TEACHING COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

TO THE BLIND AND IDENTIFYING

NEW COMPUTER-RELATED JOBS FOR THEM

--A RESEARCH STUDY—

SPONSORED BY:

NORWEGIAN ASSOCIATION OF THE BLIND AND PARTIALLY SIGHTED

AND
ASIAN BLIND UNION

CONDUCTED AND PUBLISHED BY:

ALL INDIA CONFEDERATION OF THE BLIND

SECTOR-5, ROHINI,
DELHI-110085,
INDIA.
Ph.: 27054082, 27050915

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
DIPENDRA MANOCHA
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

As we conclude this research study, it is our pleasant duty to express our sincere gratitude to all of our friends
and well wishers for the valuable help extended to us.

We have received guidance and information of inestimable value from a number of professionals to whom we
owe a debt of gratitude. They are:

1. Mr. A.K. Mittal, Regional Director, National Institute for Visually Handicapped, Regional Centre, Chennai
2. Ms. Anuradha Mohit, Special Rapporteur Disability, National Human Rights Commission
3. Mr. Ranjit Sahai, Chief Editor, India Today
4. Ms. Annubhuti Mittal, Human Resource Manager, GE Capitals
5. Col. Gopesh Gupta (Rtd.) owner of company called Synerjees which specializes in job analysis and
recruitment
6. Mrs. Neema Shegal, Publisher of the Jobnet Magazine and Placement Consultant
7. Mrs. Preeti Anand from Sita Travel Academy
8. Mr. Gurbinder Singh Nagpal, owner Travel Agency (Legend Travels Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi)

This research could reach its conclusion only because of the sharing of experiences by persons with blindness
who have taken initiatives in the use of IT in exploring new professions. They include:

Business Process Call Centre

1. Mr. Rajiv Raturi, Call Centre Manager.
2. Ms. Archana Bhatia and Mr. Rohit Agarwal-Transaction Process Executives, GE Capitals.

Business Process Medical Transcription

1. Ms. Vishakha More, Free Lance Medical Transcriptionist and Management Graduate.

Information Technology
1. Mr. Manish Agarwal, Senior Programmer, Sapient Systems (Private Software Company).
2. Mr. Dinesh Kaushal, MddSc. (Computer Science), a Free Lance Programmer working on DAISY
Consortium Project.
3. Mr. Pranav Lal, Systems Manager and Faculty at Career Launcher has done MBA and Diploma in Computers
Access.
4. Mr. Harish P. Kotian, Programmer in Reserve Bank of India.
5. Mr. Kiran Kaja, Owner of a Dataware Housing Unit.

Tourism
1. Ms. Priyanka Kakar, Tour Package Sales Executive.
2. Mr. Tajwar Singh working at Legend Travels Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

Office Assistant
1. Mr. Dina Nath Yadav working as Stenographer at Indian Oil Corporation.
2. Ms. Kiran Khatri, Stenographer in Indian Oil Corporation.
3. Ms. Archana Dorji, Admin. Officer, Indian Oil Corporation.

Teaching
1. Mr. Kamal Bir Singh, Senior Teacher in Delhi Govt. School.
Law Officer
1. Ms. Anjali Arora, Law Officer, Airport Authority of India.
2. Ms. Nirmita Narsimhan, Free Lance practising lawyer.
3. Mr. Sandeep Khuranna, Advocate, Delhi High Court.

Personnel Management and Welfare

1. Mr. Nagraj More, Personnel Manager, Bharat Petroleum and Chemicals Ltd.
2. Mr. Baldev Gulati, Welfare Officer, Delhi Govt.

Banking
1. Mr. Ashwini Agarwal, Director, National Association for the Blind, Delhi Branch.
2. Ms. Nafisa Shikari, Bank Officer, Central Bank of India.

Librarian
1. Mohammad Arif, Librarian, Delhi Govt.
2. Ms. Deepika Sood, Librarian, National Association for the Blind, Delhi Branch.

We are immensely thankful to all of these friends.

Mr. Dipendra Manocha has worked with great perseverance and diligence as the Principal Investigator of the
project. Mr. Manocha is one of the most outstanding visually handicapped computer specialists in the country
and his services for the project have proved most valuable. We wish to place on record our sincerest
appreciation for the work done by Mr. Manocha on the Project.

We also wish to acknowledge the secretarial assistance provided by Ms. Shelly Puri.

Finally, we are deeply indebted to Asian Blind Union on whose recommendation, the Norwegian Association of
the Blind and Partially Sighted (NABP) extended much-needed financial support for the Project. NABP,
through this generous assistance, have demonstrated yet again their abiding commitment to the developmental
needs of blind persons in poorer countries and we are most grateful to the Association for this valuable support.

(J. L. Kaul)
Secretary General
All India Confederation of the Blind
Delhi.
October 2003
 FOREWORD

I am happy to find that the All India Confederation of the Blind (AICB) has undertaken and completed yet
another research project, which is of great relevance today. Any innovative activity relating to the promotion of
computer-applications for the blind, especially in developing countries, deserves to be commended. The present
project relates to two such important spheres: visual training in the use of computers, and the identification of
new computer-based jobs for the blind. Providing support to a project of such contemporary relevance has been
a matter of considerable satisfaction for us at NABP.

It has been the consistent policy and endeavour of NABP to help NGO's, especially organizations of the blind to
address issues capable of opening up new vistas of opportunities for our blind friends in developing countries.
The use of computers has already introduced a veritable technological and communications revolution, and our
blind friends in developing countries cannot afford to lag behind. Computer applications hold immense
possibilities for meaningful education and innovative employment avenues for the blind. Efforts in this direction
need to be guided by sound and systematic research-based findings and conclusions, consistent with a given
society's development levels. I have no doubt that AICB's present project would mark an important contribution
in this regard.

I am happy that the project not only identifies the evolving training needs and job possibilities with the use of
computers for blind persons, but it also focuses on the concurrent need for developing software for speech
outputs in Indian languages. It is my hope that the project will motivate software developers in India to take up
this challenging responsi- bility. Given the immense wealth of software expertise available in the country, this
should certainly be a task that is both feasible and worthwhile.

AICB has been in the forefront in undertaking challenging and need-based activities, whether it is in the field of
Braille production, the empowerment of women or rural rehabilitation. I have no doubt that this new endeavour
will also mark a significant milestone in the Confederation's quest for facilitating equality of opportunities and
full participation for blind persons in India and neighbouring countries.

I wish this project every success!

(Arnt Holte)
NABP Director of International Affairs.
CONTENTS PAGE

PREFACE 12

SECTION 1: AN OVERVIEW OF THE ENABLING TECHNOLOGY

Introduction 21

SECTION 2: NEW JOB OPPORTUNITIES

Chapter 1: Business Process Outsourcing Call Centre 31

Chapter 2: Business Process Outsourcing Medical Transcription 44

Chapter 3: Information Technology 50
Chapter 4: Tourism 79

SECTION-3: TRADITIONAL JOBS CHANGING NATURE OF OPERATION WITH IT

Chapter 5: Office Assistants 88

Chapter 6: Teaching Profession 101
Chapter 7: Law Officer 107
Chapter 8: Personnel Management 115
Chapter 9: Banking 121
Chapter 10: Welfare Officer 132
Chapter 11: Editors 136
Chapter 12: Library 140
Chapter 13: Conclusion 146

ANNEXURES

Annexure--A: Questionnaire 150

Annexure--B: Parameter Sheet for Analysis of a Job 152
Annexure--C: Interview Structure 153
Annexure--D: List of useful Addresses 154
 PREFACE

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:

Information Technology has provided various tools such as personal computers, note-takers etc. to persons with
blindness. These tools seek to provide comprehensive solution to the reading and writing problem of educated
blind persons. The computers, which are used by the blind persons, are not different from those used in the
work environment for performing various job processes. This essentially means that persons with blindness can
work on various jobs where extensive reading and writing is involved and where there is a scope of using the
computer for such reading and writing. Many of such jobs traditionally were considered unsuitable for them.
Although in principle it is known that IT has empowered persons with blindness to work productively at many
job situations, clear identification of such jobs is not available. Knowledge about new IT tools for persons with
blindness, their capabilities and their potential to enable persons with blindness to perform any specific job is
very limited. As a result of this very few of such jobs are actually available to the persons with blindness. Many
of the jobs, where persons with blindness can work productively with the help of IT tools, require professional
qualifications and special training. Until such jobs are clearly identified, educational and rehabilitation
institutions will be unable to design appropriate training modules to make persons with blindness eligible for
new job opportunities. Therefore, candidates with appropriate qualifications are not available for job
opportunities where persons with blindness can work productively with the help of IT tools. Even in the
traditionally established fields of employment such as teaching, law, etc. IT is changing the way these jobs are
performed. Besides, IT has a greater value to offer to the persons with blindness than to the seeing persons since
the IT has become a most effective tool for reading and writing for them. The use of IT tools in the traditional or
already identified professions for persons with blindness has become extremely important to keep up the
productivity levels to their highest. The facilities that the IT can offer and the role that it can play in increasing
productivity in the traditional ways of employment for blind persons needs to be clearly identified to enable
formulation of appropriate IT training modules for such needs.

OBJECTIVES

This study is undertaken with the following objectives:

--To identify jobs that can be performed by persons with blindness with the help of IT tools.
--To document how IT can help in ensuring productivity in identified professions for persons with blindness in
the changed work environment.
--To identify the IT training needs for persons with blindness to enable them to become eligible for new job
opportunities and to acquire professional qualifications for them.
--To identify the IT tools, which can enable persons with blindness to perform identified job processes.

DURATION

The duration of the Study is one year which commenced on October 16.10.2002.

PROJECT DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

The under-mentioned six approaches were followed to collect the information about the job profiles and the
scope of use of IT in them.
1. Questionnaire: A short questionnaire was prepared to collect information about the current situation
regarding availability of the IT tools and their use in professional activities for persons with blindness in various
developing countries of the Asian region. This questionnaire was sent to the organizations of the blind persons
in 16 countries of the Asian region. The questionnaire is provided in Annexure--A. Responses to this
questionnaire were received only from three countries, namely Jordan, Kyrgystan and India. A short report
based on these questionnaires has been provided in Chapter-13 in Conclusion Section.

2. Direct observation: Visits to the employer locations were made and job works were observed and analyzed
to ascertain whether a person with blindness can perform the job with competence or not. Various processes
involved in any particular job were analyzed using a parameter sheet which is enclosed as Annexure—B.

3. Interviews: Information about job profiles was collected by interviewing persons with blindness who had
experience of working in that particular profession. Interviews were also conducted of the HR Managers to
gather information about job profile and skills and qualifications required for them. A brief outline of interview
pattern is provided in Annexure--C.

4. Web Research: The data was collected from various online resources. Many organizations all over the world
have online services related to employment and IT tools. One of such examples is AFTERB Career Connect
Service of the American Foundation of the Blind which has information about various careers related to IT in
USA and Canada. This service not only provides information about professions but also has voluntary resource
persons who can be contacted for getting details on any particular profession. The information about IT tools
available for persons with blindness is also covered extensively on various websites. These resources were
accessed and analyzed for study outcome.

5. Vacancies: To ascertain the qualifications and experience required in the identified areas, information was
gathered from the advertised vacancies in newspapers and on the websites.

6. List of identified jobs: The purpose of this study was not just to identify new jobs for persons with blindness
where IT is used, but also to analyze already identified jobs and the jobs performed traditionally by persons with
blindness to ascertain IT tools required to perform these jobs in the changed work environment. Department of
Personnel and Training of Government of India has identified 395 jobs in A, B and C categories in the
government sector. Reservation for the persons with vision impairment is offered only on these identified jobs.
This list presents a clear picture of the jobs currently being performed by persons with blindness. These jobs
were analyzed to ascertain how IT tools could help to increase productivity of persons with blindness in them.
The analysis of this list was also done to fulfil the objective of this research of suggesting IT training required
for various professions.

SCOPE OF RESEARCH:

The application of Information Technology is unlimited and therefore the professions or industries where IT is
opening doors of employment for persons with blindness or low vision is very widespread. For the purpose of
this research, professions have been identified where some efforts have been made to place persons with
blindness or low vision or where some individuals have proved by their success that these professions are viable
options of employment for persons with vision impairment. The purpose of this research is not to generate an
exhaustive list of job processes and professions where persons with blindness can work productively with the
help of IT tools but to give examples of such professions so that same principles could be applied to explore and
assess more job processes and professions. The purpose is also to document the experience gained by
individuals or organizations in the field of IT and its application for opening employment avenues so that it
could be replicated in other parts of the world. Following areas of professions were identified for this research:

--Business Process Outsourcing

--IT Profession
--Tourism
--Journalism
--Human Resource Management and Welfare
--Teaching
--Profession of Law
--Personnel Management
--Librarian
--Office Assistant
--Banking

On the basis of analysis of job processes and job responsibilities, job titles under each profession would be
presented where the use of IT is inevitable or constitutes the major part of job process delivery. For each of such
job title an effort is made to present the following:

(a) General information about the profession

(b) Job titles found suitable for persons with blindness
(c) Description of processes performed at any particular job situation
(d) Qualifications required
(e) Additional qualificationsstskills
(f) Selection process
(g) IT tools required for persons with blindness
(h) IT training required for persons with blindness

STRUCTURE OF REPORTING:

As the main objective of this report is to identify the jobs that can be performed by the persons with blindness
using IT tools, it was found necessary to first of all describe the IT tools which have revolutionized lives of
persons with vision impairment. Section 1 not only describes the most effective IT tools for persons with
blindness, but also mentions the popular products and the range of cost for acquiring those products. Complete
addresses of companies mentioned in this section are provided in Annexure-D. Section 2 and 3 of this report
describe various jobs, which were analyzed during the research period. Classification of the jobs mentioned in
this report is done according to the discipline of the professions. These professions are classified into two broad
categories:

1. Professions, which are not mentioned in the list of identified jobs for persons with blindness or low vision
issued by the Department of Personnel and Training, Government of India: The job opportunities available in
these categories are mainly available in the private sector.
2. Jobs identified for persons with blindness or low vision by the Department of the Personnel and Training,
Government of India: The jobs mentioned in these categories are available both in the public and private sector.

The main professional areas covered under this report are:

Section-2

--Business Process Outsourcing -----

--IT Profession
--Tourism

Section-3

--Office Assistant
--Teaching Profession
--Law Officer
--Personnel Management
--Banking
--Human Resource Management and Welfare
--Journalism
--Librarian

SECTION--1
AN OVERVIEW OF THE ENABLING TECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION

Disability denotes functional limitation. Use of appropriate technology helps in reducing the effects of this
limitation. Technology enhances capacities, and complements abilities. This results in enabling persons with
disability to become a productive member of the society. The best example of this is the
Information Technology and what it is doing for persons with blindness or low vision.
Modern computers came into existence in the 20th century and since then have affected the lives of one and
almost all. They are being used in every profession and have offered growth potential never experienced before.
One of the salient features of the Personal Computer is that it stores information in digital format. This
information can be expressed or conveyed in many different ways. The same piece of information can be
viewed on screen in different sizes or could be spoken out by the PC itself. This feature has provided different
alternatives to access same piece of information. Availability of different
alternatives is the key to provide access to information to "all". One who cannot see can hear a piece of
information and the same information could be seen on the screen by a person who cannot hear. Therefore, the
Information Technology has come as a revolution for providing functional capabilities for persons with
disability and specially the persons with sensory impairment. Consider the following capabilities that this tool
offers to persons with blindness:

--Read and write in the format which rest of the world uses.
--Use voice and text communication tools such as e-mail, web chat, Internet telephony and instant chatting.
--Use the Internet for all the purposes that it offers such as reading newspapers and magazines, Internet banking,
online shopping, etc.
--Gain access to dictionaries, encyclopaedia, telephone directories, etc.

The prospects are simply overwhelming. The main technologies which have made all this possible by making
information technology accessible to persons with blindness are as under:

1. Screen Reading Software and Text-to-Speech Engine (TTS):

Appropriate speech output from a computer is the most commonly used access technology which enables
persons with blindness to use a computer. This speech output comprises two components:

A. Screen Reading Software

B. Text to Speech Engine

The screen reading software is a computer programme that picks up the relevant information from the screen
and sends this information to text-to-speech engine or speech synthesizer or a Refreshable Braille Display. This
software determines what would be spoken by the computer. There are innumerable screen layouts and user
interfaces of computer applications. To be able to determine what would be the appropriate text to be spoken
in each of those screens is an unending task. Screen readers need regular up-gradation as the new programmes
and applications are being introduced in the market. A single key of the keyboard does different things in
different softwares on a computer. For example, in a word processing environment right arrow goes to next
character whereas in the menu bar right arrow takes the focus to the next menu item. The speech output required
in these two situations differs entirely. In the first situation only one character needs to be spoken whereas in the
second situation complete item of focus needs to be spoken. Therefore, the screen reader sends the speech
output in relevance to the key pressed and the situation where the key is pressed.

It is not possible for any screen reader making company to design appropriate speech output for every
application. Therefore, most of the screen reading softwares provide tools to customize the speech output of the
screen reading software so that the users themselves can configure the screen reading software to make it
compatible with any application that they have to use.
A text-to-speech engine on the other hand is the software which converts any text string into a spoken word
form. A screen reading software determines what will be spoken and the text-tospeech engine determines how
that text would be pronounced. The quality of speech output and the various
voices depend entirely on the text-to-speech engine. Apart from being used as a speaking device for the screen
reading software the TTS is used in various other applications such as
computerized telephonic inquiry systems, computerized announcement systems, etc. To be able to design a
speech output system for any particular language it is essential to have a text-to-speech engine for that particular
language. Screen reading software can then be designed or adapted to give appropriate speech output to blind
persons in that particular language. Screen reading software and a text-to-speech engine are two entirely
different application programmes which work in tandem providing accessibility to computers for persons with
blindness. Jaws for windows from Freedom Scientific USA, Window Eyes from GW- Micro USA, Hal from
Dolphin U.K., Look Out by Premier Programming USA etc. are all examples of screen reading softwares that
use text-to-speech engines such as Eloquence by Eloquent Technology, Microsoft Speech from Microsoft, Flex
Talk from ATNT, Deck Talk Access from Digital Equipments, etc. to provide speech output. Various screen
reading softwares cost in the range of 150 USD to 1,200 USD.

2 Screen Magnification Software: This software is designed to enable persons with low vision who can read
large print to operate a computer. The condition of low vision is quite varying and therefore the screen
magnification software offer magnification from 2 times to 20 times and varying styles such as full screen
magnification, magnifying lens simulation, vertical or horizontal split window magnification etc. This
magnification is different from increasing the font size of a particular document. Increasing the size of the font
would change the formatting of a document and would not provide magnification for items such as menus etc.
whereas screen magnification software magnifies only the display of the document on the monitor and the
original formatting of the document is preserved. Magnification softwares provide magnification to any and
every part of the screen and not just to the text of the document. These softwares have enhanced capabilities to
use different colour contrast.
A few of the screen magnification softwares also use speech output to help a person with low vision to lessen
the strain. With the use of the screen magnification software the person with low vision uses the same devices of
input such as the mouse and a keyboard as are being used by a normally seeing person which allows the easy
integration of the persons with low vision in the mainstream computer education or work environment.
Operating systems such as Windows are now supplied with inbuilt screen magnification software which has a
limited capability. Magic by Freedom Scientific USA, Zoom Text by Ai-Square USA, Lunar by Dolphin U.K.
are some of the examples of screen magnification softwares designed specially for persons with low vision.
Various screen magnification softwares cost from 80 USD to 600 USD.
3 Optical Character Recognition and Scanners:
An OCR and a Scanner turns a computer into a reading machine for persons with blindness or low vision. This
equipment helps them to gain access to the printed hard copy text. Scanner sends the image of the printed-paper
to the computer where the OCR software processes the image and converts it into digital text which can be read
using the text-to-speech engine or through a Refreshable Braille Display. Within a few seconds of starting to
scan a paper the computer starts reading it. This system can read only the printed text and not handwritings. The
OCR softwares also have a limitation of not been able to recognize the text correctly if the printing is not of an
excellent quality. There are few OCR softwares designed specially for persons with blindness which are able to
process tables, images, columns etc. in such a way that makes it easier for persons with blindness to understand
them in more user friendly ways. These softwares are supplied with build in text-to-speech engines thus
eliminating the use of screen reading software for reading purposes. These special OCR's are much more
expensive than general purpose OCR's. Kurzweil 1000 by Kurzweil Education Systems USA, Open Book by
Freedom Scientific USA, Complete Reading System by Premier Programming USA are few examples of
special OCR softwares made for persons with blindness. Omni Page Professional, Text Bridge and Fine Reader
are the examples of general-purpose OCR softwares which can be used by persons with blindness with the help
of screen reading softwares. The special purpose OCR cost in the range of 150 USD to 1000 USD.

4. Refreshable Braille Display:

A Refreshable Braille Display is a hardware device which is attached with a PC. This is an alternative output
device for a text-to-speech engine. The Refreshable Braille Display gives one line of Braille information which
is sent out by the screen reading software. This line of Braille keeps changing as the new information is sent by
the screen reader to the Braille display. There are various models of Braille display which can provide 20,
40 or 80 cells of Braille at a time. There is a greater chance of adaptability of Braille output for different
languages since the basic Braille cells remain the same for every language. Very high cost of Braille display is a
big hurdle in the way of its use in the developing countries. Alva Delphi Multimedia and Alva Satellite by Alva
Access Group, Braille Stars by Pulse Data Human Ware, Braille Ellex by Papenmeier Germany, Power Braille
by Freedom Scientific, Vario by Baum Germany are the few examples of Refreshable Braille Displays. The
various models of Braille display of 40/80 cells cost from 4,500 USD to 11,000 USD.

5. Note-takers:
Braille note takers are essentially handheld devices use either a Braille or QWERTY keyboard for input and
voice and/or refreshable Braille for output. These devices have inbuilt packages for word-processing,
spreadsheets, address book, clock, calendar, e-mail, Internet browsing etc. These devices have long battery
backup that enable its use without power input for a complete day. They are light weight and highly portable.
They can be connected to desktop or laptop computers so that files may be backed up. Some note takers can be
connected to external disk drives (for an additional cost) to permit storing files on floppy disk. Many of these
note-takers can be attached to modem for handling e-mails and web browsing. This device can also be attached
to a printer. Note-takers are extremely useful devices for students of integrated education and in work
environment. Aria by Robotron Australia, Braille Desk 2000 by Artic Technologies; Braille Lite Millennium,
PAC-MATE, Type n' Speak, Type Lite, Braille n' Speak by Freedom Scientific; Braille Note and Voice Note by
Pulse Data HumanWare; Braille Elba by Papenmeier Germany; TransType 2000 by Artic Technologies. The
cost of these note-takers range from 1,200 USD to 5,000 USD.

6. Voice Diary:
Voice Diary is a small hand held device that has applications such as appointments, calendar, clock, calculator,
address book and note-taker. Data in a voice diary is stored in the form of recorded audio. This device uses
speech recognition to search for the names and appointments. These can be searched by speaking the names into
the voice diary. Voice Diary by Voice Diary Ltd. Israel and Voice Make by Parrot France are available models of
voice diaries which cost in the range of 70 USD to 250 USD.

------------------

SECTION-2
NEW JOB OPPORTUNITIES
Chapter--1
BUSINESS PROCESS OUTSOURCING CALL CENTRE

A call centre is a business establishment which specializes in a particular process of business. This
establishment then gets contracts from many companies to perform that process, for example, x y z call centre
develops the infrastructure to attend the customer calls. Companies like the mobile phone service
companies or any consumer product company gives contracts to the x y z house to attend the customer calls for
their product and provides the necessary information to the x y z company so that the customer queries could be
satisfied. The call centres are an example of business process outsourcing which essentially means that a part of
a particular process such as attending the calls of the customer are outsourced to another company.

Overseas Call Centres:

The overseas call centres emerged due to the formation of global village with the use of high speed data and
voice communication. Because of this it has become possible to outsource the job in any part of the world.
Since skilled human resource is available in India or other developing countries at phenomenally lower cost
than in the developed world such processes are increasingly being outsourced to these countries. Countries like
India are preferred locations for such call centres for the outsourced work from the English speaking countries.
The numbers of processes which are being outsourced are increasing day by day. In the current job situation the
call centres have presented one of the biggest employment opportunities in the country.

The Local Language Call Centres:

The Call Centres are not only being established for overseas companies but also for business within the country.
The trend of outsourcing is increasing day by day. Even if the process of receiving calls from customers is not
outsourced, companies establish their own customer call handling infrastructure. The basic infrastructure
required for companies within the company or the overseas company remain the same. The difference is only in
the language efficiency required for Call Centre Executives.
There are various categories of jobs in a call centre. The titles and profiles of some of these jobs which can be
performed by persons with blindness or low vision are as under:

1. Transaction Process Executive:

Various types of transactions are processed in a Call Centre. The Executive that handles any transaction is
categorized under the Transaction Process Executive depending on the transaction being processed. These
Executives could be classified into various categories. These transactions could be in the field of handling
customer telephone calls, processing of bio-datas for recruitment, handling queries on e-mails etc. The list of
such processes could be unending. Some of the areas which were identified during the observation for this
research are as under:

a. Customer Care Executive:

This is an entry level job in a call centre. The job of the Customer Care Executive can be categorized into two
main areas: the inbound call executive and the outbound call executive. The inbound executive receives the call
from the customer. The customer would want some information regarding a particular product or service. The
Executive would look up for the information on the PC and provide it to the customer. For example, a customer
of a mobile phone service calls to get details of an available tariff plan. The customer care executive would
receive the call and supply the information which he has on his desktop PC.

The Outbound Call Executives look up the contact information of the customers from the desktop PC. They will
call the customers either for selling their target products or inquiring about the information which manufacturer
or the seller would need from their customers.
b. CV Processing Executive in HR Department:
This job is in the HR department of the call centre. The HR department receives bio-data and other informations
through e-mail etc. The information from these sources are read on the PC itself and entered into the structured
data base packages of the company.

c. Customer Care Executive (every-mail):

There are certain call center which receive customer query on e-mail. The replies are also sent back on e-mail
itself. The nature of queries could vary from information regarding a book on site such as amazonddcom or text
support for many softwares. The Executives working on such queries do not require oral skills but should have
excellent writing skills. The qualifications required for this job would depend upon the nature of queries to be
attended. A tech support type of situation would require specialisation in the particular product whereas general
inquiry would need executives with graduation in any stream.
2. BPO Team Leader:
An experienced Call Centre Executive or a Transaction Process Executive or a person with a Degree in Human
Resource Management along with some experience of service industry could become a Team Leader in the call
centre. The Team Leader in the call centre would manage and monitor the work of a team of Executives. A
thorough knowledge of jobs that are performed by the Executives and the ability to keep the team motivated to
get the most out of them are some of the qualities that are required in the BPO
Team Leader.

3. Process Trainer:
The outsource process which a call centre receives is a very specific kind of job which is required to be
performed in a specific way. The Process Trainer trains the Executives in
the use of software and hardware tools to perform these jobs most effectively. Mostly the Executives that join
the call centre are fresh graduates or first-timers in these jobs. A training module of the duration depending on
the nature of process is given to these Executives. The Process Trainer is one who designs and conducts these
training sessions. The trainers mostly are experienced Executives who have the aptitude and calibre
for conducting the training.

4. HR Executive Recruitment:
Recruitment for call centres has been one of the biggest and challenging tasks in the call centre. This is because
of two reasons:

i. The call centre industry is expanding at a very fast rate, therefore, new call centre Executives are required in
large numbers.
ii. The rate of persons needed in the job of call centre within one year of joining is very high. This also adds to
the requirement of recruiting new call centre Executives.

Considering these facts the role of HR Executive Recruitment in call centre is of prime importance. There
always is a situation
of special type of recruitment in call centres and the HR Executive Recruitment is required to perform various
processes of recruitment such as transaction processing of received biodatas and conducting interviews and tests
etc.

5. Customer Care Manager:

The main business of the call centre is to provide complete satisfaction to the calling customer. The Customer
Care Manager's job is to ensure this. He designs and implements the Customer Care Executive monitoring
mechanism, arranges for the training wherever necessary and keeps the team committed and motivated.

6. Project Manager:
The Project Manager works as a business promotion link between the call centre and the companies which
outsourced their processes to the call centre. His job is to reach out to the companies to get business for the call
centre to provide reports etc. to the company and to develop strategies to build the image of the call centres.

7. Head Networking and Securities:

The call centres are highly automated and computerized offices. The main business is highly depended upon the
efficiency and speed of linkages that they have within the PC's of the company and to networks outside the
company. A team of networking experts is often employed by the call centres to ensure trouble-free operations.
Head Networking and Securities is a team leader of such network experts. A person with blindness with the
appropriate qualifications is definitely capable of performing the job of both the Network Expert and Head
Networking and Securities.

Following is the table of various jobs

described above along with their required qualifications and skills.

1. Customer Care Executive

Qualification: Graduate
Skill: Excellent communication skills
Job Requirement: Handling customer
queries; escalating calls when necessary; taking calls from international customers; replying to the customers in
the language and accent in their own language and accent; getting the desired information from PC in a fly.

2. CV Processing Executive
Qualification: Graduate in any
discipline.
Skill: Excellent computer operation
skills, good command over reading and writing in English.
--Job Requirement: To give information
from mails or faxes. To enter the relevant information in structured database of the company.

3. Customer Care Executive (e-mail)

Qualification: Graduation or specialisation
for text support
Skill: The Executives working on such queries do not require oral skills but should have excellent writing skills.
Job Requirement: Replying to the customer queries by e-mails.

4. BPO Team Leader

Qualification: PG Degree from a reputed University; Computer course from a reputed institution.
Skill: Excellent oral and written communication skills; well versed in using MS-
Office Applications; hands on experience working
with web-based applications; experience in a
BPO role.
Job Requirement: Manages the team of Customer Care Executives, assigns work, creates a report and works on
team motivation and team building.

5. Process Trainer
Qualification: Graduate in any
discipline, experience in the particular process.
Skill: Excellent communication skills,
teaching aptitude, excellent command over language and its dictions.
Job Requirement: Person will be
responsible for conducting and leading training for
customer service centre employees. Through
training programs, this position will ensure that new employee training and continuing developmental programs
are conducted to enhance overall service centre performance.

6. HR Executive--Recruitment-- Call Centre

Qualification: Graduate in any stream in
a similar function. MBA's preferred.
Skill: Experience of handling recruitment. Skill to identify the right candidates for the organization.
Job Requirement: Implements the
employee recruitment processes, conducts interviews, analyses the data pertaining to the candidates.

7. Customer Care Manager

Qualification: Graduate in any stream. Two to three years' experience in accounts
payablestreceivablestreconciliation and general
accounting skills preferable in a BPO Company.
Skill: Person should be highly energetic, enthusiastic and should be able to lead and guide a team
of executives and achieve targets.
Excellent communication skills, good leadership qualities and pleasing personality.
Job Requirement: Supervises the work of Customer Care Executives designs and implements the system for
employee performance monitoring, manages reporting and documentations
of the unit.

8. Project Manager
Qualification: Graduate in any stream.
The person must be into account management for minimum 3 years and also have experience in other
promotional activities.
Skill:
Job Requirement: The person would be
required to concentrate his efforts towards the implementation of brand building strategies. The person would
be responsible for arranging and coordinating the resources required to make a
brand successful

9. Head Networking and Securities

Qualification: B. TechstMCA with specialization in networking
Skill: Good communication skills with ability to communicate with international stake holders.
Job Requirement: Analyses business process, consulting customer needs, Develops proposals, sales and delivery
strategy for integrated hardware, software and business
process solutions, conducts programme
planning and task accomplishment
Selection Process:
The selection for the above mentioned jobs is entirely done on the basis of bio-datas and interviews.

IT Tools Required:
The job opportunities for persons with blindness in call centre is unlimited. However, these opportunities can
only be availed of with the help of IT tools and training and overcoming the few hurdles in the implementation
of the access technology in one of the most challenging situations. For example, the Call Centre Executives
receive the call often using a headphone; if the Call Centre Executive is supposed to read the information from
the PC using the screen reading software the two voices can create confusion and hardware conflicts. In such a
situation a refreshable Braille display to read the output from the PC is the most ideal solution. Another solution
that is available is that the voice of the screen reading software is received in one ear of the headphone and the
voice of the calling person is received in the other. The screen reading software does require customization and
configuration with the application software used in the call centres. This is because most of the call centres have
to get their own software made for handling their operations. The basic IT Access Tools which are used in the
Call Centres are:
1. Screen reading software
2. Refreshable Braille display
3. Special headphone with input from two sources

Training Needs:
It is most essential to be very efficient in the basic computer operations with excellent screen and control over
the keyboard. A very high degree of understandability of synthesised voice is essential requirement to work in a
call centre. It is highly desirable that he/she is efficient in configuring the screen reading software for new
environments. The training module suited for experts in call centres could include the following components:
1. Operating system such as DOS and Windows.
2. Keyboard orientation and typing speed.
3. Word Processor.
4. Extensive knowledge of screen reading software including configurations and scripting.
5. Database concepts.
6. Handling e-mails.
7. Web browsing.
8. Reading and creating files in different formats such as PDF, htm and doc.
9. Networking concepts. -------------------

Chapter-2
BUSINESS PROCESS OUTSOURCING
MEDICAL TRANSCRIPTION

The job of Medical Transcription can be categorized as one of the processes in the field of Business Process
Outsourcing (BPO).
The process which is outsourced in this case is the documentation of patient assessment, workup, therapeutic
procedures, clinical course, diagnosis, prognosis, etc. The process involves typing of these documents on the
basis of dictations given by doctors and health professionals. These dictations are sent to the Medical
Transciptionist in the form of audio files saved on the computer. The Medical Transciptionist is actually a
stenographer of a doctor, the only difference is that there is no direct contact between the doctor and the
stenographer and the dictation is not taken in shorthand but is sent to the stenographer in the audio format over
the internet. Since the dictation is sent using the computer, it became possible to have the set of stenographers of
the doctors sitting physically any where in the world. This presented an excellent opportunity for the skilled
youth of India and the industry of Medical Transcription grew rapidly in the past decade. The job profile is
highly suited to the persons with blindness. In countries like USA many blind people have been working as MT
for past many years. In India also a few examples of blind persons working as Medical Transciptionist are found
in places like Mumbai and Chennai.

Job Responsibilities:

1. Transcribes medical dictation to provide a permanent record of patient care:

--Applies knowledge of medical terminology, anatomy and physiology, and English language rules to the
transcription and
proofreading of medical dictation from originators with various accents, dialects, and dictation styles.
--Recognizes, interprets, and evaluates inconsistencies, discrepancies, and inaccuracies in medical dictation, and
appro- priately edits, revises, and clarifies them without altering the meaning of the dictation or changing the
dictator's style.
--Clarifies dictation which is unclear or incomplete, seeking assistance as necessary.
--Flags reports requiring the attention of the supervisor or dictator.
--Uses reference materials appropri- ately and efficiently to facilitate the accuracy, clarity, and completeness of
reports.
--Verifies patient information for accuracy and completeness.
--Formats reports according to established guidelines.

2. Demonstrates an understanding of the medico legal implications and responsibilities related to the
transcription of patient records to protect the patient and the business/ institution.

3. Operates designated word processing, dictation, and transcription equipment as directed to complete
assignments.
Step by step job description of Medical Transcription:

1. Assignment of the work load for the day in the form of the sound files which are to be transcribed.
2. Prioritizing the work according to Turn Around Time (TAT) requirement.
3. Taking up the sound files one-by-one and typing the dictations in each of them using the following steps in
the stipulated time:

i. Listening through the file without transcribing.

ii. Listening and transcribing together leaving blanks wherever necessary.
iii. Another round of listening trying to fill up blanks; else flagging them for supervisors.
iv. Running the spell check and grammar check.
v. Final round of reading without the sound file so as to look for any grammatical or sentence construction
errors.
vi. Uploading of the job.

4. Going through the feedback the next day.

Qualifications required:
To become a Medical Transciptionist a person needs to undergo a special training which is of four to six months
duration. This training includes the following modules:

--Understanding the terminology of anatomy and physiology, clinical medicine, surgery, diagnostic tests,
radiology, pathology, pharmacology, and the various medical specialties.
--On writing and oral communication skills, including English usage, grammar, punctuation, and style.
--To operate designated word processing, transcription equipment, and other equipment as specified.

For undergoing MT training, one should preferably:

1. Be a graduate.
2. Have good command over English language.
3. Have good typing speed.
4. Have strong will- power to excel despite all odds.

Selection Process:
Generally companies have a small transcription test followed by personal interview for recruitment of the MT's.

IT Training:
The Medical Transcription training itself includes modules on handling the information technology tool.
However, for persons with blindness it is essential that before he/she joins the Medical Transcription training,
he/she should be efficient in the use of PC with the help of screen reading software. There is also a need for
identification of Medical Transcription Equipment such as foot pedals etc. which are compatible with assistive
technology tools such as screen reading software and Refreshable Braille Displays. The IT training which
would work as a prerequisite for MT training should include the following components:

1. Operating system such as DOS and Windows.

2. Keyboard orientation and typing speed.
3. Word Processor.
4. Extensive knowledge of screen reading software including configurations and scripting.
5. Handling utilities and COULD packages such as dictionary, encyclopaedia etc.
6. Web browsing.
7. Handling e-mails.
8. Reading and creating files in different formats such as PDF, htm and doc.
9. Networking concepts.

After undergoing basic Computer training module Medical Transciptionist is required to attend training which
can be undertaken from a mainstream MT training institute. ---------------
Chapter-3
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Information Technology has emerged as one of the fastest growing streams in a country like India. This has
created innumerable job opportunities both within the country and overseas. Taking advantage of Cyber Bridge
a lot of jobs are outsourced from the developed nations to the developing countries which present extremely
good job opportunities for the vast human resource in the country like ours. It is most fortunate that the
information technology tools are flexible enough to provide alternative access thus permitting a person with
vision impairment to work at par with any other individual who is dependent on this tool. This industry is
relatively a new industry and there are only a few examples to show that a person with blindness has no
limitation to work in the profession of software development and other IT related professions. Due to the
lack of examples a very few posts have been identified by the Department of Personnel and Training in this
profession and that also only for persons with low vision. These include:

12. Assistant Manager System under the Banking Section

21. Programmer under the Banking Section
195. Computer Operations Officer under the Insurance Section
196. Programmer under the Insurance Section
This list does not reflect the job opportunities available for persons with blindness in IT profession. Following
are the few jobs which can be identified as the opportunity available
for persons with blindness. These jobs can be classified into seven main categories:
3.1. Software Development:
Computer is a very versatile tool. Since a same set of hardware is able to perform variety of specialized jobs of
varying disciplines, it is the software which provides computer its versatility. This shows that software
designing is a vast field which requires professionals to be able to develop computer software for a wide variety
of disciplines. Development of software is normally a complete project in itself which requires a well
coordinated team work. Team members specialise in different areas of software development such as problem
identification, feature listing, project design and architecture, software coding providing user interface, testing
and packaging.
These softwares could be designed for varying application of different disciplines and therefore might require
experts from a particular discipline as a team member depending on the nature of the project. Varies job titles in
the Software Development section and their description is as under:

3.1.1. Programmer:
This is an entry level job for the software developer. A Programmer often works under Senior Programmers or
Project Managers and are involved in working on a particular module of the project. They often do the software
coding according to the design of the project. The qualifications required for Programmers is MCA (Masters in
Computer Applicationsggst MS-CAN. Computer SciencestMIT (Masters in Information TechnologyggstBEST
BddTech. Computer Science. Apart from these, degree courses conducted in the authorized Universi- ties,
qualifications and certifications from the reputed private computer training institutes along with recognized
certification such as A, B or C level courses from DOEACC Society, Government of India make a person
eligible for the post of Computer Programmer.
--A Computer Programmer has to work on different software development tools and environments such as
visual studio etc. The up-gradation and introduction of new tools is a common occurrence in the software
industry. To be able to configure screen reading software effectively in such environment is an essential skill
required for a programmer who is vision impaired. Often the graphics are used in the project design, thus a
computer programmer does need certain assistance in the interpretation of such graphics. Description of the
design is also often provided as an alternative to the graphic representation. Moreover, a Programmer often does
not work in isolation and is a part of a team which helps in overcoming this hurdle. All of the other procedures
including encoding, debugging and testing etc. are fully accessible to the persons with blindness with the help
of screen reading softwares. It is, however, experienced that a backend application programme is more
conducive to the programmers with vision impairment than programming or designing
the user interface.
3.1.2. Configuration Management Specialist:
A Configuration Management Specialist is essentially a Computer Programmer with similar qualifications as
that of Programmer. The System Configuration Specialist configures software to suit --40
the needs of any particular establishment. This requires writing codes for plug-ins or creation of scripts. This
kind of job is
available more for the open source softwares.
3.1.3. Project Manager: Project Manager is essentially an experienced Programmer who coordinates
development of
any software project. Basic qualifications required for Project Manager is same as that of a Programmer. Use of
graphic
representation is essential in project management, however, persons with vision impairment can easily manage
this with the help of team members working under them. There are also few tools available that convert
algorithms into graphic representations.
3.1.4. Senior Software Engineer (System Test Engineering): The overall purpose of this position is to design,
develop and execute system test cases within the product requirements and defined system testing processes.
Responsibility would be:

--Developing System Test Cases with the objective of ensuring completeness and effectiveness of testing. It is
expected that this position would have a good understanding of the usage of the product in customer situations,
and apply this knowledge in test case development. This position is further expected to gain a good
understanding of the High Level design of the product and apply this in test case development;
--Designing the Test set up through a complete understanding of the Test Strategy, expected to participate in
System Test Planning and Test Strategy development, by giving appropriate inputs;
--Execute test cases, replicate and report defects/bugs, and provide all relevant information to developers in
order to facilitate bug fixing and resolving issues; expected to facilitate elimination of future errors by analyzing
historical data and defect trends;
--Developing customer scenarios in order to ensure that system testing is effective; expected to replicate defects
reported by customers and facilitate the development team in resolving these;
--Ensuring enhanced productivity as regards test execution through development and implementation of a test
automation framework;
--Providing guidance to team members to resolve problems quickly and efficiently by understanding and
clarifying technical problems. They are also expected to enhance the functional knowledge of team members
and other relevant stakeholders by designing/ccducting training programs.

3.2. Networking:
Some of the job titles available under this job category would be Network and System Administrator, Senior
Network Engineer etc. The job profile includes designing of an efficient and most effective network solutions
for employer or clients, maintenance and smooth functioning of network related tasks, hardware and software
trouble shooting, installation of network and admin services. A person with blindness or low vision can perform
such jobs in medium or large establishments as a part of a team of network administrators. The qualifications
which are required for such jobs include two and half years diploma with network certification such as
Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer (MCSE), Sisco or certification in Linux based networking. Desirable
skills in the candidates would include learning through manuals and communication skills.
Establishing a networking in an establishment would require assigning of appropriate address and selection of
networking schemes. The network administrator would configure the networking software which is easily
accessible with the help of screen reading software. This configuration includes allocation of appropriate access
rights to various users of the network. The configuration of the network access is the final part of the
networking which is preceded with the laying down of the networking design and analyzing the needs of the
organization for a network. The trouble shooting might require working on any computer of the establishment
which would mean that every computer on the network should have the capability of running the screen reading
software. If this is not possible a person with blindness can know the trouble shooting either by accessing the
terminal remotely through a computer which has a screen reader installation. Else the trouble shooting could be
performed with the help of any English reading person. There are also versions of the screen reading software
which could directly run from the removable disk such as COULD and would not require installation of screen
reading software on every machine.

3.3. Technical Writer:

Technical writer writes online help and user manuals for software. The person is expected to liaise closely with
developers and should be able to translate technical ideas into intelligible user documents and help files. The
person is also expected to create training course materials for the software which may include preparation of
slides and support documents. He/she may also prepare marketing materials, collateral and datasheets in co-
ordination with sales and marketing team. MCA or diploma in Computer Science is required for this job. Person
needs to have excellent command over the language of documentation.

The help files of the software are often produced using specialized document writing tools. These tools are fully
accessible with the help of screen reading softwares. The qualified person with vision impairment with good
communication and writing skills can easily perform this job.

3.4. Internet Related Jobs:

Internet has revolutionized the information exchange and service delivering globally. Internet is a complete
virtual world in itself and the profile of any business house or institution or any entity is not complete without
their presence in cyber world. The cyber world provides innumerable job opportunities and due to its nature it
presents an excellent home business opportunity. Some of the jobs which can be performed with competence by
persons with blindness are as under:

3.4.1. Web Developer:

A Web Developer is a person who develops and maintains websites. The websites vary a lot from each other. On
one hand, web portals provide not just information but many services such as e-commerce, registration etc. On
the other hand, smaller websites may just be a bulletin board of any establishment. A website that is normally
visible to the end user is only the front end. There might be a database or other applications running at the back
end of the website which forms the basic service being provided through the internet. The persons with
blindness can be very effective and competent in the development
of back end applications for any website. The front end design does require a use of sight thus posing
limitations for persons with blindness to work as front end designers. The qualifications required to work as
Web Developer are MCA, Bdde. or BddTech. A person with two to three years diploma with specialization in
HTML, Java and Java Script, XML, ASP, SQL, VB and C plus plus can also be a qualified person to become a
Web Developer. Development of a website or a web-service is a team work and persons with blindness or low
vision are able to use the tools for writing applications in languages required for the web development. This job
is fully suitable for persons with blindness.

3.4.2. Web Master:

Web Master is a team leader of website creation and maintenance. An experienced web designer with low or no
vision can perform this job but will have to depend on the team members working under him to work on the
user interface part of the website. The job responsibility of the Web Master includes:

--UI design and usability

--Web architecture and design
--Team leadership for related projects
--Development and implementation of web content management process flow
--Management of content based on user feedback
--All facets of requirements, design, implementation and test of web site and ancillary systems

3.4.3. Internet ResearchstData Entry:

This job involves collection of data through internet and websites and analysis of this data to prepare relevant
reports. Some of the jobs might just involve collection of data from the
internet and feeding it into specific database applications. For example, Internet Airfare ResearchstData Entry
Executive would be required to find airfares on the Internet using airlines and other Web sites and entering the
fares into an Internet-based software tool. The qualifications required for such a job are a graduate with
excellent command over internet browsing, word processing, database concepts etc.
The screen reading software is fully compatible and configured for application required for this job. Thus the
person with blindness or low vision can perform these jobs with full efficiency. It is not necessary that the
appointed person would be required to be at the employer's location and therefore presents an excellent work
opportunity which can be performed from home itself.

3.4.4. Internet Sales and Marketing Specialist:

E-mails, newsgroups, list servers, bulletin boards, chat room etc. are being used extensively for sales and
marketing of products. It is a very low cost marketing medium with its outreach to exact target group. There are
special packages which are developed for mass mailing and web marketing. The person with blindness can
easily operate, participate and host chat rooms, mail serves, bullet rooms etc. The softwares for such operation
are fully accessible with the help of screen reading softwares. Thus the job of Internet Sales and Marketing
Specialist is highly suitable for persons with blindness or low vision. The qualifications required for this job are
graduation with course on computer application and excellent language skills, command over written and oral
communication. Desired qualification for this job would be a diploma or degree in the area of
sales and marketing.

3.5. Data Warehousing:

The popularity of digital devices such as computers and pda for all reading and writing purposes has resulted in
a major change in the way information is stored and accessed. Due to the ease of maintenance and
dissemination it is preferred that the books and any other reading material are available in the digital format
rather being available only as a printed text format. The data also needs to be converted from one form of digital
format to the other such as from sound to text etc. This need has resulted in establishment of Data Warehouses
especially in the developing countries because the Executives required for data conversion are available at
minimal cost. The job opportunities available for persons with blindness in this area are Data Warehouse
Managers. Most of the processes of data conversion require very high speed of editing or typing to keep up the
productivity levels. The job of an Executive performing the conversion is an extremely difficult task for persons
with blindness or low vision. However, the job of Data Warehouse Manager is well suited for them. Job
responsibilities of Data Warehouse Manager is:

--To manage the delivery of multiple projects in Data Warehousing based practice;
--To interface with International and National customers and ensuring that customer expectations are met;
--To design and develop strategy, Project monitoring and Control, Resource Management;
--To lead large teams comprising technical professionals and functional specialists and evolve plans for
optimizing team productivity and acquisition of relevant competencies;
--To understand client requirements for the projects and design systems for its execution;
--To stream the delivery processes as well as those of the support functions within the organization;
--To prepare product specifications, functional specifications and workflow for the development team to deliver;
--To execute resource planning, budgeting and project plans to work under minimal costs;
--To provide inputs to the architect team in delivering of the solutions.
Higher level of knowledge of systems and their management is required for this job. Qualifications such as
MCA, BddTech., B.E. are preferred for such jobs but not a bar for capable persons. Persons with blindness can
perform these jobs and there are examples where they manage their own Data Warehouses.

3.5.1. Audio to Text Conversion Executive:

Some of the events such as conferences etc. are documented by making an audio recording of the sessions,
thereafter Audio to Text Conversion Executives type out the complete text of the recording by listening to the
audio tapes. Such jobs can easily be performed by persons with blindness with appropriate language skills. This
job is often outsourced and can easily be performed at home itself. The audio recordings can be provided either
in the form of audio cassettes or in the form of digital recording either on COULD or through networking.
Currently such a job is performed by using an ordinary cassette player. Use of a foot pedal attached to a cassette
player or to a PC to control audio recording can speed up the process and would result in better productivity.
Qualifications are not a limiting factor for this job. Good language skills with command over spellings and
punctuations along with good typing speed are enough to qualify a person to take up this job.

3.6. Database Programmerst Administrator:

Database related computer applications constitute a large number of software applications being developed and
invented. Maintenance and creation of databases is one of the strongest areas where computer has made a
remarkable difference. Applications such as inventory control, railway bookings etc. are all examples of
Database Applications. Software tools such as Oracle, Sybase, SQL Servers etc. are used for recreation and
maintenance of Database Applications. Applications such as VB, ASP, HTML are also used for designing user
interfaces for such applications. The job opportunities in these areas are based on the operation of the above
mentioned tools which are fully usable by persons with blindness or low vision with the help of screen reading
software. Some of the job titles which are mentioned in this area are:
a. Team Member: The Team Member is the entry-level job in the Database Application area. The jobs available
for the Team Members are specific to a particular tool of Database Application development such as a Team
Member for Oracle, ASP or a Team Member for SQL Server, VB, XML etc. The qualifications required to
become a Team Member would be 2 to 3 years diploma, MCA, Bdde or BddTech. with components on Oracle,
SQL Server etc. as a part of their curriculum. There are separate certifications provided by companies like
Oracle which add value to the qualifications for acquiring a job in Database Application area. The Team
Member is required to work under a Database Administrator and would perform jobs such as designing of the
model, writing code for a
database module, designing user interface, maintenance and backup routines in database etc.
Apart from the user interface design all the other aspects of job responsibilities can be performed by persons
with blindness or low vision.
b. Database Administrator (DBA): Persons who have experience in data modelling, database design,
programming and administration
can work as Database Administrators. Their job responsibilities include general database administration,
application tuning, database security and production support to mission critical databases. This job requires high
degree of experience,
technical knowledge and capability to manage and coordinate teams either directly or remotely. MCA, Bdde or
BddTech. is the required qualification. Experience in development and maintenance of Database Applications is
must for acquiring the post of Database Administrator. Persons with blindness or low vision with appropriate
skills and knowledge can perform this job effectively.

3.7. Information System Designer such as SAP Consultant:

Every organization has their own specific IT needs. A detailed policy of IT implementation for any organization
needs to be worked out or tasks such as information required for any IT user or a manager of the organization
and the ways to deliver that information. Inventory control, file sharing and storage, back up system etc. would
all be a part of such a policy. SAP is a tool which provides a basic module for information systems of any
organization instead of designing a separate module for every organization. SAP could be used as a basic
module and configured to suit the needs of any organization. A SAP Consultant customizes SAP to suit the
needs of any organization. SAP Company itself runs an education and certification programme for SAP
Consultants.
Jobs in the IT Profession

1. Software Development
(i) Programmer
Qualification: MCA, MddSc. Computer Science, MIT, BDDE or BddTech. Computer Science. B or C level
courses from DOEACC Society, Government of India.
Skills: Communication and presentation
skills, adaptability to new software environments.
Job Responsibility: Working on software modules, work as team member under Project Manager, job involves
coding, testing,
debugging and customer support.

ii. Configuration Management Specialist

Qualification: MCA, MddSc. Computer Science, MIT, BDDE or BddTech. Computer Science. B or C level
courses from DOEACC Society, Government of India.
Skills: Problem analysis and communication skills.
Job Responsibility: Configuration of software, writing scripts, creating plugins and software customization.

iii. Project Manager

Qualification: MCA, MddSc. Computer Science, MIT, BDDE or BddTech. Computer Science. B or C level
courses from DOEACC Society, Government of India.
Skills: Communication and presentation
skills, skills for documentation, should be a good orator, should have excellent writing skills and people
management skill.
Job Responsibility: Team leader for software development involves design development, team coordination for
time management.

iv. Senior Software Engineer (System Test Engineering)

Qualification: MCA, MddSc. Computer Science, MIT, BDDE or BddTech. Computer Science. B or C level
courses from DOEACC Society, Government of India.
Skills: Skills for documentation and
communication.

Job Responsibility: Test case development, System Text Planning and Test Strategy development, reporting of
defects/bugs, simulating customer's
scenarios and guiding team members for problems to resolve.

2. Networking
i. Network and System Administrator
ii. Senior Network Engineer
Qualification: Two and half year diploma
with network certification such as MCSE, Sisco
or certification in Linux based networking.
Skills: Learning through manuals and
communication skills.
Job Responsibility: Designing of an efficient and most effective network solution for employer or clients,
maintenance and smooth functioning of network related tasks, hardware and software trouble--shooting,
installation of network and admin. services.
3. Technical Writer
Qualification: MCA or diploma in
Computer Science.
Skills: Excellent command over the
language of documentation.
Job Responsibility: Writing online help, user manuals and support documents. Translate technical aspects into
simple
language understandable to end user. Preparation of training materials, marketing support materials.

4. Internet Related Jobs

i. Web Developer
Qualification: MCA, BddE or BddTech. 2 to 3 years diploma with specialization in HTML, Java and Java
Script, XML, ASP, SQL, VB and C plus plus.
Skills: Communication and documentation
skills.
Job Responsibility: Development and maintenance of website. Development of applications for back end of the
website.

ii. Web Master

Qualification: MCA, BddE or BddTech. 2 to 3 years diploma with specialization in HTML, Java and Java
Script, XML, ASP, SQL, VB and C plus plus.
Skills: Communication and documentation
skills, creativity and people management skills.
Job Responsibility: Team leader of website creation and maintenance. UI design and usability, Web architecture
and design,
Team leadership for related projects, Development and implementation of web content management process
flow design, Management of content based on user feedback, All facets of requirements, design, implementation
and test of web site and ancillary
systems.

iii. Internet ResearchstData Entry

Qualification: Graduate
Skills: Excellent command over internet browsing, word processing, database concepts
etc.
Job Responsibility: Collection of
data through internet and website and analysis of
this data to prepare relevant report. Some of the jobs might just involve collection of data from the internet and
feeding it into specific database applications.

iv. Internet Sales and Marketing Specialist

Qualification: Graduation with course on
computer application. Desired qualification for this job would be a diploma or degree in the area of sales and
marketing.
Skills: Excellent language skills, command over written and oral communication.
Job Responsibility: Use of e-
mails, newsgroups, list servers, bulletin boards, chat room etc. for sales and marketing. Operation of special
packages which are
developed for mass mailing and web marketing.

5. Database Warehousing
Qualification: MCA, BddTech., B.E.
are preferred for such jobs but not a bar for capable persons.
Skills: Written and audio communication skills, documentation skills, people management skills.
Job Responsibility: To manage the delivery of multiple projects in Data Warehousing based practice; To
interface with International and National customers and ensuring that customer expectations are met; To design
and develop strategy, Project monitoring and control, Resource Management; To lead large teams comprising
technical professionals and functional specialists and evolve plans for optimizing team productivity and
acquisition of relevant competencies; To understand client requirements for the projects and design systems
for its execution; To stream the delivery
processes as well as those of the support
functions within the organization; To prepare
product specifications, functional specifications and workflow for the development team to deliver; To execute
resource planning, budgeting and project plans to work under optimum costs; To provide inputs to the architect
team in delivering of the solutions.

i. Audio to Text Conversion Executive

Qualification: Qualifications are not a
limiting factor for this job.

Skills: Good language skills with command

over spellings and punctuations along with good typing speed.
Job Responsibility: Creation of the text documents by listening to the audio recording.

6. Database Programmerst Administrator

i. Team Member
Qualification: 2 to 3 years diploma, MCA, BddE or BddTech. with components on Oracle, SQL Server etc.
Certification such as Oracle certification etc.
Skills: Documentation and communication
skills.
Job Responsibility: Work under a Database Administrator and perform jobs such
as designing of the model, writing code for a database module, designing user interface, maintenance and
backup routines in database
etc.; Create programmes and applications in Oracle, ASP, SQL Server, VB or XML etc.

ii. Database Administrator (DBA)

Qualification: MCA, BddE or BddTech.
Skills: Written and audio communication skills, documentation skills, people management skills. His Job
Job Responsibility:
responsibilities include general database administration, application tuning, database security and production
support to mission critical databases. This job requires high degree of experience, technical knowledge and
capacity to manage and coordinate teams either directly or remotely.

7. Information System Designer

i. SAP Consultant
Qualification: SAP Certification.
Skills: Communication Skills, Analatical Skills.
Job Responsibility: Understanding information
needs customisatition of SAP. Preparing
information System Design.
IT Tools required for Persons with blindness:
--Screen reading software--Key component for undertaking any of the above-mentioned jobs. A version of the
screen reader that supports multi user operating systems such as Windows NT, Windows XP Professional would
be needed.
--Scanner and OCR--Reading of manuals and documents is essential for the IT related jobs. Many of them are
available only in print format and therefore OCR and Scanner are required to access such materials.
--Graphic Creation Tools--Reading and creation of graphics is preferable for conveying software, architecture or
design. The graphic creation tools such as swell paper, geometric kit, net board or Velcro board can prove very
useful for such requirements.
--Headphones Optional--Use of headphones is desirable if screen reader is being used with speech output.

IT Training:
Each of the jobs mentioned above has its minimum qualification requirement. The various professional
qualifications required in
the above-mentioned jobs are:

1. Basic Computer Orientation Course: Persons with blindness or low vision need to undergo a basic computer
orientation course to learn the operation of computers and common computer applications with the help of
screen reading software or screen magnification software. Such a course would have components on--Keyboard
orientation and typing.
--Speech familiarity.
--Word processing.
--Spread Sheet.
--Internet and e-mail.
--OCR and Scanning.
--Customization of screen reading software.

This course works as a foundation for taking any further qualification and degrees in computer software and
hardware. The course also fulfils the computer education requirement for few jobs in the IT industry such as
Audio to Text Conversion Executive, Internet Sales and Marketing Specialist, Internet Researchst Data Entry
etc. It is best that such training is provided in special training labs and also that the batch constituted for such
training comprises only of persons with blindness or low vision. Integration of students at this level with seeing
students is not recommended.

2. 2 to 3 years diploma:
This diploma is offered by private institutions. A few of these courses provide certification from government
board or University. This course is equivalent to Diploma in Computer Science. Few polytechnic also offer
equivalent diplomas. Persons with blindness or low vision can be integrated in such mainstream programmes
after the completion of basic computer operation courses. Considering that the reputation of the training
institutes is important in job market it is preferable that the persons with blindness acquire such a diploma from
a mainstream institution instead of taking a diploma from a special institute for persons with blindness or low
vision.

3. MCA:
This degree is treated as a minimum qualification for computer programming and software developer.
Universities have opened doors for this degree for persons with blindness or low
vision. The basic computer operation course along with appropriate prerequisite qualification can enable
persons with blindness to seek admission to the mainstream MCA programme. The degrees such as MddSc. in
Computer Science and Masters in Computer Technology etc. are equivalent to MCA and present similar
opportunities for persons with blindness or low vision.
In the private sector the minimum qualifications requirement such as MCA is often mentioned for a particular
job. However,
persons who have the appropriate knowledge and skills even without the degree do get selected in such jobs.
 --------------
Chapter-4
TOURISM

Tourism is a vast sphere of activity which is fast emerging as one of the major industries in India and other
developing countries. This industry has made good use of IT to provide quality services. The tourism industry
as a whole covers a wide variety of jobs and services among which the travel agency and travel houses present
excellent job opportunities for computer literate persons with blindness or low vision.
The major tasks which are performed in the travel agency are tour packages, bookings for air, rail or road travel,
hotels, taxis etc. These services are highly dependent on correct and updated information from all round the
globe and the use of PC is inevitable in such circumstances. Considering the importance of information in the
industry a lot of special packages and internetst intranet services based on these packages have been started
which help the network of travel agents, travel houses and airlines anywhere in the world. For example, a
company like Amadeus develops and maintains the database for air travel bookings. The travel agents pay for
installing the terminal PC's running the Amadeus package. This package provides information about available
bookings, booking status etc. through network connectivity. It is not difficult to configure the screen reading
software to operate under the user interface environment of such packages. Since, the use of these packages and
information systems utilised in the travel houses are accessible to persons with blindness or low vision, it offers
numerous job opportunities for them such as:

4.1. Tele Support

4.1.1. Status Inquiry Executive:
The customers enquire about the booking
status over the telephone or in person. The Executive needs to look for the status of the booking by feeding in
PNR number and by issuing text based commands. This job can easily be
performed by a person with vision impairment on a PC equipped with screen reading software. The
qualification required for this job profile is graduation, good command over language and
communication skills.
4.1.2. Tele Support Executive:
Travel agents receive a lot of queries, the data of which is stored for follow-up purposes. An extensive follow up
is also required for various jobs such as confirmation of bookings for
block tickets, payments etc. The travel agents also make calls to their previous or prospective customers for
telemarketing purposes. This job is similar to an outbound call centre job where information about the person to
be called is derived from a PC. The call is made over a telephone and the job is most conducive for persons with
blindness or low vision. The qualification required for this job would be graduation with excellent
communication skills.

4.2. Reservation Executive:

Air ticketing is a specialized field of tourism. Various airlines offer different rates for similar destinations and
these rates keep on varying from time to time. Reservation Executive is to provide most favourable offers to the
customers presenting to them the most viable options of travel. The Executive would also block tickets for
customers on request. This job is performed on a PC terminal linked to an air ticket booking package service.
The packages for this purpose could either be of command prompt type user interface or a complete graphic
user interface. Both these interfaces can be handled with the help of screen reading software efficiently by the
persons with blindness. The qualification required for this job will be graduation followed by a diploma in
Tourism Management or Air Ticketing or certification in Air Ticketing from IATA (International Air Transport
Association) or UFTAA (Universal Federation of Travel Agents' Association).

4.3. Tour Package Sales Executive:

Travel houses announce different types of tour packages. Tour Package Sales Executive provides information
about available tour packages to the customer mostly over the telephone and at times in person. Complete
information about these packages is stored on PC terminals. An Executive needs to give complete information
about procedures for availing of these packages. Persons with blindness have been working with great success
on such jobs. The qualification required for this job will be Graduate from any stream with excellent
communication skills.

4.4. Tour Planner:

Information about the places of tourist interest in any region, state or country is available on the internet or
through special tourism guides. A Tour Planner guides the client about the most viable tour plans both for
business or leisure travels. The Tour Planner facilitates undertaking of tour right from selection of places to
travel, stay or taxi bookings. It would depend upon how big is the travel agency, whether the Tour Planner has
to just plan tour or make the complete bookings etc. himself. The qualification required for this job is
graduation from any stream with one year post graduation diploma in tourism. Basic knowledge about
geographical location etc. is essential for
this job.

4.5. Customer Correspondence Executive:

This Executive is responsible for replying to written query of nationalstinternational customers. The Executives
would receive these queries either in form of e-mails or written communication. The Executive who is expected
to have good command over written and oral communication skills would reply to these queries. These jobs are
available not only in travel agency but also in the airlines directly. The qualification required for this job is
graduation with excellent command over written communication and language.

The jobs mentioned above are purely entry level assistant jobs. The experienced persons in these jobs are able to
acquire supervisory roles. There have also been examples of persons with blindness starting their own travel
agencies and managing them with success.

Jobs in Tourism

1. Tele Support
i. Status Inquiry Executive
Qualification: Graduate
Skills: Good command over language and communication skills.
Job Description: Person gives information
about the booking status.

ii. Tele Support Executive

Qualification: Graduate
Skills: Excellent communication skills.
Job Description: Person satisfies the queries of customers regarding confirmation of
bookings for block tickets, payments etc. The
travel agents also make calls to their previous or prospective customers for tele marketing purposes.

2. Reservation Executive
Qualification: Diploma in Tourism Management or Air Ticketing or
certification in Air Ticketing from IATA (International Air Transport Association) or UFTAA.
Skills:--

Job Description: The Executive is required to have complete knowledge about the different rates
for similar destinations. He is to provide most favourable offers to the customers. He will also
block tickets for customers on request.

3. Tour Package Sales Executive

Qualification: Graduation
Skills: Excellent communication skills.
Job Description: The person provides information about available tour packages to the
customer.

4. Tour Planner
Qualification: Graduation from any stream with
one year post graduation diploma in Tourism.
Skills: Basic knowledge about geographical location.
Job Description: Provides information about
the places of tourist interest in any region, guides the client about the most viable tour 70 plans both for
business or leisure travels.

5. Customer Correspondence Executive

Qualification: Graduation
Skills: Excellent command over written communication and language.
Job Description: Person is responsible
for reply to written query of nationalstinternational customers either through e-mails or written communication.
Special Qualifications:
There are various types of certifications in the field of tourism apart from the one-year post graduate diploma in
tourism management. Certification with specialization in different aspects of tourism is provided by
international bodies such as IATA and UFTAA. These certifications vary from subjects like ticketing to
specialized courses in tourism accounts, customer handling etc.

Selection Process:
The Travel Agency normally recruits various Executives through interviews. However, for getting into similar
jobs in airlines persons need to clear written examinations on general awareness, language and logical aptitude.

IT Tools Required for Persons with Blindness or Low Vision:

To be able to work in the tourism industry for persons with blindness or low vision it is essential to have screen
reading softwares properly configured with packages for tasks such as air travel booking, railway booking etc.
The screen reading softwares which are fully configured to these packages can convey relevant informations
through speech output or by using the Refreshable Braille Displays. A special project or task needs to be
undertaken to configure various screen reading softwares to the packages which are used in industry such as
IBM CRS used by the Indian Airlines, Galileo, Abacus, Amadeus and CRS. The screen magnification would not
require any configurations and can open these job opportunities for persons with low vision.

IT Training:
It is most essential to be very efficient in the basic computer operations with good knowledge of screen reading
software and excellent control over the keyboard. It is highly desirable that he/she is efficient in configuring the
screen reading software for new environments. The training module suited for the personnel in the tourism
industry are as follows:

1. Operating system such as DOS and Windows.

2. Keyboard orientation and typing speed.
3. Word Processor.
4. Extensive knowledge of screen reading software including configurations and scripting.
5. Database concepts.
6. Handling e-mails.
7. Web browsing.
8. Networking concepts.
The above components constitute a basic training module for jobs related to tourism. Exposure to tour packages
such as CRS (Central Research Services), Amadeus etc. is essential. This component of training can also be
provided as on job training module.
----------------

SECTION-3
TRADITIONAL JOBS CHANGING
NATURE OF OPERATION WITH IT Chapter-5
OFFICE ASSISTANTS
5.1. General Assistants:
The office environment in public sector, government sector or private sector has gone through a sea change in
the past few years. Computers have established themselves as one of the key components in the office. Some of
the very common uses of the computers in the typical office are:

--Computers are used for typing instead of manual or electronic typewriter.

--Computers have become a prime source of communication with the increased use of e-mails in place of paper
correspondence.
--Accounting books are now maintained on computers.

Some of the job operations are described below which had been found suitable to be performed by persons with
blindness. These job operations do not necessarily reflect a complete job profile of a single employee but a
combination of one or more of these jobs is often assigned to the office clerkstassistant.
5.1.1. Maintenance of files:
In many offices the documents are being created and stored on a PC. Clerical assistance is required for proper
maintenance of such files, keeping backups and keeping them organized in folders etc.
5.1.2. Inquiry counter:
An inquiry counter clerk in the office where information is available in digital format would do the following:
--Look up for the requested information over a PC or over a network.
--Provide information in person or on telephone.
--Provide brochure or literature related to the query.

The online information lookup and dissemination is fully accessible for persons with blindness or low vision.
The brochures and literature can also be handled by them with the use of labelling and proper organization.

5.1.3. Written Communication:

As the mode of correspondence is shifting to every-mails instead of paper communication, this job is becoming
suitable for persons with blindness. In large establishments packages are used for internal and external
messaging, maintenance of schedules, meeting requests etc. These jobs now can be performed by persons with
blindness.
5.1.4. Creating a type document:
Jobs in an office such as printing hard copies of correspondence, printing of labels for mailing, storing
information and formats, etc. have become fully accessible with the use of information technology tools. Often
the documents typed by the Clerks are according to the formats which are stored on a PC.

5.1.5. Maintenance follow up and Supervision:

The office automation equipments such as EPBX, telephone extensions, PC's etc. require a regular maintenance.
An
office clerk is assigned a job to note down the complaints and follow-up the maintenance work with
maintenance contractor. With the use of PC for the reading and writing purpose such job becomes fully
accessible to the persons with blindness or low vision.
5.1.6. Accounts Clerk:
The post of the Accounts Clerk has been identified for persons with low vision by Department of Personnel and
Training, Government of India. In the changed environment this job now includes working on accounting
packages such as Tally etc. A screen magnification or a well configured screen reading software can make this
job doable by persons with low vision.
Example:Visit to a government school in Delhi for this research revealed that computerization of various
processes is being done at fast pace in the Education Department. A person with low vision with negligible
reading capability is employed in this school as a Clerk and performs the following tasks using a computer with
screen reading software:

--Prepares documents such as office orders, circulars etc.

--Makes joining and relieving information of the personnel at the school through Education Department
website.
--Takes print-outs of budgets and other accounting documents.
--Maintains database of personnel and prepares incumbency statements.
--Prepares pay bills.

Qualification Required:
To be able to work as a Clerk in the office the candidate should have completed class 10 or class 12 or
equivalent. A person should have good command over language used as the official language. The person is also
required to have
typing speed of at least 30 words per minute. The persons with total loss of vision should also have a good
command over reading and writing Braille. It becomes desirable that as per job requirement mentioned above it
is essential that a person should have computer operational skills especially in the use of word processing,
spreadsheet, web browsing, e-mails and a good command over the screen reading software.

Selection Process:
The appointments made under the clerical level jobs are done through examinations conducted by the
examination conducting bodies such as the Staff Selection Commission for Central Government, Delhi
Selection Subordinate Board for Delhi State. Similarly there are examinations conducting bodies in every State
of India to make appointments for the clerical posts. Apart from these State level selection boards there are
service specific boards such as Indian Banking Personnel Selection for Banking Services, Railway Board for
Indian Railways etc. The examination often has objective type written tests on mathematics of the level of class-
10, reasoning and general awareness. This is followed by a skill test for testing typing skill of the candidates.
The persons with blindness are given a sheet in Braille which they have to read and type on a manual typewriter
and the persons having low vision are given the matter to be typed in large print. This pattern of test is observed
for the posts advertised specially for persons with blindness or low vision. If the candidates wish to apply in the
general category they also need to appear in a subjective test on language and general awareness which they
give with the help of a scribe.

IT Training Requirement:
An IT training module required for these candidates should have the following common components:
1. Operating system such as DOS and Windows.
2. Keyboard orientation and typing speed.
3. Word Processor--Extensive training in word processor is needed so that the candidates learn the skills of
professional letter drafting and formatting.
4. Handling e-mails and other messaging software.
5. Web browsing.
6. Reading and creating files in different formats such as PDF, htm and doc.
7. Extensive knowledge of screen reading software including configurations and scripting--This is essential
since offices have custom- built software which require fine tuning of screen reading software.
8. OCR and scanning.
9. Spreadsheet and database concepts.
10. Networking concepts.

The equipment required to handle the jobs situation would be:

--Screen reading software supporting the language of work.
--A personal computer capable of handling screen reading software along with other applications.
--Scanner and the OCR software where print documents are required to be accessed.
--Internet connectivity where e-mail or internet browsing is a part of job profile.

5.2. Stenographer
The post of the stenographer has long been established as one of the most productive jobs that persons with
blindness have been doing very successfully in the offices. A stenographer needs to take dictation in shorthand
and type it out on the typewriter or PC. Post of stenographer is often merged with the job of personnel assistant
who helps out in maintaining the appointment in calendar of his/her boss, besides related organizational work.
The dictation in shorthand can be taken using a Braille shorthand machine. An alternative to Braille shorthand
machine is a recording of a dictation using a small cassette recorder or a Dictaphone. In the wave of the
computerization another alternative is being experimented where the dictation is recorded in audio directly on
the PC and the sound files are transferred over the network to the stenographer who uses the foot pedal to listen
to the dictation and types out the matter simultaneously. This is similar to what is happening in the field of
medical transcription.
It is the typing part which has changed in the modern office environment. Manual or electronic typewriters are
being replaced with Personal Computers with word processing softwares
which have many benefits over the manual or electronic typewriter. Screen reading software enables the person
with blindness to use this machine. The job of the stenographer still remains a viable option of employment for
them. Even the
persons who have already been employed as stenographers have to learn the computer operational skills in order
to keep their jobs. The nonavailability of screen reading softwares and text-to-speech engines in local languages
is a very big limiting factor for stenographer trained in working in their local language. Computers do have
word processing capabilities for local languages. Due to the lack of screen reading softwares for those
languages they are not usable by persons with blindness.

Qualification Required:
Class-12 with one-year diploma in stenography is the minimum qualifications that is required for the post of
stenographer. The shorthand speed of 80 words per minute and the typing speed of 40 w.pddm. are also needed
for this post. The candidates must have an excellent command over the language of operation along with
excellent command over the spellings, grammar and punctuation. A steno must have computer operational
skills.

Selection Process:
The selection to the post of stenographer is made on the basis of a written exam and skill test.

IT tools required for Persons with Blindness:

A screen reading software, note-taker and a voice diary are excellent tools for stenographers. The screen reading
software is the main enabling technology for this job. A note-taker or a voice diary would be very handy if the
job profile of a stenographer also includes Personal Assistant work.

IT training requirement:
The computer training module required for a stenographer should have the following components:

1. Operating system such as DOS and Windows.

2. Keyboard orientation and typing speed.
3. Word Processor--Extensive training in word processor is needed so that the candidates learn the skills of
professional letter drafting and formatting.
4. Handling e-mails.
5. Web browsing.
6. Reading and creating files in different formats such as PDF, htm and doc.
7. Extensive knowledge of screen reading software including configurations and scripting. This is essential
since offices have custom-built software which require fine tuning of screen reading software.
8. Messaging software with organizers such as Microsoft Outlook.
9. OCR and scanning.
10. Spreadsheet and database concepts.
11. Networking concepts.

5.3. Telephone Operator

Telephone is primarily based on audio medium and therefore has been a preferred means of communication for
persons with blindness. Any job which is related to telephone is considered favourable for persons with
blindness.
Telephone operator makes and receives calls and forwards them to the personnel in the office. Message taking,
maintenance of the directory of the extension numbers is also the part of Telephone Operator's duty. There are
manual or electronic switch boards which the Telephone Operator has to use for receiving and forwarding the
calls. These switch boards are being replaced with computerized EPBX systems. The Telephone Operator needs
to use a computer for all the board operations. These computers are loaded

with telephony or EPBX softwares. Headphone and mike attached to a PC are used for a voice communication
in such a system. The EPBX or the telephony softwares are usable by persons with blindness with the help of
screen reading softwares. However, the screen reading softwares would have to be configured or fine tuned to
providing appropriate and the most efficient speech output for the job operation. This configuration would also
be required to avoid confusions between the voice output of a PC and that of the telephone call itself.

Qualification Required:
Apart from the class--12 or equivalent certificate a telephone operator should have a polite and a good voice.
Command over the spoken language and good communication skills are essential for this job. Many institutes
offer 3-month telephone operator courses. Preference in the jobs is given to the persons who have attended such
courses. However, this course is not an essential qualification for getting the job of the Telephone Operator.

Selection Process:
The selection for the post of Telephone Operator is made on the basis of interview.

IT Tools Required:
It is essential for a telephone operator to be able to handle a device for note taking. This could either be a simple
Braille writing frame or a note-taker. The messages can be stored using a voice diary or a cassette recorder very
efficiently. The PC itself could also be used for note-taking or message recording. However, that would mean
switching between the telephony application and a word processing application frequently.

IT Training Requirement:
The IT training required for Telephone Operator should have the following components:

1. Operating system.
2. Word processing software.
3. Telephony software.
4. Screen reading software and configuration.
5. Use of voice diary and note-taker. ----------
Chapter-6
TEACHING PROFESSION
The teaching profession entails one of the most satisfying job experiences for persons with blindness or low
vision. The teachers pass on the knowledge and skills acquired by the mankind to the next generation. Teaching
in the school for blind persons as well as teaching in any main-stream school has been the oldest profession
found suitable for persons with blindness or low vision. It reflects through the list of identified jobs issued by
the Department of Personnel and Training, Government of India that apart from the post of the primary school
teacher which has been found befitting for persons with low vision and not for persons with total loss of vision,
persons with blindness can give excellent result as teacher at any level.
Apart from taking regular classes, the teachers maintain attendance and other types of record of students. They
conduct examinations and tests, prepare question papers and evaluate the answer sheets. Teachers are expected
to keep their knowledge up to date and thus are required to read the subject related materials. They do also
prepare the lesson plans, tests etc. Their job involves a lot of reading and writing work. Consequently, the use
of PC as a tool for reading and writing is most preferable for teachers. This would enable them to read and write
in the medium that is accessible to the pupils and their sighted counterparts. For taking classes the lesson plans
and lessons need to be in the accessible format. A Braille Note-taker or a PC with the facility of Braille Printer
can prove to be a very empowering tool in such situations. Spreadsheet on a PC or a database application of a
Note-taker can be used extensively for attendance storing, evaluation, information of students etc. Printouts of
the assignments prepared on the PC or Note-taker is the most effective way of providing assignments to the
students.

6.1. Online Trainers:

Many regular and open Universities offer online courses and certifications. In such courses study materials,
interaction with the trainerstinstructorstteacher, assignments, tutorials and examinations are all held over the
internet or any other form of networking. With the availability of increased bandwidth of data channels these all
can even be delivered using different mediums such as text, audio or video. There is absolutely no difference in
the way of functioning between a normally seeing person
or a person with blindness or low vision working as online trainer. The screen reading software with speech
output or a Braille display works as an enabling technology for them.

Qualifications required for the Teaching Profession are as given below:

Jobs in Teaching Profession

1. Primary School Teacher

Qualification: Class 12th and course in
nursery teachers training.

2. Middle School or Secondary School Teacher

Qualification: Graduation in relevant subject and Bachelors in Education (BddEd.).

3. Senior School Teacher

Qualification: Post graduate with
Bachelors in Education (BddEd.).

4. College Teacher
Qualification: Post graduation and Research Degree, National Eligibility Test
conducted by University Grants Commission
The list of post identified by the Department of Personnel and Training for the teaching profession is as under:

Jobs identified under Group AstB

24. Lecturer
Categories: Blind, Low Vision
25. Assistant Professor
Categories: Blind, Low Vision

26. Reader
Categories: Blind, Low Vision

27. Professor
Categories: Blind, Low Vision

28. School Principal

Categories: Blind, Low Vision

29. School Vice Principal

Categories: Blind, Low Vision

30. Head masterstHead mistress
Categories: Blind, Low Vision

31. Teacher Higher Secondary School

Categories: Blind, Low Vision

32. Teacher Secondary School

Categories: Blind, Low Vision

33. Job Title: Education Officer

Categories: Low Vision

34. Job Title: Dy. Education Officer

Categories: Low Vision

35. Job Title: Development Officer

Categories: Low Vision
Jobs identified under Group C
7. Middle School Teacher
Categories: Blind, Low Vision for
Social Sciences, Humanities, Music etc. Low Vision (for General Science and Mathematics)

8. Language Teacher Middle School

Categories: Blind, Low Vision

9. Primary School Teacher

--Categories: Low Vision

10. Primary School Teacher, others

Categories: Low Vision

11. Teacher
Categories: Blind, Low Vision

12. Instructor Craft

Categories: Blind, Low Vision
Selection Process:
Selection for the post of the school teachers is done on the basis of interviews and in some cases the interview is
preceded by a written test.

IT Tools required for Teachers:

--PC with a screen reading software or Refreshable Braille Display
--A Note-taker with a Refreshable Braille Display
--Braille Embosser

IT training requirement:
The training that would be most beneficial to the persons aspiring for teaching profession should have the
following components:

1. Operating system such as DOS and Windows.

2. Keyboard orientation and typing speed.
3. Word Processor.
4. OCR and scanning.
5. Handling e-mails.
6. Web browsing for accessing the subject related materials in accessible format and reading of journals etc.
7. Reading and creating files in different formats such as PDF, htm and doc.
8. Extensive knowledge of screen reading software including configurations and scripting.
9. Spreadsheet and database concepts.
10. Handling packages and utilities such as dictionary, encyclopaedias and other multi-media educational CDS.
* The Gazette of India: Notification no. 3-13/96--HWDDIII dated 2nd July 1999
----------

Chapter-7
LAW OFFICER

The profession of a lawyer has been a very respectable one in our society. There have never been any
restrictions posed on persons with blindness to study and practice law. We do find many examples of persons
with blindness that took up law as their profession and were very successful therein. There are two main options
available in this profession:

1. To take up the job of law consultantstadvisor in any establishment.

2. To practice as a lawyer in various Courts representing clients. This career could also be in the form of job in a
law firm or a junior to an established lawyer.

The experienced lawyers from either of the streams could

also get to work as attorneys, judges etc. Work as a practicing lawyer in the Court involves the following:

--To understand the problemust-plaint/case of a client.

--Doing research and case study of problemust-plaint/case of a client.
--Preparation of petitions and filing a report.
--Filing replies to petitionsstresponses filed against the client.
--Making presentation in front of the judges, representing the client in various Courts, commissions and
tribunals.
--Preparing documents with legal implications such as trust deeds, agreements etc.
To work as an employee in an establishment a lawyer is to do the following:

--Study facts and available documents or papers pertaining to legal aspects of different issues raised by various
Government departments and give opinionstadvice to the Government as necessary.
--May scrutinize and advise on legal aspects of different government rules and regulations etc. including
conduct and leave rules, administrative orders etc.
--May prepare and file legal proceedings, complaints, written statements, affidavits etc. in civil and criminal
Courts of law.
--May advise Government departments to procure evidence, furnish documents etc. in support of particular
case.
--May prepare witnesses appearing on behalf of the Government.
--May appear in the Courts of law to plead the Government's case.
--May prepare briefs for the senior lawyers.

Generally persons appointed as the Law Officer in the establishment give their opinions on various legal matters
of the employer organization.

The Department of Personnel and Training has identified the following jobs for persons with blindness and low
vision in legal profession:

61. Public Prosecutor, Asstt. Public Prosecutor

62. Additional Advocate General
63. Advocate General Legal Advisor
64. Chief Legal Advisor Manager (Law)
65. Joint Manager (Legal)
66. Senior Law Officer
67. Law Officer, Legal Officer
68. Asstt. Manager Law--B
69. Asstt. Law Officer--B
70. Junior Law Officer--B
71. Income Tax Appellate Tribunal
(From DOPT) *

Qualifications required:
The basic qualification requirement for working in any capacity in legal profession requires a degree of LLB.
LLB is four year post graduate degree. Admission to LLB programme is provided on the basis of graduation
result or an entrance exam. after the completion of graduation in any stream.

Skills required:
Excellent hold over the language is very essential for this profession. Especially, efficiency in writing and
drafting is of prime importance. To represent the cases in the Court lawyer should be an excellent orator. Very
good communication skills are also very important in this profession. Since the majority of task of lawyer is
through reading and writing of documents, books, magazines etc. efficient use of a PC for this purpose is the
prime skill that is needed. For a person with blindness the typing skills and reading and writing at high speed in
Braille are essential to perform well in this field.
Selection Process:
Selection to the job of the Law Officer in the Government Department is done on the basis of a written
examination and interview. The written examination is objective in nature and is strictly on the subject of law.
Generally, experience of practicing as a lawyer for about 2 to 3 years is essential for applying for the post of
Law Officer in government and public sector establishments.

The Law Firms normally recruit persons on the basis of interviews and through recommen- dations.

IT Tools:
This profession requires a lot of reading and research and writing of documents. It is definitely not possible to
have the documents required for a legal research for preparation of the case in Braille, large print or in the form
of a talking book. Therefore, reading of a text on a PC is the most viable solution for lawyers. The search and
random access capabilities of a PC has resulted in availability of relevant legal documents such as Court
judgments, facts etc. in the e-text format such as
COULD's even for normal seeing persons and they have become an essential tool in a normal office of a lawyer.
This has proved extremely beneficial for persons with blindness because it has provided the scope for acquiring
research document in an accessible format. Some of the examples of the COULD packages available for the
lawyers are:

(a) CD packages related to particular and specialized branches of lawsstand judgments thereon, like banking,
labour, marriage and divorce etc;
(b) Compilation of all judgments reported in different High Courts. These CDS are published every month;
(c) Supreme Court case periodical.

There are accessible materials available on internet for lawyers such as National Informatic Centre has
compiled the etext of all the acts and statutes of India and the e-text is provided to the Government employees
on request or through the password protected website. However, there are certain constraints in the above-
mentioned resources such as lack of awareness among the publishers of CD packages for law. The user interface
designed for CD packages are usable only through mouse, thus limiting the access to the blind persons. These
constraints can very easily be removed if the publishers of these packages desire to or are persuaded to do so.
The OCR packages and scanner can also prove very handy in accessing and reading of the documents. The
lawyers do need to access the information, key points or statistics during their presentation at the Court. Thus
for this purpose a computerized embosser or a Note-taker with Braille Display or speech output could be most
desirable.

IT training required for Lawyer:

Lawyers or the persons who are aspirants to become lawyer need to have excellent control over the following
components:

1. Operating system such as DOS and Windows.

2. Keyboard orientation and typing speed.
3. Word Processor.
4. OCR and scanning.
5. Use of law related CD packages.
6. Use of tools such as dictionary and encyclopaedias etc.
7. Handling e-mail.
8. Internet.
9. Web Browsing.
10. Spreadsheet.
11. Presentation package such as PowerPoint.
12. Reading and creating files in different formats such as PDF, htm and doc.
13. Extensive knowledge of screen reading software including configurations and scripting.
14. Networking concepts.

* The Gazette of India: Notification no. 3-13/96--HWDDIII dated 2nd July 1999
---------------
Chapter-8
PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT

In the 1990's one of the most flourishing fields has been the field of Management. Management Trainees got the
most paying jobs
in the private sector and the field of management evolved a great deal during this period. Institutes of
management mushroomed almost in every street corner.
A few outstanding and enterprising persons with blindness took on the challenge of adopting management as
their profession. They proved that the field of management is a very viable option of employment available to
the persons with blindness. Although success stories are available even in the Management Specialisation Field
such as Finance or System Managers, it is only the field of Personnel Management that gained a reputation of
the specialization field most suited to the persons with vision impairment. The Personnel Management which is
also often
referred to as Human Resources Management or HRM appears even in the list of identified jobs issued by
Department of Personnel and Training, Government of India. The job titles appearing in the list issued by this
department are as follows:

81. Personnel Manager

82. Industrial Relations Manager
83. Deputy Manager Personnel
84. Chief Personnel Manager
85. Deputy General Manager
86. Deputy Personnel Manager
87. Personnel Manager
88. Personnel Officer
89. Senior Personnel Officer
90. Dy. Personnel Officer
91. Supdt. Grade I (Personnel Deptt.)
92. Jr. Supdt. (Personnel)
93. Asstt. Personnel Officer
(From DOPT) *

Job Responsibility:
The common jobs performed by a Personnel Manager include:
--Formulating and executing policies relating to recruitment, training, review of terms and conditions of
employment of personnel, implementation of statutory and other welfare
schemes and effective utilization and discharge of
personnel employed in any undertaking.
--Advise and assist in development of managerial power.
--Prescribe recruitment methods, organize training programmes, supervise administration of welfare
programmes, distribute personnel for their effective utilization in organization and resolve problems of
remuneration, discipline etc.
--Establish channels of consultation between labour and employers to minimize misunderstanding.
--May represent employers in labour conciliation proceedings during disputes.
--To design and conduct training programmes, conducting research on the subjects such as employee
commitment, organizational climate, effective teams, and designing reward schemes both for individuals and
groups.
Qualifications Required:
There are three types of certifications for the field of Personnel Manager:
1. A one-year post graduate diploma in Human Resources Management.
2. MBA programme with specialization in Human Resources Management.
3. Masters in Personnel Management and Industrial relations.

It is advisable to join a full-time programme for those who are fresh graduates. The part time courses will be
beneficial only to those who are employed.
These courses can be done after graduation. In most of the job requirements appearing in the employment
sections of the newspapers, the public sector or the private sector companies'
demand for the full time MBA degree graduates. The reputation of the Management Institute from where degree
is acquired is of paramount importance in this profession. On one hand, jobs might be easy to get for persons
passing out of institutes such as IIM, on the other hand, this would become difficult for persons
who get a degree from a less reputed institute.

Selection Process for Job of Personnel Manager:

Selection for the post of Personnel Manager is mostly through written exams followed by group discussions or
interviews.

IT Tools:
Personnel Manager needs to have excellent communication skills. He/she should be able to:
--Create and read word processing documents.
--Maintain and refer the employee records or other databases.
--To be able to read print documents using OCR and Scanner.
--To have knowledge of operation of telephone, fax and other office automation tools.
--To be able to design and make presentations using Powerpoint and LCD Projector.
--To make arrangements for meetings and conferences through online packages such as MS-Outlook.
--Use of note-taker and voice diary can be a highly empowering tool for this job.
--Often the employers do provide laptops or notebook computers to their employees working on such position
which can be used very effectively by persons with blindness or low vision.

IT Training Requirements:
It is more than essential for a person to be efficient in the use of computers even to undergo an MBA
Programme from any reputed Management Institute. It is very difficult to meet the needs of reading, writing and
presentations only through traditional alternative material formats such as Braille or audiocassettes for persons
with blindness. Therefore, training in the following components is essential even before entering the
Management Training:

1. Operating system such as DOS and Windows.

2. Keyboard orientation and typing speed.
3. Word Processor-A very extensive training in word processor including training in enhancement such as
handling graphics, tables, macros, merge mail etc.
4. Spreadsheet and database concepts.
5. OCR and scanning.
6. Presentation package such as Powerpoint.
7. Handling e-mails.
8. Web browsing.
9. Reading and creating files in different formats such as PDF, htm and doc.
10. Extensive knowledge of screen reading software including configurations and scripting. This is essential
since offices have custom-built software which requires fine-tuning of screen
reading software.
11. Messaging/Scheduling package such as MS-Outlook.
12. Use of adaptable equipments such as note-taker, laptop and voice diary.

* The Gazette of India: Notification no. 3-13/96--HWDDIII dated 2nd July 1999
----------

Chapter-9
BANKING
The Banking industry has gained immensely by computerization services. In this industry computerization is
not just one alternative of providing services more efficiently but many essential services of the current time
such as 24 hour ATM Banking etc. are not possible without computerization. There are various jobs in this
industry which can now be performed by persons with blindness or low vision. These jobs have also been
identified by the Department of Personnel and Training, Government of India for persons with blindness or low
vision. The jobs in the banking industry where IT plays an important role for persons with blindness are
mentioned below:

9.1. Programmer:
The Banking industry relies heavily on database applications. With the current level of computerization a large
number of programmers with their specialization in database application development are required in the
banking industry. There are various levels of programming jobs available in this industry. The minimum
qualification required to become a programmer in a Bank is a Post Graduate Diploma with specialization in
packages and tools for development and maintenance of database applications. The programmers need to work
in application development environments such as visual studio which are fully supported by the screen reading
softwares. The programmer works as a part of a team and has to develop modules under the guidance of the
Software Project Manager. The job also involves software maintenance and script writing for customization and
error correction. Although currently this job is being identified by DOPT only for persons with low vision, this
job can also be performed very efficiently by persons with total blindness. This fact is substantiated by the fact
that there are persons with total blindness working as a Programmer in Bank very successfully.

Selection Process:
Selection for the post of Programmer can be through either internal banking exam for persons already employed
in the Bank or through a written exam and an interview conducted by Institute for Banking Personnel Selection
(IBPS) for fresh recruitment.
9.2. Assistant Manager Systems:
The job responsibility of Assistant Manager Systems are as follows:

--Assists in development and implementation of computerization and automation of banking system.

--Assists in the purchase of right hardware and software for branch automation.
--Participates in the development and maintenance of programming.

9.3. Bank inquiry clerk cum passbook update clerk: In the age of the computerization in the Banks one job
which has been shifted totally from manual to an automated process is updating
the passbooks of the clients. The job process for updating the passbook has the following steps:

--Reading the account number from the passbook and retrieving the data on the PC by feeding the account
number.
--Opening a blank page on a passbook and placing the passbook in the printer.
--Checking the last entry made on the passbook.
--Giving a print command from the PC.

A person with low vision can easily perform this job operation. This job responsibility is often coupled with
some other job responsibility to be assigned to a Bank clerk. However, in many of the branches it was found
that one single Bank clerk is responsible for the passbook entry of all the accounts of the Bank. In such
circumstances making entries in the passbook was not coupled with other job responsi- bilities. It was also
observed that the font size of the account number printed on the passbook was 10 point. Thus the reading of the
account numbers by persons with low vision requires using of magnifying aid. By increasing the font size of the
account number printed on the passbook the job can be made easier for persons with low vision.

Scope for persons with blindness in this job:

This job is currently not doable by persons with total blindness since they will not be able to read or verify the
account number from the passbook. To make this job accessible for persons with blindness this job can easily be
further automated with the use of a hand held scanner. Since the account number printed on the passbook is
placed on the similar location, a hand held scanning device could easily be configured to feed the account
number into a system. Alternatively a bar code depicting the account number could also be introduced on the
passbook and the bar code reader could be used as the bank account number feeding device. Another alternative
to make this job accessible for persons with blindness is to introduce the password for every account. In such
circumstance the information about the account number could be acquired directly from the customer.

Qualification Required:
Minimum qualification required to apply for the post of Bank clerk is Class-12. The selection for this post is
done through a written exam in which knowledge of language and reasoning and editing skills are tested.

Apart from the above-mentioned specialized computer-related jobs, the list of jobs mentioned below requires
use of IT operational skill as an essential requirement.

1. Bank Officer Grade `A` to `F`

2. Probationary Officer Grade `A`
3. Publicity Officer
4. Research Officer
5. Pricing and Profitability, Capital Adequacy Officer
6. Officer Corporate Finance
7. Officer Merchant Banking
8. Officer Bank Policy and Planning
9. Officer Public Grievances
10. Economist
11. Economist Advisor
12. Economist Analyst
13. Statistical Analyst
14. Marketing Officer
15. Instructor Management Faculty

Jobs in Banking Profession

1. Bank Officer Grade `A` to `F`

Job Responsibilities: They control and supervise activities of private or
public banks. May be in-charge of a
particular dept. like advances, bills, cash,
credit, current, over draft, saving etc. May study the financial viability of budget reports submitted by
entrepreneurs and industrialists and provide advice for granting
of loans to them. May also inspect the work place
and stores of the industrialists to assess their financial standing for granting loans, advances and over draft to
them. May also look after general administration of the bank including handling correspondence, allotting
duties to the staff, discipline matters etc. May deal with the
public. May organize fund raising campaign and promote traders, businessmen and others to open accounts with
the bank. May suggest and take measures to open accounts with the bank. May suggest and take measures to
open extension counters at schools, colleges etc.
2. Probationary Officer Grade `A`
Job Responsibilities: Same as above

3. Publicity Officer
Job Responsibilities: Same as above

4. Research Officer
Job Responsibilities: Same as above

5. Pricing and Profitability, Capital Adequacy Officer

Job Responsibilities: Same as above

6. Officer Corporate Finance

Job Responsibilities: (a) Participates in foreign exchange dealings by establishing contacts on telephones with
dealer in international foreign exchange markets, (b) Maintains records of deals done for various customers on
the one hand and deals done with the dealers
in International Foreign Exchange Market on
the other.

7. Officer Merchant Banking

Job Responsibilities: (a)
Apprises the customers about market conditions and suggest for project identification and
implementation, (b) Assesses and reviews the

capital market and advises customers accordingly.

8. Officer Bank Policy and Planning

Job Responsibilities: (a)
To collect information about government policy, organize it, and disseminate within the bank, (b) To collect
information from Reserve Bank of
India with respect to policy on Credit Management, Foreign Exchange Management and other mandatory
requirements from time to time, (c) Preparing and issuing circulars in accordance with government and RBI
Policy to various departments
and branches of the Bank.

9. Officer Public Grievances

Job Responsibilities: Receives

grievances of the customers, seeking their
redressal and also work for promotion of business.

10. Economist
Job Responsibilities: Economist makes studies, conducts research, prepares report and formulates plans
designed to aid in solution of economic problems arising from
production and distribution of goods and services. Devises methods for collection and analysis
of economic and statistical data and compiles and interprets such data. Prepares reports and formulates plans
based on studies in
economic field and interprets and analyses data. Advises and consults private
industrial concerns or government agencies on matters such as operating efficiency, marketing methods and
fiscal problems. May
specialize in any branch of economics, such
as agricultural, financial, industrial, international trade, labour, or prices, or in taxation or market research and
be designed
accordingly.

11. Economist Advisor

Job Responsibilities: Same as above

12. Economist Analyst

Job Responsibilities: Same as above

13. Statistical Analyst

--Job Responsibilities: Same as above

14. Marketing Officers

Job Responsibilities: They are in-
charge of the stores and purchase departments of their offices. May visit intending buyers, negotiate terms and
conditions of business with them
and convince them of the superiority of the products of
their organization over that of the products of other organizations. May arrange exhibitions of their products or
may get pamphlets etc. prepared for the publicity of the goods. Keep themselves abreast of the latest national
and international market trends and advise their deptts. To make necessary changes, modifications in the design
and quality of the product to increase their selling potential. May advise the departments on the most viable
price for various goods keeping in view the national and international price structure. May deal with the stores
and purchase officers of other organizations. May arrange and/or attend trade delegations to and from other
countries.

15. Instructors Management Faculty

Job Responsibilities: They teach
students one or more management subjects. Deliver lectures and conduct seminars, set examination papers,
conduct examinations and
evaluate answer books. Maintain class
registers and records. May conduct research and guide research work. (From DOPTGGININ
IT Tools required for persons with blindness:
A screen reading software or a screen magnification software needs to be loaded on a PC to enable persons with
blindness or low vision to perform this job. A note-taker or a voice diary would be a very helpful tool for
persons employed at the officer's level.

IT Training:
The basic computer operation training is essential for all the jobs mentioned in this section. Such training should
have the following components:

1. Operating system such as DOS and Windows.

2. Keyboard orientation and typing speed.
3. Word Processor.
4. Database concepts.
5. Handling e-mails.
6. Web browsing.
7. Networking concepts.

Apart from the above mentioned components extensive knowledge of screen reading software including
configurations and scripting would be essential for the Computer Programmer and Assistant Manager Systems.
These two jobs would also require Diploma in Computer Programming which could be obtained through a
mainstream organization after the completion of basic computer operation training module.

* The Gazette of India: Notification no. 3-13/96--HWDDIII dated 2nd July 1999
-----------------
Chapter-10
WELFARE OFFICER
Persons with blindness have had introduction to the welfare offices of the government right from their student
age as beneficiaries of some or the other welfare schemes of the government. However, the scope of the welfare
department work goes much beyond caring for the marginalized section of the society. The welfare department
is all about caring for employees and their families. This profession has not yet been very popular with persons
with vision impairment. However, persons with blindness can definitely be very effective and productive
contributors to this profession and not just remain as beneficiaries. The following posts related to this profession
have been identified by the Department of Personnel and
Training in the government sector:

54. Assistant Manager

55. Personnel Officer (Welfare)
56. Welfare Officer
57. Staff Welfare Officer
58. Labour Officer--B
59. Welfare Officer--B
60. Labour Welfare Officer--B
(From DOPT) *

Job Responsibilities:
The job responsibilities of the welfare officer can be defined as follows:

--They execute policy regarding working conditions, welfare etc. of workers in industrial undertakings,
maintain liaison between management and labour and promote harmonious relations between them.
--Bring grievances of workers to the notice of management.
--Interpret labour laws to workers and advise management on various statutory obligations.
--Promote harmonious relations between management and workers to ensure efficiency in production and
encourage formation of co-operative stores and welfare activities such as recreational facilities, sanitation,
education of children etc.
--Help in formulating employment and recruitment policies in joint consultation with management and workers
representatives.
--Use their good offices to bring about settlement by conciliation in the event of dispute between workers and
management.
--May assist employees in their personal problems.

The work involves extensive reading and writing referring to the state and organizational level policies, creation
and maintenance of records and databases and extensive use of all means of communications.

Qualifications required:
There are few post graduation degrees which fulfil the eligibility criteria to be selected as Welfare Officer at
both the government and private sectors. These degrees include:
1. Masters in Social Work.
2. Human Resource Management.
3. Personnel Management and Industrial Relations.

These post graduation courses are often undertaken after the graduation in subjects of the humanity stream such
as sociology, political science etc.

Selection Process:
Written examinations followed by interviews for selection for the post of Welfare Officers are conducted by the
Public Service Commissions.

IT Tools Required:
Apart from reading and writing correspondence Welfare Officer is expected to prepare schemes, plans and
welfare projects which involve word processing, budgeting using spreadsheets and presentations. Use of note
takers, laptops or voice diary enable effective participation in meetings, conferences etc. These portable devices
would enable persons with blindness to read and write independently during such events.

IT Training:
Considering the reading and writing needs of the Welfare Officer it is desirable that a computer training
programme with the following components:

1. Operating system such as DOS and Windows.

2. Keyboard orientation and typing speed.
3. Word Processor.
4. OCR and scanning.
5. Spreadsheet and database concepts.
6. Presentation package such as PowerPoint.
7. Handling e-mails.
8. Web browsing.
9. Reading and creating files in different formats such as PDF, htm and doc.
10. Extensive knowledge of screen reading software including configurations and scripting.
11. Networking concepts.
* The Gazette of India: Notification no. 3-13/96--HWDDIII dated 2nd July 1999
--------------
Chapter-11
EDITORS

Publications are the prime source of information exchange comthe information which is defined, structured and
consolidated. These publications play an important role in growth of any profession. These bring about social
awareness and formulate public opinion. The Editors play an important role in bringing out these publications.
This job requires a very high degree of language and literary skills. Proficiency in language has always been a
strong point for persons with vision impairment but still it was difficult in the past to work as an Editor because
of
their dependence in reading and writing on others. Ever since the IT tools have removed this limitation the
profession of Editor has become a viable stream of employment for persons with vision impairment.

The Department of Personnel and Training identifies the following posts in the government sector pertaining to
the profession of Editors:

36. Editor of Publications

37. News Editor
38. Assistant News Editor
39. Editor
40. Information Officer
41. Sub-Editor
(Footnote DOPT) *
Job Responsibilities:
Job responsibilities of an Editor include the following:

1. They edit or direct editing of news items, journals, newspapers, books and leading articles on contemporary
events.
2. Plan layouts of publications, assign and co-ordinate work of different sections and staff such as Reporters,
Photographers etc.
3. Examine written material, scrutinize and edit reports of meetings, important events etc. received from
correspondents for publication.
4. Write leading articles on important subjects or events in accordance with prescribed policy.

It is clear from the job responsibilities mentioned above that this job has an extensive requirement of reading
from all possible sources such as internet, e-mails and print documents.
The job also demands excellent listening skills so that persons with blindness should be able to detect any type
of errors and are able to make corrections and modifications using authoring and editing softwares.

Qualification Required:
Although there is no single graduation or post graduation degree associated with this job, it requires that the
person should be highly proficient in the language skills. The Editors are responsible for publications related to
a specialized field such as Politics, Architecture, Agriculture, Science and Technology etc. Post graduation or a
research degree in the specialization area is the desired qualification to be selected as an Editor in a publishing
house. In the private sector, a degree in Mass Communication or Journalism is treated as a preferential
qualification. Experience in creative writing is attributed a greater value than any other qualification. For
selection for the post of Editor or related jobs in government organizations such as News Agencies, Radio,
Television Channels etc. a degree in Journalism or Mass Communication is an essential qualification.

Selection Process:
In the government sector the selection is done through a written examination followed by an interview. In the
private sector, however, the selection is mostly on the basis of CV, credentials, and interview.

IT Tools Required:
The tools recommended to be used by persons with blindness are:

--Desktop or laptop with screen reading software or screen magnification software

--Note-taker and Voice Diary (optional)
--OCR and Scanner
--Language proofing tools
--Accessible html or PDF authoring tools

IT Training:
Following components of training are recommended for the Editors:

1. Operating system such as DOS and Windows.

2. Keyboard orientation and typing speed.
3. Word Processor.
4. Reading and creating files in different formats such as PDF, htm and doc.
5. Mark-up language such as html and xml.
6. Networking concepts.
7. OCR and Scanning.
8. Presentation package such as PowerPoint.
9. Handling e-mails.
10. Web browsing.
11. Extensive knowledge of screen reading software including configurations and scripting.

* The Gazette of India: Notification

no. 3-13/96--HWDDIII dated 2nd July 1999
----------

Chapter-12
LIBRARY

One place where IT and digitization has

made a significant difference is a
Library. The first step of IT in the library was
in the Library Management. Subsequently,
now the movement is towards digitization of complete contents of the books in the Library. Library
Management and Cataloguing softwares running on a PC provided immense benefit
in overall Library operations and also opened up employment opportunities for IT enabled persons with
blindness or low vision. The backbone
of the library management software is its catalogue. This catalogue list does not
only include title or name of author but also
has abstracts of publications and papers as its integral part. Preparing the contents for this catalogue requires
skills more than that of
data entry clerk and thus becomes a
specialized job such as that of a Documentation
Officer.

Job Responsibilities:
The job profile mentioned for the post of Documentation Officer and Senior Documentation Officer in the list
of the identified jobs issued by the Department of Personnel and Training is:

1. Librarians organize and maintain systematic collection of books, periodicals

and other printed matter in library and issue them to readers:
Almost every major publishing house maintain their catalogues and list of publications online and the preferred
mode of selection of the books, periodicals etc. for acquiring them for the library is by using this online facility.
This function is totally accessible for the persons with blindness or low vision using the access technology.

2. Select publications to be purchased and receive priced or complimentary copies of books, periodicals and
other publications from authors or publishers.

3. Classify or supervise classi- fication, indexing, cataloguing, shelving of books and other publications and
maintain records
of stock and issue:
The classification and cataloguing procedures involve knowledge in library science along with the library
cataloguing and management software being used at the place of the employer. This software itself has modules
for maintaining member records and cataloguing of stock and issue. The screen reading and screen
magnification softwares are capable of making any library management software accessible to persons with
blindness or low vision.
4. Guide readers in selecting books or
in finding information required by them:
This is one of the key responsibilities of the Library Personnel. This job involves looking up the catalogues and
publications summaries and abstracts. This information is available on a PC and thus becomes accessible to the
persons with blindness with the help of screen reading software.

5. Give information from library sources on subjects of general or special interest to individuals or groups:
To derive this information it is essential to have the thorough knowledge about the operation of library
softwares and search tools available therein. Every member is not expected to know the final details of
operation of such software and thus the role of librarian who is posted on the job of providing guidance to the
members is of significant value and dependent entirely on the efficient operation of the library software on the
PC. This operation can be performed easily after a short period of training on the software packages by persons
with blindness or low vision using the access technology.

6. Maintain liaison with other libraries:

Maintaining liaison with other libraries is
another important job responsibility which has become totally accessible to persons with blindness with e-mails
becoming the preferred mode of communication among the libraries.

7. Make abstracts and summaries of important articles from incoming periodicals:

The writing of abstracts and summaries of important articles and books is another job
which the persons with blindness would be able to perform with full efficiency. These articles and publications
are
either available on COULD or online which is directly readable by persons with blindness or they become
accessible with the use of scanner and the use of OCR technology if they are only in print. However, the
limitation of OCR not being available
in Indian languages would be a limiting
factor. This limitation too is expected to be removed in the recent future considering the technology advances
being made in the IT industry.

8. Look after organization and administration of academic, public research and technical libraries.

Qualifications: The qualifications required for this job are:

--Graduation in Humanities or Science from

a recognized University.
--Degree in BLIS-CAN or MLIS-CAN.
----Certificate course in Library
Management and cataloguing software.

Selection Process:
Selection for the post of the librarian is done on the basis of written test and interviews or only through
interviews. These tests are entirely based on the subject of Library Science.

Assistive Technology required by the

persons with blindness:
PC with Braille display or screen reading software with headphones is an essential component required for this
job. A scanner along with the OCR software is also needed to perform various functions of Librarian.

IT Training:
The following components of IT training are required for the persons with blindness or low vision to work in
the library:
1. Operating system such as DOS, Windows
and Linux.
2. Keyboard orientation and typing speed.
3. Word Processor.
4. Training in the use of Library
Management Packages such as COULDS, ISIS or Granthalay.
5. OCR and Scanning.
6. Use of software tools such as dictionary
and encyclopaedias etc.
7. Handling e-mail.
8. Internet.
9. Web Browsing.
--10. Spreadsheet. ---------------

11. Reading and creating files in different formats such as PDF, htm and doc.
12. Extensive knowledge of screen reading software including configurations and scripting.
13. Networking concepts. ----------
Chapter-13
CONCLUSION

Summary:
Information Technology has increased pro- ductivity and efficiency in almost every pro- fession. IT tools are
redefining the job profiles in the work environment. Many of such job profiles provide job opportunities for
persons with blindness or low vision especially in the fields of Business Process Outsourcing,
IT Profession, Tourism, Editors,
Labour Welfare Officer, Teaching, Law officer, Personnel Management, Banking, Librarian and Office
Assistant.

In the above-mentioned sectors 31 new jobs

were found where persons with blindness could work pro- ductively. It was also found that due to the re-
definition of job profile amongst the 395 already identified jobs in A, B and C cate- gories under Government of
India where persons with blindness or low vision are being employed, 80 jobs require efficiency in IT tools to
maintain the productivity levels expected in these professions.

This list should not be treated as an exhausted

list. IT tools remove the basic barrier of dependency on reading and writing and therefore the jobs
that are doable by persons with blindness become un- limited. The line which divides what job pro- cesses IT
tools can make accessible or
not is changing its place everyday. For example,
the accounting package Tally which is used for
maintaining accounts in most of the offices in India
is not yet accessible with any of the screen reading software but it could take only a few days effort of the
expert of the screen reading software configuration to make this software accessible and thus would make the
job of Accountant doable by persons with blindness.

Current Status of Adaptive

Technology and its Application in India, Jordan and Kyrgyz Republic:

India:
Job in the office environment is done either in English or local language. The Indian language versions of
general-purpose computer software for Word Processing, Spreadsheet
etc. are being used widely but the screen reading softwares to support the Indian languages is
not available. Therefore, the application of IT Tools for persons with blindness in India is
limited to the job processes being done
in English language. The use of this tool in education too is therefore limited to select
population of persons with blindness that uses English
as the medium of their study. The percentage of persons with blindness who receive basic education is also
not more than 10% and therefore the use of IT
tools for increasing employability gets
limited. India has 16 official
languages and the screen reader would be required to support these languages to be able to provide solutions to
the persons with blindness.

Jordan:
English and Arabic are being used in Jordan
as languages of work in the office environment. Screen reading softwares that would support these languages
are available. About 70% of
persons with blindness and low vision receive education. Therefore, there is a great scope of use of IT tools for
persons with blindness in Jordan. However, the computer training facility for persons with blindness is very
limited in Jordan. This factor is hampering the use of IT tools for persons with blindness in this country.

Kyrgyz Republic:
The questionnaire response received from Kyrgyz Republic suggests that there are two languages used in this
country namely Kyrgyz and Russian. The speech output softwares are available only for Russian language. The
88% literacy rate and the availability of computer training facilities for persons with blindness offer good scope
for IT tools to open up many areas of recruitment in the country. To realise the full potential of this technology it
would be required to make the speech software available for Kyrgyz language also. It would also be required to
create more training facilities for persons with blindness in the use of IT tools in the country.

Suggestion for Future Research:

Some of the job processes found doable by persons with blindness or low vision require customization of screen
reading softwares or adaptability in the tools used for those professions. A detailed research in each of these
professions by profession experts and experts in adaptive technology configurations needs to be undertaken to
translate the identification of jobs into employment generation.

Efforts also need to be made in the direction of adaptability of courseware to enable persons with blindness to
acquire qualifications required for the identified jobs.
------------

ANNEXURE--A

Survey on use of Information

Technology for blind persons
QUESTIONNAIRE

--The Asian Blind Union is conducting a study on the use of Information Technology for improving
employment opportunities for blind persons. This questionnaire is meant to gather information about current
situation regarding computer training for blind persons and use of information technology in job situations by
blind persons in your country. We aim to make computer education more employment oriented. Information
technology has a great potential to solve many education and employment related problems of blind persons.
We can learn a lot from each other's experiences. Your help in this study will be a major contribution to reach
this goal.

1. What is the official language of your country?

2. Do you use English or other foreign language in government offices?
3. Do you use English or other foreign language in private companies?
4. Is there a version of Microsoft windows
in your local language?
5. What software is used in office
by normally seeing persons to create documents using computers in your local language?
6. Do you use local language fonts in Microsoft word?
7. Is there a local language word processing programme for your language?
--8. Is there any facility of computer training for blind persons in your country?
9. Are blind children taught computers in school?
10. Is there any screen reading software like jaws in local language?
11. What are the most common areas of
employment for blind persons?
12. Is there any quota system in
employment for blind persons? If yes, what are
the areas where jobs are given to blind persons under quota system?
13. Tick mark the areas where blind persons can be employed in your country: Managers, administration,
accounting, office assistant, stenographer, teacher in normal schools, teacher in schools for the blind, office
clerk.
14. Approximately, what percentage of
blind children attend school?
15. What percentage of blind persons are educated in your country?
16. What is the rate of employment among
blind persons in your country?
------------

ANNEXURE--B

Parameter Sheet for Analysis of a Job

What are the various processes involved in performing a particular job?

1. Softwares used to perform the job

process?
--2. Are used softwares, general purpose or are designed specifically for the employer organization?
3. Does the screen reading softwares have configurations to support the used application?
4. If the applications are not supported by the screen reading softwares, what is the level of customization of the
screen reading software required to support the used software?
5. The information to be read by the employee is available in what formats?
------------

ANNEXURE--C

Interview Structure
1. Selection process.
2. Qualifications required.
3. Work performed in a job situation.
4. Hardware or software used for the job.
5. Special IT tools required for the
blind.
6. Resources of accessible information
available for the profession.
7. Pre-requisites to seek admission for degrees or certifications to fulfil eligi- bility for the particular profession.
------------

ANNEXURE--D

Addresses of Leading Companies

Producing IT Tools

--1. Ai Squared, P.O. Box 669, Manchester Center, VT 05255; (802) 362-3612; (800) 859-0270; Fax: (802) 362-
1670; Web site: httpccwwwddaisquaredddcomust; e-mail: info at aisquaredddcom.
2. Alva Access Group, Inc., 436 14th Street, Suite 700, Oakland, CA 94612; (888) 318-2582; (510) 451-2582;
Fax: (510) 451-0878; Web site for USA: httpccwwwddaagiddcomust; Web site for ALVA B.V., Home office in
Holland: httpccwwwddalva-bvddnlst; e
commail: info at aagiddcom.
3. American Foundation for the Blind (AFTERB), 11 Penn Plaza, Suite 300, New York, NY 10001; (212) 502-
7600; (800) 232-5463; Web site: httpccwwwddafbddorgst; e-mail: afterbinfo at afterbddnet. Except:
AccessWorld
subscriptions to: (888) 522-0220.
4. Artic Technologies, Inc., 1000 John R. Road, Suite 108, Troy, MI 48083-4317; (248) 588-7370, x11; Fax:
(248) 588-2650; Web site: httpccwwwddartictechddcomust; e-mail: info at artictechddcom.
5. BAUM Retec AG, Schloss Langenzell, D-69157 Wiesenbach,
Germany; 49 6223 49-090; Fax: (6223) 49-09-99; Web site: (in German) httpccwwwddbaumdddest (in English)
httpccwwwddbaumdddestEnglishsthomeeng1ddhtm; e-mail: info at baumddde.
6. Dolphin Computer Access LLC, 60 East Third Avenue, Suite 130, San Mateo, CA 94401; (650) 348-7401;
(866) 797-5921; Fax: (650) 348-7403; Web site: httpccwwwdddolphinusaddcomust; e-mail: info
at dolphinusaddcom.
7. Freedom Scientific, BlstLow
Vision Group, 11800 31st Court North, St. Petersburg, FL 33716-1805;
(800) 444-4443; (727) 803-8000; Fax: (727) 803-8001; Tech support for all products: (727) 803-8600; Web site:
httpccwwwddfreedomscientificddcomust;
e mail: info at freedomscientificddcom.
8. GW Micro, 725 Airport North Office Park, Fort Wayne, IN 46825; (260) 489-3671; Fax: (260) 489-2608;
Web site: http: wwwddgwmicroddcomust; e-mail: support at gwmicroddcom; FTP: ftpddgwmicroddcom.
9. Kurzweil Educational Systems,
Inc., 14 Crosby Drive, Bedford, MA
01730-1402; (800) 894-5374; (781) 276-0600; Fax: (781) 276-0650; Web site:
httpccwwwddkurzweileduddcomust; e-mail: info at kurzweileduddcom.
10. National Braille Press, 88 St. Stephen Street, Boston, MA 02115; (617) 266-6160; (800) 548-7323; Fax:
(617) 437-0456; Web site: httpccwwwddnbpddorgst; e-mail: orders at nbpddorg.
11. Pulse Data HumanWare, Inc. 175 Mason Circle, Concord, CA 94520; (925) 680-7100; (800) 722-
ccic; Fax: (925) 681-4630; Web
site: httpccwwwddhumanwareddcomust; e-mail: info at humanwareddcom.
12. Robotron, LTD, of Australia; Sensory Tools Division, Robotron
Group, 15 Stamford Road, Oakleigh
3166, Australia; 61-39568-2568;
Fax: 61-3-9568-1377; Web site: httpccwwwddrobotronddnetddaust; e-mail:
info at sensorytoolsddcom.
------------