Mindanao Savings Vs Willcom
Mindanao Savings Vs Willcom
Mindanao Savings Vs Willcom
*
MINDANAO SAVINGS AND LOAN ASSOCIATION, INC.,
represented by its Liquidator, THE PHILIPPINE DEPOSIT
INSURANCE CORPORATION, petitioner, vs. EDWARD WILLKOM;
GILDA GO; REMEDIOS UY; MALAYO BANTUAS, in his capacity
as the Deputy Sheriff of Regional Trial Court, Branch 3, Iligan City; and
the REGISTER OF DEEDS of Cagayan de Oro City, respondent.
Corporation Law; Mergers; Ordinarily, in the merger of two or more existing
corporations, one of the corporations survives and continues the combined
business, while the rest are dissolved and all their rights, properties, and liabilities
are acquired by the surviving corporation.—Ordinarily, in the merger of two or
more existing corporations, one of the corporations survives and continues the
combined business, while the rest are dissolved and all their rights, properties, and
liabilities are acquired by the surviving corporation. Although there is a dissolution
of the absorbed or merged corporations, there is no winding up of their affairs or
liquidation of their assets because the surviving corporation automatically acquires
all their rights, privileges, and powers, as well as their liabilities.
Same; Same; The merger does not become effective upon the mere agreement
of the constituent corporations—since a merger or consolidation involves
fundamental changes in the corporation, as well as in the rights of stockholders
and creditors, there must be an express provision of law authorizing them.—The
merger, however, does not become effective upon the mere agreement of the
constituent corporations. Since a merger or consolidation involves fundamental
changes in the corporation, as well as in the rights of stockholders and creditors,
there must be an express provision of law authorizing them. The steps necessary to
accomplish a merger or consolidation, as provided for in Sections 76, 77, 78, and
79 of the Corporation Code, are: (1) The board of each corporation draws up a plan
of merger or consolidation. Such plan must include any amendment, if necessary,
to the articles of incorporation of the sur
_______________
* SECOND DIVISION.
292
29 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED
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Mindanao Savings and Loan Association, Inc. vs. Willkom
viving corporation, or in case of consolidation, all the statements required in the
articles of incorporation of a corporation. (2) Submission of plan to stockholders or
members of each corporation for approval. A meeting must be called and at least
two (2) weeks’ notice must be sent to all stockholders or members, personally or
by registered mail. A summary of the plan must be attached to the notice. Vote of
twothirds of the members or of stockholders representing twothirds of the
outstanding capital stock will be needed. Appraisal rights, when proper, must be
respected. (3) Execution of the formal agreement, referred to as the articles of
merger o[r] consolidation, by the corporate officers of each constituent
corporation. These take the place of the articles of incorporation of the
consolidated corporation, or amend the articles of incorporation of the surviving
corporation. (4) Submission of said articles of merger or consolidation to the SEC
for approval. (5) If necessary, the SEC shall set a hearing, notifying all
corporations concerned at least two weeks before. (6) Issuance of certificate of
merger or consolidation.
Same; Same; Where a party to the merger is a special corporation governed
by its own charter, the Code particularly mandates that a favorable
recommendation of the appropriate government agency should first be obtained.—
The merger shall only be effective upon the issuance of a certificate of merger by
the SEC, subject to its prior determination that the merger is not inconsistent with
the Corporation Code or existing laws. Where a party to the merger is a special
corporation governed by its own charter, the Code particularly mandates that a
favorable recommendation of the appropriate government agency should first be
obtained.
Same; Same; The issuance of the certificate of merger is crucial because not
only does it bear out Securities and Exchange Commission’s (SEC’s) approval but
it also marks the moment when the consequences of a merger take place.—In this
case, it is undisputed that the articles of merger between FISLAI and DSLAI were
not registered with the SEC due to incomplete documentation. Consequently, the
SEC did not issue the required certificate of merger. Even if it is true that the
Monetary Board of the Central Bank of the Philippines recognized such merger,
the fact remains that no certificate was issued by the SEC. Such merger is still
incomplete without the certification. The issuance of the certificate of merger is
crucial because not only does it bear out SEC’s approval but it also marks the mo
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Mindanao Savings and Loan Association, Inc. vs. Willkom
ment when the consequences of a merger take place. By operation of law, upon the
effectivity of the merger, the absorbed corporation ceases to exist but its rights and
properties, as well as liabilities, shall be taken and deemed transferred to and
vested in the surviving corporation.
Same; Same; Where there is no merger between two corporations, for third
parties, the two corporations shall not be considered as one but two separate
corporations, and being separate entities, the property of one cannot be
considered the property of the other.—There being no merger between FISLAI
and DSLAI (now MSLAI), for third parties such as respondents, the two
corporations shall not be considered as one but two separate corporations. A
corporation is an artificial being created by operation of law. It possesses the right
of succession and such powers, attributes, and properties expressly authorized by
law or incident to its existence. It has a personality separate and distinct from the
persons composing it, as well as from any other legal entity to which it may be
related. Being separate entities, the property of one cannot be considered the
property of the other.
Same; Same; Novation; It is a rule that novation by substitution of debtor
must always be made with the consent of the creditor.—Petitioner cannot also
anchor its right to annul the execution sale on the principle of novation. While it is
true that DSLAI (now MSLAI) assumed all the liabilities of FISLAI, such
assumption did not result in novation as would release the latter from liability,
thereby exempting its properties from execution. Novation is the extinguishment of
an obligation by the substitution or change of the obligation by a subsequent one
which extinguishes or modifies the first, either by changing the object or principal
conditions, by substituting another in place of the debtor, or by subrogating a third
person in the rights of the creditor. It is a rule that novation by substitution of
debtor must always be made with the consent of the creditor. Article 1293 of the
Civil Code is explicit, thus: Art. 1293. Novation which consists in substituting a
new debtor in the place of the original one, may be made even without the
knowledge or against the will of the latter, but not without the consent of the
creditor. Payment by the new debtor gives him the rights mentioned in Articles
1236 and 1237.
294
29 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED
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Mindanao Savings and Loan Association, Inc. vs. Willkom
Same; Same; Same; Since novation implies a waiver of the right which the
creditor had before the novation, such waiver must be express.—The consent of
the creditor to a novation by change of debtor is as indispensable as the creditor’s
consent in conventional subrogation in order that a novation shall legally take
place. Since novation implies a waiver of the right which the creditor had before
the novation, such waiver must be express.
PETITION for review on certiorari of the decision and resolution of the
Court of Appeals.
The facts are stated in the opinion of the Court.
Raymond C. De Lemos and Marivic C. Arriola for petitioner.
Alfredo R. Busico for respondents.
NACHURA, J.:
This is a petition for review on certiorari under Rule 45 of the Rules
of Court filed by Mindanao Savings and Loan Association, Inc.
(MSLAI), represented by its liquidator, Philippine Deposit Insurance
Corporation (PDIC), against respondents Edward R. Willkom
(Willkom); Gilda Go (Go); Remedios Uy (Uy); Malayo Bantuas (sheriff
Bantuas), in his capacity as sheriff of the Regional Trial Court (RTC),
Branch 3 of Iligan City; and the Register of Deeds of Cagayan de Oro
City. MSLAI seeks the reversal and setting aside of the Court of
Appeals (CA) Decision dated March 21, 2007 and Resolution dated
1 2 3
June 1, 2007 in CAG.R. CV No. 58337.
The controversy stemmed from the following facts:
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1 Mindanao Station, Cagayan de Oro City.
2 Penned by Associate Justice Teresita DyLiacco Flores, with Associate Justices
Rodrigo F. Lim, Jr. and Jane Aurora C. Lantion, concurring; Rollo, pp. 5568a.
3 Id., at pp. 7072a.
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Mindanao Savings and Loan Association, Inc. vs. Willkom
The First Iligan Savings and Loan Association, Inc. (FISLAI) and the
Davao Savings and Loan Association, Inc. (DSLAI) are entities duly
registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) under
Registry Nos. 34869 and 32388, respectively, primarily engaged in the
business of granting loans and receiving deposits from the general
public, and treated as banks. 4
registered with the SEC due to incomplete documentation. On August 6
12, 1985, DSLAI changed its corporate name to MSLAI by way of an
amendment to Article 1 of its Articles of Incorporation, but the
amendment was approved by the SEC only on April 3, 1987. 7
Meanwhile, on May 26, 1986, the Board of Directors of FISLAI passed
and approved Board Resolution No. 86002, assigning its assets in favor
of DSLAI which in turn assumed the former’s liabilities. 8
The business of MSLAI, however, failed. Hence, the Monetary Board of
the Central Bank of the Philippines ordered its closure and placed it
under receivership per Monetary Board Resolution No. 922 dated
August 31, 1990. The Monetary Board found that MSLAI’s financial
condition was one of insolvency, and for it to continue in business would
involve probable loss to its depositors and creditors. On May 24, 1991,
the Monetary Board ordered the liquidation of MSLAI, with PDIC as its
liquidator. 9
It appears that prior to the closure of MSLAI, Uy filed with the RTC,
Branch 3 of Iligan City, an action for collection of
_______________
4 Id., at p. 56.
5 Id.
6 Id.
7 Id., at pp. 5657.
8 Id., at p. 57.
9 Id.
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29 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED
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Mindanao Savings and Loan Association, Inc. vs. Willkom
sum of money against FISLAI, docketed as Civil Case No. 111697. On
October 19, 1989, the RTC issued a summary decision in favor of Uy,
directing defendants therein (which included FISLAI) to pay the former
the sum of P136,801.70, plus interest until full payment, 25% as
attorney’s fees, and the costs of suit. The decision was modified by the
CA by further ordering the thirdparty defendant therein to reimburse the
payments that would be made by the defendants. The decision became
final and executory on February 21, 1992. A writ of execution was
thereafter issued. 10
On June 14, 1995, MSLAI, represented by PDIC, filed before the RTC,
Branch 41 of Cagayan de Oro City, a complaint for Annulment of
Sheriff’s Sale, Cancellation of Title and Reconveyance of Properties
against respondents. MSLAI alleged that the sale on execution of the
12
subject properties was conducted without notice to it and PDIC; that
PDIC only came to know about the sale for the first time in February
1995 while discharging its mandate of liquidating MSLAI’s assets; that
the execution of the RTC decision in Civil Case No. 111697 was illegal
and contrary to law and jurisprudence, not only because PDIC was not
notified of the execu
_______________
10 Id., at pp. 5758.
11 Id., at pp. 5859.
12 Id., at pp. 5960.
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Mindanao Savings and Loan Association, Inc. vs. Willkom
tion sale, but also because the assets of an institution placed under
receivership or liquidation such as MSLAI should be deemed in
custodia legis and should be exempt from any order of garnishment,
levy, attachment, or execution. 13
In answer, respondents averred that MSLAI had no cause of action
against them or the right to recover the subject properties because
MSLAI is a separate and distinct entity from FISLAI. They further
contended that the “unofficial merger” between FISLAI and DSLAI
(now MSLAI) did not take effect considering that the merging
companies did not comply with the formalities and procedure for merger
or consolidation as prescribed by the Corporation Code of the
Philippines. Finally, they claimed that FISLAI is still a SEC registered
corporation and could not have been absorbed by petitioner. 14
On March 13, 1997, the RTC issued a resolution dismissing the case for
lack of jurisdiction. The RTC declared that it could not annul the
decision in Civil Case No. 111697, having been rendered by a court of
coordinate jurisdiction. 15
On appeal, MSLAI failed to obtain a favorable decision when the CA
affirmed the RTC resolution. The dispositive portion of the assailed CA
Decision reads:
“WHEREFORE, premises considered, the instant appeal is DENIED. The decision
assailed is AFFIRMED.
We REFER Sheriff Malayo B. Bantuas’ violation of the Supreme Court
Administrative Circular No. 12 to the Office of the Court Administrator for
appropriate action. The Division Clerk of Court is hereby DIRECTED to furnish
the Office of the Court Administrator a copy of this decision.
SO ORDERED.”16
_______________
13 Id., at p. 60.
14 Id.
15 Id., at p. 60a.
16 Id., at p. 68a.
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29 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED
8
Mindanao Savings and Loan Association, Inc. vs. Willkom
The appellate court sustained the dismissal of petitioner’s complaint not
because it had no jurisdiction over the case, as held by the RTC, but on a
different ground. Citing Associated Bank v. CA, the CA ruled that there
17
was no merger between FISLAI and MSLAI (formerly DSLAI) for their
failure to follow the procedure laid down by the Corporation Code for a
valid merger or consolidation. The CA then concluded that the two
corporations retained their separate personalities; consequently, the
claim against FISLAI is warranted, and the subsequent sale of the levied
properties at public auction is valid. The CA went on to say that even if
there had been a de facto merger between FISLAI and MSLAI (formerly
DSLAI), Willkom, having relied on the clean certificates of title, was an
innocent purchaser for value, whose right is superior to that of MSLAI.
Furthermore, the alleged assignment of assets and liabilities executed by
FISLAI in favor of MSLAI was not binding on third parties because it
was not registered. Finally, the CA said that the validity of the auction
sale could not be invalidated by the fact that the sheriff had no authority
to conduct the execution sale. 18
Petitioner’s motion for reconsideration was denied in a Resolution dated
June 1, 2007. Hence, the instant petition anchored on the following
grounds:
THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS, CAGAYAN DE ORO
COMMITTED GRAVE AND REVERSIBLE ERROR WHEN:
(1)
IT PASSED UPON THE EXISTENCE AND STATUS OF DSLAI (now MSLAI)
AS THE SURVIVING ENTITY IN THE MERGER BETWEEN DSLAI AND
FISLAI AS A DEFENSE IN AN ACTION OTHER THAN IN A QUO
WARRANTO PROCEEDING UPON THE INSTITUTION OF THE SOLICITOR
GENERAL AS MANDATED UNDER SECTION 20 OF BATAS PAMBANSA
BLG. 68.
_______________
17 353 Phil. 702; 291 SCRA 511 (1998).
18 Rollo, pp. 6168.
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Mindanao Savings and Loan Association, Inc. vs. Willkom
(2)
IT REFUSED TO RECOGNIZE THE MERGER BETWEEN F[I]SLAI AND
DSLAI WITH DSLAI AS THE SURVIVING CORPORATION.
(3)
IT HELD THAT THE PROPERTIES SUBJECT OF THE CASE ARE NOT IN
CUSTODIA LEGIS AND THEREFORE, EXEMPT FROM GARNISHMENT,
LEVY, ATTACHMENT OR EXECUTION.19
To resolve this petition, we must address two basic questions: (1) Was
the merger between FISLAI and DSLAI (now MSLAI) valid and
effective; and (2) Was there novation of the obligation by substituting
the person of the debtor?
We answer both questions in the negative.
Ordinarily, in the merger of two or more existing corporations, one of
the corporations survives and continues the combined business, while
the rest are dissolved and all their rights, properties, and liabilities are
acquired by the surviving corporation. Although there is a dissolution
20
of the absorbed or merged corporations, there is no winding up of their
affairs or liquidation of their assets because the surviving corporation
automatically acquires all their rights, privileges, and powers, as well as
their liabilities.21
The merger, however, does not become effective upon the mere
agreement of the constituent corporations. Since a merger or
22
consolidation involves fundamental changes in the corporation, as well
as in the rights of stockholders and credi
_______________
19 Id., at pp. 3435.
20 Poliand Industrial Limited v. National Development Co., 505 Phil. 27, 5051; 467
SCRA 500, 528 (2005); Associated Bank v. Court of Appeals, supra note 17, at p. 712; p.
520.
21 Associated Bank v. Court of Appeals, supra, at p. 712; p. 520.
22 Poliand Industrial Limited v. National Development Co., supra note 20, at p. 51; p.
528; PNB v. Andrada Electric & Engineering Company, 430 Phil. 882, 899; 381 SCRA
244, 259 (2002); Associated Bank v. CA, supra, at p. 712; p. 520.
300
30 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED
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Mindanao Savings and Loan Association, Inc. vs. Willkom
tors, there must be an express provision of law authorizing them. 23
_______________
23 PNB v. Andrada Electric & Engineering Company, supra at p. 899; p. 259.
24 Sec. 76. Plan of merger or consolidation.—Two or more corporations may merge
into a single corporation which shall be one of the constituent corporations or may
consolidate into a new single corporation which shall be the consolidated corporation.
The board of directors or trustees of each corporation, party to the merger or
consolidation, shall approve a plan of merger or consolidation setting forth the following:
1. The names of the corporations proposing to merge or consolidate, hereinafter
referred to as the constituent corporations;
2. The terms of the merger or consolidation and the mode of carrying the same into
effect;
3. A statement of the changes, if any, in the articles of incorporation of the surviving
corporation in case of merger; and, with respect to the consolidated corporation in case of
consolidation, all the statements required to be set forth in the articles of incorporation for
corporations organized under this Code; and
4. Such other provisions with respect to the proposed merger or consolidation as are
deemed necessary or desirable.
25 Sec. 77. Stockholder’s or member’s approval.—Upon approval by majority vote of
each of the board of directors or trustees of the constituent corporations of the plan of
merger or consolidation, the same shall be submitted for approval by the stockholders or
members of each of such corporations at separate corporate meetings duly called for the
purpose. Notice of such meetings shall be given to all stockholders or members of the
respective corporations, at least two (2) weeks prior to the date of the meeting, either
personally or by registered mail. Said notice shall state the purpose of the meeting and
shall include a copy or a summary of the plan of merger or consolidation. The affirmative
vote of stockholders representing at least twothirds (2/3) of the outstanding capital stock
of each corporation
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Mindanao Savings and Loan Association, Inc. vs. Willkom
78, and 79 of the Corporation Code, are:
26 27
_______________
in the case of stock corporations or at least twothirds (2/3) of the members in the case of
nonstock corporations shall be necessary for the approval of such plan. Any dissenting
stockholder in stock corporations may exercise his appraisal right in accordance with the
Code: Provided, That if after the approval by the stockholders of such plan, the board of
directors decides to abandon the plan, the appraisal right shall be extinguished.
Any amendment to the plan of merger or consolidation may be made, provided such
amendment is approved by majority vote of the respective boards of directors or trustees
of all the constituent corporations and ratified by the affirmative vote of stockholders
representing at least twothirds (2/3) of the outstanding capital stock or of twothirds
(2/3) of the members of each of the constituent corporations. Such plan, together with any
amendment, shall be considered as the agreement of merger or consolidation.
26 Sec. 78. Articles of merger or consolidation.—After the approval by the
stockholders or members as required by the preceding section, articles of merger or
articles of consolidation shall be executed by each of the constituent corporations, to be
signed by the president or vicepresident and certified by the secretary or assistant
secretary of each corporation setting forth:
1. The plan of the merger or the plan of consolidation;
2. As to stock corporations, the number of shares outstanding, or in the case of non
stock corporations, the number of members; and
3. As to each corporation, the number of shares or members voting for and against
such plan, respectively.
27 Sec. 79. Effectivity of merger or consolidation.—The articles of merger or of
consolidation, signed and certified as herein above required, shall be submitted to the
Securities and Exchange Commission in quadruplicate for its approval; Provided, That in
the case of merger or consolidation of banks or banking institutions, building and loan
associations, trust companies, insurance companies, public utilities, educational
institutions and other special corporations governed by special laws, the favorable
recommendation of the appropriate government agency shall first be obtained. If the
Commission is satisfied that the merger or consolidation of the corporations concerned is
not inconsistent with the provisions of this Code and
302
30 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED
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Mindanao Savings and Loan Association, Inc. vs. Willkom
(1) The board of each corporation draws up a plan of merger or consolidation.
Such plan must include any amendment, if necessary, to the articles of
incorporation of the surviving corporation, or in case of consolidation, all the
statements required in the articles of incorporation of a corporation.
(2) Submission of plan to stockholders or members of each corporation for
approval. A meeting must be called and at least two (2) weeks’ notice must be sent
to all stockholders or members, personally or by registered mail. A summary of the
plan must be attached to the notice. Vote of twothirds of the members or of
stockholders representing twothirds of the outstanding capital stock will be
needed. Appraisal rights, when proper, must be respected.
(3) Execution of the formal agreement, referred to as the articles of merger o[r]
consolidation, by the corporate officers of each constituent corporation. These take
the place of the articles of incorporation of the consolidated corporation, or amend
the articles of incorporation of the surviving corporation.
(4) Submission of said articles of merger or consolidation to the SEC for
approval.
(5) If necessary, the SEC shall set a hearing, notifying all corporations concerned
at least two weeks before.
(6) Issuance of certificate of merger or consolidation.28
Clearly, the merger shall only be effective upon the issuance of a
certificate of merger by the SEC, subject to its prior
_______________
existing laws, it shall issue a certificate of merger or of consolidation, at which time the
merger or consolidation shall be effective.
27If, upon investigation, the Securities and Exchange Commission has reason to believe
that the proposed merger or consolidation is contrary to or inconsistent with the
provisions of this Code or existing laws, it shall set a hearing to give the corporations
concerned the opportunity to be heard. Written notice of the date, time and place of
hearing shall be given to each constituent corporation at least two (2) weeks before said
hearing. The Commission shall thereafter proceed as provided in this Code.
28 The Corporation Code, Comments, Notes and Selected Cases by Jose Campos, Jr.,
Vol. II, pp. 446447.
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Mindanao Savings and Loan Association, Inc. vs. Willkom
determination that the merger is not inconsistent with the Corporation
Code or existing laws. Where a party to the merger is a special
29
corporation governed by its own charter, the Code particularly mandates
that a favorable recommendation of the appropriate government agency
should first be obtained. 30
In this case, it is undisputed that the articles of merger between FISLAI
and DSLAI were not registered with the SEC due to incomplete
documentation. Consequently, the SEC did not issue the required
certificate of merger. Even if it is true that the Monetary Board of the
Central Bank of the Philippines recognized such merger, the fact
remains that no certificate was issued by the SEC. Such merger is still
incomplete without the certification.
The issuance of the certificate of merger is crucial because not only does
it bear out SEC’s approval but it also marks the moment when the
consequences of a merger take place. By operation of law, upon the
effectivity of the merger, the absorbed corporation ceases to exist but its
rights and properties, as well as liabilities, shall be taken and deemed
transferred to and vested in the surviving corporation. 31
processing and examining the articles of consolidation, is satisfied that
the consolidation of the corporations is not inconsistent with the
provisions of the Corporation Code and existing laws, it issues a
certificate of consoli
_______________
29 Poliand Industrial Limited v. National Development Co., supra note 20, at p. 51; p.
529.
30 Id.
31 Id., at pp. 5152; pp. 529530.
32 Lozano v. De los Santos, G.R. No. 125221, June 19, 1997, 274 SCRA 452, 458.
304
30 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED
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Mindanao Savings and Loan Association, Inc. vs. Willkom
dation which makes the reorganization official. The new consolidated
33
corporation comes into existence and the constituent corporations are
dissolved and cease to exist. 34
There being no merger between FISLAI and DSLAI (now MSLAI), for
third parties such as respondents, the two corporations shall not be
considered as one but two separate corporations. A corporation is an
artificial being created by operation of law. It possesses the right of
succession and such powers, attributes, and properties expressly
authorized by law or incident to its existence. It has a personality
35
separate and distinct from the persons composing it, as well as from any
other legal entity to which it may be related. Being separate entities, the
36
property of one cannot be considered the property of the other.
Thus, in the instant case, as far as third parties are concerned, the assets
of FISLAI remain as its assets and cannot be considered as belonging to
DSLAI and MSLAI, notwithstanding the Deed of Assignment wherein
FISLAI assigned its assets and properties to DSLAI, and the latter
assumed all the liabilities of the former. As provided in Article 1625 of
the Civil Code, “an assignment of credit, right or action shall produce no
effect as against third persons, unless it appears in a public instrument,
or the instrument is recorded in the Registry of Property in case the
assignment involves real property.” The certificates of title of the subject
properties were clean and contained no annotation of the fact of
assignment. Respondents cannot, therefore, be faulted for enforcing their
claim against FISLAI on the properties registered under its name.
Accordingly, MSLAI, as the successorininterest of DSLAI, has no
legal standing to annul the execution sale over the properties of FISLAI.
With more reason can it not cause
_______________
33 Id.
34 Id.
35 PNB v. Andrada Electric & Engineering Company, supra note 22, at p. 894; p. 254.
36 Id.
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Mindanao Savings and Loan Association, Inc. vs. Willkom
the cancellation of the title to the subject properties of Willkom and Go.
Petitioner cannot also anchor its right to annul the execution sale on the
principle of novation. While it is true that DSLAI (now MSLAI)
assumed all the liabilities of FISLAI, such assumption did not result in
novation as would release the latter from liability, thereby exempting its
properties from execution. Novation is the extinguishment of an
obligation by the substitution or change of the obligation by a
subsequent one which extinguishes or modifies the first, either by
changing the object or principal conditions, by substituting another in
place of the debtor, or by subrogating a third person in the rights of the
creditor. 37
It is a rule that novation by substitution of debtor must always be made
with the consent of the creditor. Article 1293 of the Civil Code is
38
explicit, thus:
“Art. 1293. Novation which consists in substituting a new debtor in the place of
the original one, may be made even without the knowledge or against the will of
the latter, but not without the consent of the creditor. Payment by the new debtor
gives him the rights mentioned in Articles 1236 and 1237.”
In this case, there was no showing that Uy, the creditor, gave her consent
to the agreement that DSLAI (now MSLAI) would assume the liabilities
of FISLAI. Such agreement cannot prejudice Uy. Thus, the assets that
FISLAI transferred to DSLAI remained subject to execution to satisfy
the judgment claim of Uy against FISLAI. The subsequent sale of the
prop
_______________
37 Phil. Savings Bank v. Sps. Mañalac, Jr., 496 Phil. 671, 686; 457 SCRA 203, 217
(2005); Garcia v. Llamas, 462 Phil. 779, 788; 417 SCRA 292, 299300 (2003); Agro
Conglomerates, Inc. v. Court of Appeals, 401 Phil. 644, 655; 348 SCRA 450, 458 (2000).
38 Chuidian v. Sandiganbayan, 402 Phil. 795, 819; 349 SCRA 745, 765 (2001); Reyes v.
Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 120817, November 4, 1996, 264 SCRA 35, 47.
306
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6
Mindanao Savings and Loan Association, Inc. vs. Willkom
erties by Uy to Willkom, and of one of the properties by Willkom to Go,
cannot, therefore, be questioned by MSLAI.
The consent of the creditor to a novation by change of debtor is as
indispensable as the creditor’s consent in conventional subrogation in
order that a novation shall legally take place. Since novation implies a
39
waiver of the right which the creditor had before the novation, such
waiver must be express. 40
WHEREFORE, premises considered, the petition is DENIED. The Court
of Appeals Decision dated March 21, 2007 and Resolution dated June 1,
2007 in CAG.R. CV No. 58337 are AFFIRMED.
SO ORDERED.
Carpio (Chairperson), LeonardoDe Castro, Peralta and **
Mendoza, JJ., concur.
Petition denied, judgment and resolution affirmed.
Notes.—The consent of the lessor to the assignment of a lease is
necessary because the assigment involves the transfer not only of rights
but also of obligations, constituting novation by substitution of one of
the parties, i.e., the lessee. (Sadhwani vs. Court of Appeals, 281 SCRA
75 [1997])
The requirement that there be total incompatibility between the old
and new obligation applies only to extinctive novation. (Tomimbang vs.
Tomimbang, 595 SCRA 135 [2009])
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_______________
39 Reyes v. Court of Appeals, supra at p. 47.
40 Garcia v. Llamas, supra note 37, at p. 791; p. 302.
** Additional member in lieu of Associate Justice Roberto A. Abad per Special Order
No. 905 dated October 5, 2010.