIAL OF TRANSPORTATION

(a) An AOC holder may deny transportation because a passenger—
(1) Refuses to comply with the instructions regarding exit seating restrictions prescribed by
the Authority; or
(2) Has a handicap that can be physically accommodated only by an exit row seat.
8.8.2.3 CARRIAGE OF PERSONS WITHOUT COMPLIANCE WITH THESE PASSENGER-CARRYING

REQUIREMENTS
(a) The passenger-carrying requirements of paragraph (b) do not apply when carrying—
(1) A crewmember not required for the flight;
(2) A representative of the Authority on official duty;
(3) A person necessary to the safety or security of cargo or animals; or
(4) Any person authorised by the AOC holder’s Operations Manual procedures, as approved
by the Authority.
(b) No person may be carried without compliance to the passenger carrying requirements unless—
(1) There is an approved seat with an approved seat belt for that person;
(2) That seat is located so that the occupant is not in any position to interfere with the flight
crewmembers performing their duties;
(3) There is unobstructed access from their seat to the flight deck or a regular or emergency
exit;
(4) There is a means for notifying that person when smoking is prohibited and when seat
belts shall be fastened; and
(5) That person has been orally briefed by a crewmember on the use of emergency
equipment and exits.
8.8.2.4 CABIN CREW AT DUTY STATIONS

(a) During taxi, cabin crewmembers shall remain at their duty stations with safety belts and shoulder
harness fastened except to perform duties related to the safety of the aircraft and its occupants.

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(b) During takeoff and landing, cabin crewmembers shall be located as near as practicable to required
floor level exits and shall be uniformly distributed throughout the aircraft to provide the most
effective egress of passengers in event of an emergency evacuation.
(c) When passengers are on board a parked aircraft, cabin crewmembers (or another person qualified
in emergency evacuation procedures for the aircraft) will be placed in the following manner:
(1) If only one qualified person is required, that person shall be located in accordance with
the AOC holder’s Operations Manual procedures.
(2) If more than one qualified person is required, those persons shall be spaced throughout
the cabin to provide the most effective assistance for the evacuation in case of an
emergency.
8.8.2.5 EVACUATION CAPABILITY

(a) The PIC, SCCM and other person assigned by the AOC holder shall ensure that, when passengers
are on board the aircraft before movement on the surface, at least one floor-level exit provides for
egress of passengers through normal or emergency means.
8.8.2.6 ARMING OF AUTOMATIC EMERGENCY EXITS

(a) No person may cause an aeroplane carrying passengers to be moved on the surface, takeoff or
land unless each automatically deployable emergency evacuation assisting means installed on the
aircraft is ready for evacuation.
8.8.2.7 ACCESSIBILITY OF EMERGENCY EXITS AND EQUIPMENT

(a) No person may allow carry-on baggage or other items to block access to the emergency exits
when the aircraft is moving on the surface, during takeoff or landing, or while passengers remain
on board on the ground.
8.8.2.8 STOPS WHERE PASSENGERS REMAIN ONBOARD

(a) At stops where passengers remain on board the aircraft, the PIC, the co-pilot, or both shall ensure
that—
(1) All engines are shut down;
(2) At least one floor level exit remains open to provide for the deplaning of passengers; and
(3) There is at least one person immediately available who is qualified in the emergency
evacuation of the aircraft and who has been identified to the passengers on board as
responsible for the passenger safety.
(b) If refueling with passengers on board, the PIC or a designated company representative shall
ensure that the AOC holder’s Operations Manual procedures are followed.
8.8.2.9 PASSENGER LOADING AND UNLOADING - AOC

(a) No person shall allow passenger loading or unloading of a propeller driven aircraft unless all
engines are shut down unless the aircraft is using a passenger jetway to load and unload.
8.8.2.10 CARRIAGE OF PERSONS WITH REDUCED MOBILITY

(a) No person may allow a person of reduced mobility to occupy seats where their presence could—
(1) Impede the crew in their duties;

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(2) Obstruct access to emergency equipment; or
(3) Impede the emergency evacuation of the aircraft.
8.8.2.11 EXIT ROW SEATING

(a) No AOC holder shall allow a passenger to sit in an emergency exit row if the PIC or SCCM
determine that it is likely that the passenger would be unable to understand and perform the
functions necessary to open an exit and to exit rapidly.
(b) No cabin crewmember may seat a person in a passenger exit seat if it is likely that the person
would be unable to perform one or more of the applicable functions listed below—
(1) The person lacks sufficient mobility, strength, or dexterity in both arms and hands, and
both legs—
(i) To reach upward, sideways, and downward to the location of emergency exit and
exit-slide operating mechanisms;
(ii) To grasp and push, pull, turn, or otherwise manipulate those mechanisms;
(iii) To push, shove, pull, or otherwise open emergency exits;
(iv) To lift out, hold, deposit on nearby seats, or manoeuvre over the seatbacks to the
next row objects the size and mass of over-wing window exit doors;
(v) To remove obstructions of size and mass similar to over-wing exit doors;
(vi) To reach the emergency exit expeditiously;
(vii) To maintain balance while removing obstructions;
(viii) To exit expeditiously;
(ix) To stabilise an escape slide after deployment; or
(x) To assist others in getting off an escape slide.
(2) The person is less than 15 years of age or lacks the capacity to perform one or more of
the applicable functions listed above without the assistance of an adult companion,
parent, or other relative.
(3) The person lacks the ability to read and understand instructions required by this section
and related to emergency evacuation provided by the AOC holder in printed or graphic
form or the ability to understand oral crew commands.
(4) The person lacks sufficient visual capacity to perform one or more of the above functions
without the assistance of visual aids beyond contact lenses or eyeglasses.
(5) The person lacks sufficient aural capacity to hear and understand instructions shouted by
cabin crewmembers, without assistance beyond a hearing aid.
(6) The person lacks the ability to adequately impart information orally to other passengers.
(7) The person has a condition or responsibilities, such as caring for small children, that might
prevent the person from performing one or more of the functions listed above; or a
condition that might cause the person harm if he or she performs one or more of the
functions listed above.
(c) Determinations as to the suitability of each person permitted to occupy an exit seat shall be made
by the cabin crewmembers or other persons designated in the AOC holder's Operations Manual.

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(d) In the event a cabin crewmember determines that a passenger assigned to an exit seat would be
unable to perform the emergency exit functions, or if a passenger requests a non-exit seat, the
cabin crewmember shall expeditiously relocate the passenger to a non-exit seat.
(e) In the event of full booking in the non-exit seats, and if necessary to accommodate a passenger
being relocated from an exit seat, the cabin crewmember shall move a passenger who is willing
and able to assume the evacuation functions, to an exit seat.
(f) Each AOC ticket agent shall, before boarding, assign seats consistent with the passenger selection
criteria and the emergency exit functions, to the maximum extent feasible.
(g) Each AOC ticket agent shall make available for inspection by the public at all passenger loading
gates and ticket counters at each aerodrome where the AOC holder conducts passenger
operations, written procedures established for making determinations in regard to exit row seating.
(h) Each cabin crewmember shall include in his or her passenger briefings a request that a passenger
identify himself or herself to allow reseating if he or she—
(1) Cannot meet the selection criteria;
(2) Has a nondiscernible condition that will prevent him or her from performing the evacuation
functions;
(3) May suffer bodily harm as the result of performing one or more of those functions; or
(4) Does not wish to perform emergency exit functions.
(i) Each cabin crewmember shall include in his or her passenger briefings a reference to the
passenger information cards and the functions to be performed in an emergency exit.
(j) Each passenger shall comply with instructions given by a crewmember or other authorised
employee of the AOC holder implementing exit seating restrictions.
(k) No PIC may allow taxi or pushback unless at least one required crewmember has verified that all
exit rows and escape paths are unobstructed and that no exit seat is occupied by a person the
crewmember determines is likely to be unable to perform the applicable evacuation functions.
(l) The procedures required by this standard will not become effective until final approval is granted by
the Authority. Approval will be based solely upon the safety aspects of the AOC holder's
procedures. In order to comply with this standard AOC holders shall—
(1) Establish procedures that address the requirements of this standard; and
(2) Submit their procedures for preliminary review and approval to the Authority
8.8.2.12 PROHIBITION AGAINST CARRIAGE OF WEAPONS

(a) No person may, while on board an aircraft being operated in commercial air transport, carry on or
about their person a deadly or dangerous weapon, either concealed or unconcealed. An AOC
holder may permit a person to transport a weapon, in accordance with the AOC holder’s approved
security programme,
(1) If the weapon is unloaded; and
(2) Both the weapon and ammunition are securely stowed in a place inaccessible to any
person during the flight.

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(b) Officials or employees of the State, or crewmembers who are authorised to carry weapons on
board the aircraft in domestic flights, shall do so in accordance with the AOC holders approved
security programme. The PIC shall be notified by the AOC as to the number of armed persons and
the location of their seats.
(c) The persons identified in item (b) above may not carry weapons aboard an international flight
unless there is prior agreement between Cambodia and all States in which the operation will be
either conducted or overflown.
8.8.2.13 OXYGEN FOR MEDICAL USE BY PASSENGERS

(a) An AOC holder may allow a passenger to carry and operate equipment for the storage, generation
or dispensing of medical oxygen only as prescribed by the Authority.
(b) No person may smoke, and no crewmember may allow any person to smoke within 3 m (10 ft) of
oxygen storage and dispensing equipment carried for the medical use of a passenger.
(c) No crewmember may allow any person to connect or disconnect oxygen dispensing equipment to
or from an oxygen cylinder while any other passenger is aboard the aircraft.
8.8.2.14 CARRY-ON BAGGAGE

(a) No person may allow the boarding of carry-on baggage unless it can be adequately and securely
stowed in accordance with the AOC holder’s approved Operations Manual procedures.
(b) No person may allow aircraft passenger entry doors to be closed in preparation for taxi or
pushback unless at least one required crewmember has verified that each article of baggage has
been properly stowed in overhead racks with approved restraining devices or doors, or in approved
locations.
(c) No person may allow carry-on baggage to be stowed in a location that would cause that location to
be loaded beyond its maximum placard mass limitation.
Note: The stowage locations shall be capable of restraining the articles in crash impacts severe enough to
induce the ultimate inertia forces specified in the emergency landing conditions under which the aircraft was
type-certified.
8.8.2.15 CARRIAGE OF CARGO IN PASSENGER COMPARTMENTS

(a) No person may allow the carriage of cargo in the passenger compartment of an aircraft except as
prescribed by the Authority below.
(b) Cargo may be carried anywhere in the passenger compartment if it is carried in an approved cargo
bin that meets the following requirements—
(1) The bin must withstand the load factors and emergency landing conditions applicable to
the passenger seats of the aeroplane in which the bin is installed, multiplied by a factor of
1.15, using the combined mass of the bin and the maximum mass of cargo that may be
carried in the bin.
(2) The maximum mass of cargo that the bin is approved to carry and any instructions
necessary to insure proper mass distribution within the bin must be conspicuously marked
on the bin.
(3) The bin may not impose any load on the floor or other structure of the aeroplane that
exceeds the load limitations of that structure.

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(4) The bin must be attached to the seat tracks or to the floor structure of the aeroplane, and
its attachment must withstand the load factors and emergency landing conditions
applicable to the passenger seats of the aeroplane in which the bin is installed, multiplied
by either the factor 1.15 or the seat attachment factor specified for the aeroplane,
whichever is greater, using the combined mass of the bin and the maximum mass of
cargo that may be carried in the bin.
(5) The bin may not be installed in a position that restricts access to or use of any required
emergency exit, or of the aisle in the passenger compartment.
(6) The bin must be fully enclosed and made of material that is at least flame resistant.
(7) Suitable safeguards must be provided within the bin to prevent the cargo from shifting
under emergency landing conditions.
(8) The bin may not be installed in a position that obscures any passenger's view of the "seat
belt" sign, "no smoking" sign, or any required exit sign, unless an auxiliary sign or other
approved means for proper notification of the passenger is provided.
(c) Cargo, including carry-on baggage, must not be stowed in toilets.
(d) Cargo, including carry-on baggage must not be stowed against bulkheads or dividers in passenger
compartments that are incapable of restraining articles against movement forwards, sideways or
upwards and unless the bulkheads or dividers carry a placard specifying the greatest mass that
may be placed there, provided that:
(1) It is properly secured by a safety belt or other tie-down having enough strength to
eliminate the possibility of shifting under all normally anticipated flight and ground
conditions.
(2) It is packaged or covered to avoid possible injury to occupants.
(3) It does not impose any load on seats or in the floor structure that exceeds the load
limitation for those components.
(4) It is not located in a position that obstructs the access to, or use of, any required
emergency or regular exit, or the use of the aisle between the crew and the passenger
compartment, or is located in a position that obscures any passenger's view of the "seat
belt" sign, "no smoking" sign or placard, or any required exit sign, unless an auxiliary sign
or other approved means for proper notification of the passengers is provided.
(e) Cargo, including carry-on baggage, may be carried anywhere in the passenger compartment of a
small aircraft if it is carried in an approved cargo rack, bin, or compartment installed in or on the
aircraft, if it is secured by an approved means, or if it is carried in accordance with each of the
following—
(1) For cargo, it is properly secured by a safety belt or other tie-down having enough strength
to eliminate the possibility of shifting under all normally anticipated flight and ground
conditions, or for carry-on baggage, it is restrained so as to prevent its movement during
air turbulence.
(2) It is packaged or covered to avoid possible injury to occupants.
(3) It does not impose any load on seats or in the floor structure that exceeds the load
limitation for those components.

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(4) It is not located in a position that obstructs the access to, or use of, any required
emergency or regular exit, or the use of the aisle between the crew and the passenger
compartment, or is located in a position that obscures any passenger's view of the "seat
belt" sign, "no smoking" sign or placard, or any required exit sign, unless an auxiliary sign
or other approved means for proper notification of the passengers is provided.
(5) It is not carried directly above seated occupants.
(6) It is stowed in compliance with these restrictions during takeoff and landing.
(7) For cargo-only operations, if the cargo is loaded so that at least one emergency or regular
exit is available to provide all occupants of the aircraft a means of unobstructed exit from
the aeroplane if an emergency occurs.
8.8.2.16 PASSENGER INFORMATION SIGNS

(a) The PIC shall turn on required passenger information signs during any movement on the surface,
for each takeoff and each landing, and when otherwise considered to be necessary.
8.8.2.17 REQUIRED PASSENGER BRIEFINGS

(a) No person may commence a takeoff unless the passengers are briefed before takeoff in
accordance with the AOC holder’s Operations Manual procedures on—
(1) Smoking limitations and prohibitions;
(2) Emergency exit location and use;
(3) Use of safety belts;
(4) Emergency floatation means location and use;
(5) Fire extinguisher location and operation;
(6) Placement of seat backs;
(7) If flight is above 3050 m (10000 ft) MSL, the normal and emergency use of oxygen; and
(8) The passenger briefing card.
(9) Use of other specialised equipment as required by the Authority.
(b) Immediately before or immediately after turning the seat belt sign off, the PIC or co-pilot shall
ensure that the passengers are briefed to keep their seat belts fastened while seated, even when
the seat belt sign is off.
(c) Before each takeoff, the PIC or co-pilot shall ensure that any persons of reduced mobility are
personally briefed on—
(1) The route to the most appropriate exit; and
(2) The time to begin moving to the exit in event of an emergency.
8.8.2.18 PASSENGER BRIEFING—EXTENDED OVERWATER OPERATIONS

(a) No person may commence extended overwater operations unless all passengers have been orally
briefed on the location and operations of life preservers, liferafts and other flotation means,
including a demonstration of the method of donning and inflating a life preserver.

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8.8.2.19 PASSENGER SEAT BELTS
(a) Each passenger occupying a seat or berth shall fasten his or her safety belt and keep it fastened
while the "Fasten Seat Belt" sign is lighted or, in aircraft not equipped with such a sign, whenever
instructed by the PIC.
(b) No passenger safety belt may be used by more than one occupant during takeoff and landing.
(c) At each unoccupied seat, the safety belt and shoulder harness, if installed, shall be secured so as
not to interfere with crewmembers in the performance of their duties or with the rapid egress of
occupants in an emergency.
Note 1: A person who has not reached his or her second birthday may be held by an adult who is occupying
a seat or berth.
Note 2: A berth, such as a multiple lounge or divan seat, may be occupied by two persons provided it is
equipped with an approved safety belt for each person and is used during en route flight only.
8.8.2.20 PASSENGER SEAT BACKS

(a) No PIC or co-pilot may allow the takeoff or landing of an aircraft unless each passenger seat back
is in the upright position.
Note: Exceptions may only be made in accordance with procedures in the AOC holder’s Operations Manual
provided the seat back does not obstruct any passenger’s access to the aisle or to any emergency exit.
8.8.2.21 STOWAGE OF FOOD, BEVERAGE AND PASSENGER SERVICE

(a) No PIC, co-pilot or SCCM may allow the movement of an aircraft on the surface, or the takeoff or
landing of an aircraft —
(1) When any food, beverage or tableware furnished by the AOC holder is located at any
passenger seat; and
(2) Unless each food and beverage tray and seat back tray table is in the stowed position.
8.8.2.22 SECURING OF ITEMS OF MASS IN PASSENGER COMPARTMENT

(a) No person may allow the takeoff or landing of an aircraft unless each item of mass in the
passenger cabin is properly secured to prevent it from becoming a hazard during taxi, takeoff and
landing and during turbulent weather conditions.
(b) No person may allow an aircraft to move on the surface, takeoff or land unless each passenger
serving cart is secured in its stowed position.

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8.9 CREWMEMBER AND FLIGHT OPERATIONS OFFICER QUALIFICATIONS:

COMMERCIAL AIR TRANSPORT
8.9.1.1 LIMITATION OF PRIVILEGES OF PILOTS WHO HAVE ATTAINED THEIR 60TH BIRTHDAY AND
CURTAILMENT OF PRIVILEGES OF PILOTS WHO HAVE ATTAINED THEIR 65TH BIRTHDAY
(a) No person may serve nor may any AOC holder use a person as a required PIC in single pilot
operations on aircraft with 10 or engaged in commercial air transport operations if that person has
reached his or her 60th birthday.
(b) For aircraft engaged in commercial air transport operations requiring more than one pilot as flight
crewmembers, the AOC holder may use one pilot up to age 65 provided that the other pilot is less
than age 60.
(c) For aircraft engaged in long-range commercial air transport operations requiring more than one
pilot as flight crewmembers, the AOC holder may use one pilot up to age 65 provided that the other
pilot is less than age 60.
(d) Check pilots who have reached their 65th birthday or who do not hold an appropriate medical
certificate may continue their check pilot functions, but may not serve as or occupy the position of a
required pilot flight crewmember on an aeroplane engaged in international commercial air transport
operations unless the other pilot is less than age 60.
8.9.1.2 USE OF FLIGHT SIMULATION TRAINING DEVICES

(a) Each flight simulation training device that is used for flight crewmember qualification shall—
(1) Be specifically approved by the Authority for—
(i) The AOC holder;
(ii) The type aircraft, including type variations, for which the training or check is
being conducted; and
(iii) The particular manoeuvre, procedure, or crewmember function involved.
(2) Maintain the performance, functional, and other characteristics that are required for
approval.
(3) Be modified to conform with any modification to the aeroplane being simulated that results
in changes to performance, functional, or other characteristics required for approval.
(4) Be given a daily functional pre-flight check before use.
(5) Have a daily discrepancy log completed by the appropriate instructor or check pilot at the
end of each training or check flight.
(b) The simulation device shall have the same technology for the basic flight instruments (attitude
indicator, airspeed, altimeter, heading reference) as those of the aircraft used by the operator.
(1) Operators that have electronic/glass displays shall use simulators that have
electronic/glass displays.
(2) Operators that have standard instruments shall use simulators that have standard
instruments.

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8.9.1.3 APPROVAL OF A FLIGHT SIMULATION TRAINING DEVICE FOR CREDIT IN TRAINING AND
CHECKING
(a) No AOC holder may use a flight simulation training device for training or checking unless that
simulator has been specifically approved for the AOC holder in writing by the Authority.
(b) No AOC holder may use a simulator for credit in training, recency and checking other than that
specified in the Authority’s approval.
8.9.1.4 LICENCE REQUIREMENTS FOR PIC

(a) No pilot may act as PIC of a of an aircraft, certificated for operation with more than one pilot, in
commercial air transportation operations unless he or she holds an Airline Transport Pilot Licence
with applicable category, class and type rating for that aircraft.
(b) No pilot may act as PIC of an aircraft, certificated for operation for one pilot, in commercial air
transportation operations unless he or she holds a Commercial Pilot Licence or an Airline
Transport Pilot Licence with applicable category, class and type rating for that aircraft.
(c) If instrument privileges are to be exercised, the PIC shall hold an Instrument Rating.
8.9.1.5 LICENCE REQUIREMENTS FOR CO-PILOT AND CRUISE RELIEF PILOT
(a) No pilot may act as co-pilot of an aircraft in commercial air transport operations unless he or she
holds either a Commercial Pilot Licence/Instrument Rating or an Airline Transport Pilot Licence,
each with category, class and type ratings, as applicable, for the aircraft operated.
(b) No pilot may act as a cruise relief pilot in commercial air transport operations unless he or she
holds an Airline Transport Pilot Licence with category, and if applicable, class and type ratings, and
has completed all training to serve as PIC with the exception of initial operating experience.
8.9.1.6 FLIGHT ENGINEER LICENCE REQUIREMENTS

(a) No person may act as the flight engineer of an aircraft unless he or she holds a flight engineer
licence with the appropriate class rating.
8.9.1.7 ONE PILOT QUALIFIED TO PERFORM FLIGHT ENGINEER FUNCTIONS

(a) The AOC holder shall ensure that, on all flights requiring a flight engineer, there is assigned at least
one other flight crewmember qualified to perform the flight engineer duties in the event the flight
engineer becomes incapacitated.
8.9.1.8 PERSONS QUALIFIED TO FLIGHT RELEASE

(a) No person may act as a flight operations officer in releasing a scheduled passenger-carrying
commercial air transport operation unless that person—
(1) Holds a flight operations officer licence or an Airline Transport Pilot License; and
(2) Is currently qualified with the AOC holder for the operation and type of aircraft used.
8.9.1.9 COMPANY PROCEDURES INDOCTRINATION

(a) No person may serve nor may any AOC holder use a person as a crewmember or flight operations
officer/flight dispatcher unless that person has completed the company procedures indoctrination
curriculum approved by the Authority, which shall include a complete review of the applicable
regulations and Operations Manual procedures pertinent to the crewmember or flight operation
officer’s duties and responsibilities.

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(b) The AOC holder shall provide a minimum of 40 programmed hours of instruction for company
procedures indoctrination training unless a reduction is determined appropriate by the Authority.
(c) The knowledge area topics to be covered are contained in IS: 8.10.1.9.
8.9.1.10 INITIAL DANGEROUS GOODS TRAINING

(a) No person may serve nor may any AOC holder use operational personnel unless he or she has
completed the appropriate initial dangerous goods curriculum approved by the Authority.
(b) Specific course curriculum requirements are contained in IS: 8.10.1.10.
8.9.1.11 INITIAL SECURITY TRAINING

(a) No person may serve nor may any AOC holder use operational personnel unless they have
completed the initial security curriculum approved by the Authority.
8.9.1.12 INITIAL CREW RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

(a) No person may serve nor may any AOC holder use a person as a flight operations officer or
crewmember unless that person has completed the initial CRM curriculum approved by the
Authority.
(b) Course curriculum topics are contained in IS: 8.10.1.12.
8.9.1.13 INITIAL EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT DRILLS

(a) No person may serve nor may any AOC holder use a person as a crewmember unless that person
has completed the appropriate initial emergency equipment curriculum and drills for the
crewmember position approved by the Authority for the emergency equipment available on the
aircraft to be operated.
(b) Course curriculum requirements are contained in IS: 8.10.1.13.
8.9.1.14 INITIAL AIRCRAFT GROUND TRAINING

(a) No person may serve nor may any AOC holder use a person as a crewmember or flight operations
officer unless he or she has completed the initial ground training approved by the Authority for the
aircraft type.
(b) Initial aircraft ground training for flight crewmembers shall include the pertinent portions of the
Operations Manual relating to aircraft-specific performance, mass and balance, operational
policies, systems, limitations, normal, abnormal and emergency procedures on the aircraft type to
be used. Specific course curriculum requirements for flight crewmembers are contained in IS:
8.10.1.14(b).
Note: The AOC holder may have separate initial aircraft ground training curricula of varying lengths and
subject emphasis, which recognise the experience levels of flight crewmembers, approved by the Authority.
(c) For cabin crewmembers, initial aircraft ground training shall include the pertinent portions of the
Operations Manual relating to aircraft-specific configuration, equipment, normal and emergency
procedures for the aircraft types within the fleet. Specific course curriculum requirements for cabin
crewmembers are contained in IS: 8.10.1.14 (c).
(d) For flight operations officers, aircraft initial ground training shall include the pertinent portions of the
Operations Manual relating to aircraft-specific flight preparation procedures, performance, mass
and balance, systems, limitations for the aircraft types within the fleet. Specific course curriculum
requirements for flight operations officers are contained in IS: 8.10.1.14(d).

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8.9.1.15 INITIAL AIRCRAFT FLIGHT TRAINING

(a) No person may serve nor may any AOC holder use a person as a flight crewmember unless he or
she has completed the initial flight training approved by the Authority for the aircraft type.
(b) Initial flight training shall focus on the manoeuvring and safe operation of the aircraft in accordance
with AOC holder’s normal, abnormal and emergency procedures.
(c) An AOC holder may have separate initial flight training curricula, which recognise the experience
levels of flight crewmembers, approved by the Authority.
(d) Specific flight training curriculum requirements are contained in IS: 8.10.1.15(a)(d) for pilots, IS:
8.10.1.15(b)(d) for flight engineers and IS: 8.10.1.15(c) for navigators.
8.9.1.16 INITIAL SPECIALISED OPERATIONS TRAINING

(a) No person may serve nor may any AOC holder use a person as a flight crewmember unless he or
she has completed the appropriate initial specialised operations training curriculum approved by
the Authority.
(b) Specialised operations for which initial training curricula shall be developed include—
(1) Low minimums operations, including low visibility takeoffs and Category II and III
operations;
(2) Extended range operations;
(3) Specialised navigation;
(4) PIC right seat qualification;
(5) RVSM; and
(6) RNP.
(c) Specific initial specialised operations training curriculum requirements are contained in IS:
8.10.1.16.
8.9.1.17 AIRCRAFT DIFFERENCES

(a) No person may serve nor may any AOC holder use a person as a flight operations officer or
crewmember on an aircraft of a type for which a differences curriculum is included in the AOC
holder’s approved training programme, unless that person has satisfactorily completed that
curriculum, with respect to both the crewmember position and the particular variant of that aircraft.
(b) A general listing of subjects to be covered in aircraft differences training is contained in IS:
8.10.1.17.
8.9.1.18 RESERVED
8.9.1.19 INTRODUCTION OF NEW EQUIPMENT OR PROCEDURES

(a) No person may serve nor may any AOC holder use a person as a flight crewmember when that
service would require expertise in the use of new equipment or procedures for which a curriculum
is included in the AOC holder’s approved training programme, unless that person has satisfactorily
completed that curriculum, with respect to both the crewmember position and the particular variant
of that aircraft.

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8.9.1.20 PILOT PROFICIENCY – AIRCRAFT AND INSTRUMENT PROFICIENCY CHECKS
(a) No person may serve nor may any AOC holder use a person as a pilot flight crewmember unless,
since the beginning of the 12th calendar month before that service, that person has passed the
aircraft pilot proficiency check prescribed by Authority in the make, and model aircraft on which
their services are required.
(b) No person may serve nor may any AOC holder use a person as a pilot in IFR operations unless,
since the beginning of the 6th calendar month before that service, that pilot has passed the
instrument proficiency check prescribed by the Authority.
(c) A pilot may complete the requirements of paragraphs (a) and (b) simultaneously in a specific
aircraft type.
(d) The manoeuvres for aircraft pilot proficiency and instrument proficiency checks conducted under
Part 8 are contained in IS 8.10.1.20 and in Part 2 under the appropriate skill test.
8.9.1.21 RE-ESTABLISHING RECENCY OF EXPERIENCE—FLIGHTCREW

(a) Pilots:
(1) In addition to meeting all applicable training and checking requirements, a required pilot
flight crewmember who, in the preceding 90 days has not made at least three takeoffs and
landings in the aircraft in which that person is to serve, shall, under the supervision of a
check pilot, re-establish recency of experience as follows:
(i) Make at least three takeoffs and landings in the aircraft in which that person is to
serve or in a qualified simulator.
(ii) Make at least one takeoff with a simulated failure of the most critical powerplant,
one landing from the minimum ILS authorised for the AOC holder, and one
landing to a full stop.
(2) When using a simulator to accomplish any of the takeoff and landing training
requirements necessary to re-establish recency of experience, each required flight
crewmember position shall be occupied by an appropriately qualified person and the
simulator shall be operated as if in a normal in-flight environment without use of the
repositioning features of the simulator.
(3) A check pilot who observes the takeoffs and landings of a pilot flight crewmember shall
certify that the person being observed is proficient and qualified to perform flight duty in
operations and may require any additional manoeuvres that are determined necessary to
make this certifying statement.
(b) Flight Engineer: A flight engineer who in the preceding 6 months has not flown 50 hours flight time
with an AOC holder as flight engineer in the appropriate class of aeroplane shall re-establish
recency by taking the proficiency check specified in Subsection 8.10.1.23.
(c) Flight Navigator: A flight navigator who in the preceding 6 months has not flown 50 hours flight
time with an AOC holder as flight navigator in the appropriate class of aircraft shall re-establish
recency by taking the proficiency check specified in Subsection 8.10.1.23.
8.9.1.22 PAIRING OF LOW EXPERIENCE PILOTS

(a) If a CP has fewer than 100 hours of flight time in the type aircraft being flown in commercial air
transport, and the PIC is not an appropriately qualified check pilot, the PIC shall make all takeoffs
and landings in situations designated as critical by the Authority in IS: 8.10.1.22.

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(b) No PIC or CP may conduct operations for a type aircraft in commercial air transport unless either
pilot has at least 75 hours of line operating flight time, either as PIC or CP.
(c) The Authority may, upon application by the AOC holder, authorise an exemption for the reduction
of the number of hours from paragraph (b) by an appropriate amendment to the operations
specifications in any of the circumstances identified in IS: 8.10.1.22.
8.9.1.23 FLIGHT ENGINEER AND FLIGHT NAVIGATOR PROFICIENCY CHECKS

(a) No person may serve nor may any AOC holder use a person as a flight engineer or a flight
navigator on an aeroplane unless within the preceding 12 calendar-months he or she has a
proficiency check in accordance with the requirements prescribed by the Authority for the skill test
in Part 2.
8.9.1.24 COMPETENCY CHECKS—CABIN CREWMEMBERS

(a) No person may serve nor may any AOC holder use a person as a cabin crewmember unless, since
the beginning of the 12th calendar month before that service, that person has passed the
competency check prescribed by the Authority in IS: 8.10.1.24 performing the emergency and
other duties appropriate to that person’s assignment.
8.9.1.25 COMPETENCY CHECKS—FLIGHT OPERATIONS OFFICERS

(a) No person may serve nor may any AOC holder use a person as a flight operations officer unless,
since the beginning of the 12th calendar month before that service, that person has passed the
competency check, prescribed by the Authority in IS: 8.10.1.25, performing the flight preparation
and subsequent duties appropriate to that person’s assignment.
8.9.1.26 SUPERVISED LINE FLYING—PILOTS

(a) Each pilot initially qualifying as PIC shall complete a minimum of 10 flights performing the duties of
a PIC under the supervision of a check pilot.
(b) Each PIC transitioning to a new aircraft type shall complete a minimum of 5 flights performing the
duties of a PIC under the supervision of a check pilot.
(c) Each pilot qualifying for duties other than PIC shall complete a minimum of 5 flights performing
those duties under the supervision of a check pilot.
(d) During the time that a qualifying PIC is acquiring operating experience, a check pilot who is also
serving as the PIC shall occupy a pilot station.
(e) In the case of a transitioning PIC, the check pilot serving as PIC may occupy the observer's seat if
the transitioning pilot has made at least two takeoffs and landings in the type aircraft used, and has
satisfactorily demonstrated to the check pilot that he or she is qualified to perform the duties of a
PIC for that type of aircraft.
8.9.1.27 SUPERVISED LINE FLYING—FLIGHT ENGINEERS

(a) Each person qualifying as a flight engineer for each aircraft class -- piston-engined; turbopropeller
powered, or turbojet powered -- shall perform those functions for a minimum of 5 flights under the
supervision of a check flight engineer approved by the Authority

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8.9.1.28 SUPERVISED LINE EXPERIENCE—CABIN CREWMEMBERS
(a) Each person qualifying as a cabin crewmember shall perform those functions on the following
aircraft under the supervision of a check cabin crewmember before qualifying as a required
crewmember:
(1) Piston-engined or turbopropeller powered aircraft—for a minimum of 2 flights that must
include at least 5 hours flown.
(2) Turbojet powered aircraft—for a minimum of 2 flights.
8.9.1.29 LINE OBSERVATIONS—FLIGHT OPERATIONS OFFICERS

(a) No person may serve nor may any AOC holder use a person as a flight operations officer unless,
since the beginning of the 12th calendar month before that service, that person has observed, on
the flight deck, the conduct of two complete flights, comprising at least 5 total hours, over routes
representative of those for which that person is assigned duties.
8.9.1.30 LINE (ROUTE AND AREA) CHECKS—PILOT QUALIFICATION

Note: The terms “line check” and “route and area check” are synonymous.
(a) No person may serve nor may any AOC holder use a person as a pilot unless, within the preceding
12 calendar-months, that person has passed a line check in which he or she satisfactorily
performed his or her assigned duties in one of the types of aircraft he or she is to fly.
(b) No person may perform PIC duties over a designated special operational area that requires a
special navigation system or procedures or in EDTO operations unless his or her competency with
the system and procedures has been demonstrated to the AOC holder within the past 12 calendar-
months.
(c) Each PIC shall demonstrate operational competency by navigation over the route and area to be
flown and the aerodromes to be used as PIC under the supervision of a check pilot and, on a
continuing basis, by flights performing PIC duties. This, at a minimum, shall include a PIC
demonstration of knowledge in the following:
(1) The terrain and minimum safe altitudes.
(2) The seasonal meteorological conditions.
(3) The search and rescue procedures.
(4) The navigational facilities and procedures, including any long-range navigation
procedures, associated with the route along which the flight is to take place.
(5) Procedures applicable to—
(i) Flight paths over heavily populated areas or high air traffic density;
(ii) Obstructions;
(iii) Physical layout;
(iv) Lighting, approach aids;
(v) Arrival, departure, holding and instrument approach procedures; and
(vi) Applicable operating minima.
(d) Notices to airmen.

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8.9.1.31 PIC LOW MINIMUMS AUTHORISATION
(a) Until a PIC has 15 flights performing PIC duties in the aircraft type (which included 5 approaches to
landing using Category I or II procedures), he or she may not plan for or initiate an instrument
approach when the DH or MDA is less than 100 m (300 ft) and the visibility less than 1.5km (1
statute mile).
(b) Until a PIC has 20 flights performing PIC duties in the aircraft type (which included 5 approach and
landing using Category III procedures), he or she may not plan for or initiate an approach when the
DH or MDA is less than 30 m (100 ft) or the visibility is less than 350 m RVR (1200 ft).
8.9.1.32 DESIGNATED SPECIAL AERODROMES AND HELIPORTS—PIC QUALIFICATION

(a) The Authority may determine that certain airports, due to items such as surrounding terrain,
obstructions, or complex approach or departure procedures, are special aerodromes requiring
special aerodrome qualifications and that certain areas or routes, or both, require a special type of
navigation qualifications.
(b) No person may serve nor may any AOC holder use a person as PIC for operations at designated
special aerodromes and heliports unless within the preceding 12 calendar-months—
(c) The PIC has been qualified by the AOC holder through a pictorial means acceptable to the
Authority for that aerodrome; or
(1) The PIC or the assigned CP has made a takeoff and landing at that aerodrome while
serving as a flight crewmember for the AOC holder.
(2) If the 12 months qualification period required in item (b) has expired, the PIC must re-
qualify in accordance with the requirements in item (b).
(d) Designated special aerodrome and heliport limitations are not applicable if the operation will
occur—
(3) During daylight hours;
(4) When the visibility is at least 5 km (3 miles); and
(5) When the ceiling at that aerodrome is at least 300 m (1000 ft) above the lowest initial
approach altitude prescribed for an instrument approach procedure.
8.9.1.33 RECURRENT TRAINING—FLIGHT CREWMEMBERS

(a) No person may serve nor may any AOC holder use a person as a flight crewmember unless within
the preceding 12 calendar-months that person has completed the recurrent ground and flight
training curricula approved by with the Authority.
(b) The recurrent ground training shall include training on—
(1) Aircraft systems and limitations and normal, abnormal and emergency procedures;
(2) Emergency equipment and drills;
(3) Crew resource management;
(4) Recognition or transportation of dangerous goods; and
(5) Security training.
(c) The recurrent flight training curriculum shall include—

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(1) Manoeuvring and safe operation of the aircraft in accordance with AOC holder’s normal,
abnormal and emergency procedures;
(2) Manoeuvres and procedures necessary for avoidance of in-flight hazards; and
(3) For authorised pilots, at least one low visibility takeoff to the lowest applicable minimum
LVTO and two approaches to the lowest approved minimums for the AOC holder, one of
which is to be a missed approach.
(d) Satisfactory completion of a proficiency check with the AOC holder for the type aircraft and
operation to be conducted may be used in lieu of recurrent flight training.
(e) Detailed recurrent training requirements for pilots, flight engineers and flight navigators are
contained in IS: 8.10.1.33.
8.9.1.34 RECURRENT TRAINING AND RE-ESTABLISHMENT OF QUALIFICATIONS—CABIN

CREWMEMBERS
(a) No person may serve nor may any AOC holder use a person as a cabin crewmember unless within
the preceding 12 calendar-months that person has completed the recurrent ground curricula
approved by the Authority relevant to the type(s) and/or variant(s) of aircraft and operations to
which he or she is assigned.
(b) The recurrent ground training shall include training on—
(1) Aircraft-specific configuration, equipment and procedures;
(2) Emergency and first aid equipment and drills;
(3) Crew resource management;
(4) Recognition or transportation of dangerous goods; and
(5) Security training.
(c) Specific normal and emergency programme training requirements for cabin crewmembers are
contained in IS: 8.10.1.34.
(d) A required cabin crewmember who, due to a period of inactivity, has not met the recurrent training
requirements in paragraphs (a) through (c) shall complete the initial AOC training programme and
competency check specified in Subsection 8.10.1.24.
8.9.1.35 RECURRENT TRAINING AND RE-ESTABLISHMENT OF QUALIFICATIONS—FLIGHT

OPERATIONS OFFICERS
(a) No person may serve nor may any AOC holder use a person as a flight operations officer unless
within the preceding 12 calendar-months that person has completed the recurrent ground curricula
approved by the Authority relevant to the type(s) and/or variant(s) of aircraft and positions to which
he or she is assigned.
(b) Specific requirements for flight operations officers recurrent training are contained in IS: 8.10.1.35.
A required flight operations officer who, due to a period of inactivity, has not met the recurrent
training requirements in paragraphs (a) through (b) shall complete the initial AOC training
programme and competency check specified in Subsection 8.10.1.25.

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8.9.1.36 INSTRUCTOR QUALIFICATIONS –FLIGHT CREW, CABIN CREW, FLIGHT OPERATIONS
OFFICER
(a) Flight Crew. No AOC holder may use a person nor may any person serve as a flight instructor in
an established flight training programme unless, with respect to the aircraft type involved, that
person—
(1) Holds the personnel licences and ratings required to serve as a PIC, a flight engineer, or a
flight navigator, as applicable;
(2) Has satisfactorily completed the appropriate training phases for the aircraft, including
recurrent training and differences training, that are required to serve as a PIC, flight
engineer, or flight navigator, as applicable;
(3) Has satisfactorily completed the appropriate proficiency, competency and recency of
experience checks that are required to serve as a PIC, flight engineer, or flight navigator,
as applicable;
(4) Has satisfactorily completed the applicable initial or transitional training requirements and
the Authority-observed in-flight competency check; and
(5) Holds the appropriate medical certificate for service as a required crewmember.
(b) Flight Instructor - Flight Simulation Training. No person may serve nor may any AOC holder use a
person as a Flight Instructor in a flight simulation training device, unless, since the beginning of the
12th calendar month before that service, that person has—
(1) Flown at least 5 flights as a required crewmember for the type of aircraft involved; or
(2) Observed, on the flight deck, the conduct of 2 complete flights in the aircraft type to which
the person is assigned.
(c) Cabin Crew. No AOC holder may use a person nor may any person serve as an instructor in an
established cabin crew training programme unless, with respect to the aircraft type or position
involved, that person—
(1) Holds the qualification required to serve as a cabin crewmember;
(2) Has satisfactorily completed the appropriate training phases for the aircraft and position
involved, including recurrent training and differences training, that are required to serve as
a cabin crewmember;
(3) Has satisfactorily completed the appropriate competency and recency of experience
checks that are required to service as a cabin crewmember;
the Authority-observed competency check.
(d) Flight Operations Officer. No AOC holder may use a person nor may any person serve as an
instructor in an established flight operations officer training programme unless, with respect to the
aircraft type and position involved, that person--
(1) Holds the licence required to serve as a flight operations officer;
(2) Has satisfactorily completed the appropriate training phases for the aircraft or position
involved, including recurrent training and differences training, that are required to serve as
a flight operations officer;
(3) Has satisfactorily completed the appropriate competency and recency of experience
checks that are required to serve as a flight operations officer; and

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the Authority-observed competency check.
8.9.1.37 INSTRUCTOR TRAINING

(a) No person may serve nor may any AOC holder use a person as an instructor for flight crew, cabin
crew or flight operations officers, unless he or she has completed the curricula approved by the
Authority for those functions for which they are to serve.
(b) Specific training programme requirements for flight crew instructors are contained in IS: 8.10.1.37.
8.9.1.38 PERSONNEL APPROVED TO CONDUCT CHECKS

(a) The Authority may approve the following AOC holder personnel to conduct checks when such
personnel meet the requirements for the authorised responsibilities, and may be approved for
either aircraft or simulator, or both, as applicable, for checking of flight crew.
(1) Check pilot.
(2) Check flight engineer.
(3) Check flight navigator.
(4) Check cabin crewmember; and.
(5) Check flight operations officer.
(b) The authorized duties of check personnel are to—
(1) Conduct initial and recurrent proficiency checks for flight crew and competency checks for
cabin crew and flight operations officers,
(2) Certify as satisfactory, the knowledge and proficiency of the flight crew, and the
knowledge and competency of the cabin crew and flight operations officers; and
(3) For all check personnel, supervise operating experience (OE).
(c) No person may serve nor may any AOC holder use a person as a check personnel under the AOC
holder’s crewmember checking and standardisation programme in AOCR unless that person has:
(1) been identified by name and function and approved in writing by the Authority; and
(2) successfully completed the AOC holder’s curricula approved by the Authority for those
functions for which he or she is to serve.
(d) Once approved, no person may serve nor may any AOC holder use a person as check personnel
for any flight crew, cabin crew or flight operations officer checks unless that person has
demonstrated, initially and at least biennially to an Authority inspector, the ability to conduct a
check for which he or she is approved.
8.9.1.39 CHECK PERSONNEL QUALIFICATIONS

(a) Check personnel for flight crew.
(1) No AOC holder may use a person, nor may any person serve as a check personnel in an
established flight crew training programme unless, with respect to the aircraft type
involved, that person—
(i) Holds the personnel licences and ratings required to serve as a PIC, a flight
engineer, or a flight navigator, as applicable;

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(ii) Has satisfactorily completed the appropriate training phases for the aircraft,
including recurrent training and differences training, that are required to serve as
a PIC, flight engineer, or flight navigator, as applicable;
(iii) Has satisfactorily completed the appropriate proficiency, competency and
recency of experience checks that are required to serve as a PIC, flight engineer,
or flight navigator, as applicable;
(iv) Has satisfactorily completed the applicable initial or transitional training
requirements and the Authority-observed in-flight competency check for check
personnel duties;
(v) Holds the appropriate medical certificate if serving as a required flight
crewmember; and
(vi) Has been approved by the Authority for the check personnel duties involved.
(2) Check Personnel - Simulator. Additional requirements. No person may serve nor may
any AOC holder use a person as a check personnel in a flight simulation training device,
unless, since the beginning of the 12th calendar month before that service, that person
has—
(3) Flown at least 5 flights as a required crewmember for the type of aircraft involved; or
(4) Observed, on the flight deck, the conduct of 2 complete flights in the aircraft type to which
the person is assigned.
(b) Check Personnel for Cabin Crew.
(1) No AOC holder may use a person, nor may any person serve as a check cabin
crewmember in an established cabin crew training programme unless, with respect to the
aircraft type or position involved, that person—
(i) Holds the qualifications required to serve as a cabin crewmember;
(ii) Has satisfactorily completed the appropriate training phases for the aircraft and
or position, including recurrent training and differences training, that are required
to serve as a cabin crewmember;
(iii) Has satisfactorily completed the appropriate competency and recency of
experience checks that are required to serve as a cabin crewmember;
requirements and the Authority-observed competency check for the check
personnel duties; and
(v) Has been approved by the Authority for the check cabin crewmember duties
involved.
(c) Check Personnel for Flight Operations Officers.
(1) No AOC holder may use a person, nor may any person serve as a check flight operations
officer in an established flight operations officer training programme unless, with respect
to the aircraft type or position involved, that person—
(i) Holds the licence required to serve as a flight operations officer;
(ii) Has satisfactorily completed the appropriate training phases for the aircraft and
or position, including recurrent training and differences training, that are required
to serve as a flight operations officer;

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(iii) Has satisfactorily completed the appropriate competency and recency of
experience checks that are required to serve as a flight operations officer;
requirements and the Authority-observed competency check for the check flight
operations officer duties involved.
(v) Has been approved by the Authority for the check flight operations officer duties
involved.
8.9.1.40 CHECK PERSONNEL TRAINING

(a) No person may serve nor may any AOC holder use a person for checks unless he or she has
completed the curricula approved by the Authority for those functions for which they are to serve.
(b) Specific training programme requirements for check personnel are contained in IS: 8.10.1.40.
8.9.1.41 SINGLE – PILOT OPERATIONS UNDER IFR OR AT NIGHT – QUALIFICATIONS, TRAINING,

CHECKING
(a) No person may conduct single-pilot-operations under IFR or at night in commercial air
transportation, in accordance with Subpart 8.8.1.30, unless the operation is approved by the
Authority and the pilot has at least 50 hours flight time in the aircraft class in which he or she is to
serve and of those 50 hours, not less than 10 hours shall be as pilot in command.
(b) For single-pilot-operations conducted under IFR:
(1) The pilot shall have at least 25 hours flight time under IFR in the type and class of aircraft
in which he or she is to serve.
(2) The 25 hours flight time under IFR referenced in b. (1) may form part of the required 50
hours flight time in aircraft class.
(3) The pilot shall have performed in single-pilot-operations, at least 5 IFR flights including 3
instrument approaches in the class of aircraft in which he or she is to serve within 90 days
preceding the flight, or
(4) Within 90 days preceding the flight, the pilot has satisfactorily completed the single-pilot-
operation instrument competency check, as prescribed by the Authority, in the class of
aircraft in which he or she is to serve.
(c) For single-pilot-operations conducted at night:
(1) The pilot shall have performed in single-pilot–operations at least 3 take offs and landings
at night in the type and class of aircraft in which he or she is to serve within 90 days
preceding the flight, and
(2) Have successfully completed the approved single-pilot-operation training programme
prescribed by the Authority.
(d) No pilot may serve nor may any AOC holder assign a person to operate an aircraft in single-pilot-
operations in commercial air transport unless the pilot has:
(1) Successfully completed the relevant training requirements of Subpart 8.10 applicable to
flight crewmembers engaged in commercial air transport;
(2) Successfully completed the approved single-pilot operations training programme
prescribed by the Authority, and

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(3) Satisfactorily completed the single-pilot operations checking requirements, as prescribed
by the Authority, in the type and class of aircraft in which he or she is to serve.
Note: In addition to successfully completing the relevant training requirements of Subpart 8.10 applicable to
flight crewmembers engaged in commercial air transport, additional training for pilots conducting single-pilot-
operations at night shall include passenger briefings with respect to emergency evacuation, autopilot
management and the use of simplified in-flight documentation.
8.9.1.42 RESERVED
8.9.1.43 MONITORING OF TRAINING AND CHECKING ACTIVITIES

(a) To enable adequate supervision of its training and checking activities, the AOC holder shall forward
to the Authority at least 24 hours before the scheduled activity the dates, report times and report
location of all—
(1) Training for which a curriculum is approved in the AOC holder’s training programme; and
(2) Proficiency, competency and line checks.
(b) Failure to provide the information required by paragraph (a) may invalidate the training or check
and the Authority may require that it be repeated for observation purposes.
8.9.1.44 TERMINATION OF A PROFICIENCY, COMPETENCY OR LINE CHECK

(a) If it is necessary to terminate a check for any reason, the AOC holder may not use the
crewmember or flight operations officer in commercial air transport operations until the completion
of a satisfactory recheck.
8.9.1.45 RECORDING OF CREWMEMBER AND FLIGHT OPERATIONS OFFICER QUALIFICATIONS

(a) The AOC holder shall record in its records maintained for each crewmember and flight operations
officer, the completion of each of the qualifications required by this Part.
(b) A crewmember or flight operations officer may complete the curricula required by this Part
concurrently or intermixed with other required curricula, but completion of each of these curricula
shall be recorded separately.
8.9.1.46 RESERVED
8.9.1.47 ELIGIBILITY PERIOD

(a) Crewmembers required to take a proficiency check, test or competency check, or recurrent training
to maintain qualification for commercial air transport operations may complete those requirements
at any time during the eligibility period.
(b) The eligibility period is defined as the three calendar month period including the month-prior, the
month-due, and the month-after any due date specified by this subsection.
(c) Completion of the requirement at any time during the period shall be considered as completed in
the month-due for calculation of the next due date.
8.9.1.48 REDUCTIONS IN REQUIREMENTS

(a) The Authority may authorise reductions in, or waive, certain portions of the training requirements of
this subpart, taking into account the previous experience of the crewmembers.
(b) Any AOC holder request for reduction or waiver shall be made in writing and outline the basis
under which the request is made.

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(c) If the request was for a specific crewmember, the correspondence from the Authority authorising
the reduction and the basis for it shall be filed in the record the AOC holder maintains for that
crewmember.
(d) If approved by the Authority, a person need not complete the programmed hours of flight training
for the particular aircraft if he or she:
(1) progresses successfully through flight training,
(2) is recommended by their instructor, and
(3) successfully completes the appropriate flight check with a check person.
(e) If approved by the Authority, a person need not complete the programmed hours of cabin crew or
flight operations officer training if he or she:
(1) progresses successfully through cabin crew or flight operations officer training,
(2) is recommended by their instructor, and
(3) successfully completes the appropriate competency check with a check person.
(f) Whenever the Authority finds that 20 percent of the checks given at a particular training base
during the previous 6 months are unsuccessful, this method of approval will not be used by the
AOC holder at that base until the Authority finds that the effectiveness of the training programme
has improved.

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8.10 FATIGUE MANAGEMENT

(a) This section is applicable to the management of fatigue-related safety risks of crewmembers and
flight operations officers/flight dispatchers engaged in commercial air transport flight operations.
8.10.1.2 MANAGING FATIGUE-RELATED SAFETY RISKS

(a) For the purpose of managing fatigue-related safety risks, an AOC holder shall establish either:
(1) flight time, flight duty period, duty period and rest period limitations that are within the
prescriptive fatigue management regulations in Section 8.12; or
(2) a Fatigue Risk Management System (FRMS) in compliance with Subsection 8.11.1.2(e);
or
(3) a FRMS in compliance with Subsection 8.11.1.2(e) for part of its operations and the
requirements of Section 8.12 for the remainder of its operations.
(b) Where the operator adopts prescriptive fatigue management regulations for part or all of its
operations, the Authority may approve, in exceptional circumstances, variations to these
regulations on the basis of a risk assessment provided by the operator. Approved variations shall
provide a level of safety equivalent to, or better than that achieved through the prescriptive fatigue
management regulations.
(c) The Authority shall approve an operator’s FRMS before it may take the place of any or all of the
prescriptive fatigue management regulations. An approved FRMS shall provide a level of safety
equivalent to, or better than, the prescriptive fatigue management regulations.
(d) Operators using an FRMS must adhere to the following provisions of the FRMS approval process
that allows the Authority to ensure that the approved FRMS meets the requirements of Subsection
8.11.1.2(c).
(1) Establish maximum values for flight times and/or flight duty period(s) and duty period(s),
and minimum values for rest periods that shall be based upon scientific principles and
knowledge, subject to safety assurance processes
Note: ICAO Doc 9966, Fatigue Risk Management Systems Manual, provides a definition for Safety
Assurance Processes.
(1) Adhere to Authority mandates to decrease maximum values and increase in minimum
values in the event that the operator’s data indicates these values are too high to too low,
respectively; and
(2) Provide justification to the Authority for any increase in maximum values or decrease in
minimum values based on accumulated FRMS experience and fatigue-related data before
such changes will be approved by the Authority.
(e) Operators implementing an FRMS to manage fatigue-related safety risks shall, as a minimum:
(1) Incorporate scientific principles and knowledge within the FRMS;
(2) Identify fatigue-related safety hazards and the resulting risks on an ongoing basis;
(3) Ensure that the remedial actions, necessary to effectively mitigate the risks associated
with the hazards, are implemented promptly;

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(4) Provide for continuous monitoring and regular assessment of the mitigation of fatigue
risks achieved by such actions; and
(5) Provide for continuous improvement to the overall performance of the FRMS.
8.10.1.3 DUTY AND REST PERIODS

(a) Duty and rest periods for flight crew and cabin crew are contained in IS: 8.11.1.3.

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8.11 FLIGHT TIME, FLIGHT DUTY PERIODS, DUTY PERIODS, AND REST PERIODS FOR
FATIGUE MANAGEMENT
(a) This section is applicable to the rest, duty and flight time limitations of crewmembers and flight
operations officers/flight dispatchers engaged in commercial air transport flight operations.
8.11.1.2 DUTY AND REST PERIODS – ALL CREWMEMBERS AND FLIGHT OPERATIONS OFFICERS
(a) With respect to duty periods—
(1) Persons are considered to be on duty if they are performing any tasks on behalf of the
AOC holder, whether scheduled, requested or self-initiated.
(2) If an AOC holder requires a flight crewmember to engage in deadhead transportation for
more than 4 hours, one half of that time shall be treated as duty time, unless they are
given 10 hours of rest on the ground before being assigned to flight duty.
(3) No AOC holder may schedule:
(i) A flight crew member for more than 14 hours of duty, except as prescribed by the
Authority.
(ii) A cabin crew member for more than 14 consecutive hours of duty, except as
prescribed by the Authority.
(iii) A flight operations officer/aircraft dispatcher for more than 10 consecutive hours
of duty within a 24 consecutive hour period, unless that person is given an
intervening rest period of at least 8 hours at or before the end of the 10 hours
duty, except in cases where circumstances or emergency conditions beyond the
control of the AOC holder require otherwise.
(A) Each AOC holder shall establish the daily duty period for a flight
operations officer/aircraft dispatcher so that it begins at a time that
allows him or her to become thoroughly familiar with existing and
anticipated weather conditions along the route before he or she
dispatches any aircraft.
(B) He or she shall remain on duty until each aircraft dispatched by him or
her has completed its flight or has gone beyond his or her jurisdiction or
until he or she is relieved by another qualified dispatcher.
(b) With respect to rest periods—
(1) The minimum rest period is considered to be 8 consecutive hours.
(2) The minimum rest period for flight crewmembers shall be 9 consecutive hours, unless
otherwise prescribed by the Authority.
(3) The AOC holder may exercise the option to reduce a crewmember’s rest period within the
limitations prescribed under IS: 8.12.1.3.
(4) The AOC holder shall relieve the flight crewmember, flight operations officer/flight
dispatcher, or cabin crewmember from all duties for 24 consecutive hours during any 7
consecutive day period.

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(5) Time spent in transportation, not local in character, which is required by the AOC holder to
position crewmembers to or from flights is not considered part of a rest period.
(6) Time spent in transportation on aircraft (at the insistence of the AOC holder) to or from a
crewmember’s home station is not considered part of a rest period.
(7) No AOC holder may assign, nor may any person—
(i) Perform duties in commercial air transportation unless that person has had at
least the minimum rest period applicable to those duties as prescribed by the
Authority; or
(ii) Accept an assignment to any duty with the AOC holder during any required rest
period.
8.11.1.3 DUTY ALOFT – FLIGHT CREW

(a) The Authority will consider all time spent on an aircraft as an assigned flight crewmember or relief
flight crewmember, whether resting or performing tasks, to be duty aloft.
(c) The Authority will consider a flight crewmember to be on continuous duty aloft unless the flight
crewmember receives a rest period of 8 consecutive hours on the ground.
(d) Each AOC holder shall provide adequate sleeping quarters, including a berth on the aircraft
whenever a flight crewmember is scheduled to be aloft for more than 12 hours during any 24
consecutive hours.
8.11.1.4 MAXIMUM NUMBER OF FLIGHT TIME HOURS – FLIGHT CREW

(a) No person may schedule any flight crewmember and no flight crewmember may accept an
assignment for flight time in commercial air transportation, if that flight crewmember’s total flight
time will exceed 8 hours in any 24 consecutive hours.
(b) No person may schedule any flight crewmember and no flight crewmember may accept an
assignment as a required crewmember for more than 7 flights in commercial air transportation
during any period of 18 consecutive hours, whichever comes first.
(c) No person may schedule any flight crewmember and no flight crewmember may accept an
time will exceed 30 hours in any 7-day period.
(d) No person may schedule any flight crewmember and no flight crewmember may accept an
time will exceed 100 hours in any 30-day period.
(e) No person may schedule any flight crewmember and no flight crewmember may accept an
time, total flights or duty aloft in commercial flying will exceed the limitations prescribed by the
Authority.
(f) No person may schedule any flight crewmember and no flight crewmember may accept an
time will exceed 1000 hours in any 12-calendar month period.
8.11.1.5 COMPLIANCE WITH SCHEDULING REQUIREMENTS

(a) The Authority will consider a person in compliance with prescribed standards if that person
exceeds flight/duty limitations when—

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(1) The flight is scheduled and normally terminates within the prescribed limitations; but
(2) Due to circumstances beyond the control of the AOC holder (such as adverse weather
conditions) are not expected at the time of departure to reach the destination within the
scheduled time.
(b) The Authority will consider a person in compliance with prescribed duty limitations, if that person
exceeds applicable limitations during emergency or adverse situations beyond the control of the
AOC holder.
8.11.1.6 SPECIAL FLIGHT DUTY SCHEMES

(a) The Authority may approve a special flight duty scheme for an AOC holder.
(b) An AOC holder may elect to apply the flight crewmember flight duty and rest requirements to the
cabin crewmembers.
8.11.1.7 FLIGHT TIME, DUTY AND REST PERIOD RECORDS

(a) Each AOC holder shall maintain records for each crew member and flight operations officer/flight
dispatcher of flight time, flight duty periods, duty periods, and rest periods for a period of 24
months.

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8.12 FLIGHT RELEASE—COMMERCIAL AIR TRANSPORT

(a) This Subpart is applicable to an AOC holder and the person designated by the AOC holder to issue
a flight release.
8.12.1.2 QUALIFIED PERSONS REQUIRED FOR OPERATIONAL CONTROL FUNCTIONS

(a) A qualified person shall be designated by the AOC holder to exercise the functions and
responsibilities for operational control of each flight in commercial air transport.
(b) For passenger-carrying flights conducted on a published schedule, a licensed and qualified flight
operations officer shall be on-duty at an operations base to perform the operational control
functions.
(c) For all other flights, the Director of Operations and the PIC are the qualified persons exercising
operational control responsibilities, and shall be available for consultation before, during and
immediately following the flight operation.
(1) The Director of Operations may delegate the functions for initiating, continuation,
diversion and termination of a flight to other employees. However, the Direction of
Operations shall retain full responsibility for these functions.
(d) For all flights, the PIC shares in the responsibility for operational control of the aircraft and has the
situational authority to make decisions regarding operational control issues in-flight.
(1) Where a decision of the PIC differs from that recommended, the person making the
recommendation shall make a record of the associated facts.
8.12.1.3 FUNCTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH OPERATIONAL CONTROL

(a) The person exercising responsibility for operational control for an AOC holder shall—
(1) Authorise the specific flight operation;
(2) Ensure that only those operations authorised by the AOC operations specifications are
conducted;
(3) Ensure that an airworthy aircraft properly equipped for the flight is available;
(4) Specify the conditions under which a flight may be dispatched or released (weather
minimums, flight planning, aircraft loading, and fuel requirements;
(5) Ensure that qualified personnel and adequate facilities are available to support and
conduct the flight;
(6) Ensure that crewmembers are in compliance with the flight and duty time requirements
when departing on a flight;
(7) Provide the PIC and other personnel who perform operational control functions with
access to the necessary information for the safe conduct of a flight (such as weather,
NOTAMS and aerodrome analysis);
(8) Ensure that proper flight planning and preparation is made;
(9) Ensure that flight locating and flight following procedures are followed;

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(10) Ensure that each flight has complied with the conditions specified for release before it is
allowed to depart;
(11) Ensure that when the conditions specified for a release cannot be met, the flight is either
cancelled, delayed, re-routed, or diverted, and
(12) For all flights, ensure the monitoring of the progress of the flight and the provision of
information that may be necessary to safety.
8.12.1.4 OPERATIONAL CONTROL DUTIES

(a) For all flights, the qualified person performing the duties of a flight operations officer shall—
(1) Assist the PIC in flight preparation and provide the relevant information required;
(2) Assist the PIC in preparing the operational and ATC flight plans;
(3) Sign the dispatch copy of the flight release;
(4) Furnish the PIC while in flight, by appropriate means, with information which may be
necessary for the safe conduct of the flight; and
(5) In the event of an emergency situation which endangers the safety of the aeroplane or
persons becomes known first to the flight operations officer/flight dispatcher, action by that
persons shall be in accordance with such procedures as outlined in the AOC holder’s
operations manual. Where necessary, immediately notify the appropriate authorities on
the nature of the situation, and if required, a request for assistance.
(b) A qualified person performing the operational control duties shall avoid taking any action that would
conflict with the procedures established by—
(1) ATC;
(2) The meteorological service;
(3) The communications service; or
(4) AOC holder.
8.12.1.5 CONTENTS OF A FLIGHT RELEASE/OPERATIONAL FLIGHT PLAN

(a) The dispatch or flight release/operational flight plan shall contain or have attached at least the
following information concerning each flight:
(1) Company or organization name.
(2) Make, model, and registration number of the aircraft being used.
(3) Flight or trip number, and date of flight.
(4) Name of each flight crewmember, cabin crewmember, and PIC.
(5) Departure aerodrome, destination aerodromes, alternate aerodromes, and route.
(6) Minimum fuel supply (in gallons or pounds).
(7) A statement of the type of operation (e.g., IFR, VFR).
(8) The latest available weather reports and forecasts for the destination aerodrome and
alternate aerodromes.
(9) Any additional available weather information that the PIC considers necessary.

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(b) The dispatch or flight release/operational flight plan shall be signed by the PIC and, when
applicable, the flight operations officer, and a copy shall be filed with operator or a designated
agent. If these procedures are not possible, it shall be left with the aerodrome authority or on
record at a suitable place at the point of departure.
8.12.1.6 FLIGHT RELEASE—AIRCRAFT REQUIREMENTS

(a) No person may issue a flight release for a commercial air transport operation unless the aircraft is
airworthy and properly equipped for the intended flight operation.
(b) No person may issue a flight release for a commercial air transport operation using an aircraft with
inoperative instruments and equipment installed, except as specified in the MEL approved for the
AOC holder for that type aircraft.
(c) No person may issue a flight release for a commercial air transport operation using an aircraft
unless a maintenance release has been issued for that aircraft.
(d) No person may issue a flight release for a commercial air transport operation unless the
requirements of Subsection 8.13.1.5 for operational flight planning have been met.
(e) Completed flight preparation forms shall be kept by an operator for a period of 3 months.
8.12.1.7 FLIGHT RELEASE—FACILITIES AND NOTAMS

(a) No person may release an aircraft over any route or route segment unless there are adequate
communications and navigational facilities in satisfactory operating condition as necessary to
conduct the flight safely.
(b) The flight operations officer shall ensure that the PIC is provided all available current reports or
information on aerodrome conditions and irregularities of navigation facilities that may affect the
safety of the flight.
(c) No person may issue a flight release for a commercial air transport operation unless the
requirements of Subsection 8.13.1.5 for operational flight planning have been complied met.
(d) Completed flight preparation forms shall be kept by an operator for a period of 3 months.
Note: For his or her review of the operational flight plan, the PIC will be provided with all available NOTAMs
with respect to the routing, facilities and aerodromes.
8.12.1.8 FLIGHT RELEASE—WEATHER REPORTS AND FORECASTS

(a) No person may release a flight unless he or she is thoroughly familiar with reported and forecast
weather conditions on the route to be flown.
(b) No person may release a flight unless he or she has communicated all information and
reservations they may have regarding weather reports and forecasts to the PIC.
requirements of § 8.13.1.5 for operational flight planning have been complied met.
8.12.1.9 FLIGHT RELEASE — IN ICING CONDITIONS

(a) No person may release an aircraft, when in their opinion or that of the PIC, the icing conditions that
may be expected or are met exceed that for which the aircraft is certified and has sufficient
operational de-icing or anti-icing equipment.

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(b) No person may release an aircraft any time conditions are such that frost, ice or snow may
reasonably be expected to adhere to the aircraft, unless there is available to the PIC at the
aerodrome of departure adequate facilities and equipment to accomplish the procedures approved
for the AOC holder by the Authority for ground de-icing and anti-icing.
requirements of Subsection 8.13.1.5 for operational flight planning have been complied met.
8.12.1.10 FLIGHT RELEASE — UNDER VFR OR IFR

(a) No person may release a flight under VFR or IFR unless the weather reports and forecasts
indicated that the flight can reasonably be expected to be completed as specified in the release.
8.12.1.11 FLIGHT RELEASE—MINIMUM FUEL SUPPLY

(a) No person may issue a flight release for a commercial air transport operation unless the fuel supply
specified in the release is equivalent to or greater than the minimum flight planning requirements of
this Part, including anticipated contingencies.
(b) No person may issue a flight release for a commercial air transport operation unless the
requirements of 8.13.1.5 for operational flight planning have been met.
(c) Completed flight preparation forms shall be kept by an operator for a period of 3 months.
8.12.1.12 FLIGHT RELEASE—AIRCRAFT LOADING AND PERFORMANCE

(a) No person may issue a flight release unless he or she is familiar with the anticipated loading of the
aircraft and is reasonably certain that the proposed operation will not exceed the—
(1) Centre of gravity limits;
(2) Aircraft operating limitations; and
(3) Minimum performance requirements.
(b) No person may issue a flight release for a commercial air transport operation unless any load
carried is properly distributed and safely secured.
requirements of § 8.13.1.5 for operational flight planning have been met.
8.12.1.13 FLIGHT RELEASE—AMENDMENT OR RE-RELEASE EN ROUTE

(a) Each person who amends a flight release while the flight is en route shall record that amendment.
(b) No person may amend the original flight release to change the destination or alternate aerodrome
while the aircraft is en route unless the flight preparation requirements for routing, aerodrome
selection and minimum fuel supply are met at the time of amendment or re-release.
(c) No person may allow a flight to continue to an aerodrome to which it has been released if the
weather reports and forecasts indicate changes that would render that aerodrome unsuitable for
the original flight release.
(d) No person may issue a flight release for a commercial air transport operation unless the
requirements of Subsection 8.13.1.5 for operational flight planning have been met.

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(e) Completed flight preparation forms shall be kept by an operator for a period of 3 months.
8.12.1.14 FLIGHT RELEASE—WITH AIRBORNE WEATHER RADAR EQUIPMENT

(a) No person may release a large aircraft carrying passengers under IFR or night VFR conditions
when current weather reports indicate that thunderstorms, or other potentially hazardous weather
conditions that can be detected with airborne weather radar, may reasonably be expected along
the route to be flown, unless the airborne weather radar equipment is in satisfactory operating
condition.
(b) No person may issue a flight release for a commercial air transport operation unless the
requirements of 8.13.1.5 for operational flight planning have been met.
(c) Completed flight preparation forms shall be kept by an operator for a period of 3 months.

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8.13 HELICOPTER PERFORMANCE OPERATING LIMITATIONS
8.13.1 GENERAL
8.13.1.1 Helicopters shall be operated in accordance with a code of performance established by SSCA, in
compliance with the applicable standards of this chapter.
Note 1.— The code of performance reflects, for the conduct of operations, both the various phases of
flight and the operational environment.
Note 2.— Concerning compliance with the code of performance, this Section requires operators to
comply with the laws, regulations and procedures of the SSCA.
8.13.1.2 In conditions where the safe continuation of flight is not ensured in the event of a critical engine failure,
helicopter operations shall be conducted in a manner that gives appropriate consideration for achieving
a safe forced landing.
8.13.1.3 For helicopters for which Part IV of Annex 8 is not applicable because of the exemption provided for in
Article 41 of the Convention, the State of the Operator should ensure that the level of performance
specified in 3.2 is met as far as practicable.
8.13.1.4 Where helicopters are operated to or from heliports in a congested hostile environment, the
requirements to enable these operations to be conducted in a manner that gives appropriate
consideration for the risk associated with an engine failure.
8.13.2 APPLICABLE TO HELICOPTERS CERTIFICATED IN ACCORDANCE WITH AOCR CHAPTER 9
8.13.2.1 The Standards contained in 8.13.2.2 to 8.13.2.7 inclusive are applicable to the helicopters to which
AOCR Chapter 9 is applicable.
8.13.2.2 The level of performance defined by the appropriate parts of this code of performance referred to in
8.13.1.1 for the helicopters designated in 8.13.2.1 shall be consistent with the overall level embodied in
the Standards of this chapter.
8.13.2.3 A helicopter shall be operated in compliance with the terms of its certificate of airworthiness and within
the approved operating limitations contained in its flight manual.
8.13.2.4 SSCA shall take such precautions as are reasonably possible to ensure that the general level of safety
contemplated by these provisions is maintained under all expected operating conditions, including
those not covered specifically by the provisions of this chapter.
8.13.2.5 A flight shall not be commenced unless the performance information provided in the flight manual
indicates that the Standards of 8.13.2.6 and 8.13.2.7 can be complied with for the flight to be
undertaken.
8.13.2.6 In applying the Standards of this chapter, account shall be taken of all factors that significantly affect
the performance of the helicopter (such as: mass, operating procedures, the pressure-altitude
appropriate to the elevation of the operating site, temperature, wind and condition of the surface). Such
factors shall be taken into account directly as operational parameters or indirectly by means of
allowances or margins, which may be provided in the scheduling of performance data or in the code of
performance in accordance with which the helicopter is being operated.
8.13.2.7 Mass limitations

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(a) The mass of the helicopter at the start of take-off shall not exceed the mass at which the code of
performance referred to in 8.13.1.1 is complied with, allowing for expected reductions in mass as
the flight proceeds and for such fuel jettisoning as is appropriate.
(b) In no case shall the mass at the start of take-off exceed the maximum take-off mass specified in
the helicopter flight manual taking into account the factors specified in 8.13.2.6.
(c) In no case shall the estimated mass for the expected time of landing at the destination and at any
alternate exceed the maximum landing mass specified in the helicopter flight manual taking into
account the factors specified in 8.13.2.6.
(d) In no case shall the mass at the start of take-off, or at the expected time of landing at the
destination and at any alternate, exceed the relevant maximum mass at which compliance has
been demonstrated with the applicable noise certification Standards in Annex 16, Volume I, unless
otherwise authorized in exceptional circumstances for a certain operating site where there is no
noise disturbance problem, by the competent authority of the State in which the operating site is
situated.
8.13.2.7.1 In developing a code of performance, SSCA shall either apply a risk assessment methodology
or choose not to apply a risk assessment methodology, the Standards of 8.13.2.7.2, 8.13.2.7.3
and 8.13.2.7.4 shall apply.
8.13.2.7.2 Take-off and initial climb phase
8.13.2.7.2.1 Operations in performance Class 1. The helicopter shall be able, in the event of the failure
of the critical engine being recognized at or before the take-off decision point, to
discontinue the take-off and stop within the rejected takeoff area available or, in the event
of the failure of the critical engine being recognized at or after the take-off decision point,
to continue the take-off, clearing all obstacles along the flight path by an adequate margin
until the helicopter is in a position to comply with 8.13.2.7.3.1.
8.13.2.7.2.2 Operations in performance Class 2. The helicopter shall be able, in the event of the failure
of the critical engine at any time after reaching DPATO, to continue the take-off, clearing
all obstacles along the flight path by an adequate margin until the helicopter is in a position
to comply with 8.13.2.7.3.1. Before the DPATO, failure of the critical engine may cause the
helicopter to force-land; therefore the conditions stated in 8.13.1.2 shall apply.
8.13.2.7.2.3 Operations in performance Class 3. At any point of the flight path, failure of an engine will
cause the helicopter to force-land; therefore the conditions stated in 8.13.1.2 shall apply.
8.13.2.7.3 En-route phase
8.13.2.7.3.1 Operations in performance Classes 1 and 2. The helicopter shall be able, in the event of
the failure of the critical engine at any point in the en-route phase, to continue the flight to
a site at which the conditions of 8.13.1.2.7.4.1 for operations in performance Class 1, or
the conditions of 8.13.1.2.7.4.2 for operations in performance Class 2 can be met, without
flying below the appropriate minimum flight altitude at any point.
Note.— When the en-route phase is conducted over a hostile environment and the diversion time to an
alternate would exceed two hours, it is recommended that the State of the Operator assess the risks
associated with a second engine failure.

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8.13.2.7.3.2 Operations in performance Class 3. The helicopter shall be able, with all engines
operating, to continue along its intended route or planned diversions without flying at any
point below the appropriate minimum flight altitude. At any point of the flight path, failure of
an engine will cause the helicopter to force-land; therefore the conditions stated in
8.13.1.1.2 shall apply.
8.13.2.7.4 Approach and landing phase
8.13.2.7.4.1 Operations in performance Class 1. In the event of the failure of the critical engine being
recognized at any point during the approach and landing phase, before the landing
decision point, the helicopter shall, at the destination and at any alternate, after clearing all
obstacles in the approach path, be able to land and stop within the landing distance
available or to perform a balked landing and clear all obstacles in the flight path by an
adequate margin equivalent to that specified in 8.13.2.7.2.1. In case of the failure
occurring after the landing decision point, the helicopter shall be able to land and stop
within the landing distance available.
8.13.2.7.4.2 Operations in performance Class 2. In the event of the failure of the critical engine before
the DPBL, the helicopter shall, at the destination and at any alternate, after clearing all
obstacles in the approach path, be able either to land and stop within the landing distance
available or to perform a balked landing and clear all obstacles in the flight path by an
adequate margin equivalent to that specified in 8.13.2.7.2.2. After the DPBL, failure of an
engine may cause the helicopter to force-land; therefore the conditions stated in 8.13.1.2
shall apply.
8.13.2.7.4.3 Operations in performance Class 3. At any point of the flight path, failure of an engine will
cause the helicopter to force-land; therefore the conditions stated in 8.13.1.2 shall apply.
8.13.3 OBSTACLE DATA
The operator shall use available obstacle data to develop procedures to comply with the take-off, initial climb,
approach and landing phases detailed in the code of performance established by SSCA.
8.13.4 ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR OPERATIONS OF HELICOPTERS IN PERFORMANCE CLASS 3

IN IMC, EXCEPT SPECIAL VFR FLIGHTS
8.13.4.1 Operations in performance Class 3 in IMC shall be conducted only over a surface environment
acceptable to SSCA over which the operations are performed.
8.13.4.2 In approving operations by helicopters operating in performance Class 3 in IMC, SSCA shall ensure
that the helicopter is certificated for flight under IFR and that the overall level of safety intended by the
provisions of Annexes 6 and 8 is provided by:
(a) the reliability of the engines;
(b) the operator’s maintenance procedures, operating practices and crew training programmes; and
(c) equipment and other requirements provided in accordance with AOCR Chapter 9.

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8.13.4.3 Operators of helicopters operating in performance Class 3 in IMC shall have a programme for engine
trend monitoring and shall utilize the engine and helicopter manufacturers’ recommended instruments,
systems and operational/ maintenance procedures to monitor the engines.
8.13.4.4 In order to minimize the occurrence of mechanical failures, helicopters operating in IMC in performance
Class 3 should utilize vibration health monitoring for the tail-rotor drive system.

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8.14 HELICOPTER INSTRUMENTS, EQUIPMENT AND FLIGHT DOCUMENTS

8.14.1 GENERAL
8.14.1.1 In addition to the minimum equipment necessary for the issuance of a certificate of airworthiness, the
instruments, equipment and flight documents prescribed in the following paragraphs shall be installed
or carried, as appropriate, in helicopters according to the helicopter used and to the circumstances
under which the flight is to be conducted. The prescribed instruments and equipment, including their
installation, shall be approved or accepted by SSCA.
8.14.1.2 A helicopter shall carry a certified true copy of the air operator certificate specified in AOCR Chapter 9,
and a copy of the operations specifications relevant to the helicopter type, issued in conjunction with
the certificate. When the certificate and the associated operations specifications are issued by the
State of the Operator in a language other than English, an English translation shall be included.
8.14.1.3 The operator shall include in the operations manual a minimum equipment list (MEL), approved by
SSCA which will enable the pilot-in-command to determine whether a flight may be commenced or
continued from any intermediate stop should any instrument, equipment or systems become
inoperative.
8.14.1.4 The operator shall make available to operations staff and crew members an aircraft operating manual,
for each aircraft type operated, containing the normal, abnormal and emergency procedures relating to
the operation of the aircraft. The manual shall include details of the aircraft systems and of the
checklists to be used. The design of the manual shall observe Human Factors principles. The manual
shall be easily accessible to the flight crew during all flight operations.
8.14.2 ALL HELICOPTERS ON ALL FLIGHTS
8.14.2.1 A helicopter shall be equipped with instruments that will enable the flight crew to control the flight path
of the helicopter, carry out any required procedural manoeuvres and observe the operating limitations
of the helicopter in the expected operating conditions.
8.14.2.2 A helicopter shall be equipped with:

(a) accessible and adequate medical supplies;
(1) a first-aid kit; and
(2) for helicopters required to carry cabin crew as part of the operating crew, a universal
precaution kit, for the use of cabin crew in managing incidents of ill health associated with
a case of suspected communicable disease, or in the case of illness involving contact with
body fluids.
(b) portable fire extinguishers of a type which, when discharged, will not cause dangerous
contamination of the air within the helicopter. At least one shall be located in:
(1) the pilot’s compartment; and
(2) each passenger compartment that is separate from the pilot’s compartment and that is not
readily accessible to the flight crew.
Note 1.— Any portable fire extinguisher so fitted in accordance with the certificate of airworthiness
of the helicopter may count as one prescribed.
Note 2.— Refer to 8.14.2.2.1 for fire extinguishing agents.

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(c)
(1) a seat or berth for each person over an age to be determined by SSCA;
(2) a seat belt for each seat and restraining belts for each berth; and
(3) a safety harness for each flight crew seat. The safety harness for each pilot seat shall
incorporate a device which will automatically restrain the occupant’s torso in the event of
rapid deceleration.
Note: When dual controls are fitted, the safety harness for each pilot seat should incorporate a
restraining device to prevent the upper body of an incapacitated occupant from interfering with the
flight controls. Depending on the design, the lock on an inertia reel device may suffice for this
purpose. Safety harness includes shoulder straps and a seat belt which may be used
independently.
(d) means of ensuring that the following information and instructions are conveyed to passengers:
(1) when seat belts or harnesses are to be fastened;
(2) when and how oxygen equipment is to be used if the carriage of oxygen is required;
(3) restrictions on smoking;
(4) location and use of life jackets or equivalent individual flotation devices where their
carriage is required; and
(5) location and method of opening emergency exits; and
(e) if fuses are used, spare electrical fuses of appropriate ratings for replacement of those accessible
in flight.
8.14.2.3 A helicopter shall carry:

(a) the operations manual prescribed in AOCR Chapter 9, or those parts of it that pertain to flight
operations;
(b) the helicopter flight manual for the helicopter, or other documents containing performance data
required for the application of AOCR Chapter 9 and any other information necessary for the
operation of the helicopter within the terms of its certificate of airworthiness, unless these data are
available in the operations manual; and
(c) current and suitable charts to cover the route of the proposed flight and any route along which it is
reasonable to expect that the flight may be diverted.

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8.14.2.4 Marking of break-in points
8.14.2.4.1 If areas of the fuselage suitable for break-in by rescue crews in an emergency are marked on
a helicopter, such areas shall be marked as shown below (see figure following). The colour of
the markings shall be red or yellow, and if necessary they shall be outlined in white to contrast
with the background.
8.14.2.4.2 If the corner markings are more than 2 m apart, intermediate lines 9 cm x 3 cm shall be
inserted so that there is no more than 2 m between adjacent markings.
8.14.3 FLIGHT RECORDERS
Crash protected flight recorders comprise one or more of the following systems: a flight data recorder
(FDR), a cockpit voice recorder (CVR), an airborne image recorder (AIR) and/or a data link recorder (DLR).
Image and data link information may be recorded on either the CVR or the FDR. Combination recorders
(FDR/CVR) may be used to meet the flight recorder equipage requirements. Lightweight flight recorders
comprise one or more of the following systems: an aircraft data recording system (ADRS), a cockpit audio
recording system (CARS), an airborne image recording system (AIRS) and/or a data link recording system
(DLRS). Image and data link information may be recorded on either the CARS or the ADRS.
Detailed guidance on flight recorders is contained in AOCR Chapter 8.
For helicopters for which the application for type certification is submitted to a Contracting State before 1
January 2016, specifications applicable to flight recorders may be found in CCAR Part 7.
MARKING OF BREAK-IN POINT

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8.14.3.1 Flight data recorders and aircraft data recording systems
Note 1.— Parameters to be recorded are listed in Table A4-1 of Appendix 4.
Note 2.— ADRS performance requirements are as contained in the EUROCAE ED-155, Minimum
Operational Performance Specification (MOPS) for Lightweight Flight Recorder Systems,
or equivalent documents.
8.14.3.1.1 Types
8.14.3.1.1.1 A Type IV FDR shall record the parameters required to determine accurately the helicopter
flight path, speed, attitude, engine power and operation.
8.14.3.1.1.2 A Type IVA FDR shall record the parameters required to determine accurately the
helicopter flight path, speed, attitude, engine power, operation and configuration.
8.14.3.1.1.3 A Type V FDR shall record the parameters required to determine accurately the helicopter
flight path, speed, attitude and engine power.
8.14.3.1.2 Operation
8.14.3.1.2.1 All helicopters of a maximum certificated take-off mass of over 3 180 kg for which the
individual certificate of airworthiness is first issued on or after 1 January 2016 shall be
equipped with a Type IVA FDR.
8.14.3.1.2.2 All helicopters of a maximum certificated take-off mass of over 7 000 kg, or having a
passenger seating configuration of more than nineteen, for which the individual certificate
of airworthiness is first issued on or after 1 January 1989 shall be equipped with a Type IV
FDR.
8.14.3.1.2.3 All helicopters of a maximum certificated take-off mass of over 3 180 kg, up to and
including 7 000 kg, for which the individual certificate of airworthiness is first issued on or
after 1 January 1989, shall be equipped with a Type V FDR.
8.14.3.1.2.4 All turbine-engined helicopters of a maximum certificated take-off mass of over 2 250 kg,
up to and including 3 180 kg for which the application for type certification was submitted
to a Contracting State on or after 1 January 2018 shall be equipped with:
(a) a Type IV A FDR; or
(b) a Class C AIR capable of recording flight path and speed parameters displayed
to the pilot(s); or
(c) an ADRS capable of recording the essential parameters.
8.14.3.1.2.5 All helicopters of a maximum certificated take-off mass of 3 180 kg or less for which the
equipped with:
(a) a Type IV A FDR; or
(b) a Class C AIR capable of recording flight path and speed parameters displayed
to the pilot(s); or
(c) an ADRS capable of recording the essential parameters.

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8.14.3.1.3 Discontinuation
8.14.3.1.3.1 The use of engraving metal foil FDRs shall be discontinued.
8.14.3.1.3.2 The use of analogue FDRs using frequency modulation (FM) should be discontinued.
8.14.3.1.3.3 The use of photographic film FDRs shall be discontinued.
8.14.3.1.4 Duration
8.14.3.1.4.1 Types IV, IVA and V FDRs shall be capable of retaining the information recorded during at
least the last ten hours of their operation.
8.14.3.2 Cockpit voice recorders
equipped with a CVR. For helicopters not equipped with an FDR, at least main rotor speed
shall be recorded on the CVR.
individual certificate of airworthiness is first issued on or after 1 January 1987 should be
should be recorded on the CVR.
individual certificate of airworthiness was first issued before 1 January 1987 shall be
shall be recorded on the CVR.
8.14.3.2.2 Discontinuation
8.14.3.2.2.1 The use of magnetic tape and wire CVRs is discontinued.
8.14.3.2.3 Duration
8.14.3.2.3.1 A CVR shall be capable of retaining the information recorded during at least the last 30
minutes of its operation.
8.14.3.2.3.2 All helicopters required to be equipped with a CVR, should have a CVR capable of
retaining the information recorded during at least the last two hours of its operation.
8.14.3.3 Data link recorders
8.14.3.3.1 Applicability
8.14.3.3.1.1 All helicopters for which the individual certificate of airworthiness is first issued on or after
1 January 2016, which utilize any of the data link communications applications listed in
5.1.2 of Appendix 4 and are required to carry a CVR, shall record on a flight recorder the
data link communications messages.
8.14.3.3.1.2 All helicopters which utilize any of the data link communications applications are required
to carry a CVR shall record on a flight recorder the data link communications messages.

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Note 1.— Data link communications are currently conducted by either ATN-based or FANS 1/A-
equipped helicopter.
Note 2.— A Class B AIR could be a means for recording data link communications applications
messages to and from the helicopters where it is not practical or is prohibitively expensive to record
those data link communications applications messages on FDR or CVR.
8.14.3.3.2 Duration
The minimum recording duration shall be equal to the duration of the CVR.
8.14.3.3.3 Correlation
Data link recording shall be able to be correlated to the recorded cockpit audio.
8.14.3.4 Flight recorders — general
8.14.3.4.1 Construction and installation
Flight recorders shall be constructed, located and installed so as to provide maximum practical
protection for the recordings in order that the recorded information may be preserved, recovered and
transcribed. Flight recorders shall meet the prescribed crashworthiness and fire protection
specifications.
8.14.3.4.2.1 Flight recorders shall not be switched off during flight time.
8.14.3.4.2.2 To preserve flight recorder records, flight recorders shall be deactivated upon completion
of flight time following an accident or incident. The flight recorders shall not be reactivated
before their disposition as determined in accordance with AOCR Chapter 9.
Note 1.— The need for removal of the flight recorder records from the aircraft will be determined by
SSCA conducting the investigation with due regard to the seriousness of an occurrence and the
circumstances, including the impact on the operation.
Note 2.— The operator’s responsibilities regarding the retention of flight recorder records are
contained in AOCR Chapter 9.
8.14.3.4.3 Continued serviceability
Operational checks and evaluations of recordings from the flight recorder systems shall be
conducted to ensure the continued serviceability of the recorders.
8.14.3.4.4 Flight recorders electronic documentation
The documentation requirement concerning FDR parameters provided by operators to accident

investigation authorities should be in electronic format and take account of industry specifications.
Note.— Industry specification for documentation concerning flight recorder parameters may be found
in the ARINC 647A, Flight Recorder Electronic Documentation, or equivalent document.
8.14.4 INSTRUMENTS AND EQUIPMENT FOR FLIGHTS OPERATED UNDER VFR AND IFR — BY DAY AND
NIGHT

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Note.— The flight instruments requirements in 8.14.4.1, 8.14.4.2 and 8.14.4.3 may be met by
combinations of instruments or by electronic displays.
8.14.4.1 All helicopters when operating in accordance with VFR by day shall be equipped with:
a) a magnetic compass;
b) an accurate timepiece indicating the time in hours, minutes and seconds;
c) a sensitive pressure altimeter;
d) an airspeed indicator; and
e) such additional instruments or equipment as may be prescribed by the appropriate authority.
8.14.4.2 All helicopters when operating in accordance with VFR at night shall be equipped with:
a) the equipment specified in 8.14.4.1;
b) an attitude indicator (artificial horizon) for each required pilot and one additional attitude indicator;
c) a slip indicator;
d) a heading indicator (directional gyroscope);
e) a rate of climb and descent indicator;
f) such additional instruments or equipment as may be prescribed by the appropriate authority; and
the following lights:
g) the lights required by AOCR Chapter 8 for aircraft in flight or operating on the movement area of a
heliport;
Note.— The general characteristics of lights are specified in AOCR Chapter 8.
h) two landing lights;
i) illumination for all instruments and equipment that are essential for the safe operation of the
helicopter that are used by the flight crew;
j) lights in all passenger compartments; and
k) a flashlight for each crew member station.
8.14.4.2.1 One of the landing lights should be trainable, at least in the vertical plane.
8.14.4.3 All helicopters when operating in accordance with IFR, or when the helicopter cannot be maintained in
a desired attitude without reference to one or more flight instruments, shall be equipped with:
a) a magnetic compass;
b) an accurate timepiece indicating the time in hours, minutes and seconds;
c) two sensitive pressure altimeters;

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d) an airspeed indicating system with means of preventing malfunctioning due to either condensation
or icing;
e) a slip indicator;
f) an attitude indicator (artificial horizon) for each required pilot and one additional attitude indicator;
g) a heading indicator (directional gyroscope);
h) a means of indicating whether the power supply to the gyroscope instrument is adequate;
i) a means of indicating in the flight crew compartment the outside air temperature;
j) a rate of climb and descent indicator;
k) a stabilization system, unless it has been demonstrated to the satisfaction of the certificating
authority that the helicopter possesses, by nature of its design, adequate stability without such a
system;
l) such additional instruments or equipment as may be prescribed by the appropriate authority; and
m) if operated at night, the lights specified in 8.14.4.2 g) to k) and 8.14.4.2.1.
8.14.4.3.1 All helicopters when operating in accordance with IFR shall be fitted with an emergency power
supply, independent of the main electrical generating system, for the purpose of operating
and illuminating, for a minimum period of 30 minutes, an attitude indicating instrument
(artificial horizon), clearly visible to the pilot-in-command. The emergency power supply shall
be automatically operative after the total failure of the main electrical generating system and
clear indication shall be given on the instrument panel that the attitude indicator(s) is being
operated by emergency power.
8.14.4.3.2 A helicopter when operating in accordance with IFR and which has a maximum certificated
take-off mass in excess of 3 175 kg or a maximum passenger seating configuration of more
than 9 shall be equipped with a ground proximity warning system which has a forward-looking
terrain avoidance function.
8.14.5 ALL HELICOPTERS ON FLIGHTS OVER WATER
8.14.5.1 Means of flotation
All helicopters intended to be flown over water shall be fitted with a permanent or rapidly deployable
means of flotation so as to ensure a safe ditching of the helicopter when:
a) engaged in offshore operations, or other overwater operations as prescribed by SSCA; or
b) flying over water in a hostile environment at a distance from land corresponding to more than 10
minutes at normal cruise speed when operating in performance Class 1 or 2; or
Note.— When operating in a hostile environment, a safe ditching requires a helicopter to be

designed for landing on water or certificated in accordance with ditching provisions.
c) flying over water in a non-hostile environment at a distance from land specified by SSCA when
operating in performance Class 1; or

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d) flying over water beyond autorotational or safe forced landing distance from land when operating
in performance Class 3.
8.14.5.2 Emergency equipment
8.14.5.2.1 Helicopters operating in performance Class 1 or 2 and operating in accordance with the
provisions of 8.14.5.1 shall be equipped with:
a) one life jacket, or equivalent individual flotation device, for each person on board, stowed in a
position easily accessible from the seat or berth of the person for whose use it is provided. For
offshore operations the life jacket shall be worn constantly unless the occupant is wearing an
integrated survival suit that includes the functionality of the life jacket;
b) life-saving rafts in sufficient numbers to carry all persons on board, stowed so as to facilitate their
ready use in emergency, provided with such life-saving equipment including means of sustaining life
as is appropriate to the flight to be undertaken; and when two life rafts are fitted, each should be able
to carry all occupants in the overload state.
Note.— The overload state is a design safety margin of 1.5 times the maximum capacity.
c) equipment for making the pyrotechnical distress signals described in AOCR Chapter 8.
8.14.5.2.2 Helicopters operating in performance Class 3 when operating beyond autorotational distance
from land but within 10 nm from land shall be equipped with one life jacket, or equivalent
individual flotation device, for each person on board, stowed in a position easily accessible
from the seat or berth of the person for whose use it is provided.
Note.— When determining the distance from land referred to in 8.14.1.10.2.2, consideration should
be given to environmental conditions and the availability of search and rescue facilities.
8.14.5.2.3 For offshore operations, when operating beyond autorotational distance from land, the life
jacket shall be worn unless the occupant is wearing an integrated survival suit that includes
the functionality of the life jacket .
8.14.5.2.4 Helicopters operating in performance Class 3 when operating beyond the distance specified in
8.14.5.2.2 shall be equipped as in 8.14.5.2.1.
8.14.5.2.5 In the case of helicopters operating in performance Class 2 or 3, when taking off or landing at
a heliport where, in the opinion of SSCA, the take-off or approach path is so disposed over
water that in the event of a mishap there would be likelihood of a ditching, at least the
equipment required in 8.14.5.2.1 a) shall be carried.
8.14.5.2.6 Each life jacket and equivalent individual flotation device, when carried in accordance with
8.14.5, shall be equipped with a means of electric illumination for the purpose of facilitating the
location of persons.
8.14.5.2.7 Rafts which are not deployable by remote control and which have a mass of more than 40 kg
should be equipped with some means of mechanically assisted deployment.
8.14.5.3 All helicopters on flights over designated sea areas

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8.14.5.3.1 Helicopters, when operating over sea areas which have been designated by the State
concerned as areas in which search and rescue would be especially difficult, shall be
equipped with life-saving equipment (including means of sustaining life) as may be appropriate
to the area overflown.
8.14.5.3.2 For offshore operations, a survival suit should be worn by all occupants when the sea
temperature is less than 10°C or when the estimated rescue time exceeds the calculated
survival time. When the elevation and strength of the sun results in a high temperature hazard
on the flight deck, consideration should be given to alleviating the flight crew from this
recommendation. When establishing rescue time, the sea state and the ambient light
conditions should be taken into consideration.
8.14.6 ALL HELICOPTERS ON FLIGHTS OVER DESIGNATED LAND AREAS
Helicopters, when operated across land areas which have been designated by SSCA concerned as
areas in which search and rescue would be especially difficult, shall be equipped with such signalling
devices and life-saving equipment (including means of sustaining life) as may be appropriate to the
area overflown.
8.14.7 EMERGENCY LOCATOR TRANSMITTER (ELT)
8.14.7.1 All helicopters operating in performance Class 1 and 2 shall be equipped with at least one automatic
ELT and, when operating on flights over water as described in 8.14.5.1 a), with at least one automatic
ELT and one ELT(S) in a raft or life jacket.
8.14.7.2 All helicopters operating in performance Class 3 shall be equipped with at least one automatic ELT
and, when operating on flights over water as described in 8.14.5.1 b), with at least one automatic ELT
and one ELT(S) in a raft or life jacket.
8.14.7.3 ELT equipment carried to satisfy the requirements of 8.14.7.1 and 8.14.7.2 shall operate in accordance
with the AOCR Chapter 8. The judicious choice of numbers of ELTs, their type and placement on
aircraft and associated floatable life support systems will ensure the greatest chance of ELT activation
in the event of an accident for aircraft operating over water or land, including areas especially difficult
for search and rescue. Placement of transmitter units is a vital factor in ensuring optimal crash and fire
protection. The placement of the control and switching devices (activation monitors) of automatic fixed
ELTs and their associated operational procedures will also take into consideration the need for rapid
detection of inadvertent activation and convenient manual switching by crew members.
8.14.8 ALL HELICOPTERS ON HIGH ALTITUDE FLIGHTS

Approximate altitude in the Standard Atmosphere corresponding to the value of absolute pressure used in
this text is as follows:
Absolute pressure Metres Feet
700 hPa 3 000 10 000
620 hPa 4 000 13 000
376 hPa 7 600 25 000

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8.14.8.1 A helicopter intended to be operated at flight altitudes at which the atmospheric pressure is less than
700 hPa in personnel compartments shall be equipped with oxygen storage and dispensing apparatus
capable of storing and dispensing oxygen supply to:
(1) All crew members and 10 per cent of the passengers for any period in excess of 30
minutes that the pressure in compartments occupied by them will be between 700 hPa
and 620 hPa; and
(2) The crew and passengers for any period that the atmospheric pressure in compartments
occupied by them will be less than 620 hPa.

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8.14.8.2 A helicopter intended to be operated at flight altitudes at which the atmospheric pressure is less than
700 hPa but which is provided with means of maintaining pressures greater than 700 hPa in personnel
compartments shall be provided with oxygen storage and dispensing apparatus capable of storing and
dispensing the oxygen supplies require to provide a sufficient quantity of stored breathing oxygen to
supply all the crew members and passengers, as is appropriate to the circumstances of the flight being
undertaken, in the event of loss of pressurization, for any period that the atmospheric pressure in any
compartment occupied by them would be less than 700 hPa.
8.14.8.3 A helicopter intended to be operated at flight altitudes at which the atmospheric pressure is more than
376 hPa which cannot descend safely within four minutes to a flight altitude at which the atmospheric
pressure is equal to 620 hPa, and for which the individual certificate of airworthiness was issued on or
after 9 November 1998, shall be provided with automatically deployable oxygen equipment to provide a
sufficient quantity of stored breathing oxygen to supply all the crew members and passengers, as is
appropriate to the circumstances of the flight being undertaken, in the event of loss of pressurization,
for any period that the atmospheric pressure in any compartment occupied by them would be less than
700 hPa. The total number of oxygen dispensing units shall exceed the number of passenger and
cabin crew seats by at least 10 per cent.
8.14.9 HELICOPTERS WHEN CARRYING PASSENGERS — SIGNIFICANT-WEATHER DETECTION
Helicopters when carrying passengers should be equipped with operative weather radar or other
significant-weather detection equipment whenever such helicopters are being operated in areas where
thunderstorms or other potentially hazardous weather conditions, regarded as detectable, may be
expected to exist along the route either at night or under instrument meteorological conditions.
8.14.10 ALL HELICOPTERS REQUIRED TO COMPLY WITH THE NOISE CERTIFICATION STANDARDS IN
CCAR PART 7.
All helicopters required to comply with the noise certification Standards of CCAR Part 7 shall carry a
document attesting noise certification. When the document, or a suitable statement attesting noise
certification as contained in another document approved by SSCA, is issued in a language other than
English, it shall include an English translation.
Note 1.— The attestation may be contained in any document, carried on board, approved by SSCA
Note 2.— The various noise certification Standards of CCAR Part 7, which are applicable to helicopters
are determined according to the date of application for a type certificate, or the date of acceptance of
an application under an equivalent prescribed procedure by the certificating authority. Some
helicopters are not required to comply with any noise certification Standard.
8.14.11 HELICOPTERS CARRYING PASSENGERS — CABIN CREW SEATS
8.14.11.1 All helicopters shall be equipped with a forward or rearward facing (within 15 degrees of the
longitudinal axis of the helicopter) seat, fitted with a safety harness for the use of each cabin crew
member required to satisfy the intent of 10.1 in respect of emergency evacuation.
Note 1.— In accordance with the provisions of 8.14.2.2 c) 1), a seat and seat belt shall be provided for
the use of each additional cabin crew member.
Note 2.— Safety harness includes shoulder straps and a seat belt which may be used independently.
8.14.11.2 Cabin crew seats shall be located near floor level and other emergency exits as required by SSCA for
emergency evacuation.

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8.14.12 HELICOPTERS REQUIRED TO BE EQUIPPED WITH A PRESSURE-ALTITUDE REPORTING
TRANSPONDER
Except as may be otherwise authorized by the appropriate authority, all helicopters shall be equipped
with a pressure-altitude reporting transponder which operates in accordance with CCAR Part 7.
Note.— This provision is intended to support the effectiveness of ACAS as well as to improve the
effectiveness of air traffic services. The intent is also for aircraft not equipped with pressure-altitude
reporting transponders to be operated so as not to share airspace used by aircraft equipped with
airborne collision avoidance systems.
8.14.13 MICROPHONES
All flight crew members required to be on flight deck duty shall communicate through boom or throat
microphones.
8.14.14 VIBRATION HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM
A helicopter which has a maximum certificated take-off mass in excess of 3 175 kg or a maximum
passenger seating configuration of more than 9 shall be equipped with a vibration health monitoring
system.
8.14.15 HELICOPTERS EQUIPPED WITH AUTOMATIC LANDING SYSTEMS,
a head-up display (HUD) or equivalent displays, enhanced vision systems (EVS), synthetic vision
systems (SVS) and/or combined vision systems (CVS)
8.14.15.1 Where helicopters are equipped with automatic landing systems, HUD or equivalent displays, EVS,
SVS or CVS, or any combination of those systems into a hybrid system, the use of such systems for
the safe operation of a helicopter shall be approved by SSCA. Automatic landing system — helicopter
is an automatic approach using airborne systems which provide automatic control of the flight path, to
a point aligned with the landing surface, from which the pilot can transition to a safe landing by means
of natural vision without the use of automatic control.
8.14.15.2 In approving the operational use of automatic landing systems, a HUD or equivalent displays, EVS,
SVS or CVS, SSCA shall ensure that:
a) the equipment meets the appropriate airworthiness certification requirements;
b) the operator has carried out a safety risk assessment of the operations supported by the
automatic landing systems, a HUD or equivalent displays, EVS, SVS or CVS; and
c) the operator has established and documented the procedures for the use of, and training
requirements for, automatic landing systems, a HUD or equivalent displays, EVS, SVS or CVS.
8.14.16 ELECTRONIC FLIGHT BAGS (EFBS)
Guidance on EFB equipment, functions and operational approval is contained in the Manual on
Electronic Flight Bags (Doc 10020).
8.14.16.1 EFB equipment
Where portable EFBs are used on board a helicopter, the operator shall ensure that they do not affect
the performance of the helicopter systems, equipment or the ability to operate the helicopter.

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8.14.16.2 EFB functions
8.14.16.2.1 Where EFBs are used on board a helicopter the operator shall:
a) assess the safety risk(s) associated with each EFB function;
b) establish and document the procedures for the use of, and training requirements for, the device
and each EFB function; and
c) ensure that, in the event of an EFB failure, sufficient information is readily available to the flight
crew for the flight to be conducted safely.
8.14.16.2.2 SSCA shall approve the operational use of EFB functions to be used for the safe operation of
helicopters.
8.14.16.3 EFB operational approval
In approving the operational use of EFBs, SSCA shall ensure that:
a) the EFB equipment and its associated installation hardware, including interaction with helicopter
systems if applicable, meet the appropriate airworthiness certification requirements;
b) the operator has assessed the safety risks associated with the operations supported by the EFB
function(s);
c) the operator has established requirements for redundancy of the information (if appropriate)
contained and displayed by the EFB function(s);
d) the operator has established and documented procedures for the management of the EFB
function(s) including any databases it may use; and
e) the operator has established and documented the procedures for the use of, and training
requirements for the EFB function(s).

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8.15 HELICOPTER COMMUNICATION AND NAVIGATION EQUIPMENT
8.15.1 COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT
8.15.1.1 A helicopter shall be provided with radio communication equipment capable of:
a) conducting two-way communication for heliport control purposes;
b) receiving meteorological information at any time during flight; and
c) conducting two-way communication at any time during flight with at least one aeronautical station
and with such other aeronautical stations and on such frequencies as may be prescribed by SSCA.
8.15.1.2 The radio communication equipment required in accordance with 8.15.1.1 shall provide for
communications on the aeronautical emergency frequency 121.5 MHz.
8.15.1.3 For flights in defined portions of airspace or on routes where an RCP type has been prescribed, a
helicopter shall, in addition to the requirements specified in 8.15.1.1:
a) be provided with communication equipment which will enable it to operate in accordance with the
prescribed RCP type(s); and
b) be authorized by SSCA for operations in such airspace.
8.15.2 NAVIGATION EQUIPMENT
8.15.2.1 A helicopter shall be provided with navigation equipment which will enable it to proceed:
a) in accordance with its operational flight plan; and
b) in accordance with the requirements of air traffic services;
except when, if not so precluded by SSCA, navigation for flights under VFR is accomplished by visual
reference to landmarks.
8.15.2.2 For operations where a navigation specification for performance-based navigation has been
prescribed, a helicopter shall, in addition to the requirements specified in 8.15.2.1:
a) be provided with navigation equipment which will enable it to operate in accordance with the
prescribed navigation specification(s); and
b) be authorized by SSCA for such operations.
Note.— Information on performance-based navigation, and guidance concerning the implementation

and operational approval process, are contained in the Performance-based Navigation (PBN) Manual
(Doc 9613). This document also contains a comprehensive list of references to other documents
produced by SSCA and international bodies concerning navigation systems.
8.15.2.3 The helicopter shall be sufficiently provided with navigation equipment to ensure that, in the event of
the failure of one item of equipment at any stage of the flight, the remaining equipment will enable the
helicopter to navigate in accordance with 8.15.2.1 and, where applicable, 8.15.2.2.

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8.15.2.4 On flights in which it is intended to land in instrument meteorological conditions, a helicopter shall be
provided with appropriate navigation equipment providing guidance to a point from which a visual
landing can be effected. This equipment shall be capable of providing such guidance at each heliport
at which it is intended to land in instrument meteorological conditions and at any designated alternate
heliports.
8.15.3 INSTALLATION
The equipment installation shall be such that the failure of any single unit required for either
communications or navigation purposes or both will not result in the failure of another unit required for
communications or navigation purposes.

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PART 8 — IMPLEMENTING STANDARDS
ISSUE 3
16 JUNE 2016
For ease of reference the number assigned to each implementing standard corresponds to its associated regulation. For
example IS: 1.2.1.8 would reflect a standard required in subsection 1.2.1.8.

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PART 8—IMPLEMENTING STANDARDS

IS: 8.7.2.2(B) GENERAL – ROTORCRAFT CLASS 1, 2, AND 3 CODE OF PERFORMANCE
(a) The following guidance material is the basis of the code of helicopter performance referenced in
Part 8, Subpart: 8.7.2 - Aircraft Used in Commercial Air Transport.
(b) Definitions:
(1) Category A. With respect to helicopters, means a multi-engined helicopter designed with
engine and system isolation features and capable of operations using take-off and landing
data scheduled under a critical engine failure concept which assures adequate designated
surface area and adequate performance capability for continued safe flight or safe
rejected take-off.
(2) Category B. With respect to helicopters, means a single engine or multi-engined
helicopter which does not meet Category A standards. Category B helicopters have no
guaranteed capability to continue safe flight in the event of an engine failure, and a forced
landing is assumed
(c) General guidance:
(1) Helicopters operating in performance Classes 1 and 2 should be certificated in
Category A
(2) Helicopters operating in performance Class 3 should be certificated in either Category A
or Category B (or equivalent)
(3) Except as permitted by the appropriate Authority:
(i) Take-off or landing from/to heliports in a congested hostile environment should
only be conducted in performance Class 1
(ii) Operations in performance Class 2 should only be conducted with a safe forced
landing capability during take-off and landing.
(iii) Operations in performance Class 3 should only be conducted in a non-hostile
environment
(4) The Authority may grant a waiver from the provisions of (3) (i) (ii) & (iii) upon receiving a
commercial air transport operator’s application for waiver and undertaking a risk
assessment of the operational conditions proposed, including:
(i) The type of operation and the circumstances of the flight;
(ii) The area/terrain over which the flight is being conducted;
(iii) The probability of a critical power-unit failure and the consequence of such an
event;
(iv) The procedures to maintain the reliability of the power-unit(s);
(v) The training and operational procedures to mitigate the consequences of the
critical power-unit failure; and
(vi) Installation and utilisation of a usage monitoring system.

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IS: 8.7.2.3 SINGLE AND MULTI-ENGINE AEROPLANE OPERATIONS
(a) In addition to the requirements in outlined under Subsection 8.7.2.3, an AOC holder seeking
approval from the Authority to operate single-engine turbine-powered aeroplanes at night and/or in
IMC shall comply with the additional requirements of this implementing standard.
(b) An AOC holder shall not operate single-engine, turbine-powered aeroplanes at night and/or in IMC
unless the following airworthiness and operational requirements have been satisfied by the
operator and approved by the Authority.
(1) Turbine Engine Reliability
(2) Turbine engine reliability shall be shown to have a power loss rate of less than 1 per
100000 engine hours
Note: Power loss in this context is defined as any loss of power, the cause of which may be traced to faulty engine or
engine component design or installation, including design or installation of the fuel ancillary or engine control
systems.
(c) The operator shall be responsible for engine trend monitoring.
(d) To minimize the probability of in-flight engine failure, the engine shall be equipped with:
(1) An ignition system that activates automatically, or is capable of being operated manually
for take-off and landing, and during flight, in visible moisture
(2) A magnetic particle detection or equivalent system that monitors the engine, accessories
gearbox, and reduction gearbox, and which includes a flight deck caution indication; and
(3) An emergency engine power control device that permits continuing operation of the
engine through a sufficient power range to safely complete the flight in the event of any
reasonably probable failure of the fuel control unit.
(e) Systems and Equipment. Single-engine turbine-powered aeroplanes approved to operate at night
and/or in IMC shall be equipped with the following systems and equipment intended to ensure
continued safe flight and to assist in achieving a safe forced landing after an engine failure, under
all allowable operating conditions:
(1) Two separate electrical generating systems, each one capable of supplying all probable
combinations of continuous in-flight electrical loads for instruments, equipment and
systems required at night and/or in IMC;
(2) A radio altimeter;
(3) An emergency electrical supply system of sufficient capacity and endurance, following
loss of all generated power, to as a minimum:
(i) Maintain the operation of all essential flight instruments, communication and
(ii) Navigation systems during a descent from the maximum certificated altitude in a
glide configuration to the completion of a landing;
(iii) Lower the flaps and landing gear, if applicable;
(iv) Provide power to one pitot heater, which must serve an air speed indicator
clearly visible to the pilot;
(v) Provide for operation of the landing light specified in (e)(10) below;
(vi) Provide for one engine restart, if applicable; and
(vii) Provide for the operation of the radio altimeter;
(4) Two attitude indicators, powered from independent sources;
(5) A means to provide for at least one attempt at engine re-start;
(6) Airborne weather radar;

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(7) A certified area navigation system capable of being programmed with the positions of
aerodromes and safe forced landing areas, and providing instantly available track and
distance information to those locations;
(8) For passenger operations, passenger seats and mounts which meet dynamically-tested
performance standards and which are fitted with a shoulder harness or a safety belt with a
diagonal shoulder strap for each passenger seat;
(9) In pressurised aeroplanes, sufficient supplemental oxygen for all occupants for descent
following engine failure at the maximum glide performance from the maximum certificated
altitude to an altitude at which supplemental oxygen is no longer required;
(10) A landing light that is independent of the landing gear and is capable of adequately
illuminating the touchdown area in a night forced landing; and
(11) An engine fire warning system.
(f) Minimum Equipment List (MEL). An AOC holder shall develop an MEL approved by the Authority
that is appropriate to the type of single-engine turbine-powered aeroplane operated specifying the
operating equipment required for night and/or IMC operations, and for day/VMC operations.
(g) Aeroplane Flight Manual (AFM) Information. The AFM shall include limitations, procedures,
approval status and other information relevant to operations by single-engine turbine-powered
aeroplanes at night and/or in IMC.
(h) Event Reporting. An AOC holder operating turbine-powered aeroplanes at night and/or in IMC shall
report all significant failures, malfunctions or defects to the Authority who in turn will notify the State
of Design.
(i) Operator Planning. Each AOC holder operating single-engine turbine-powered aeroplanes at night
and/or in IMC shall take account of all relevant information in the assessment of intended routes or
areas of operations, including the following:
(1) The nature of the terrain to be overflown, including the potential for carrying out a safe
forced landing in the event of an engine failure or major malfunction;
(2) Weather information, including seasonal and other adverse meteorological influences that
may affect the flight; and
(3) Other criteria and limitations as specified by the Authority.
(j) Each AOC holder shall identify aerodromes or safe forced landing areas available for use in the
event of engine failure and the position of these shall be programmed into the area navigation
system.
Note 1: A ‘safe’ forced landing in this context means a landing in an area at which it can reasonably be
expected that it will not lead to serious injury or loss of life, even though the aeroplane may incur extensive
damage.
Note 2: Operation over routes and in weather conditions that permit a safe forced landing in the event of an
engine failure, as specified in Subsection 8.8.1.30 (a) is not required for aeroplanes approved in accordance
with Subsection 8.8.1.30 (a)(1). The availability of forced landing areas at all points along a route is not
specified for these aeroplanes because of the very high engine reliability, additional systems and
operational equipment, procedures and training requirements specified in this implementing standard.
(k) Flight Crew Experience, Training and Checking
(1) No person may serve and no AOC holder shall use a flight crewmember in single-engine
turbine-powered aeroplanes engaged in commercial air transport unless he or she has
completed the appropriate flight crewmember training as specified in this Part and
approved by the Authority.

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(2) The AOC holder’s approved flight crew training and checking shall be appropriate to night
and/or IMC operations by single engine turbine-powered aeroplanes, covering normal,
abnormal and emergency procedures and, in particular, engine failure, including descent
to a forced landing in night and/or in IMC conditions.
(l) Route Limitations Over Water
(1) An AOC holder shall not conduct over water operations using single-engine turbine-
powered aeroplanes operating at night and/or in IMC except in areas of operation or over
specific routes identified in the AOC holder’s operation specifications.
(2) No AOC holder may conduct over water operations using single-engine turbine-powered
aeroplanes operating at night and/or in IMC except in accordance with procedures
approved by the Authority in the AOC holder’s operations manual for over water
operations covering flight beyond gliding distance from an area suitable for a safe forced
landing/ditching having regard to the characteristics of the aeroplane, seasonal weather
influences, including likely sea state and temperature, and the availability of search and
rescue services.
(m) Operator Certification or Validation.
(1) An AOC holder applying for operations specifications granting authorisation to conduct
single-engine turbine-powered aeroplane operations at night and/or in IMC shall
demonstrate to the Authority consistent with AOCR Air Operator Certification &
Administration, the ability to conduct operations by single-engine turbine-powered
aeroplanes at night and/or in IMC through a certification and approval process specified
by the Authority.
IS: 8.8.1.7 INSTRUMENT APPROACH OPERATING MINIMA

(a) Each operator establishing aerodrome-operating minima shall have its method for determining
such minima approved by the Authority.
(b) Each operator’s method for determining aerodrome-operating minima shall accurately account
for—
(1) The type, performance and handling characteristics of the aircraft;
(2) The composition and experience of the flight crew;
(3) The dimensions and characteristics of the runways selected for use;
(4) Aircraft equipment used for navigation and aircraft control during the approach to landing
and the missed approach;
(5) Obstacles in the approach and missed approach areas and the obstacle clearance
altitude/height for the intended instrument approach procedures;
(6) The means used to determine and report meteorological conditions; and
(7) The obstacles in the climb out areas and the necessary clearance margins.
(8) The adequacy and performance of the available visual and non-visual ground aids.
(9) The declared distances, for helicopters.

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IS: 8.8.1.9 CATEGORY II AND III MANUAL
(a) Application for approval. An applicant for approval of a Category II or III manual or an amendment
to an approved Category II or III manual shall submit the proposed manual or amendment to the
Authority. If the application requests an evaluation programme, it shall include the following:
(1) The location of the aircraft and the place where the demonstrations are to be conducted.
(2) The date the demonstrations are to commence (at least 10 days after filing the
application).
(b) Contents. Each Category II or III manual must contain:
(1) The registration mark, make, and model of the aircraft to which it applies.
(2) A maintenance programme.
(3) The procedures and instructions related to recognition of DH, use of runway visual range
(RVR) information, approach monitoring, the decision region (the region between the
middle marker and the decision height), the maximum permissible deviations of the basic
ILS indicator within the decision region, a missed approach, use of airborne low approach
equipment, minimum altitude for the use of the autopilot, instrument and equipment failure
warning systems, instrument failure, and other procedures, instructions, and limitations
that may be found necessary by the Authority.
IS: 8.8.1.28 INTERCEPTION OF CIVIL AIRCRAFT

(a) Cambodia shall observe the following principles regarding the interception of civil aircraft.
(1) Interception of civil aircraft will be undertaken only as a last resort.
(2) If undertaken, an interception will be limited to determining the identity of the aircraft,
unless it is necessary to return the aircraft to its planned track, direct it beyond the
boundaries of national airspace, guide it away from a prohibited, restricted or danger area
or instruct it to effect a landing at a designated aerodrome.
(3) Practice interception of civil aircraft will not be undertaken.
(4) Navigational guidance and related information will be given to an intercepted aircraft by
radiotelephony, whenever radio contact can be established.
(5) In the case where an intercepted civil aircraft is required to land in the territory overflown,
the aerodrome designated for the landing is to be suitable for the safe landing of the
aircraft type concerned.
Note: In the unanimous adoption by the 25th Session (Extraordinary) of the ICA0 Assembly on 10 May
1984 of Article 3 bis to the Convention on International Civil Aviation, the Contracting States have
recognised that "every State must refrain from resorting to the use of weapons against civil aircraft in flight."
(b) Cambodia shall ensure that:
(1) A standard method has been established and made available to the public for the
manoeuvring of aircraft intercepting a civil aircraft that is designed to avoid any hazard for
the intercepted aircraft.

OPERATIONS
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(2) Provision is made for the use of secondary surveillance radar or ADS-B, where available,
to identify civil aircraft in areas where they may be subject to interception.
(c) The PIC of an aircraft that is intercepted by another aircraft shall immediately:
(1) Follow the instructions given by the intercepting aircraft, interpreting and responding to
visual signals in accordance with the specifications in item (e) below.
(2) Notify, if possible, the appropriate air traffic services unit.
(3) Attempt to establish radio communication with the intercepting aircraft or with the
appropriate intercept control unit, by making a general call on the emergency frequency
121.5 MHz, giving the identity of the intercepted aircraft and the nature of the flight; and if
no contact has been established and if practicable, repeating this call on the emergency
frequency 243 MHz.
(4) If equipped with SSR transponder, select Mode A, Code 7700, unless otherwise
instructed by the appropriate air traffic services unit.
(5) If equipped with ADS-B or ADS-C, select the appropriate emergency functionality, if
available, unless otherwise instructed by the appropriate air traffic services unit.
(d) If any instructions received by radio from any sources conflict with those given by the intercepting
aircraft by visual signals, the PIC of the intercepted aircraft shall request immediate clarification
while continuing to comply with the visual instructions given by the intercepting aircraft.
(e) If any instructions received by radio from any sources conflict with those given by the intercepting
aircraft by radio, the PIC of the intercepted aircraft shall request immediate clarification while
continuing to comply with the radio instructions given by the intercepting aircraft.

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(f) Radio communication during interception. If radio contact is established during interception but
communication in a common language is not possible, the PIC of each involved aircraft shall
attempt to convey instructions, acknowledgement of instructions and essential at information by
using the phrases and pronunciations in Table 1 below and transmitting each phrase twice:
Table 1
Phrases for use by INTERCEPTING aircraft Phrases for use by INTERCEPTED aircraft
Phrase Pronunciation 1 Meaning Phrase Pronunciation 1 Meaning
CALL SIGN KOL SA-IN What is your call CALL SIGN KOL SA-IN My call sign is
sign? (call sign)2 (call sign) (call sign)
FOLLOW FOL-LO Follow me WILCO VILL-KO Understood
Will comply
DESCEND DEE-SEND Descend for CAN NOT KANN NOTT Unable to
landing comply
YOU LAND YOU LAAND Land at this REPEAT REE-PEET Repeat your
aerodrome instruction
PROCEED PRO-SEED You may AM LOST AM LOSST Position
proceed unknown
MAYDAY MAYDAY I am in distress
HIJACK3 HI-JACK I have been
hijacked
LAND. LAAND I request to land
(place name) (place name) at
(place name)
DESCEND DEE-SEND I require descent
1. In the second column, syllables to be emphasised are underlined.
2. The call sign required to be given is that used in radiotelephone, communications with air traffic services units and
corresponding to the aircraft identification in the flight plan.
3. Circumstances may not always permit, nor make desirable, the use of the phrase "HIJACK".
(g) The signals in Table 2 shall be used by the pilots of each involved aircraft in the event of
interception. Signals initiated by intercepting aircraft and responses by intercepted aircraft.

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Table 2
Series INTERCEPTING Aircraft Signals Meaning INTERCEPTED Aircraft Responds Meaning
1 DAY or NIGHT  Rocking aircraft and You have been DAY or NIGHT Rocking aircraft. Understood,
flashing navigational lights at irregular intercepted. flashing navigational lights at irregular will comply.
intervals (and landing lights in the case Follow me. intervals and following.
of a helicopter) from a position slightly
above and ahead of, and normally to
the left of, the intercepted aircraft (or to
the right if the intercepted aircraft is a
helicopter) and, after
acknowledgement, a slow level turn,
normally to the left, (or to the right in
the case of a helicopter) on the desired
heading.
Note: Meteorological conditions or

terrain may require the intercepting
aircraft to reverse the positions and
direction of turn given above in
Series 1.
Note: If the intercepting aircraft is not
able to keep pace with the intercepting
aircraft, the latter is expected to fly a
series of race-track patterns and to
rock the aircraft each time it passes the
intercepted aircraft.
2 DAY or NIGHT  An abrupt break- You may DAY or NIGHT Rocking the aircraft. Understood,
away manoeuvre from the intercepted proceed. will comply.
aircraft consisting of a climbing turn of
90 degrees or more without crossing
the line of flight of the intercepted
aircraft.
3 DAY or NIGHT  Lowering landing Land at this DAY or NIGHT Lowering landing Understood,
gear (if fitted), showing steady landing aerodrome. gear (if fitted), showing steady landing will comply.
lights and overflying runway in use or, if lights and following the intercepting
the intercepted aircraft is a helicopter, aircraft and, if, after overflying the
overflying the helicopter landing area. runway in use or helicopter landing
In the case of helicopters, the area, landing is considered safe,
intercepting helicopter makes a landing proceeding to land.
approach, coming to hover hear to the
landing area.

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Series INTERCEPTING Aircraft Signals Meaning INTERCEPTED Aircraft Responds Meaning
4 DAY or NIGHT  Raising landing gear Aerodrome you DAY or NIGHT  If it is desired that Understood,
(if fitted) and flashing landing lights have designated the intercepted aircraft follow the follow me.
while passing over runway in use or is inadequate. intercepting aircraft to an alternate Understood, you
helicopter landing area at a height aerodrome, the intercepting aircraft may proceed.
exceeding 300 m (1000 ft) but not raises its landing gear (if fitted) and
exceeding 600 m (2000 ft) (in the case uses he Series 1 signals prescribed for
of a helicopter, at a height exceeding intercepting aircraft.
50 m (170 ft) but not exceeding 100 m If it is decided to release the incepted
(330 ft) above the aerodrome level, and aircraft, the intercepting aircraft uses
continuing to circle runway in use or the Series 2 signals prescribed for
helicopter landing area. If unable to intercepting aircraft.
flash landing lights, flash any other
lights available.
5 DAY or NIGHT  Regular switching Cannot comply. DAY or NIGHT  Use Series 2 signals
on and off of all available lights but in prescribed for intercepting aircraft.
such a manner as to be distinct from
flashing lights.
6 DAY or NIGHT  Irregular flashing of In distress. DAY or NIGHT  Use Series 2 signals Understood
all available lights. prescribed for intercepting aircraft.

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IS: 8.8.1.33 REMOTELY PILOTED AIRCRAFT (RPA)
(a) Cambodia Operator’s Application Form to Operate Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA) Within
Cambodia.
Application Form for Remotely Piloted Aircraft Operations by a Cambodian Operator

(To be completed by a foreign operator for an approval to conduct operations in Cambodia)
Section 1. Applicant information
1a. Operator, or if applicable, Company registered name and 2. Pilot(s) of remote aircraft. Address: mailing address;
trading name if different. Address: mailing address; telephone; telephone; fax; and e-mail.
fax; and e-mail.
1b. RPA operator certificate number: 2b. Remote pilot licence number(s) for each pilot:
3. Insurance Information: Name of Insurer and address, including telephone: fax and e-mail.
Section 2: Aircraft identification

1. Aircraft registration number: ________________________________________________________________________
2. Aircraft identification to be used in radiotelephony, if applicable: _____________________________________________
3. Aircraft type: _____________________________________________________________________________________
4. Aircraft description (e.g., Engines, propellers, wing span): ___________________________________________________
5. Aircraft controlled via
Line of sight
Satellite
Computer program
Other _____________________________________________________________________________________
6. Aircraft equipment (e.g. Sprayers,-camera, type, live feed or photographs): ___________________________________
7. If camera equipped, aircraft camera transmission destination:
Operator/Company home base
Other (identify):__________________________________________________________________________
8. Frequency band to be used: __________________________________________________________________________
9. Aircraft radio station licence number, if applicable: _________________________________________________

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Section 3. Description of intended operation
1. Proposed type(s) of operation:
Aerial mapping; Aerial surveying; Aerial photography; Aerial advertising
Aerial surveillance and inspection; Forest fire management; Meteorological service
Search and rescue; Accident/incident investigation;
Cargo, indicate type of cargo: _______________________________________________

Is cargo classified as dangerous goods: yes; no
Is payload internal or external
Other: ______________________________________________________________________________________
2. Flight Rules: VFR; IFR; IMC; VLOS (Visual Line of Sight)
3. Dates/Geographic areas/description of intended operations and proposed route structure:

a. Date(s) of intended flight (dd/mm/yyyy): ____________________________________________
b. Point of departure: ____________________________________________________________
c. Destination: __________________________________________________________________
d. Route to be followed: __________________________________________________________
e. Cruising speeds(s): ____________________________________________________________
f. Cruising level(s)/altitude: ________________________________________________________
g. Duration/frequency of flight: ______________________________________________________
h. Emergency set down sites along proposed route: ______________________________________
i. For emergency landings:
1. responsible person for aircraft recovery: ________________________________________
2. responsible person for clean up if impact occurs: _________________________________
j. Emergency contact telephone numbers: ________________
Section 4. RPA Characteristics
1. RPA Characteristics:
a. Type of aircraft:
b. Maximum certificated take-off mass:
c. Number of engines:
d. Take-off and landing requirements:
e. Detect and avoid capabilities:
f. Number and location of remote pilot stations as well as handover procedures between remote pilot stations, if applicable:
g. payload information/description:
h. Visual control for takeoff and/or landing or takeoff and landing handled through camera on board

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2. Performance characteristics:
a. Operating speeds: ___________________________________________________________________________
b. Typical and maximum climb rates: ______________________________________________________________
c. Typical and maximum descent rates: ____________________________________________________________
d. Typical and maximum turn rates: _______________________________________________________________
e. Maximum aircraft endurance: ___________________________________________________________________
f. Other, such as limitations for wind, icing, precipitation: ________________________________________________
4. Communications, Navigation and Surveillance capabilities

a. Aeronautical safety communications frequencies and equipment:
i. ATC communications, including any alternate means of communication: _________________________________
ii. Command and control links (C2) including performance parameters and designated operational coverage area; ___________
iii. Communications between remote pilot and RPA observer, if applicable; _________________________________________
b. Navigation equipment; and ________________________________________________________________________________
c. Surveillance equipment (e.g. SSR transponder, ADS-B out). ______________________________________________________
5. Emergency procedures:
a. Communications failure with ATC: ______________________________________________________________
b. C2 failure: _________________________________________________________________________________
c. Remote pilot RPA observer communications failure, if applicable: ______________________________________
d. Satellite failure, if applicable: ____________________________________________________________________
e. Recovery during unplanned landings: ____________________________________________________________
f. Communication procedure with local law enforcement in case of impact: _________________________________
Attach copies of the following, in English translation if original documents are not in the English language:
• Insurance certificate;
• Noise certification document issued in accordance with ICAO Annex 16;
• Operator security programme; and
• Proposed flight plan to be filed with ATC
Signature of Date (dd/mm/yyyy): Name and title:
Applicant:
Section 5 to be completed by the SSCA

Evaluated by (name and office): SSCA decision:
Approval granted Not approved
Remarks:
Signature of SSCA representative: Date (dd/mm/yyyy):

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IS: 8.8.2.11 UNIVERSAL AVIATION SIGNALS

(a) Distress signals. The following signals, used either together or separately, mean that grave and
imminent danger threatens, and immediate assistance is requested:
Note 1: None of the provisions in this section shall prevent the use, by an aircraft in distress, of any means
at its disposal to attract attention, make known its position and obtain help.
Note 2: For full details of telecommunication transmission procedures for the distress and urgency signals,
see ICAO Annex 10, Volume II, Chapter 5.
Note 3: For details of the search and rescue visual signals, see ICAO Annex 12.
(1) A signal made by radiotelegraphy or by any other signaling method consisting of the
group SOS (• • • — — — • • •) in the Morse Code.
(2) A signal sent by radiotelephony consisting of the spoken word MAYDAY.
(3) Rockets or shells throwing red lights, fired one at a time at short intervals.
(4) A parachute flare showing a red light.
Note: Article 41 of the ITU Radio Regulations (Nos. 3268, 3270 and 3271 refer) provides information on the
alarm signals for actuating radiotelegraph and radiotelephone auto-alarm systems: 3268 The radiotelegraph
alarm signal consists of a series of twelve dashes sent in one minute, the duration of each dash being four
seconds and the duration of the interval between consecutive dashes one second. It may be transmitted by
hand but its transmission by means of an automatic instrument is recommended. 3270 The radiotelephone
alarm signal consists of two substantially sinusoidal audio frequency tones transmitted alternately. One
tone shall have a frequency of 2200 Hz and the other a frequency of 1300 Hz, the duration of each tone
being 250 milliseconds. 3271 The radiotelephone alarm signal, when generated by automatic means, shall
be sent continuously for a period of at least thirty seconds but not exceeding one minute; when generated
by other means, the signal shall be sent as continuously as practicable over a period of approximately one
minute.
(b) The following signals, used either together or separately, mean that an aircraft wishes to give
notice of difficulties which compel it to land without requiring immediate assistance:
(1) The repeated switching on and off of the landing lights; or
(2) The repeated switching on and off of the navigation lights in such manner as to be distinct
from flashing navigation lights.
(c) The following signals, used either together or separately, mean that an aircraft has a very urgent
message to transmit concerning the safety of a ship, aircraft or other vehicle, or of some person on
board or within sight:
(1) A signal made by radiotelegraphy or by any other signaling method consisting of the
group XXX.
(2) A signal sent by radiotelephony consisting of the spoken words PAN, PAN.
(d) Visual signals used to warn an unauthorised aircraft. By day and by night, a series of projectiles
discharged from the ground at intervals of 10 seconds, each showing, on bursting, red and green
lights or stars will indicate to an unauthorised aircraft that it is flying in or about to enter a restricted,
prohibited, or danger area, and that the aircraft is to take such remedial action as may be
necessary.

OPERATIONS
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(e) Signals for aerodrome traffic. Aerodrome controllers shall use and pilots shall obey the following
light and pyrotechnic signals:
From Aerodrome Control to:

Light
Aircraft in flight Aircraft on the ground
Directed towards Steady green. Cleared to land. Cleared for takeoff.
aircraft concerned
(See Figure 1.1) Steady red. Give way to other aircraft and Stop
continue circling.
Series of green flashes. Return for landing.* Cleared to taxi.
Series of red flashes. Aerodrome unsafe, do not land. Taxi clear of landing area in
use.
Series of white flashes Land at this aerodrome and Return to starting point on
proceed to apron*. the aerodrome
Red pyrotechnic Notwithstanding any previous
instructions, do not land for the
time being
* Clearances to land and to taxi will be given in due course.

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Figure 8.1
(f) Pilots shall acknowledge aerodrome controller signals as follows:

(1) When in flight—
(i) During the hours of daylight by rocking the aircraft's wings.
Note: This signal should not be expected on the base and final legs of the approach.
(ii) During the hours of darkness by flashing on and off twice the aircraft's landing
lights or, if not so equipped, by switching on and off twice its navigation lights.
(g) When on the ground—
(1) During the hours of daylight by moving the aircraft's ailerons or rudder.
(2) During the hours of darkness by flashing on and off twice the aircraft's landing lights or, if
not so equipped, by switching on and off twice its navigation lights.
(h) Aerodrome authorities shall use the following visual ground signals during the following situations:
(1) Prohibition of landing. A horizontal red square panel with yellow diagonals (Figure 8.2)
when displayed in a signal area indicates that landings are prohibited and that the
prohibition is liable to be prolonged.

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Figure 8.2
(2) Need for special precautions while approaching or landing. A horizontal red square panel
with one yellow diagonal (Figure 8.3) when displayed in a signal area indicates that owing
to the bad state of the manoeuvring area, or for any other reason, special precautions
must be observed in approaching to land or in landing.
Figure 8.3
(3) Use of runways and taxiways.

(i) A horizontal white dumb-bell (Figure 8.4) when displayed in a signal area
indicates that aircraft are required to land, take off and taxi on runways and
taxiways only.
Figure 8.4
(ii) The same horizontal white dumb-bell as in Figure 8.4, but with a black bar placed
perpendicular to the shaft across each circular portion of the dumb-bell (Figure
8.5) when displayed in a signal area indicates that aircraft are required to land
and take off on runways only, but other manoeuvres need not be confined to
runways and taxiways.
Figure 8.5
(4) Closed runways or taxiways. Crosses of a single contrasting colour, yellow or white
(Figure 8.6), displayed horizontally on runways and taxiways or parts thereof indicate an
area unfit for movement of aircraft.
Figure 8.6
(5) Directions for landing or takeoff.

(i) A horizontal white or orange landing T (Figure 8.7) indicates the direction to be
used by aircraft for landing and rake-off, which shall be in a direction parallel to
the shaft of the T towards the cross arm.
Note: When used at night, the landing T is either illuminated or outlined in white coloured lights.

OPERATIONS
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Figure 8.7
(ii) A set of two digits (Figure 8.8) displayed vertically at or near the aerodrome
control tower indicates to aircraft on the manoeuvring area the direction for
takeoff, expressed in units of 10 degrees to the nearest 10 degrees of the
magnetic compass.
Figure 8.8
(6) Right-hand traffic. When displayed in a signal area, or horizontally at the end of the
runway or strip in use, a right-hand arrow of conspicuous colour (Figure 8.9) indicates that
turns are to be made to the right before landing and after takeoff.
Figure 8.9
(7) Air traffic services reporting office. The letter C displayed vertically in black against a
yellow background (Figure 8.10) indicates the location of the air traffic services reporting
office.
Figure 8.10
(8) Glider flights in operation. A double white cross displayed horizontally (Figure 8.11) in the
signal area indicates that the aerodrome is being used by gliders and that glider flights are
being performed.
Figure 8.11
(9) The following marshalling signals shall be used from a signalman to an aircraft.
Note: These signals are designed for use by the signalman, with hands illuminated as necessary to
facilitate observation by the pilot, and facing the aircraft in a position.
(10) For fixed-wing aircraft, the signalman shall be positioned forward of the left-wing tip within
view of the pilot and, for helicopters, where the signalman can best be seen by the pilot.
Note 1: The meaning of the relevant signals remains the same if bats, illuminated wands or
torchlights are held.
Note 2: The aircraft engines are numbered, for the signalman facing the aircraft, from right to left
(i.e. No. I engine being the port outer engine).

OPERATIONS
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Note 3: Signals marked with an asterisk are designed for use to hovering helicopters.
(11) Prior to using the following signals, the signalman shall ascertain that the area within
which an aircraft is to be guided is clear of objects which the aircraft might otherwise
strike.
Note: The design of many aircraft is such that the path of the wing tips, engines and other extremities
cannot always be monitored visually from the flight deck while the aircraft is being manoeuvred on the
ground.
1. Wingwalker/guide.
Raise right hand above head level with wand pointing up; move
left-hand wand pointing down toward body.
Note: This signal provides an indication by a person positioned at

the aircraft wing tip to the pilot/ marshaller/ push-back operator
that the aircraft movement on/off a parking position would be
unobstructed.
2. Identify gate
Raise fully extended arms straight above head with wands
pointing up.
3. Proceed to next signalman or as directed by

tower/ground control
Point both arms upward; move and extend arms outward to sides
of body and point with wands to direction of next signalman or
taxi area.
4. Straight ahead
Bend extended arms at elbows and move wands up and down
from chest height to head.
5 a). Turn left (from pilot’s point of view)

With right arm and wand extended at a 90-degree angle to body,
make “come ahead” signal with left hand. The rate of signal
motion indicates to pilot the rate of aircraft turn.

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5 b). Turn right (from pilot’s point of view)
With left arm and wand extended at a 90-degree angle to body,
make “come ahead” signal with right hand. The rate of signal
motion indicates to pilot the rate of aircraft turn.
6 a). Normal stop

Fully extend arms and wands at a 90-degree angle to sides and
slowly move to above head until wands cross.
6 b). Emergency stop

Abruptly extend arms and wands to top of head, crossing wands.
7 a). Set brakes

Raise hand just above shoulder height with open palm. Ensuring
eye contact with flight crew, close hand into a fist. Do not move
until receipt of “thumbs up” acknowledgement from flight crew.
7 b). Release brakes

Raise hand just above shoulder height with hand closed in a fist.
Ensuring eye contact with flight crew, open palm. Do not move
until receipt of “thumbs up” acknowledgement from flight crew
8 a). Chocks inserted

With arms and wands fully extended above head, move wands
inward in a “jabbing” motion until wands touch. Ensure
acknowledgement is received from flight crew.

OPERATIONS
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8 b). Chocks removed
With arms and wands fully extended above head, move wands
outward in a “jabbing” motion. Do not remove chocks until
authorised by flight crew.
9. Start engine(s)
Raise right arm to head level with wand pointing up and start a
circular motion with hand; at the same time, with left arm raised
above head level, point to engine to be started.
10. Cut engines

Extend arm with wand forward of body at shoulder level; move
hand and wand to top of left shoulder and draw wand to top of
right shoulder in a slicing motion across throat.
11. Slow down

Move extended arms downwards in a “patting” gesture, moving
wands up and down from waist to knees.
12. Slow down engine(s) on indicated side

With arms down and wands toward ground, wave either right or
left wand up and down indicating engine(s) on left or right side
respectively should be slowed down.
13. Move back

With arms in front of body at waist height, rotate arms in a
forward motion. To stop rearward movement, use signal 6 a)
or 6 b).

OPERATIONS
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14 a). Turns while backing (for tail to starboard)
Point left arm with wand down and bring right arm from overhead
vertical position to horizontal forward position, repeating right-arm
movement.
14 b). Turns while backing (for tail to port)

Point right arm with wand down and bring left arm from overhead
vertical position to horizontal forward position, repeating left-arm
movement.
15. Affirmative/all clear

Raise right arm to head level with wand pointing up or display
hand with “thumbs up”; left arm remains at side by knee.
16. Hover
Fully extend arms and wands at a 90-degree angle to sides.
17. Move upwards

Fully extend arms and wands at a 90-degree angle to sides and,
with palms turned up, move hands upwards. Speed of movement
indicates rate of ascent.
18. Move downwards

Fully extend arms and wands at a 90-degree angle to sides and,
with palms turned down, move hands downwards. Speed of
movement indicates rate of descent.

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19 a). Move horizontally left (from pilot’s point of view)
Extend arm horizontally at a 90-degree angle to right side of
body. Move other arm in same direction in a sweeping motion.
19 b). Move horizontally right (from pilot’s point of view)

Extend arm horizontally at a 90-degree angle to left side of body.
Move other arm in same direction in a sweeping motion.
20. Land
Cross arms with wands downwards and in front of body.
21. Fire
Move right-hand wand in a “fanning” motion from shoulder to
knee, while at the same time pointing with left-hand wand to area
of fire.
22. Hold position/stand by

Fully extend arms and wands downwards at a 45-degree angle to
sides. Hold position until aircraft is clear for next manoeuvre.
23. Dispatch aircraft

Perform a standard salute with right hand and/or wand to
dispatch the aircraft. Maintain eye contact with flight crew until
aircraft has begun to taxi.

OPERATIONS
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24. Do not touch controls (technical/servicing
communication signal)
Extend right arm fully above head and close fist or hold wand in
horizontal position; left arm remains at side by knee.
25. Connect ground power (technical/servicing

communication signal)
Hold arms fully extended above head; open left hand horizontally
and move finger tips of right hand into and touch open palm of left
hand (forming a “T”). At night, illuminated wands can also be
used to form the “T” above head.
26. Disconnect power (technical/servicing communication

signal)
Hold arms fully extended above head with finger tips of right hand
touching open horizontal palm of left hand (forming a “T”); then
move right hand away from the left. Do not disconnect power until
authorised by flight crew. At night, illuminated wands can also be
used to form the “T” above head.
27. Negative (technical/servicing communication signal)
Hold right arm straight out at 90 degrees from shoulder and point
wand down to ground or display hand with “thumbs down”; left
hand remains at side by knee.
28. Establish communication via interphone

(technical/servicing communication signal)
Extend both arms at 90 degrees from body and move hands to
cup both ears.
29. Open/close stairs (technical/servicing communication

signal)
With right arm at side and left arm raised above head at a 45-
degree angle, move right arm in a sweeping motion towards top
of left shoulder.
Note: This signal is intended mainly for aircraft with the set of
integral stairs at the front.
(i) Signals from the pilot of an aircraft to a signalman.

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(1) The PIC or CP shall use the following signals when communicating with a signalman:
Note 1: These signals are designed for use by a pilot in the cockpit with hands plainly visible to the
signalman, and illuminated as necessary to facilitate observation by the signalman.
Note 2: The aircraft engines are numbered in relation to the signalman facing the aircraft, from right
to left (i.e. No. I engine being the port outer engine).
(2) Brakes engaged: Raise arm and hand, with fingers extended, horizontally in front of face,
then clench fist.
(3) Brakes released. Raise arm, with fist clenched, horizontally in front of face, then extend
fingers.
Note: The moment the fist is clenched or the fingers are extended indicates, respectively, the
moment of brake engagement or release.
(4) Insert chocks: Arms extended, palms outwards, move hands inwards to cross in front of
face.
(5) Remove chocks: Hands crossed in front of face, palms outwards, move arms outwards.
(6) Ready to start engine(s). Raise the appropriate number of fingers on one hand indicating
the number of the engine to be started.

OPERATIONS
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IS: 8.8.3.4 Table of Cruising Levels
(a) The cruising levels at which a flight or a portion of a flight is to be conducted shall be in terms of:
(1) Flight levels, for flights at or above the lowest usable flight level or, where applicable,
above the transition altitude;
(2) Altitudes, for flights below the lowest usable flight level or, where applicable, at or below
the transition altitude.
(b) The PIC shall observe the following cruising levels in areas where, on the basis of regional air
navigation agreement and in accordance with conditions specified therein, a vertical separation
minimum (VSM) of 300 m (1000 ft) is applied between FL 290 and FL 410 inclusive:*
TRACK**
From 000 Degrees to 179 Degrees*** From 180 Degrees to 359 Degrees***
IFR Flights VFR Flights IFR Flights VFR Flights
Altitude Altitude Altitude Altitude
FL Meters Feet FL Meters Feet FL Meters Feet FL Meters Feet
-90      0     
10 300 1000    20 600 2000   
30 900 3000 35 1050 3500 40 1200 4000 45 1350 4500
50 1500 5000 55 1700 5500 60 1850 6000 65 2000 6500
70 2150 7000 75 2300 7500 80 2450 8000 85 2600 8500
90 2750 9000 95 2900 9500 100 3050 10000 105 3200 10500
110 3350 11000 115 3500 11500 120 3650 12000 125 3800 12500
130 3950 13000 135 4100 13500 140 4250 14000 145 4400 14500
150 4550 15000 155 4700 15500 160 4900 16000 165 5050 16500
170 5200 17000 175 5350 17500 180 5500 18000 185 5650 18500
190 5800 19000 195 5950 19500 200 6100 20000 205 6250 20500
210 6400 21000 215 6550 21500 220 6700 22000 225 6850 22500
230 7000 23000 235 7150 23500 240 7300 24000 245 7450 24500
250 7600 25000 255 7750 25500 260 7900 26000 265 8100 26500
270 8250 27000 275 8400 27500 280 8550 28000 285 8700 28500
290 8850 29000 300 9150 30000
310 9450 31000 320 9750 32000
330 10050 33000 340 10350 34000
350 10650 35000 360 10950 36000
370 11300 37000 380 11600 38000
400 12200 40000
410 12500 41000 430 13100 43000
450 13700 45000 470 14350 47000
490 14950 49000 510 15550 51000
etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc.
* Except when, on the basis of regional air navigation agreements, a modified table of cruising levels based on a
nominal vertical separation minimum of 300 m (1000 ft) is prescribed for use, under specified conditions, by
aircraft operating above FL 410 within designated portions of the airspace.
** Magnetic track, or in polar areas at latitudes higher than 70 degrees and within such extensions to those areas
as may be prescribed by the appropriate ATS authorities, grid tracks as determined by a network of lines parallel
to the Greenwich Meridian superimposed on a polar stereographic chart in which the direction towards the North
Pole is employed as the Grid North.
*** Except where, on the basis of regional air navigation agreements, from 090 to 269 degrees and from 270 to 089
degrees is prescribed to accommodate predominant traffic directions and appropriate transition procedures to be
associated therewith are specified.

OPERATIONS
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(c) The PIC shall observe the following cruising levels in other areas not specified in item (a) above.
TRACK**
From 000 Degrees to 179 Degrees*** From 180 Degrees to 359 Degrees***
IFR Flights VFR Flights IFR Flights VFR Flights
Altitude Altitude Altitude Altitude
FL Meters Feet FL Meters Feet FL Meters Feet FL Meters Feet
-90      0     
10 300 1000    20 600 2000   
30 900 3000 35 1050 3500 40 1200 4000 45 1350 4500
50 1500 5000 55 1700 5500 60 1850 6000 65 2000 6500
70 2150 7000 75 2300 7500 50 2450 8000 85 2600 8500
90 2750 9000 95 2900 9500 100 3050 10000 105 3200 10500
110 3350 11000 115 3500 11500 120 3650 12000 125 3800 12500
130 3950 13000 135 4100 13500 140 4250 14000 145 4400 14500
150 4550 15000 155 4700 15500 160 4900 16000 165 5050 16500
170 5200 17000 175 5300 17500 180 5500 18000 185 5650 18500
190 5800 19000 195 950 19500 200 6100 20000 205 6250 20500
210 6400 21000 215 6550 21500 220 6700 22000 225 6850 22500
230 7000 23000 235 7150 23500 240 7300 24000 245 7450 24500
250 7600 25000 255 7750 25500 260 7900 26000 265 8100 26500
270 8250 27000 275 8100 27500 280 8550 28000 285 8700 28500
290 8850 29000 300 9150 30000 310 9450 31000 320 9750 32000
330 10050 33000 340 10350 34000 350 10650 35000 360 10950 36000
370 11300 37000 380 11600 38000 390 11900 39000 400 12200 40000
410 12500 41000 420 12500 42000 430 13100 43000 440 13400 44000
450 13700 45000 460 14000 46000 470 14350 47000 480 14650 48000
490 14950 49000 500 15250 50000 510 15550 51000 520 15850 52000
etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc.
**Magnetic track, or in polar areas at latitudes higher than 70 degrees and within such extensions to those areas as may be
prescribed by the appropriate ATS authorities, grid tracks as determined by a network of lines parallel to the Greenwich
Meridian superimposed on a polar stereographic chart in which the direction towards the North Pole is employed as the Grid
North.
***.Except where, on the basis of regional air navigation agreements, from 090 to 269 degrees and from 270 to 089 degrees
is prescribed to accommodate predominant traffic directions and appropriate transition procedures to be associated therewith
are specified.
Note 1: ICAO Doc 9574, Manual on the Implementation of a 300 m (1000 ft) Vertical Separation Minimum Between
FL 290 and FL 410 Inclusive, contains guidance material relating to vertical separation.
Note 2: ICAO Doc 8168, Procedures for Air Navigation Services, contains guidance for the system of flight levels.

OPERATIONS
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IS: 8.10.1.9 COMPANY PROCEDURES INDOCTRINATION

(a) Each AOC holder shall ensure that all operations personnel are provided company indoctrination
training that covers the following areas:
(1) AOC holder's organisation, scope of operation, and administrative practices as applicable
to their assignments and duties.
(2) Appropriate provisions of these regulations and other applicable regulations and guidance
materials.
(3) Contents of the AOC holder’s certificate and operations specifications (not required for
cabin crew).
(4) AOC holder policies and procedures.
(5) Crew member and flight operations officer duties and responsibilities.
(6) AOC holder testing programme for alcohol and narcotic psychoactive substances.
(7) Applicable crew member manuals.
(8) Appropriate portions of the AOC holder's Operations Manual.
IS: 8.10.1.10 INITIAL DANGEROUS GOODS TRAINING

(a) Each AOC holder shall establish, maintain, and have approved by the Authority, staff training
programmes, as required by the Technical Instructions.
(b) Each AOC holder not holding a permanent approval to carry dangerous goods shall ensure that—
(1) Staff who are engaged in general cargo handling have received training to carry out their
duties in respect of dangerous goods which covers as a minimum, the areas identified in
Column I of Table I to a depth sufficient to ensure that an awareness is gained of the
hazards associated with dangerous goods and how to identify such goods.
(2) Crew members, passenger handling staff, and security staff employed by the AOC holder
who deal with the screening of a passengers and their baggage, have received training
which covers as a minimum, the areas identified in Column 2 of Table I to a depth
sufficient to ensure that an awareness is gained of the hazards associated with dangerous
goods, how to identify them and what requirements apply to the carriage of such goods by
passengers.

OPERATIONS
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Table 1
Areas Of Dangerous Goods Training 1 2
General Philosophy x x
Limitations On Dangerous Goods In Air Transport x x
Package Marking And Labeling x x
Dangerous Goods In Passengers Baggage x
Emergency Procedures x
Note: “x” indicates an area to be covered.
(c) Each AOC holder holding a permanent approval to carry dangerous goods shall ensure that::
(1) Staff who are engaged in the acceptance of dangerous goods have received training and
are qualified to carry out their duties which covers as a minimum, the areas identified in
Column I of Table 2 to a depth sufficient to ensure the staff can take decisions on the
acceptance or refusal of dangerous goods offered for carriage by air.
(2) Staff who are engaged in ground handling, storage and loading of dangerous goods have
received training to enable them to carry out their duties in respect of dangerous goods
which covers as a minimum, the areas identified in Column 2 of Table 2 to a depth
sufficient to ensure that an awareness is gained of the hazards associated with dangerous
goods, how to identify such goods and how to handle and load them.
(3) Staff who are engaged in general cargo handling have received training to enable them to
carry out their duties in respect of dangerous goods which covers as a minimum, the
areas identified in Column 3 of Table 2 to a depth sufficient to ensure that an awareness
is gained of the hazards associated with dangerous goods, how to identify such goods
and how to handle and load them.
(4) Flight crew members have received training which covers as a minimum, the areas
identified in Column 4 of Table 2 to a depth sufficient to ensure that an awareness is
gained of the hazards associated with dangerous goods and how they should be carried
on an aircraft.
(5) Passenger handling staff; security staff employed by the operator who deal with the
screening of passengers and their baggage; and crew members other than flight crew
members, have received training which covers as a minimum, the areas identified in
Column 5 of Table 2 to a depth sufficient to ensure that an awareness is gained of the
hazards associated with dangerous goods and what requirements apply to the carriage of
such goods by passengers or, more generally, their carriage on an aircraft.
(d) Each AOC holder shall ensure that all staff who requires dangerous goods training receives
recurrent training at intervals of not longer than 2 years.
(e) Each AOC holder shall ensure that records of dangerous goods training are maintained for all staff
trained in accordance with paragraph (d).

OPERATIONS
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(f) Each AOC holder shall ensure that its handling agent’s staff are trained in accordance with the
applicable column of Table I or Table 2
Table 2
Areas Of Training 1 2 3 4 5
General Philosophy x x x x x
Limitations On Dangerous Goods in the Air x x x x x
Transport
Classification and List of Dangerous Goods x x x
General Packing Requirements and Packing x
Instructions
Packaging Specifications Marking x
Package Marking and Labelling x x x x x
Documentation from the Shipper x
Acceptance of Dangerous Good, Including the x
Use of a Checklist
Loading, Restrictions on Loading and Segregation x x x x
Inspections for Damage or Leakage and x x
Decontamination Procedures
Provision of Information to Commander x x x
Dangerous Goods in Passengers’ Baggage x x x
Emergency Procedures x x x x
Note:” x” indicates an area to be covered.

(g) An AOC holder shall provide dangerous goods training manuals which contain adequate
procedures and information to assist personnel in identifying packages marked or labelled as
containing hazardous materials including—
(1) Instructions on the acceptance, handling, and carriage of hazardous materials.
(2) Instructions governing the determination of proper shipping names and hazard classes.
(3) Packaging, labelling, and marking requirements.
(4) Requirements for shipping papers, compatibility requirements, loading, storage, and
handling requirements.
(5) Restrictions.

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IS: 8.10.1.12 INITIAL CREW RESOURCE MANAGEMENT TRAINING

(a) Each AOC holder shall ensure that the flight operations officers and all aircraft crew members have
CRM training as part of their initial and recurrent training requirements.
(1) A CRM training programme shall include—
(2) An initial indoctrination/awareness segment;
(3) A method to provide recurrent practice and feedback; and
(a) A method of providing continuing reinforcement.
(1) Curriculum topics to be contained in an initial CRM training course include—
(2) Communications processes and decision behaviour.
(3) Internal and external influences on interpersonal communications.
(4) Barriers to communication.
(5) Listening skills.
(6) Decision-making skills.
(7) Effective briefings.
(8) Developing open communications.
(9) Inquiry, advocacy, and assertion training.
(10) Crew self-critique.
(11) Conflict resolution.
(12) Team building and maintenance.
(13) Leadership and followship training.
(14) Interpersonal relationships.
(15) Workload management.
(16) Situational awareness.
(17) How to prepare, plan and monitor task completions.
(18) Workload distribution.
(19) Distraction avoidance.
(20) Individual factors.
(21) Stress reduction.

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IS: 8.10.1.13 INITIAL EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT DRILLS

(a) Each aircraft crew member shall accomplish emergency training during the specified training
periods, using those items of installed emergency equipment for each type of aircraft in which he or
she is to serve.
(b) During initial training, each aircraft crew member shall perform the following one-time emergency
drills—
(1) Protective Breathing Equipment (PBE)/Firefighting Drill.
(i) Locate source of fire or smoke (actual or simulated fire).
(ii) Implement procedures for effective crew co-ordination and communication,
including notification of flight crew members about fire situation.
(iii) Don and activate installed PBE or approved PBE simulation device.
(iv) Manoeuvre in limited space with reduced visibility.
(v) Effectively use the aircraft's communication system.
(vi) Identify class of fire.
(vii) Select the appropriate extinguisher.
(viii) Properly remove extinguisher from securing device.
(ix) Prepare, operate and discharge extinguisher properly.
(x) Utilise correct firefighting techniques for type of fire.
(2) Emergency Evacuation Drill.
(i) Recognise and evaluate an emergency.
(ii) Assume appropriate protective position.
(iii) Command passengers to assume protective position.
(iv) Implement crew co-ordination procedures.
(v) Ensure activation of emergency lights.
(vi) Assess aircraft conditions.
(vii) Initiate evacuation (dependent on signal or decision).
(viii) Command passengers to release seatbelts and evacuate.
(ix) Assess exit and redirect, if necessary; to open exit, including deploying slides
and commanding helpers to assist.
(x) Command passengers to evacuate at exit and run away from aircraft.
(xi) Assist special need passengers, such as handicapped, elderly, and persons in a
state of panic.
(xii) Actually exit aircraft or training device using at least one of the installed
emergency evacuation slides.

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Note: The crew member may either observe the aeroplane exits being opened in the emergency mode and
the associated exit slide/raft pack being deployed and inflated, or perform the tasks resulting in the
accomplishment of these actions.
(c) Each aircraft crew member shall accomplish additional emergency drills during initial and recurrent
training, including actual performance of the following emergency drills—
(1) Emergency Exit Drill.
(i) Correctly preflight each type of emergency exit and evacuation slide or slideraft
(if part of cabin crew member's assigned duties).
(ii) Disarm and open each type of door exit in normal mode.
(iii) Close each type of door exit in normal mode.
(iv) Arm each type of door exit in emergency mode.
(v) Open each type of door exit in emergency mode.
(vi) Use manual slide inflation system to accomplish or ensure slide or slideraft
inflation.
(vii) Open each type of window exit.
(viii) Remove escape rope and position for use.
(2) Hand Fire Extinguisher Drill.
(i) Preflight each type of hand fire extinguisher.
(ii) Locate source of fire or smoke and identify class of fire.
(iii) Select appropriate extinguisher and remove from securing device.
(iv) Prepare extinguisher for use.
(v) Actually operate and discharge each type of installed hand fire extinguisher.
Note 1: Fighting an actual or a simulated fire is not necessary during this drill.
Note 2: The discharge of Halon extinguishing agents during firefighting drills in not appropriate,
unless a training facility is used that is specifically designed to prevent harm to the environment
from the discharged Halon. When such facilities are not used, other fire extinguishing agents that
are not damaging to the environment should be used during the drills.
(vi) Utilise correct firefighting techniques for type of fire.
(vii) Implement procedures for effective crew co-ordination and communication,
including notification of flight crew members about the type of fire situation.
(3) Emergency Oxygen System Drill.
(i) Preflight and operation of portable oxygen devices.
(ii) Actually operate portable oxygen bottles, including masks and tubing.
(iii) Verbally demonstrate operation of chemical oxygen generators or installed
oxygen supply system.
(iv) Prepare for use and operate oxygen device properly, including donning and
activation.
(v) Administer oxygen to self, passengers, and to those persons with special oxygen
needs.

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(vi) Utilise proper procedures for effective crew co-ordination and communication.
(vii) Manually open each type of oxygen mask compartment and deploy oxygen
masks.
(viii) Identify compartments with extra oxygen masks.
(ix) Implement immediate action decompression procedures.
(x) Reset oxygen system, if applicable.
(xi) Preflight and operation of PBE.
(xii) Activate PBE.
Note: Several operators equip their aircraft with approved PBE units that have approved storage
pouches fastened with two metal staples at one end. However, considerations of practicality and
cost compel operators to use a less durable storage pouch that lacks the staple fasteners for
training purposes. As a result, pilots and cabin crew members have been surprised that opening
the pouch furnished on board requires more force than opening the training pouch. The Authority
should require crew member training that includes the appropriate procedures for operating PBE.
In those cases where pouches with staples are used for storage of the PBE unit, special emphasis
in training should highlight the difference between the training pouch and the onboard pouch. The
training pouch may be easy to open, but the approved, onboard pouch may require as much as 28
pounds of force to overcome the 2 staple fasteners.
(4) Flotation Device Drill.
(i) Preflight flotation device, if appropriate.
(ii) Don and inflate life vests.
(iii) Remove and use flotation seat cushions, as installed.
(iv) Demonstrate swimming techniques using a seat cushion, as installed.
(5) Ditching Drill, if applicable.
Note: During a ditching drill students shall perform the "prior to impact" and "after impact"
procedures for a ditching, as appropriate to the specific operator's type of operation.
(i) Implement crew co-ordination procedures, including briefing with captain to
obtain pertinent ditching information and briefing cabin crew members.
(ii) Co-ordinate time frame for cabin and passenger preparation.
(iii) Adequately brief passengers on ditching procedures.
(iv) Ensure cabin is prepared, including the securing of carry-on baggage, lavatories,
and galleys.
(v) Demonstrate how to properly deploy and inflate slideraft.
(vi) Demonstrate how to properly deploy and inflate liferafts, if applicable.
(vii) Remove, position and attach sliderafts to aircraft.
(viii) Inflate rafts.
(ix) Use escape ropes at overwing exits.
(x) Command helpers to assist.
(xi) Use slides and life vests or seat cushions as flotation devices.

OPERATIONS
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(xii) Remove appropriate emergency equipment from aircraft.
(xiii) Board rafts properly.
(xiv) Initiate raft management procedures (i.e., disconnecting rafts from aircraft,
applying immediate first aid, rescuing persons in water, salvaging floating rations
and equipment, deploying sea anchor, tying rafts together, activating or ensuring
operation of emergency locator transmitter).
(xv) Initiate basic survival procedures (i.e., removing and utilising survival kit items,
repairing and maintaining raft, ensuring protection from exposure, erecting
canopy, communicating location, providing continued first aid, providing
sustenance).
(xvi) Use heaving line to rescue persons in water.
(xvii) Tie sliderafts or rafts together.
(xviii) Use life line on edge of slideraft or life raft as a handhold.
(xix) Secure survival kit items.
(d) Each aircraft crew member shall accomplish additional emergency drill requirements during initial
and recurrent training including observing the following emergency drills—
(1) Liferaft Removal and Inflation Drill, if applicable.
(i) Removal of a liferaft from the aircraft or training device.
(ii) Inflation of a liferaft.
(2) Slideraft Transfer Drill.
(i) Transfer of each type of slideraft pack from an unusable door to a usable door.
(ii) Disconnect slideraft at unusable door.
(iii) Redirect passengers to usable slideraft.
(iv) Installation and deployment of slideraft at usable door.
(3) Slide and Slideraft Deployment, Inflation, and Detachment Drill.
(i) Engage slide girt bar in floor brackets, if applicable.
(ii) Arm slide for automatic inflation.
(iii) Inflate slides with and without quick-release handle (manually and automatically).
(iv) Disconnecting slide from the aircraft for use as a flotation device.
(v) Arm sliderafts for automatic inflation.
(vi) Disconnecting slideraft from the aircraft.
(4) Emergency Evacuation Slide Drill:
(i) Open armed exit with slide or slideraft deployment and inflation.
(ii) Egress from aircraft via the evacuation slide and run away to a safe distance.

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IS: 8.10.1.14(B) INITIAL AIRCRAFT GROUND TRAINING—FLIGHT CREW
(a) Each AOC holder shall have an initial aircraft ground training curriculum for the flight crew
applicable to their duties, the type of operations conducted and aircraft flown. Instructions shall
include at least the following general subjects:
(1) AOC holder’s dispatch, flight release, or flight locating procedures.
(2) Principles and methods for determining mass and balance, and runway limitations for
takeoff.
(3) AOC holder’s operations specifications, authorisations and limitations.
(4) Adverse weather recognition and avoidance, and flight procedures which shall be followed
when operating in the following conditions:
(i) Icing.
(ii) Fog.
(iii) Turbulence.
(iv) Heavy precipitation.
(v) Thunderstorms.
(vi) Low-level windshear and microburst.
(vii) Low visibility.
(viii) Contaminated runways.
(5) Normal and emergency communications procedures and navigation equipment including
the AOC holder’s communications procedures and ATC clearance requirements.
(6) Navigation procedures used in area departure, en route, area arrival, approach and
landing phases, to include visual cues prior to and during descent below DH or MDA.
(7) Approved crew resource management training.
(8) Air traffic control systems, procedures, and phraseology.
(9) Aircraft performance characteristics during all flight regimes, including:
(i) The use of charts, tables, tabulated data and other related manual information.
(ii) Normal, abnormal, and emergency performance problems.
(iii) Meteorological and mass limiting performance factors (such as temperature,
pressure, contaminated runways, precipitation, climb/runway limits).
(iv) Inoperative equipment performance limiting factors (such as MEL/CDL,
inoperative antiskid).
(v) Special operational conditions (such as unpaved runways, high altitude
aerodromes and drift down requirements).
(10) Normal, abnormal and emergency procedures on the aircraft type to be used.
(b) Each AOC holder shall have an initial aircraft ground training curriculum for the flight crew
applicable to their duties, the type of operations conducted and aircraft flown, including at least the
following aircraft systems (if applicable):

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(1) Airframe.
(i) Aircraft
(ii) Aircraft dimensions, turning radius, panel layouts, cockpit and cabin
configurations.
(iii) Other major systems and components or appliances of the aircraft.
(iv) Operating limitations.
(v) Approved aircraft flight manual.
(2) Powerplants.
(i) Basic engine description.
(ii) Engine thrust ratings.
(iii) Engine components such as accessory drives, ignition, oil, fuel control, hydraulic,
and bleed air features.
(3) Electrical.
(i) Sources of aircraft electrical power (such as engine driven generators, APU
generator, external power, etc.).
(ii) Electrical buses.
(iii) Circuit breakers.
(iv) Aircraft battery.
(v) Standby power systems.
(4) Hydraulic.
(i) Hydraulic reservoirs, pumps, accumulators; filters, check valves, interconnects
and actuators.
(ii) Other hydraulically operated components.
(5) Fuel.
(i) Fuel tanks (location and quantities).
(ii) Engine driven pumps.
(iii) Boost pumps.
(iv) System valves and crossfeeds.
(v) Quantity indicators.
(vi) Provisions for fuel jettisoning.
(6) Pneumatic.
(i) Bleed air sources (APU, engine or external ground air).
(ii) Means of routing, venting and controlling bleed air via valves, ducts, chambers,
and temperature and pressure limiting devices.
(7) Air conditioning and pressurisation.
(i) Heaters, air conditioning packs, fans, and other environmental control devices.

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(ii) Pressurisation system components such as outflow and negative pressure relief
valves.
(iii) Automatic, standby, and manual pressurisation controls and annunciators.
(8) Flight controls.
(i) Primary controls (yaw, pitch, and roll devices).
(ii) Secondary controls (leading/trailing edge devices, flaps, trim, and damping
mechanisms).
(iii) Means of actuation (direct/indirect or fly by wire).
(iv) Redundancy devices.
(9) Landing gear and brakes.
(i) Landing gear extension and retraction mechanism including the operating
sequence of struts, doors, and locking devices, and brake and antiskid systems,
if applicable.
(ii) Steering (nose or body steering gear).
(iii) Bogie arrangements.
(iv) Air/ground sensor relays.
(v) Visual downlock indicators.
(10) Ice and rain protection.
(i) Rain removal systems.
(ii) Anti-icing and/or deicing system(s) affecting flight controls, engines, pitot static
and other probes, fluid outlets, cockpit windows, and aircraft structures.
(11) Equipment and furnishings.
(i) Exits.
(ii) Galleys.
(iii) Water and waste systems.
(iv) Lavatories.
(v) Cargo areas.
(vi) Crew member and passenger seats.
(vii) Bulkheads.
(viii) Seating and/or cargo configurations.
(ix) Non-emergency equipment and furnishings.
(12) Navigation equipment.
(i) Flight directors.
(ii) Horizontal situation indicator.
(iii) Radio magnetic indicator.
(iv) Navigation receivers (GPS, ADF, SDF/LDA, VOR, TACAN, LORAN-C, RNAV,
Marker Beacon, DME) as required for the flight operations to be conducted.

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(v) Inertial systems (INS, IRS).
(vi) Functional displays.
(vii) Fault indications and comparator systems.
(viii) Aircraft transponders.
(ix) Radio altimeters.
(x) Weather radar.
(xi) Cathode ray tube or computer generated displays of aircraft position and
navigation information.
(13) Auto flight system.
(i) Autopilot.
(ii) Autothrottles.
(iii) Flight director and navigation systems.
(iv) Automatic approach tracking.
(v) Autoland.
(vi) Automatic fuel and performance management systems.
(14) Flight instruments.
(i) Panel arrangement.
(ii) Flight instruments (attitude indicator, directional gyro, magnetic compass,
airspeed indicator, vertical speed indicator, altimeters, standby instruments).
(iii) Instrument power sources, and instrument sensory sources (e.g., pitot static
pressure).
(15) Display systems.
(i) Weather radar.
(ii) Other cathode ray tube (CRT) or computer generated displays (e.g., checklist,
vertical navigation or longitudinal navigation displays).
(16) Communication equipment.
(i) VHF/HF/SAT COM radios.
(ii) Audio panels.
(iii) Inflight interphone and passenger address systems.
(iv) Voice recorder.
(v) Air/ground passive communications systems (ACARS).
(17) Warning systems.
(i) Aural, visual, and tactile warning systems (including the character and degree of
urgency related to each signal).
(ii) Warning and caution annunciator systems (including airborne collision
avoidance, ground proximity and takeoff configuration warning systems).
(18) Fire protection.

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(i) Fire and overheat sensors, loops, modules, or other means of providing visual
and/or aural indications of fire or overheat detection.
(ii) Procedures for the use of fire handles, automatic extinguishing systems and
extinguishing agents.
(iii) Power sources necessary to provide protection for fire and overheat conditions in
engines, APU, cargo bay/wheel well, cockpit, cabin and lavatories.
(19) Oxygen.
(i) Passenger, crew, and portable oxygen supply systems.
(ii) Sources of oxygen (gaseous or solid).
(iii) Flow and distribution networks.
(iv) Automatic deployment systems.
(v) Regulators, pressure levels and gauges.
(vi) Servicing requirements.
(20) Lighting.
(i) Cockpit, cabin, and external lighting systems.
(ii) Power sources.
(iii) Switch positions.
(iv) Spare light bulb locations.
(21) Emergency equipment.
(i) Fire and oxygen bottles.
(ii) First aid and medical kits.
(iii) Liferafts and life preservers.
(iv) Crash axes.
(v) Emergency exits and lights.
(vi) Slides and sliderafts.
(vii) Escape straps or handles.
(viii) Hatches, ladders and movable stairs.
(ix) Survival suits, if applicable to the operation.
(22) Auxiliary Power Unit (APU).
(i) Electric and bleed air capabilities.
(ii) Interfaces with electrical and pneumatic systems.
(iii) Inlet doors and exhaust ducts.
(iv) Fuel supply.

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(23) Performance.
(c) Each AOC holder shall have an initial aircraft ground training curriculum for the flight crew
applicable to their duties, the type of operations conducted and aircraft flown, including at least the
following aircraft systems integration items:
(1) Use of checklist.
(i) Safety checks.
(ii) Cockpit preparation (switch position and checklist flows).
(iii) Checklist callouts and responses.
(iv) Checklist sequence.
(2) Flight planning.
(i) Preflight and in-flight planning.
(ii) Performance limitations (meteorological, mass, and MEL/CDL items).
(iii) Required fuel loads.
(iv) Weather planning (lower than standard takeoff minimums or alternate
requirements).
(3) Display systems.
(i) Weather radar.
(ii) CRT displays (checklists, vertical navigation or longitudinal navigation displays).
(4) Navigation and Communications systems.
(i) Preflight and operation of applicable receivers.
(ii) Onboard navigation systems.
(iii) Flight plan information input and retrieval.
(5) Autoflight/flight directors.
(i) Autopilot.
(ii) Autothrust.
(iii) Flight director systems, including the appropriate procedures, normal and
abnormal indications, and annunciators.
(6) Cockpit familiarisation.
(i) Activation of aircraft system controls and switches to include normal, abnormal
and emergency switches.
(ii) Control positions and relevant annunciators, lights, or other caution and warning
systems.
(d) Each AOC holder shall ensue that initial ground training for flight crew consists of at least the
following programmed hours of instruction based on the aircraft to be used, unless a reduction is
determined appropriate by the Authority:
(1) For pilots and flight engineers—
(i) Piston-engined aeroplane—64 hours.

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(ii) Turbropropeller-powered aeroplane—80 hours.
(iii) Turbo-jet aeroplane—120 hours.
(iv) Helicopter—64 hours.
(v) Powered-lift—80 hours.
(vi) Other aircraft—64 hours.
(2) For flight navigators—
(i) Piston-engined aircraft—16 hours.
(ii) Turbropropeller-powered aircraft—32 hours.
(iii) Turbojet-aircraft—32 hours.
IS: 8.10.1.14 (C) INITIAL AIRCRAFT GROUND TRAINING—CABIN CREW MEMBERS

(a) Each AOC holder shall have an initial ground training curriculum for cabin crew members
applicable to the type of operations conducted and aircraft flown, including at least the following
general subjects, if applicable:
(1) Aircraft familiarisation.
(i) Aircraft characteristics and description.
(ii) Flightdeck configuration.
(iii) Cabin configuration.
(iv) Galleys.
(v) Lavatories.
(vi) Stowage areas.
(2) Aircraft equipment and furnishings.
(i) Cabin crew member stations.
(ii) Cabin crew member panels.
(iii) Passenger seats.
(iv) Passenger service units and convenience panels.
(v) Passenger information signs.
(vi) Aircraft markings.
(vii) Aircraft placards.
(viii) Bassinets and bayonet tables.
(3) Aircraft systems.
(i) Air conditioning and pressurisation system.
(ii) Aircraft communication systems (call, interphone and passenger address).
(iii) Lighting and electrical systems.
(iv) Oxygen systems (flight crew, observer and passenger).

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(v) Water system.
(vi) Entertainment and convenience systems.
(4) Aircraft exits.
(i) General information.
(ii) Exits with slides or sliderafts (preflight and normal operation).
(iii) Exits without slides (preflight and normal operations).
(iv) Window exits (preflight).
(5) Crew member communication and co-ordination.
(i) Authority of PIC.
(ii) Routine communication signals and procedures.
(iii) Crew member briefing.
(6) Routine crew member duties and procedures.
(i) Crew member general responsibilities.
(ii) Reporting duties and procedures for specific aircraft.
(iii) Pre-departure duties and procedures prior to passenger boarding.
(iv) Passenger boarding duties and procedures.
(v) Prior to movement on the surface duties and procedures.
(vi) Prior to takeoff duties and procedures applicable to specific aircraft.
(vii) Inflight duties and procedures.
(viii) Prior to landing duties and procedures.
(ix) Movement on the surface and arrival duties and procedures.
(x) After arrival duties and procedures.
(xi) Intermediate stops.
(7) Passenger handling responsibilities.
(i) Crew member general responsibilities.
(ii) Infants, children, and unaccompanied minors.
(iii) Passengers needing special assistance.
(iv) Passengers needing special accommodation.
(v) Carry-on stowage requirements.
(vi) Passenger seating requirements.
(vii) Smoking and no smoking requirements.
(8) Approved Crew Resource Management (CRM) training for cabin crew members.
(b) Each AOC holder shall have an initial ground training curriculum for cabin crew members
applicable to the type of operations conducted and aircraft flown, including at least the following
aircraft specific emergency subjects, if applicable:

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(1) Emergency equipment.
(i) Emergency communication and notification systems.
(ii) Aircraft exits.
(iii) Exits with slides or sliderafts (emergency operation).
(iv) Slides and sliderafts in a ditching.
(v) Exits without slides (emergency operation).
(vi) Window exits (emergency operation).
(vii) Exits with tailcones (emergency operation).
(viii) Cockpit exits (emergency operation).
(ix) Ground evacuation and ditching equipment.
(x) First aid equipment.
(xi) Portable oxygen systems (oxygen bottles, chemical oxygen generators,
protective breathing equipment (PBE)).
(xii) Firefighting equipment.
(xiii) Emergency lighting systems.
(xiv) Universal precaution kits
(xv) Automated external defibrillators
(xvi) Survival suits, if applicable to the operation.
(xvii) Additional emergency equipment.
(2) Emergency assignments and procedures.
(i) General types of emergencies specific to aircraft, including crew coordination
and communication.
(ii) Emergency communication signals and procedures.
(iii) Rapid decompression.
(iv) Insidious decompression and cracked window and pressure seal leaks.
(v) Fires.
(vi) Ditching.
(vii) Ground evacuation.
(viii) Unwarranted evacuation (i.e., passenger initiated).
(ix) Illness or injury.
(x) Abnormal situations involving passengers or crew members.
(xi) Hijacking and acts of unlawful interference.
(xii) Bomb threat.
(xiii) Turbulence.

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(xiv) Other unusual situations including an awareness of other crew members’
assignments and functions as they pertain to the cabin crew member’s own
duties.
(xv) Previous aircraft accidents and incidents.
(3) Aircraft specific emergency drills.
(i) Emergency exit drill.
(ii) Hand fire extinguisher drill.
(iii) Emergency oxygen system drill.
(iv) Flotation device drill.
(v) Ditching drill, if applicable.
(vi) Liferaft removal and inflation drill, if applicable.
(vii) Slideraft pack transfer drill, if applicable.
(viii) Slide or slideraft deployment, inflation, and detachment drill, if applicable.
(ix) Emergency evacuation slide drill, if applicable.
(c) Each AOC holder shall ensure that initial ground training for a cabin crew member includes a
competency check given by the appropriate supervisor or ground instructor to determine his or her
ability to perform assigned duties and responsibilities.
(d) Each AOC holder shall ensure that initial ground training for cabin crew members consists of at
least the following programmed hours of instruction based on the aircraft to be used, unless a
reduction is determined appropriate by the Authority:
(1) Piston-engined - 8 hours.
(2) Turbopropeller-powered - 8 hours.
(3) Turbo-jet – 16 hours.
(4) Other aircraft, including, if applicable, helicopter and powered lift – 8 hours.

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IS: 8.10.1.14(d) Initial Aircraft Ground Training—Flight Operations Officer
(a) Each AOC holder shall provide initial aircraft ground training for flight operations officers that
include instruction in at least the following subjects:
(1) General dispatch subjects:
(i) Appropriate regulations.
(ii) Operations Manual of the AOC holder.
(iii) Operations specifications of the AOC holder.
(iv) Weather reports: interpretation, available sources, actual and prognostic,
seasonal variations.
(v) Communications, to include normal and emergency.
(vi) Meteorology, to include effects on radio reception.
(vii) Adverse weather.
(viii) Notices to airmen.
(ix) Navigational charts and publications.
(x) Joint dispatcher/pilot responsibilities.
(xi) ATC coordination procedures.
(xii) Familiarisation with operations area, including classes of airspace and special
areas of navigation.
(xiii) Characteristics of special aerodromes.
(2) Aircraft characteristics:
(i) Aircraft specific flight preparation.
(ii) Aircraft operating and performance characteristics.
(iii) Navigation equipment, including peculiarities and limitations.
(iv) Instrument approach and communication equipment.
(v) Emergency equipment.
(vi) AFM or RFM provisions applicable to the aircraft duties.
(vii) MEL/CDL.
(viii) Applicable equipment training.
(3) Operations procedures:
(i) Adverse weather phenomena (wind-shear, clear air turbulence and
thunderstorms).
(ii) Mass and balance computations and load control procedures.
(iii) Aircraft performance computations, to include takeoff weight limitations based on
departure runway, arrival runway, and en route limitations, and also engine-out
limitations.
(iv) Flight planning procedures, to include route selection, flight time, and fuel
requirements analysis.

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(v) Dispatch release preparation.
(vi) Crew briefings.
(vii) Flight monitoring procedures.
(viii) MEL and CDL procedures.
(ix) Manual performance of all required procedures in case of the loss of automated
capabilities.
(x) Training in appropriate geographic areas.
(xi) ATC and instrument procedures, ground hold and central flow control
procedures.
(xii) Radio/telephone procedures.
(4) Abnormal and emergency procedures.
(i) Assisting flight crew in an emergency.
(ii) Alerting of appropriate governmental, company and private agencies.
(5) Crew resource management.
Note: IS 8.10.1.12 contains CRM training items.
(6) Dangerous goods.
Note: IS 8.10.1.10 contains dangerous goods training items.
(7) Security.
(8) Differences training.
Note: IS 8.10.1.17 contains items on differences training.
(b) Each AOC holder shall ensure that initial ground training for flight operations officers includes a
competency check given by an appropriately qualified dispatch supervisor or ground instructor that
demonstrates the required knowledge and abilities.
(c) Each AOC holder shall ensure that initial ground training for flight operations officers consists of at
(1) Piston-engined aircraft – 30 hours.
(2) Turbropropeller-powered aircraft – 40 hours.
(3) Turbo-jet aircraft – 40 hours.

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IS: 8.10.1.15 INITIAL AIRCRAFT FLIGHT TRAINING
(a) Each AOC holder shall ensure that pilot initial flight training includes at least the following training
and practice in procedures related to the carrying out of pilot duties and functions. This training and
practice may be accomplished either in flight or in a flight simulation training device (FSTD), as
appropriate to the category and class of aircraft, and as approved by the Authority.
Note: The flight training events for pilots listed in this IS are generic in nature for a type-rated aeroplane
training curriculum conducted in a FSTD. All of the events may not apply to all aircraft (e.g., one engine
inoperative landing for mutli-engine versus single engine aeroplanes) or may differ in the requirements for a
similar event (e.g., taxi for aeroplane, helicopter, and seaplane). Additional training events may need to be
added, changed or deleted for aircraft based on aircraft category or class.
(1) Preparation.
(i) Aircraft pre-flight done by external walk around, unless the use of pictorial display
is authorised by the Authority.
(ii) Pre-taxi procedures
(iii) Performance limitations.
(iv) Surface operation.
(v) Pushback.
(vi) Powerback taxi, if applicable to the type of operation to be conducted.
(vii) Starting.
(viii) Taxi
(ix) Pre-takeoff checks.
(2) Takeoff.
(i) Normal.
(ii) Crosswind.
(iii) Rejected.
(iv) Power failure after V1.
(v) Lower than standard minimum, if applicable to the type of operation to be
conducted.
(3) Climb.
(i) Normal.
(ii) One-engine inoperative during climb to en route altitude.
(4) En route.
(i) Steep turns.
(ii) Approaches to stalls (takeoff, en route, and landing configurations).
(iii) Inflight powerplant shutdown.
(iv) Inflight powerplant restart.
(v) High speed handling characteristics.

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(5) Descent.
(i) Normal.
(ii) Maximum rate.
(6) Approaches.
(i) VFR procedures.
(ii) Visual approach with 50% loss of power of available powerplants.
(iii) Visual approach with slat/flap malfunction.
(iv) IFR precision approaches (ILS normal and ILS with one-engine inoperative).
(v) IFR non-precision approaches (NDB normal and VOR normal).
Note: Non-precision approach with one engine inoperative may include LOC backcourse procedures,
SDF/LDA, GPS, TACAN and circling approach procedures, as applicable to the operator’s authorisations.
(vi) Note: Simulator shall be qualified for training/checking on the circling manoeuvre.
(vii) Missed approach from precision approach.
(viii) Missed approach from non-precision approach.
(ix) Missed approach with powerplant failure.
(7) Landings.
(i) Normal with a pitch mistrim (small aircraft only).
(ii) Normal from precision instrument approach.
(iii) Normal from precision instrument approach with most critical engine inoperative.
(iv) Normal with 50% loss of power of available powerplants.
(v) Normal with flap/slat malfunction.
(vi) Rejected landings.
(vii) Crosswind.
(viii) Manual reversion/degraded control augmentation.
(ix) Short/soft field (small aircraft only).
(x) Glassy/rough water (seaplanes only).
(xi) Auto-rotation (helicopter only)
(8) After landing.
(i) Parking.
(ii) Emergency evacuation.
(iii) Docking, mooring, and ramping (seaplanes only).
(9) Other flight procedures during any airborne phase.
(i) Airborne Collision Avoidance System: use and avoidance manoeuvres
(ii) Holding.
(iii) Ice accumulation on airframe.

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(iv) Air hazard avoidance.
(v) Windshear/mircoburst.
(10) Normal, abnormal and alternate systems procedures during any phase.
(i) Pneumatic/pressurisation.
(ii) Air conditioning.
(iii) Fuel and oil.
(iv) Electrical.
(v) Hydraulic.
(vi) Flight controls.
(vii) Anti-icing and deicing systems.
(viii) Autopilot.
(ix) Flight management guidance systems and/or automatic or other approach and
landing aids.
(x) Stall warning devices, stall avoidance devices, and stability augmentation
systems.
(xi) Airborne weather radar.
(xii) Flight instrument system malfunction.
(xiii) Communications equipment.
(xiv) Navigation systems.
(11) Emergency systems procedures during any phase.
(i) Aircraft fires.
(ii) Smoke control.
(iii) Powerplant malfunctions.
(iv) Fuel jettison.
(v) Electrical, hydraulic, pneumatic systems.
(vi) Flight control system malfunction.
(vii) Landing gear and flap system malfunction.
(b) Each AOC holder shall ensure that flight engineer flight training includes at least the following
training and practice in procedures related to the carrying out of flight engineer duties and
functions. This training and practice may be accomplished either in flight or in a flight simulation
training device (FSTD), as approved by the Authority.
Note: The flight training events for flight engineers listed in this IS are generic in nature for a type-rated
aeroplane training curriculum. Additional training events may need to be added, changed or deleted. The
events listed are typically conducted in a FSTD, except as noted, and may be conducted in aircraft when
appropriate
(1) Preparation.
(i) Airplane preflight.

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(ii) Logbook procedures.
(iii) Safety checks.
(iv) Cabin/interiors.
(v) Exterior Walkaround.
(vi) Servicing/deicing.
(vii) Use of Oxygen.
(2) Ground Operations.
(i) Performance Data.
(A) TO/LND Data.
(B) Airport Analysis.
(C) Mass and Balance.
(ii) Use of Checklist.
(A) Panel setup.
(iii) Starting.
(A) External power.
(B) External Air.
(C) APU.
(iv) Communications.
(A) Station Procedures.
(B) ACARS.
(v) Taxi.
(3) Takeoff.
(i) Powerplant Control.
(ii) Flaps/landing gear.
(iii) Fuel management.
(iv) Other Systems Operation.
(v) Aircraft Performance.
(vi) Checklist Completion.
(4) Climb.
(i) Powerplant control.
(ii) Fuel Management.
(iii) Pressurisation.
(iv) Electrical System.
(v) Air Conditioning.
(vi) Flight Controls.

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(vii) Other Systems.
(5) En Route.
(i) Powerplant Operation.
(ii) Fuel Management.
(iii) Performance Management.
(iv) High Altitude Performance.
(v) Other Systems Operation.
(6) Descent.
(i) Powerplant operation.
(ii) Other Systems Operation.
(iii) Performance Management.
(7) Approach.
(i) Landing Data.
(ii) Landing Gear Operation.
(iii) Flat/Slat/Spoiler Operation.
(iv) Approach Monitoring.
(8) Landings.
(i) Powerplant Operation.
(ii) Aircraft Configuration.
(iii) System Operation.
(A) Emergency Evacuation.
(9) Procedures During Any Ground or Airborne Phase.
(i) Cockpit Equipment.
(ii) Flap Slats/Gear.
(iii) Powerplant.
(iv) Pressurisation.
(v) Pneumatic.
(vi) Air Conditioning.
(vii) Fuel and Oil.
(viii) Electrical.
(ix) Hydraulic.
(x) Flight Controls.
(xi) Anti-Icing and Deicing.
(xii) Other Checklist Procedures.

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(c) Each AOC holder shall ensure that flight navigator flight training includes at least the following
training and practice in procedures related to the carrying out of flight navigator duties and
functions. This training and practice may be accomplished either in flight or in a flight simulation
training device (FSTD), as approved by the Authority.
(1) Initial flight training for flight navigators must include flight training and a flight check that is
adequate to ensure the crew member's proficiency in the performance of his or her
assigned duties.
(2) The flight training and check specified in paragraph (1) must be performed—
(i) In-flight or in an appropriate flight simulation training device; or
(ii) In commercial air transport operations, if performed under the supervision of a
qualified flight navigator instructor or check navigator, as applicable.
(d) Each AOC holder shall ensure that initial flight training for pilots and flight engineers consists of at
(1) For one pilot in either an aircraft or flight simulation training devices—
(i) Piston-engined aircraft—PIC: 14 hours; CP: 14 hours; and FE: 12 hours.
(ii) Turbropropeller-powered aircraft—PIC: 15 hours; CP: 15 hours; and FE: 12
hours.
(iii) Turbo-jet aircraft—PIC: 20 hours; CP: 16 hours; and FE; 12 hours.
(iv) Other aircraft—PIC and CP: 14 hours.
(2) For two pilots in a flight simulation training device—
(i) Piston-engined aircraft—PIC: 24 hours; CP: 24 hours; and FE: 20 hours.
(ii) Turbropropeller-powered aircraft—PIC: 24 hours; CP: 24 hours; and FE: 20
hours.
(iii) Turbo-jet aircraft—PIC: 28 hours; CP: 28 hours; and FE: 20 hours.
(iv) Other aircraft—PIC and CP: 24 hours.
Note: Training times in item (d) of this IS are higher than in 14 CFR and are taken from the FAA national
norms in FAA Order 8900.1.

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IS: 8.10.1.16 INITIAL SPECIALISED OPERATIONS TRAINING

(a) Each AOC holder shall provide initial specialised operations training to ensure that each pilot and
flight operations officer is qualified in the type of operation in which he or she serves and in any
specialised or new equipment, procedures, and techniques, such as:
(1) Long-range navigation.
(i) Knowledge of specialised navigation procedures, such as MNPS, NPAC.
(ii) Knowledge of specialised equipment, such as INS, LORAN, GPS.
(2) CAT II and CAT III approaches.
(3) Special equipment, procedures and practice.
(4) A demonstration of competency.
(5) Low visibility takeoff operations.
(i) Runway and lighting requirements.
(ii) Rejected takeoffs at, or near, V1 with a failure of the most critical engine.
(iii) Taxi operations.
(iv) Procedures to prevent runway incursions under low visibility conditions.
(6) Extended range operations with two engine aeroplanes.
(7) Approaches using on-board radar.
(8) Autopilot instead of Co-pilot.
IS: 8.10.1.17 AIRCRAFT DIFFERENCES

(a) Each AOC holder shall provide aircraft differences training for flight operations officers when the
operator has aircraft variances within the same type of aircraft, which includes at least the
following:
(1) Operations procedures—
(i) Operations under adverse weather phenomena conditions, including clear air
turbulence, windshear, and thunderstorms.
(ii) Mass and balance computations and load control procedures.
(iii) Aircraft performance computations, to include takeoff mass limitations based on
departure runway, arrival runway, and en route limitations, and also engine-out
limitations.
(iv) Flight planning procedures, to include route selection, flight time, and fuel
requirements analysis.
(v) Dispatch release preparation.
(vi) Crew briefings.

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Part 8 : IS - Page 196 / 228
(vii) Flight monitoring procedures.
(viii) Flight crew response to various emergency situations, including the assistance
the aircraft flight operations officer can provide in each situation.
(ix) MEL and CDL procedures.
(x) Manual performance of required procedures in case of the loss of automation
capabilities.
(xi) Training in appropriate geographic areas.
(xii) ATC and instrument procedures, to include ground hold and central flow control
procedures.
(xiii) Radio/telephone procedures.
(2) Emergency procedures—
(i) Actions taken to aid the flight crew.
(ii) AOC holder and Authority notification.
IS: 8.10.1.20 PILOT PROFICIENCY – AIRCRAFT AND INSTRUMENT PROFICIENCY

CHECKS
(a) Aircraft and instrument proficiency checks for PIC and CP must include the following operations
and procedures listed in the appropriate skill test in Part 2, on each type or variant of type of
aircraft.
(b) The oral and flight test phases of a proficiency check should not be conducted simultaneously.
(c) When the check pilot determines that an applicant's performance is unsatisfactory, the check pilot
may terminate the flight test immediately or, with the consent of the applicant, continue with the
flight test until the remaining events are completed.
(d) If the check must be terminated (for mechanical or other reasons) and there are events which still
need to be repeated, the check pilot shall issue a letter of discontinuance, valid for 60 days, listing
the specific areas of operation that have been successfully completed.
(e) Satisfactory completion of a proficiency check following completion of an approved air carrier
training programme for the particular type aircraft, satisfies the requirement for an aircraft type
rating skill test if—
(1) That proficiency check includes all manoeuvres and procedures required for a type rating
skill test.
(2) Proficiency checks are to be conducted by a check pilot approved by the Authority.
(f) The PIC proficiency check given in accordance with Part 8 may be used to satisfy the proficiency
requirements of Part 2 to act as a PIC.
(g) The CP proficiency check given in accordance with Part 8 may be used to satisfy the proficiency
requirements of Part 2 to act as a CP.
(h) The AOC holder may combine recurrent training with the AOC holder’s proficiency check if
approved to do so by the Authority.

OPERATIONS
Part 8 : IS - Page 197 / 228
IS: 8.10.1.22 PAIRING OF LOW EXPERIENCE PILOTS
(a) Situations designated as critical by the Authority at special aerodromes designated by the Authority
or at special aerodromes designated by the AOC holder include—
(1) The prevailing visibility value in the latest weather report for the aerodrome is at or below
1200 m (3/4 statute mile).
(2) The runway visual range for the runway to be used is at or below 1200 m (4000 ft).
(3) The runway to be used has water, snow, slush or similar conditions that may adversely
affect aircraft performance.
(4) The braking action on the runway to be used is reported to be less than "good".
(5) The crosswind component for the runway to be used is in excess of 15 knots.
(6) Windshear is reported in the vicinity of the aerodrome.
(7) Any other condition in which the PIC determines it to be prudent to exercise the PIC's
prerogative.
(b) Circumstances which would be routinely be considered for deviation from the required minimum
line operating flight time include—
(1) A newly certified AOC holder does not employ any pilots who meet the minimum flight
time requirements;
(2) An existing AOC holder adds to its fleet a type aircraft not before proven for use in its
operations; or
(3) An existing AOC holder establishes a new domicile to which it assigns pilots who will be
required to become qualified on the aircraft operated from that domicile.
IS: 8.10.1.24 COMPETENCY CHECKS—CABIN CREWMEMBERS

(a) A check cabin crewmember, approved by the Authority, shall conduct competency checks for cabin
crewmembers in the following areas to demonstrate that each candidate's competency level is
sufficient to successfully perform assigned duties and responsibilities.
(1) Emergency Equipment, as applicable:

OPERATIONS
Part 8 : IS - Page 198 / 228
(xiv) Additional emergency equipment.
(i) General types of emergencies specific to aircraft.
(v) Fires.
(vi) Ditching.
(viii) Unwarranted evacuation (i.e., Passenger initiated).
(xi) Turbulence.
(xii) Other unusual situations.
(3) Emergency drills—
(i) Location and use of all emergency and safety equipment carried on the
aeroplane.
(ii) The location and use of all types of exits.
(iii) Actual donning of a lifejacket where fitted.
(iv) Actual donning of protective breathing equipment (PBE).
(v) Actual handling of fire extinguishers.
(4) Crew Resource Management—
(i) Decision-making skills.
(ii) Briefings and developing open communication.
(iii) Inquiry, advocacy, and assertion training.
(iv) Workload management.
(5) Dangerous goods—
(i) Recognition of and transportation of dangerous goods.
(ii) Proper packaging, marking, and documentation.
(iii) Instructions regarding compatibility, loading, storage and handling
characteristics.
(6) Security—
(i) Hijacking.

OPERATIONS
Part 8 : IS - Page 199 / 228
IS: 8.10.1.25 COMPETENCY CHECKS- FLIGHT OPERATIONS OFFICER

(a) A check flight operations officer, approved by the Authority, shall conduct competency checks for
flight operations officers in at least the following areas to demonstrate that each candidate's
competency level is sufficient to successfully perform assigned duties and responsibilities.
(1) Use of communications systems including the characteristics of those systems and the
appropriate normal and emergency procedures;
(2) Meteorology, including various types of meteorological information and forecasts,
interpretation of weather data (including forecasting of en route and terminal temperatures
and other weather conditions), frontal systems, wind conditions, and use of actual and
prognostic weather charts for various altitudes;
(3) The NOTAM system;
(4) Navigational aids and publications;
(5) Joint dispatcher-pilot responsibilities;
(6) Characteristics of appropriate airports;
(7) Prevailing weather phenomena and the available sources of weather information;
(8) Air traffic control and instrument approach procedures; and
(9) Approved dispatcher resource management (DRM) initial training.
IS: 8.10.1.33 RECURRENT TRAINING—FLIGHT CREW

(a) Each AOC holder shall establish a recurrent training programme for all flight crew members in the
AOC holder’s Operations Manual and shall have it approved by the Authority.
(b) Each flight crew member shall undergo recurrent training relevant to the type or variant of aircraft
on which he or she is certified to operate and for the crew member position involved.
(c) Each AOC holder shall have all recurrent training conducted by suitably qualified personnel.
(d) Each AOC holder shall ensure that flight crew member recurrent ground training includes at least
the following:
(1) General subjects.
(i) Flight locating procedures.
(ii) Principles and method for determining mass/balance and runway limitations.
(iii) Meteorology to ensure practical knowledge of weather phenomena including the
principles of frontal system, icing, fog, thunderstorms, windshear, and high
altitude weather situations.
(iv) ATC systems and phraseology.
(v) Navigation and use of navigational aids.
(vi) Normal and emergency communication procedures.
(vii) Visual cues before descent to MDA.

OPERATIONS
Part 8 : IS - Page 200 / 228
(viii) Accident/incident and occurrence review.
(ix) Other instructions necessary to ensure the pilot’s competence.
(2) Aircraft systems and limitations.
(i) Normal, abnormal, and emergency procedures.
(ii) Aircraft performance characteristics.
(iii) Engines and, if applicable, propellers.
(iv) Major aircraft components.
(v) Major aircraft systems (i.e., flight controls, electric, hydraulic and other systems
as appropriate).
(3) Ground icing and de-icing procedures and requirements.
(4) Emergency equipment and drills.
(5) Every 12 months—
aeroplane.
(iv) Actual donning of protective breathing equipment.
(6) Every 3 years—
(i) Operation of all types of exits.
(ii) Demonstration of the method used to operate a slide, where fitted.
(iii) Fire-fighting using equipment representative of that carried in the aeroplane on
an actual or simulated fire.
Note: With Halon extinguishers, an alternative method acceptable to the Authority may be used.
(iv) Effects of smoke in an enclosed area and actual use of all relevant equipment in
a simulated smoke-filled environment.
(v) Actual handling of pyrotechnics, real or simulated, where fitted.
(vi) Demonstration in the use of the life-raft(s), where fitted.
(vii) An emergency evacuation drill.
(viii) A ditching drill, if applicable.
(ix) A rapid decompression drill, if applicable.
(x) Survival suits, if applicable to the operation.
(7) Crew resource management—

OPERATIONS
Part 8 : IS - Page 201 / 228
(v) Situational awareness.
characteristics.
(9) Security—
(i) Hijacking.
(ii) Disruptive passengers.
(e) Each AOC holder shall verify knowledge of the recurrent ground training by an oral or written
examination.
(f) Each AOC holder shall ensure that pilot recurrent flight training include at least the following:
Note: Flight training may be conducted in an appropriate aircraft, adequate flight simulation training device
(FSTD), or in a combination of aircraft and FSTD, as approved by the Authority.
(1) Preparation—
(i) Visual inspection (use of pictorial display authorised).
(ii) Pre-taxi procedures.
(2) Ground operation—
(i) Performance limitations.
(ii) Cockpit management.
(iii) Securing cargo.
(iv) Pushback.
(v) Powerback taxi, if applicable.
(vi) Starting.
(vii) Taxi.
(viii) Pre-takeoff checks.
(3) Takeoff—
(i) Normal.
(ii) Crosswind.
(iii) Rejected.
(iv) Power failure after V1.
(v) Powerplant failure during second segment.
(vi) Low Visibility Takeoff Operations.
(4) Climb—
(i) Normal.

OPERATIONS
Part 8 : IS - Page 202 / 228
(ii) One-engine inoperative climb to en route altitude.
(5) En route—
(i) Steep turns.
(ii) Approaches to stalls (takeoff, en route, and landing configurations).
(iii) Inflight powerplant shutdown.
(iv) Inflight powerplant restart.
(v) High speed handling characteristics.
(6) Descent—
(i) Normal.
(7) Approaches—
(i) VFR procedures.
(ii) Visual approach with 50% loss of power of available powerplants.
(iii) Visual approach with slat/flap malfunction.
(iv) IFR precision approaches (ILS normal and ILS with one-engine inoperative).
(v) IFR non-precision approaches (NDB normal and VOR normal).
(vi) Non-precision approach with one engine inoperative (LOC backcourse,
SDF/LDA, GPS, TACAN and circling approach procedures).
Note: A Flight Simulation Training Device shall not be used for training/checking on the circling manoeuvre
unless it has been qualified for circling manoeuvres. The operator must be approved to conduct circling
manoeuvres by the Authority to participate in that training and checking.
(vii) Missed approach from precision approach.
(viii) Missed approach from non-precision approach.
(ix) Missed approach with powerplant failure.
(8) Landings—
(i) Abnormal with a pitch mistrim (small aircraft only).
(ii) Abnormal from precision instrument approach.
(iii) Abnormal from precision instrument approach with most critical engine
inoperative.
(iv) Abnormal with 50% loss of power of available powerplants.
(v) Abnormal with flap/slat malfunction.
(vi) Rejected landings.
(vii) Crosswind.
(viii) Short/soft field (small aircraft only).
(ix) Glassy/rough water (seaplanes only).
(x) Auto-rotation (helicopter only)
(9) After landing—

OPERATIONS
Part 8 : IS - Page 203 / 228
(i) Parking.
(ii) Emergency evacuation.
(iii) Docking, mooring, and ramping (seaplanes only).
(10) Other flight procedures during any airborne phase—
(i) Airborne Collision Avoidance System: use and avoidance maneuvers
(ii) Holding.
(iii) Ice accumulation on airframe.
(iv) Air hazard avoidance.
(v) Windshear/microburst.
(11) Normal, abnormal and alternate systems procedures during any phase—
(i) Pneumatic/pressurisation.
(ii) Air conditioning.
(iii) Fuel and oil.
(iv) Electrical.
(v) Hydraulic.
(vi) Flight controls.
(vii) Anti-icing and deicing systems.
(viii) Flight management guidance systems and/or automatic or other approach and
landing aids.
(ix) Stall warning devices, stall avoidance devices, and stability augmentation
systems.
(x) Airborne weather radar.
(xi) Flight instrument system malfunction.
(xii) Communications equipment.
(xiii) Navigation systems.
(xiv) Autopilot.
(xv) Approach and landing aids.
(xvi) Flight instrument system malfunction.
(12) Emergency systems procedures during any phase—
(i) Aircraft fire.
(ii) Smoke control.
(iii) Powerplant malfunctions.
(iv) Fuel jettison.
(v) Electrical, hydraulic, pneumatic systems.
(vi) Flight control system malfunction.

OPERATIONS
Part 8 : IS - Page 204 / 228
(vii) Landing gear and flap system malfunction.
(g) Each AOC holder shall ensure that flight engineer recurrent flight training includes at least the flight
training specified in IS: 8.10.1.15(b).
(h) Each AOC holder shall ensure that flight navigator recurrent training includes enough training and
an in-flight check to ensure competency with respect to operating procedures and navigation
equipment to be used and familiarity with essential navigation information pertaining to the AOC
holder's routes that require a flight navigator.
(i) The AOC holder may combine recurrent training with the AOC holder’s proficiency check if
approved by the Authority.
(j) Recurrent ground and flight training curricula may be accomplished concurrently or intermixed, but
completion of each of these curricula shall be recorded separately.
IS: 8.10.1.34 RECURRENT NORMAL AND EMERGENCY TRAINING—CABIN CREW

MEMBERS
(a) Each AOC holder shall establish and have approved by the Authority a recurrent training
programme for all cabin crew members.
(b) Each cabin crew member shall undergo recurrent training in evacuation and other appropriate
normal and emergency procedures and drills relevant to his or her assigned positions and the
type(s) and/or variant(s) of aircraft on which he or she operates.
(c) Each AOC holder shall have all recurrent training conducted by suitably qualified personnel.
(d) Each AOC holder shall ensure that, every 12 months, each cabin crew member receive recurrent
training in at least the following:
(1) Emergency equipment, if applicable—
(xiv) Additional emergency equipment.

OPERATIONS
Part 8 : IS - Page 205 / 228
(i) General types of emergencies specific to aircraft.
(v) Fires.
(vi) Ditching.
(viii) Unwarranted evacuation (i.e., passenger initiated).
(xi) Turbulence.
(xii) Other unusual situations.
(3) Emergency drills.
(4) Every 12 months—
aeroplane.
(iv) Actual donning of protective breathing equipment (PBE).
(5) Every 3 years—
(i) Operation of all types of exits.
(ii) Demonstration of the method used to operate a slide, where fitted.
(iii) Fire-fighting using equipment representative of that carried in the aeroplane on
an actual or simulated fire.
Note: With Halon extinguishers, an alternative method acceptable to the Authority may be used.
(iv) Effects of smoke in an enclosed area and actual use of all relevant equipment in
a simulated smoke-filled environment.
(v) Actual handling of pyrotechnics, real or simulated, where fitted.
(vi) Demonstration in the use of the life-raft(s), where fitted.
(vii) An emergency evacuation drill.
(viii) A ditching drill, if applicable.
(ix) A rapid decompression drill, if applicable.
(x) Survival suits, if applicable to the operation.
(6) Crew resource management—

OPERATIONS
Part 8 : IS - Page 206 / 228
characteristics.
(8) Security—
(i) Hijacking.
(ii) Disruptive passengers.
(e) Each AOC holder shall verify knowledge of the recurrent training by an oral or written examination.
(f) An AOC holder, if approved by the Authority, may administer each of the recurrent training
curricula concurrently or intermixed, but shall record completion of each of these curricula
separately.
IS: 8.10.1.35 RECURRENT TRAINING—FLIGHT OPERATIONS OFFICER

(a) Each AOC holder shall establish and maintain a recurrent training programme, approved by the
Authority and established in the AOC holder’s Operations Manual, to be completed annually by
each flight operations officer.
(b) Each flight operations officer shall undergo recurrent training relevant to the type(s) and/or
variant(s) of aircraft and the operations conducted by the AOC holder, and that training shall
consist of at least the following hours of instruction:
(1) Piston-engined aircraft – 8 hours.
(2) Turbopropeller-powered aircraft – 10 hours.
(3) Turbo-jet aircraft – 20 hours.
(4) Other aircraft to include rotorcraft– 10 hours.
(c) Each AOC holder shall have all recurrent training conducted by an appropriately qualified
instructor.
(d) An AOC holder shall ensure that, every 12 months, each flight operations officer receives recurrent
training in the subjects required for initial training listed in IS: 8.10.1.14D in sufficient detail to
ensure competency in each specified area of training. Operators may choose to provide in-depth
coverage of selected subjects on any one cycle of training. In such cases the operator’s training
programme must cover all the subjects to the detail required for initial qualification within three
years.
(e) Each AOC holder shall verify knowledge of the recurrent training by an oral or written examination.
(f) An AOC holder shall record completion of the required training.

OPERATIONS
Part 8 : IS - Page 207 / 228
IS: 8.10.1.37 INSTRUCTOR TRAINING

(a) Flight crew instructor training.
(1) No operator may use a person, nor may any person serve as flight instructor in a training
programme unless:
(i) That person has satisfactorily completed initial or transition flight instructor
training; and
(ii) Within the preceding 24 calendar months, that person satisfactorily conducts
instruction under the observation of an inspector from the Authority or an AOC
holder’s check personnel.
(2) An AOC holder may accomplish the observation check for a flight instructor, in part or in
full, in an aircraft or a flight simulation training device.
(3) Each AOC holder shall ensure that initial ground training for flight instructors includes the
following—
(i) Flight instructor duties, functions, and responsibilities.
(ii) Applicable regulations and the AOC holder's policies and procedures.
(iii) Appropriate methods, procedures, and techniques for conducting the required
checks.
(iv) Proper evaluation of student performance including the detection of:
(v) Improper and insufficient training; and
(vi) Personal characteristics of an applicant that could adversely affect safety.
(vii) Appropriate corrective action in the case of unsatisfactory checks.
(viii) Approved methods, procedures, and limitations for performing the required
normal, abnormal, and emergency procedures in the aircraft.
(ix) Except for holders of existing flight instructor licences:
(A) The fundamental principles of the teaching-learning process;
(B) Teaching methods and procedures; and
(C) The instructor-student relationship.
(4) Each AOC holder shall ensure that the transition ground training for flight instructors
includes the approved methods, procedures, and limitations for performing the required
normal, abnormal, and emergency procedures applicable to the aircraft to which the flight
instructor is in transition.
(5) Each AOC holder shall ensure that the initial and transition flight training for flight
instructors includes the following:
(i) The safety measures for emergency situations that are likely to develop during
instruction.
(ii) The potential results of improper, untimely, or non-execution of safety measures
during instruction.
(iii) For pilot flight instructor (aircraft):

OPERATIONS
Part 8 : IS - Page 208 / 228
(A) Inflight training and practice in conducting flight instruction from the left
and right pilot seats in the required normal, abnormal, and emergency
procedures to ensure competence as an instructor; and
(B) The safety measures to be taken from either pilot seat for emergency
situations that are likely to develop during instruction.
(6) For flight engineer instructors and flight navigator instructors, in-flight training to ensure
competence to perform assigned duties.
(7) An AOC holder may accomplish the flight training requirements for flight instructors in full
or in part in flight or in a flight simulation training device, as appropriate.
(8) An AOC holder shall ensure that the initial and transition flight training for flight instructors
(flight simulation training device) includes the following:
(i) Training and practice in the required normal, abnormal, and emergency
procedures to ensure competence to conduct the flight instruction required by
this part. This training and practice shall be accomplished in full or in part in a
flight simulation training device.
(ii) Training in the operation of flight simulation training devices, to ensure
competence to conduct the flight instruction required by this Part.
(b) Cabin crew instructor training.
(1) No operator may use a person, nor may any person serve as cabin instructor in a training
programme unless:
(i) That person has satisfactorily completed initial or transition cabin instructor
training; and
holder’s check personnel.
(2) An AOC holder may accomplish the observation check for a cabin instructor, in part or in
full, in an aircraft or a cabin simulation training device.
(3) Each AOC holder shall ensure that initial ground training for cabin instructors includes the
following—
(i) Cabin instructor duties, functions, and responsibilities.
checks.
(A) Improper and insufficient training; and
(B) Personal characteristics of an applicant that could adversely affect
safety.
(v) Appropriate corrective action in the case of unsatisfactory checks.
(vi) Approved methods, procedures, and limitations for performing the required
normal, abnormal, and emergency procedures in the aircraft, as applicable.
(vii) Except for existing cabin instructors:

OPERATIONS
Part 8 : IS - Page 209 / 228
(A) The fundamental principles of the teaching-learning process;
(B) Teaching methods and procedures; and
(C) The instructor-student relationship.
(4) Each AOC holder shall ensure that the transition ground training for cabin instructors
includes the approved methods, procedures, and limitations for performing the required
normal, abnormal, and emergency procedures applicable to the aircraft, as appropriate to
which the cabin instructor is in transition.
(5) Each AOC holder shall ensure that the initial and transition flight training for cabin
instructors includes the following:
instruction.
during instruction.
(c) Flight operations officer instructor training.
(1) No operator may use a person, nor may any person serve as flight operations officer
instructor in a training programme unless:
(i) That person has satisfactorily completed initial or transition flight operations
officer instructor training; and
holder’s check flight operations officer.
(2) An AOC holder may accomplish the observation check for a flight operations officer
instructor, in part or in full, in a flight operations centre.
(3) Each AOC holder shall ensure that initial ground training for flight operations officer
instructors includes the following—
(i) Flight operations officer instructor duties, functions, and responsibilities.
checks.
(A) Improper and insufficient training; and
(B) Personal characteristics of an applicant that could adversely affect
safety.
(v) Appropriate corrective action in the case of unsatisfactory checks.
(vi) Approved methods, procedures, and limitations for performing the required
normal, abnormal, and emergency procedures for the aircraft or position
involved.
(vii) Except for holders of existing flight operations officer instructor licences:
(4) The fundamental principles of the teaching-learning process;
(5) Teaching methods and procedures; and

OPERATIONS
Part 8 : IS - Page 210 / 228
(i) The instructor-student relationship.
(6) Each AOC holder shall ensure that the transition ground training for flight operations
officer instructors includes the approved methods, procedures, and limitations for
performing the required normal, abnormal, and emergency procedures applicable to the
aircraft or position involved to which the flight operations officer instructor is in transition.
(7) Each AOC holder shall ensure that the initial and transition training for flight operations
officer instructors includes the following:
instruction in a flight operations centre.
during instruction in a flight operations centre.
IS: 8.10.1.40 CHECK PERSONNEL TRAINING

(a) Training for check personnel - general.
(1) No operator may use a person, nor may any person serve as a check person in a training
programme unless, with respect to the aircraft type involved, that person has satisfactorily
completed the appropriate training phases for the aircraft, including recurrent training and
differences training, that are required to serve as PIC, flight engineer, navigator, cabin
crewmember, or flight operations officer, as applicable.
(2) Each AOC holder shall ensure that initial ground training for check personnel includes:
(i) Check personnel duties, functions, and responsibilities.
checks.
(v) Improper and insufficient training.
(vi) Personal characteristics of an applicant that could adversely affect safety.
(A) Appropriate corrective action in the case of unsatisfactory checks.
(B) Approved methods, procedures, and limitations for performing the
required normal, abnormal, and emergency procedures in the aircraft.
(3) Transition ground training for all check personnel, shall include the approved methods,
procedures, and limitations for performing the required normal, abnormal, and emergency
procedures applicable to the aircraft to which the check person is in transition.
(b) Training for check personnel of flight crew.
(1) For check pilots, each AOC holder shall ensure that the initial and transition flight training
includes:
(i) Training and practice in conducting flight evaluations (from the left and right pilot
seats for check pilots) in the required normal, abnormal, and emergency
procedures to ensure competence to conduct the flight checks.

OPERATIONS
Part 8 : IS - Page 211 / 228
(ii) The potential results of improper, untimely or non-execution of safety measures
during an evaluation.
(iii) The safety measures (to be taken from either pilot seat for check pilots) for
emergency situations that are likely to develop during an evaluation.
(2) For check flight engineers and check flight navigators, each AOC holder shall ensure
training to ensure competence to perform assigned duties to include:
(i) The safety measures for emergency situations that are likely to develop during a
check.
during a check.
(3) Each AOC holder shall ensure that the initial and transition flight training for check
personnel (simulator) includes:
(i) Training and practice in conducting flight checks in the required normal,
abnormal, and emergency procedures to ensure competence to conduct the
checks required by this part (this training and practice shall be accomplished in a
flight simulation training device).
(ii) Training in the operation of flight simulation training devices, to ensure
competence to conduct the checks required by this Part.
(4) An AOC holder may accomplish flight training for check personnel, in full or in part in an
aircraft or in a flight simulation training device, as appropriate.
(5) The AOC holder shall record the training in each individuals training record maintained by
the AOC holder.
(c) Training for check cabin crewmembers.
(1) For check cabin crewmembers, each AOC holder shall ensure that the training includes:
check; and
during a check.
(d) Training for check flight operations officers.
(1) For check flight operations officers, each AOC holder shall ensure that the training
includes:
check; and
during a check.
(e) The AOC holder shall record the training in each individuals training record maintained by the AOC
holder.

OPERATIONS
Part 8 : IS - Page 212 / 228
IS: 8.12.1.3 DUTY AND REST PERIODS
(a) Each AOC holder, scheduling official and crew member shall use the following tables as
appropriate, to consolidate all scheduling and actual event requirements with respect to crew
member flight time, duty and rest periods for commercial air transport operations.
Note. Each Contracting State is required to have flight and duty time regulations. The domestic flight
operations times in Tables 1 and 2 are from the United States and are used as an example.

OPERATIONS
Part 8 : IS - Page 213 / 228
Table 1
CONDITIONS REQUIRED FOR FLIGHT CREW MEMBER REST REDUCTION.
Flight Deck Duty Period Normal Rest Period Authorised Reduced Next Rest Period if
(Hours) (Hours) Rest Period (Hours) Reduction Taken
Less than 8 9 8 10
8-9 10 8 11
9 or more 11 9 12
Table 2
CONDITIONS REQUIRED FOR CABIN CREW MEMBER REST REDUCTION.
Scheduled Duty Extra Cabin Crew Normal Rest Authorised Reduced Next Rest Period if
Period (Hours) Members Required Period (Hours) Rest Period (Hours) Reduction Taken
14 or less 0 9 8 10
14-16 1 12 10 14
16-18 2 12 10 14
18-20 3 12 10 14

OPERATIONS
Part 8 : IS - Page 214 / 228

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KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA

STATE SECRETARIAT OF CIVil AVIATION

CAMBODIAN CIVIL AVIATION REGULATIONS (CCAR)

Effective Date: 16 June 2016

dated 18 May 2009 is hereby repealed.

CAMBODIAN CIVIL AVIATION REGULATIONS (CCAR)

Effective Date: 16 June 2016

ISSUE 3 16 JUN 2016 -

[THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK]

STATE SECRETARIAT OF CIVIL AVIATION

[THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK]

STATE SECRETARIAT OF CIVIL AVIATION

STATE SECRETARIAT OF CIVIL AVIATION

STATE SECRETARIAT OF CIVIL AVIATION

STATE SECRETARIAT OF CIVIL AVIATION

8.2 GENERAL OPERATIONS REQUIREMENTS

8.2.1.1 REGISTRATION MARKINGS

8.2.1.2 CIVIL AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS

8.2.1.3 SPECIAL AIRWORTHINESS CERTIFICATE OPERATIONAL RESTRICTIONS

8.2.1.4 AIRCRAFT INSTRUMENTS AND EQUIPMENT

8.2.1.5 INOPERATIVE INSTRUMENTS AND EQUIPMENT

STATE SECRETARIAT OF CIVIL AVIATION

8.2.1.6 CIVIL AIRCRAFT FLIGHT MANUAL, MARKING AND PLACARD REQUIREMENTS

STATE SECRETARIAT OF CIVIL AVIATION

8.2.1.7 REQUIRED AIRCRAFT AND EQUIPMENT INSPECTIONS

8.2.1.8 DOCUMENTS TO BE CARRIED ON AIRCRAFT—ALL OPERATIONS

STATE SECRETARIAT OF CIVIL AVIATION

STATE SECRETARIAT OF CIVIL AVIATION

8.3 AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION REQUIREMENTS

STATE SECRETARIAT OF CIVIL AVIATION

8.3.1.3 ANNUAL INSPECTIONS

STATE SECRETARIAT OF CIVIL AVIATION

STATE SECRETARIAT OF CIVIL AVIATION

8.3.1.4 PROGRESSIVE INSPECTIONS

STATE SECRETARIAT OF CIVIL AVIATION

8.3.1.5 CONTINUOUS AIRWORTHINESS MAINTENANCE INSPECTION

STATE SECRETARIAT OF CIVIL AVIATION

8.3.1.6 CHANGES TO AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE INSPECTION PROGRAMMES

8.3.1.7 REQUIRED MAINTENANCE

8.3.1.8 MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION RECORDS RETENTION

STATE SECRETARIAT OF CIVIL AVIATION

8.3.1.9 LEASE OR SALE OF AIRCRAFT—TRANSFER OF MAINTENANCE RECORDS

8.4 FLIGHTCREW REQUIREMENTS

STATE SECRETARIAT OF CIVIL AVIATION

8.4.1.2 FLIGHTCREW QUALIFICATIONS

8.4.1.3 AUTHORISATION IN LIEU OF A TYPE RATING

8.4.1.4 LICENCES REQUIRED

STATE SECRETARIAT OF CIVIL AVIATION

8.4.1.6 SPECIAL AUTHORISATION REQUIRED FOR CATEGORY II/III OPERATIONS

8.4.1.7 PILOT LOGBOOKS

8.4.1.8 PILOT RECENCY AND PROFICIENCY – GENERAL AVIATION OPERATIONS

8.4.1.9 FLIGHTCREW—LIMITATIONS ON USE OF SERVICES FOR COMMERCIAL AIR TRANSPORT

8.4.1.10 PILOT RECENCY—TAKEOFF AND LANDINGS, COMMERCIAL AIR TRANSPORT OPERATIONS

STATE SECRETARIAT OF CIVIL AVIATION

8.4.1.11 PILOT RECENCY- IFR OPERATIONS

8.4.1.12 PILOT RECENCY CRUISE RELIEF PILOT

8.4.1.13 PILOT RECENCY – NIGHT VISION GOGGLES

STATE SECRETARIAT OF CIVIL AVIATION

8.4.1.14 PILOT PROFICIENCY - COMMERCIAL AIR TRANSPORT OPERATIONS