Personal Master Plumbing Notes

PERSONAL MASTER PLUMBING NOTES
WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Defects in water distribution system

• Water Hammer - a knocking in the pipes caused when faucets in the lower levels are shut off.
The force decelerating water causes the pipes to shake and rattle.
• Back Siphonage - contaminated or polluted water from a plumbing fixture or vessel into a
water supply pipe due to a negative pressure.
• Expansion / Contraction - Pipes expand and contract due to continuous changes in

temperature.
• Friction Head Loss - Friction occurs when liquid flowing through the pipe makes contact with
the pipe enclosures, thus reducing the speed of water flow. Greater Friction Head Loss with longer
pipes, small diameter pipes, and a high number of valves of fittings.
Public Water Distribution

• Direct Pressure Distribution - Water is obtained through a large intake installed on the lake
basin & extended into deep water.
• Indirect Pressure Distribution - Water is taken form a drilled well or underground water.
Parts of the Cold Water Distribution (Potable and Taps)

• Service Pipe - pipe from the street water main or other source of water supply to the Building
served.
• Water Meter - device used to measure in liters or gallons the amount of water that passes
through the water service.
• Horizontal Supply Main - the principal water distribution pipe running from the water meter
from which the various branches and risers to the fixtures are taken.
• Riser - a water supply pipe extending vertically to one full story or more to convey water into pipe
branches or plumbing fixtures.
• Fixture Branch - the water supply pipe between the fixture supply pipe and the water-
distributing pipe.
• Control & Valve - used for control, isolation and repair of the water distribution system.
• Storage Tank – storage of water.
ENGR. DEANMARK B. ROBRIGADO, RMP

Types of the Cold Water Distribution (within building)
Upfeed System
• Direct Upfeed - Water is provided by the city water companies using normal pressure
from public water main.
• Air Pressure System (Pneumatic) - When pressure supplied by city water supply is
not strong enough. Compressed air is used to raise and push water into the system
Downfeed (Overheadfeed) / Gravity System -Water is pumped into a large tank

on top of the building and is distributed to the fixtures by means of gravity.
Types of the Hot Water Distribution (within building)
• Upfeed and Gravity Return System – With a continuing

network of pipes to provide constant circulation of water. Hot water
rises on its own & does not need any pump for circulation. Larger pipe
is installed at the top of the riser & the diminishing sizes passes
through the lower floors of the building.
• Downfeed and Gravity Return System – Hot water rises on to

the highest point of the plumbing system and travels to the fixtures via
gravity (closed pipe system). Larger pipe is installed at the bottom of the
riser & the diminishing sizes passes through the upper floors of the building
• Pump Circuit System – For a more efficient circulation of hot water

to the upper floor levels of multi-storey buildings.
Hot Water Consumption

Working Load of Hot Water System
Two Type of Water Heating Systems
• Hot Water Space Heating System – Water is confined within a system at low temperature.
• Hot Water Supply System – Not a closed system which operate on much higher temperature.

WATER TANK
Types of Domestic Tanks

• Overhead Tanks – relies on gravity to supply water to fixtures below. Usually made
of galvanized steel, stainless steel, or reinforced concrete, it can come in various shapes and sizes.
• Cistern – made in concrete, underground and connected with pump.

• Pressure Tanks
• Hot Water Tanks
Gravity Supply Tanks

• Used in Overhead Feed System
Main Components:
 Supply Pipe
 Inlet
 Overflow Pipe
 Drip Pan
 Gate Valve
Pneumatic Water Tanks

• Used in the Air Pressure System, Often used
with a pump and also makes use of a pressure
relief valve, which relieves pressure
automatically if necessary.
Types of Hot Water Tanks

• Range Boiler - Small hot water tank
(30-60 cm diameter; 180cm max length). Made of galvanized steel
sheet, copper or stainless steel. Standard working pressure limit
is 85 to 150 psi.
• Storage Boiler - Large hot water tank (60-130 cmin diameter; 5m max length).
Made of heavy duty material sheets applied with rust proof paint.
Standard working pressure limit is 65 to 100 psi.

Water Cycle
• Evaporation – liquid that occurs from the surface of a liquid into a gaseous phase that is not
saturated with the evaporating substance.
• Condensation – change of the physical state of matter from gas phase into liquid phase, and is the
reverse of evaporation.
• Precipitation – any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that falls under
gravity.
Source of Water
• Rain Water– Collected from roofs of buildings and special water sheds and stored in cisterns or
ponds.
ADVANTAGE
Water is soft & pure and is suitable for the hot water supply system
DISADVANTAGE
Only a source during the wet season
Storage becomes a breeding place for mosquitoes
Roofs may not be clean
• Natural Surface Water – Obtained from ponds, lakes and rivers.

ADVANTAGE
Usually has an abundant supply;
Requires less treatment because of natural filtering.
DISADVANTAGE
May have organic matter & chemical elements usually treatment is suggested.

• Ground Water – From springs and wells and is the principal source of water for domestic use in
most rural areas.
ADVANTAGE
Usually easy to acquire and in large quantities.
Used for irrigation, industrial purposes and, when treated, for community water supply.
DISADVANTAGE
Contains a large amounts of bacteria, organic, & inorganic substances; Purification & treatment is
necessary.
PHYSICAL PROPETIES OF WATER

SURFACE TENSION
The ability to stick itself together and pull itself together
HEAT ABSOPTION/CAPACITY
The ability to absorb heat without becoming warmer
CAPILLARITY
The ability to climb up a surface against the pull of gravity
DISSOLVING ABILITY
Known as the “Universal Solvent”
Water Quality Problem & Their Correction

Water Treatment & Purification
Water treatment and purification
• Aeration – Spraying the water into the atmosphere through jets or passing it over rough surfaces to
remove entrained noxious gases such as carbon dioxide or hydrogen sulfide.

• Coagulation & precipitation – Addition of coagulants, such as ferrous sulfate and lime, to the
water which cause the larger suspended particles to form a gelatinous mass which precipitates readily.
The precipitate is gathered in large dumps and disposed.
• Filtration – Water is passed through layers of sand and gravel in concrete basins in order to remove
the finer suspended particles.
• Sedimentation – Water is passed through basins so sediments can settle through a period of time.
• Chlorination – Water is injected with hypo-chlorite or chlorine gas to kill the harmful bacteria.

WATER TREATMENT PROCESS

Different Valves Used in Plumbing
Gate Valve / Full-way valve

Used mainly to completely close or completely open the water line (does not control
flow of water) Best suited to the main supply and pump lines wherein operation is
infrequent
Ball Valve
Ball valves have a ball with a hole. Operated through a lever handle, When the ball
valve is closed it forms an excellent seal, although no water control can be obtained
when using ball valves.
Globe Valve
Controls the flow of water with a movable spindle. Can reduce water pressure
(throttling)
Only one side of the valve is an inlet.
Check Valve
Main function is to prevent reversal of flow (backflow) in the line
Swing Check Valve Lift Check Valve
Vertical Check Valve Vertical Check Valve
Angle Valve
Used to make a 90° turn in a line to reduces number of joints

Foot Valve / Retention valve

Located at the lower end of the pumps. Used mainly to prevent loss of priming of the
pumps.
Safety Valve
Used on water systems, heating systems, compressed air lines & other pipe lines with
excessive pressure.
Butterfly Valve
Have a disc allowing the flow of water to be regulated. Butterfly valves will normally
reduce the pressure after the valve. When the butterfly valve is open, the disc is parallel
to the pipe and when closed the disc is perpendicular to the pipe.
Pressure Reducing Valves

Use to reduce the water pressure to the desired or accepted limits. They normally have a spring and diaphragm
that is adjusted to certain limits depending on the pressure of the water being served.
Air Release
Air release valves are installed at each high point of a pressure pipeline. Air release valves are installed to
eliminate or mitigate the water hammer issues.
Types of Faucets / Bibbs
Compression Cock
Operates by the compression of a soft packing upon a metal sheet.
Key Cock
Operates with a round tapering plug ground to fit a metal sheet.‘Hose bibb”- has
grooves fit for a hose
Ball Cock
Constructed with a ball connected to the handle

TYPES OF WELL
• Shallow Well - hole which has been dug, bored, driven or drilled into the ground for the purpose
of extracting water is a well. A well is considered to be shallow if it is less than 50 feet deep.
• Deep Well - a well in which the water level is at a depth exceeding 22 feet beyond which the
ordinary suction pump does not operate satisfactorily.
• Dug Well / Shallow well - Most common type, Usually dug manually, Around 15 m deep.
• Bored Well - Constructed using an auger driven in by hand or with power tools.
Seldom hand driven below 15 meters, but can reach 40+ meters with power tools.
• Jetted Well - Use of extreme water pressure so as not to affect existing foundations in
the vicinity.Used only where ground is relatively soft, hence sometimes referred to
as “Sand-Point Wells”.
• Driven Well - Dug with a sharp pointed hollow slotted iron rod and well screen.
Depths 10-15 meters.
• Drilled Well - Used for drilling oil and mining. Can reach up to 1000 m.

Locating a Well
Most Common Source of Contamination:

 Septic Tank / Leaching Field
 Livestock Feedlots
Note:
Location must not be less than 100 ft. away from such pollution sources.
Locate on higher ground
The deeper the well, the better for natural filtration
Method of Well Screening
• Well screens are made of non-corrosive material like brass.

• Natural material like stones and rock sediment provide additional screening.

TYPES OF PUMP
Basic Types of Pump

Piston Pumps
• Water is sucked into a sealed vacuum by use of a piston.
• Single Action – (water is drawn in with only 1 motion).
• Double Action – (water is drawn in with either stroke)
• Duplex or Twin Piston Pump
Centrifugal Pumps
• Water is drawn into the pump & discharged with a centrifugal force.

Types/Classifications of Pumps
Reciprocating Pumps
• Piston pumps that operate with controlled speed. The discharge
from a reciprocating pump is pulsating and changes only
when the speed of the pump is changed. Sometimes an air
chamber is introduced to regulate the pulsation.
Jet Pumps
• Jet pumps are centrifugal pumps typically used for drawing water up from a well.
Types of Jet Pumps
 Deep Well Jet Pump – are used in high volume application.
 Shallow Well Jet Pump – are used in residential well.
 Convertible Jet Pump – can be used in deep well and shallow well.
 Miniature Jet Pump – use for small application.
Rotary Pumps
• Rotary pumps are piston pumps that make use of a pump driver. Can discharge from 900 to
1200 GPM. More efficient for viscous fluids.
Submersible Pumps
• Submersible Pumps are designed to be fully immersible within a tank or other media storage
receptacle. Many common types of pumps can be designed by manufacturers to be
submersible.
Sump Pumps
• Sump pumps are used in applications where excess water must be pumped away from a
particular area. Category that encompasses a number of styles of pumps that are used to
pump out collected fluid.
Turbine Pumps
• Turbine Pumps are centrifugal pumps used for large applications because
of their multiple impellers.Turbine Pumps can discharge up to 2000 GPM.

PLUMBING FIXTURES
Definition
• Receptacles which are used to provide, receive and discharge water, liquid and water-carried wastes
into a drainage system with which they are connected to
Classifications
• Soil
- Water Closets -Slop Sinks -Urinals
• Scullery
- Kitchen -Sink - Laundry Tubs
• Bathing
- Lavatories - Bidets - Shower Components
- Bathtubs - Foot / Sits Tub
- Shower tub - Shower Receptors
WATERS CLOSETS
Setting of Water Closet
• Water closet center to side wall: minimum of 0.375 m
• Water closet center to center: minimum of 0.75 m
Types of Water Closet

• Wash Down – Discharges waste into a trapway
located at the front of the bowl. Cost less but is
least efficient and noisiest.
• Reverse Trap – Flushes through a siphon action created

in the trapway.
• Siphon Jet – Has a larger trapway making it less

likely to clog. Quieter flushing action.
• Siphon Vortex – Less noisy and very efficient.

Flushing action is started by a whirlpool motion
followed by a complete flush down
• Direct Flush Valve – flushing action is obtained directly from a flush valve
connected into the bowl.

Types of Flush Tank of Water Closet.

- Integral Flush Tank
- Close Couple Flush tank
- Low Flush Tank
- High Flush Tank

Minimum Requirements for Water Closets
URINALS
Setting of Urinals
• Urinal center to side wall: minimum of 0.3 m
• Urinal center to center: minimum of 0.6 m
Types of Water Closet

- Wall Hung -Stall
- Pedestal - Through
Flushing
• Flushing urinals shall be done through automatic flushing tanks. (NPC 408.1)
• Flushometer valves shall be self-closing type discharging a predetermined quantity of water. No
manually controlled flushometer valve shall be used to flush group urinals. (NPC 408.2)
Minimum Requirements for Water Closets

Types of Sinks
Kitchen Sink
- Single - Triple
- Double - Shallow and Depp
Laundry Tub
Scrub Sink – usually located in the operating room in a HOSPITAL.
Slop Sink – Where JANITOR clean and leaves their mops.
Bar Sink
Lavatories
- Pedestal - Counter / Pullman
- Wall Hang - Through
Bathtubs - with removable panel of sufficient dimension to access pump. Circulation pump shall be located
above the crown weir of the trap. Pump and circulation piping shall be self-draining.
Bidets - Used for cleaning private parts, sometimes referred to as FEMALE urinals.
Setting of Bidets
 Urinal center to side wall: minimum of 0.375 m
 Urinal center to center: minimum of 0.75 m
Floor Drains - With approved-type hinged strainer plate having the sum of the areas of the small holes of
the waterway equal to the cross-sectional area of the tailpiece.
Shower Receptors - Receptor floor shall drain not less than 2% or more than 4% slope. Thresholds shall
accommodate a minimum 559 mm wide door. For wheelchair use, dam or curb may be eliminated.
Shower Baths Compartments – containing shower head, valves and faucets.

minimum interior area = 0.6 sqm
capable of encompassing = 762 mm diameter circle.
Height = 1.78 m.
No protrusions other than the fixture valve, shower head and safety grab rails.
Drains for gang shower rooms shall be spaced not more than 4.9 m apart.

SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM
General Rules in Designing the Drainage System

- The pipes should take the shortest possible route to the house sewer or the terminating
point of the
Sanitary system.
- Control components such as clean-outs, traps, and vents, should be located strategically
so as to ensure efficient circulation.
Subsystem of the Sanitary System

• Waste Collection System
• Ventilation System
Parts of the Sanitary Drainage System

• Waste Pipe - conveys only wastewater or liquid waste free of fecal matter.
• Vent Pipe - used for ensuring the circulation of air in a plumbing system and for relieving the
negative pressure exerted on trap seals.
• Trap - a fitting or device designed and constructed to provide, when properly vented, a liquid seal
which prevents the backflow of foul air or methane gas without materially affecting the flow of
sewage or wastewater through it.
• Stack - the vertical main of a system of soil, waste or vent piping extending through one or more
stories and extended thru the roof.
• Branch - any part of the piping system other than a main, riser or stack.
• House/Building Drain - part of the lowest horizontal piping of a plumbing system which
receives the discharges from the soil, waste and other drainage pipes inside of a building and conveys
it to the house sewer outside of the building.
• House/Building Drain - extends from the house drain at a point 0.60 meters from the outside
face of the foundation wall of a building to the junction with the street sewer or to any point of
discharge, and conveying the drainage of one building site.
Change in Direction of Sanitary Drainage Line

• Horizontal to Horizontal Change in Direction - use 45° wye branches, combination wye
– 1/8 bend branches, or other approved fittings of equivalent sweep.
• Vertical to Horizontal Change in Direction - 45° wye branches or other approved fittings
of equivalent sweep
• Horizontal to vertical Change in Direction - use 45° or 60° wye branches, combination
wye -1/8 bend branches, sanitary tee or sanitary tapped tee branches, or other approved fittings of
equivalent sweeps. Double sanitary tees may be used when the barrel of the fitting is at least two pipe
(2) sizes larger than the largest inlet, (pipe sizes recognized for this purpose are 51, 64, 76, 89, 102,
114, 127, & 152 mm dia.)

Unit of Measurement of Sizes of Sanitary Drainage Lines

- The size of waste pipes or soil pipes depend on the amount of waste it carries.
- A lavatory discharges 0.47 liters/sec or 28.3 liters/min (7.5 gallons per min or 1 cu ft per
min), which is equivalent to the Fixture Unit (F.U.)
- The F.U. rating of plumbing fixtures is based on the size of required trap.
Maximum Trap Loading
Notes:
1. Capacity over 3.15 L/s shall be determined by the Administrative Authority.
2. For a continuous flow into a drainage system, such as from sump pump or ejector, air-conditioning
equipment or similar devices, two (2) fixture units shall be allowed for every 0.063 L/s of flow.
3. 1 gpm = 0.063 L/s
Discharge Capacity
Minimum Slope of Sanitary Drainage Lines

- Minimum slope or pitch of horizontal drainage pipe
- 25mm to 101mm = 2% or 20mm/m (¼” per foot)
- 102mm to 202 = 1% or 10mm/m (1/8” per foot).
- 203mm to larger = 0.5% or 5mm/m (1/16” per foot).

Types of Permissible Traps
• Common P-Trap - Used for lavatories, kitchen sinks, laundry tubs, & urinals.
Materials commonly used for the P-trap: nickel, chrome plated brass,
Galvanized malleable copper, & PVC.
• Deep Seal P-Trap - Water seal is about twice the size of the common P-trap.
Used for extreme conditions because resealing quality is greater.
• Stand Trap - Used for fixtures such as slop sinks that are usually built low in the
ground, leaving very little space for a foundation & a trap. Serves as a water seal
& structural support for the fixture.
• Running Trap - Used within the line of the house drain.
• Drum Trap - Has a large diameter (around 0.16 m). Used for fixtures that
discharge large amount of water (bathtubs, shower or floor drains).

Types of Prohibited Traps

• Traps with movable parts or concealed interior partitions.
• No fixtures shall be double-trapped
• The S-Trap
• Used before traps
• had to connect to a
• ventilation line
Minimum Size of Traps for Common Plumbing Fixtures
Vertical Distance of Traps

Vertical distance between tailpiece and the trap weir shall not exceed 0.60 m in
length.

Horizontal Distance of Trap Arms
Note: In no case shall

the trap distance be
less than 2 times the
diameter of the trap
arm.
- The developed length of the trap arm (measured from the top of closet ring to inner edge
of vent) of a water closet or similar fixture shall not exceed 1.8 m.
- For trap arm 76 mm dia or larger, a cleanout is required for a change of direction of
greater than 22 ½ °.
Industrial Interceptors (Clarifiers) & Separators
• Interceptors - (a device designed and installed to separate and retain deleterious, hazardous or
undesirable matters from normal wastes and permits normal sewage or liquid wastes to discharge into
the disposal terminal by gravity) shall have a water seal of not less than 152 mm deep.
• Each interceptor shall be properly vented.
• Slaughterhouses, packing establishments, and any establishment which discharges wastewater with
considerable amount of grease, hairs, feathers, etc. shall drain through a screening device and thence
into a grease interceptor.
• Auto wash racks and/or floor or slabs used for cleaning machinery or machine parts shall be
adequately protected against storm or surface water and shall drain into an interceptor which will
separate oil and grease before the effluent reaches the public stream.
Clean-outs Required
• At the upper terminal of every horizontal sewer or waste line.

• At each run of piping more than 15 meters (50 feet) in total developed length.
• At every 15 m (50 ft) of total developed length or a fraction thereof.
• Additional clean-out shall be provided on a horizontal line with an aggregate offset angle exceeding
135°.
• Inside the building near the connection between the building drain and the building sewer or installed
outside the building at the lower end of the building drain and extended to grade.
Clean-outs Not Required
• On a horizontal drain less than 1.5 m in length unless such line is serving sinks or urinals.
• On short horizontal drainage pipe installed at a slope of 72 deg or less from the vertical line (or at an
angle of 1/5 bend).

Size of Clean-outs
• Size of clean-out shall be in conformity with the size of pipe served.
Installation of Clean-outs
• Each clean-out shall be installed so it opens with the direction of flow or at right angles to the
direction of flow except in the case of a wye branch.
• Each 90° clean-out extension shall be constructed from a wye fitting or an approved fitting of
equivalent sweep.
• Each clean-out 51 mm or less shall have a front clearance of not less than 305 mm; those 51 mm or
more shall have a front clearance of 450 mm.
• Clean-outs in underfloor piping shall be extended to or above finish floor or shall be extended outside
the building when there is less than 450 mm vertical clearance or 750 horizontal clearance to the
means of access.
• No underfloor clean-out for residential occupancies shall be located more than 6.1 m from an access
door, trap door or crawl hole.

VENT AND VENTING SYSTEM
Ventilation
• Portion of the drainage pipe installation intended to maintain a balanced atmospheric pressure inside
the system
Vent Pipe
• a pipe or opening used for ensuring the circulation of air in a plumbing system and for relieving the
negative pressure exerted on trap seals.
Vents
• Main Soil and Waste Vent
- the ‘backbone’ of the entire sanitary system.
- Connected to the Main Soil & Waste Stack.
- Continues to the roof; the portion penetrating the roof is
called the Vent Stack Through Roof (VSTR)
• Main Vent / Collecting Vent Line

- the principal artery of the venting system to which
vent branches are connected.
- Serves as support to the Main Soil & Waste Vent.

• Individual Vent / Back Vent

- a pipe installed to vent a fixture trap, that connects with the vent
system above the fixture served or terminates in the open air.
• Unit, Common or Dual Vent

- An arrangement of venting so installed that one vent pipe
serve two (2) traps.
• Relief Vent
- a vertical vent line that provides additional circulation of air between
the drainage and vent systems or to act as an auxiliary vent on a
specially designed system such as a “yoke vent” connection between
the soil and vent stacks.
• Yoke or By-pass Vent

- a pipe connecting upward from a soil or waste stack below the floor and
below horizontal connection to an adjacent vent stack at a point above the
floor and higher than the highest spill level of fixtures for preventing pressure
changes in the stacks.

• Circuit Vent / Loop Vent

- a group vent pipe which starts in front of the extreme (highest) fixture connection on a
horizontal branch and connects to the vent stack.
- Serves a battery of fixtures.
• Looped Vent
- A vertical vent connection on a horizontal soil or waste pipe branch at a
point downstream of the last fixture connection and turning to a horizontal line above
the highest overflow level of the highest fixture connected.
- Used in spaces without partitions
• Wet Vent
- That portion of a vent pipe through which wastewater also
flows through.
• Local Vent
- A pipe or shaft to convey foul air from a plumbing fixture or a room to the outer air.
• Dry Vent
- A vent that does not carry liquid or water-borne wastes.
• Stack Vent
- The extension of a soil or waste stack above the highest horizontal drain connected to the
stack.
• Vent Stack
- The vertical vent pipe installed primarily for providing circulation of air to and from any
part of the soil, waste of the drainage system. The uppermost end above the roof has
traditionally been referred to as Vent Stack Through Roof (VSTR).

Vents Required
• Each trap shall be protected against siphonage and back-pressure through venting.
Vents Not Required

• on a primary settling tank interceptor which discharges through a horizontal indirect waste pipe into a
secondary interceptor. The secondary interceptor shall be properly trapped and vented.
• Traps serving sinks in an island bar counter. Such sink shall discharge by means of an approved
indirect waste pipe into a floor sink or other approved type receptor.
Size of Vents
• The sizes of vent piping shall be determined from its length and the total number of fixture units
connected thereto.
• The diameter of an individual vent shall not be less than 32 mm (1-1/4”) nor less in size than one-half
(1/2) the diameter of the drain to which it is connected.
Grades and Connections of Vents

• All horizontal or branch vents shall be free from drops or sags & shall be graded and connected to
drip back by gravity to the drainage pipe it serves.
• Each vent shall rise vertically 152 mm above the highest level rim of the fixtures served before
offsetting horizontally.
• All vent pipes shall extend undiminished in size above the roof or shall be reconnected to the soil or
waste stack vent at a point below the roof. The “vent stack through roof” (VSTR) shall be increased
one (1) pipe size above the connection between the stack vent and the horizontal vent.
• Two (2) fixtures having same level inlet openings, may be served by a common vertical vent pipe
connected to an approved double branch fitting.
Vent Termination
• VSTR shall terminate vertically not less than 150 mm above the roof nor less than 300 mm from any
vertical surface nearby.
• Each vent opening shall terminate:
 Not less than 3.00 m from any openable window;
 Not less than 0.90 m above any openable window;
 Not less than 0.90 m away from any lot line, alley and street boundary lines.
• Vertical vent pipes shall extend 3.00 m distant from any part of the roof that is used for human
activities and shall extend not less than 2.10 m above such roof.
Stack Vent and Relief Vent

• Each soil or waste stack extending ten (10) or more storeys above the building drain shall be served
by a parallel vent stack which shall extend undiminished in size from its upper terminal at the roof
and connect to the soil or waste stack at ground level and at every fifth floor levels with a “yoke vent”
at a point below the horizontal soil or waste branch connection to the stack and at the nearby vent
stack above the same floor to provide a relief vent.
• The size of yoke vent shall be not less in diameter than either the soil stack or the vent stack,
whichever is smaller.
• The yoke vent connection at the vent stack shall be placed 1.0 m above the floor level and, by means
of a wye branch at the soil stack, shall be placed below the fixture branch serving that floor.

Sanitary System Problem
Trap Seal Loss - Direct effect of the Minus & Plus Pressure inside the system due to inadequate
ventilation of traps. Attributed the Follow Conditions:
Siphonage – Direct and Momnetum
Back Pressure
Capillary Attraction
Evaporation - caused by extreme temperatures, idleness.

Wind Effect - strong winds blow the trap seal.
Retardation of Flow - Due to the effect of atmospheric pressure and/or gravity.
Deterioration of Materials - Due to the formation of acids.

HOUSE DRAIN APPLIANCES
Grease Traps
• Used for fixtures where grease may be introduced into the drainage or sewer system in quantities
that can effect line stoppage or hinder sewage treatment or private sewage disposal.
Earth Cooled Grease Trap Mechanical Grease Trap
Grease Traps Capacity
House Traps
• Placed in the house drain immediately inside the
foundation wall of the building.
Drain Tiles
• Used to prevent groundwater from seeping through the basement walls & foundation.
• Hollow tiles are placed around the perimeter of the foundation where water is collected; drain
tiles are connected to the house drain or sump pit.
Garage Traps / Garage Catch Basin

• Operating Principles: trap is filled with water & located
at the lowest point of the garage so it can collect all wastes.

Back Flow Valves

• Used in house drain to prevent the unlikely occurrence
of back flows. Similar to check valves.
Sewage Ejectors
• Pumps the wastes up form the sump pit to the sewers
• (which are usually higher than basement levels)

SEPTIC TANKS
Definition
• A watertight covered receptacle designed and constructed to receive the discharge of sewage from a
building sewer, separate solids from the liquid, digest organic matter and store digested solids through
a period of detention, and allow the clarified liquids to discharge for final disposal.
Sludge
• Solid organic matter that are denser than water and settle at the bottom of the septic tank.
Scum
• Lighter organic material that rise to the surface of the water.
Effluent
• Liquid content of sewage.
Bacteria in Septic Tank (Encourage Decomposition)

• Aerobic Bacteria – relies in oxygen to survive.
• Anaerobic Bacteria – can survive in places without oxygen.
Minimum
dimensions-
L= 1500mm
W=900mm
D=1200mm

Design Criteria of Septic Tank
• Plans – should show all dimensions, reinforcing, structural calculations, and such other pertinent
data as needed.
• Quality of Design – shall be such as to produce a clarified effluent of acceptable standards and
shall provide adequate space for sludge and scum accumulations.
• Materials – constructed of durable materials, not subject to excessive corrosion or decay, shall be
watertight. Material: cement (most common) or pre-fabricated cast iron
• Compartments
First compartment - not less than 2/3 capacity of the total capacity of tank; not
less than 2 cum liquid capacity; shall be at least 0.9 m width and 1.5 m long; Liquid depth not less
than 0.6 m nor more than 1.8 m.
Secondary compartment - maximum capacity of 1/3 total capacity of tank;
minimum of 1 cum liquid capacity
In septic tanks having over 6 cum capacity, the secondary compartment should be not
less than 1.5 m in length. Maintain a slope of 1:10 at the bottom of the digestion chamber to collect
the sludge and make it easily accessible from the manhole.
• Manholes – with at least two (2) manholes, 508 mm in min dimension; one over inlet, other over
outlet. Wherever first compartment exceeds 3.7 m in length, an additional manhole required over the
baffle wall.
• Size of Pipe Inlet and Outlet - diameter size not less than the sewer pipe.
• Vertical Legs of Inlet and Outlet – diameter size not less than the sewer pipe nor less than
104.6 mm.
• Length of Inlet and Outlet – Shall extend 101.6 mm above and at least 304.8 mm below the
water surface.
• Length of Inlet and Outlet – Invert of the inlet pipe shall be at a level not less than 50.8 mm
above the invert of the outlet pipe.
• Vent Diameter– equal to the cross sectional area of the house sewer.
• Air Space– Side walls shall extend 228.6 mm above liquid depth. Cover of septic tank shall be at
least 50.8 mm above the back vent openings.
• Partition (Between Compartment) – An inverted fitting equivalent in size to the tank inlet,
but in no case less than 104.6 mm in diameter, shall be installed in the inlet compartment side of the
baffle with the bottom of the fitting placed midway in the depth of the liquid. Wooden baffles are
prohibited.
• Structure – Shall be capable of supporting an earth load of not less than 14.4 kPa.
• Capacity – The capacity of septic tanks is determined by the number of bedrooms or apartment
units in dwelling occupancies; by the estimated waste/sewage design flow rate for various building

occupancies; or by the number of fixture units of all plumbing fixtures; whichever is greater. The
capacity of any one septic tank and its drainage system shall also be limited by the soil structure
classification in its drainage field.
• Location – Should not be located underneath the house. At least 15 meters from water distribution
system.

3 Degrees of Grades of Waste Water
• Grey Water (or Area Water) – Waster from laundries, wash basins, tubs sink and etc.
• Black Water – Solid and liquid of human waste.
• Storm Rain – Rainwater.
Classification of Sewers
• Combination Public Sewer – Carries both storm and sanitary wastes.
• Storm Sewers
• Sanitary Sewers – Carries sanitary waste only. Terminates in a modern sewage disposal plant for
treatment. Built at a depth of 3 meters (tributaries).
2 Types of Sanitary Sewers

• Tributary Sewers – Termination points of individual units or structures. Usually round shaped,
with diameters between 0.60 to 1.2 meters. Made of vitrified clay or cement pipes; often installed by
the curb line, before the street.
• Intercepting Sewers / Collecting Sewers– Termination points of tributary sewers. Placed
much lower in the ground, from 4 to 30 meters in depth. Varies in shape but have a diameter or
effective opening ranging from 0.60 to 3 meters. Sloped at an angle of 1:50 or 2%
Sewers Required
- Drainage pipes of all buildings shall be connected to the public sewer. When not
available, they shall be connected to an approved private sewage disposal system.
- Public sewer may be considered as not being available if it is more than 61 meters from
any proposed building or exterior drainage facility.
- Exception: Single family dwellings with an existing private sewage disposal system may
not be connected to a new public sewer when no hazard, nuisance or unsanitary condition
is evident and when there is no sufficient grade or fall existing to permit proper drainage
flow by gravity to the public sewer.
Damage to Public/Private Sewage Disposal System

- It is unlawful to discharge any ashes, cinders, solids, rags, flammable, poisonous,
explosive liquids or gases, oils, grease, and other things whatsoever which would
cause damage to the public sewer or private disposal system.
- No rain, surface or subsurface waters shall discharge into any excreta drainage
system.
- No cesspool and septic tank effluents, seepage pit or under drain system shall be
connected to the excreta building sewer leading to a public sewer main.
- No commercial food waste grinder shall be connected to a private or public sewage
disposal system.

Size of Sewer
- The minimum size of any building sewer shall be determined on the basis of the total
number of fixture units drained by such sewer. No building sewer shall be smaller than
150 mm diameter nor less in size than the building drain.
Installation of Sewer
- Building sewers shall be run in practical alignment at a uniform slope of not less than 2%
or 21 mm/m toward the point of disposal.
- Exception: When impractical due to depth of street sewer, structural features or to
adverse arrangement of building, to obtain a slope of 2%, sewers 102 mm and 152 mm
in dia may have a slope of not less than 1% (10.5 mm/m) and those 203 mm dia and
larger may have a slope of not less than 0.5% (5.3 mm/m)
- No building sewer shall be installed less than 0.6 m.
from the outer face of any building foundation, nor less
than 0.3 M below the finish surface of the ground.
- Location of building sewer in relation to other services is
shown below.
0.60 m from any building or structure
15.2 m from water supply wells
15.2 m from streams
0.30 m from domestic supply pipes
0.30 m from public water main
- Building sewer or drainage pipe of clay or materials which are not approved for use
within a building shall not be laid in the same trench as water pipes unless:
- the bottom of the water pipe is 0.3M above the top of the sewer pipe.
- the water pipe is placed on a solid shelf excavated at

one side of the common trench with a minimum
horizontal distance of at least 0.3 m from the
sewer or drain pipe.
- Water pipes crossing sewer or drainage pipe of clay or materials which are not approved
for use within a building shall be laid a minimum of 0.3 m clear above the sewer or drain
pipe. Water pipe joint shall be installed not less than 3 meters away from sewer line in
both directions.

Disposal Fields
• Private sewage disposal system common in rural areas for structures with large adjacent open fields
Area
• dependent on the required septic tank capacity or estimated sewage flow rate, whichever is greater,
and;
the type of soil found in the excavation.
Distance from Water Table

• No excavation for leach bed shall extend within 1.5 m of the water table.
With Seepage Pit

• Filter material in the trenches shall terminate 1.5 m from pit excavation and the pipe extending from
such points to the seepage pit shall be watertight.
Seepage Pit
• A loosely lined excavation in the ground, which receives the discharge of a septic tank; designed to
permit effluent to seep through pit bottom and sides.
Capacity
• Based on the quantity of liquid waste and on the character and porosity of the surrounding soil.
Size of Seepage Pit

• Circular in shape with excavated diameter of not less than 2.2 m and to be lined with clay or concrete
brick.
Strength
• Brick lining shall have a minimum compressive strength of 17225 kPa.

Multiple Seepage Pit

• served through a distribution box or shall be connected in series by means of a
watertight connection. The outlet shall have a vented leg fitting extending 304.8 mm
below the inlet fitting.
Cesspool
• a non-watertight lined excavation in the ground which receives the
discharge of a sanitary drainage system, designed to retain the
organic matter but permitting the liquid to seep through the pit
bottom and sides.
Temporary Permits
• Temporary expedient pending the construction of a public sewer, so long as it is established that a
public sewer will be available in less than 2 years and the soil and ground water conditions are
favorable; As an overflow facility when installed in conjunction with an existing cesspool; As a
means of sewage disposal for limited, minor, or temporary uses.
Privy
• Outside Privy- oldest form of disposal of organic waste. Consists of a vault
constructed of concrete for the collection of raw sewage and a wooden shelter.
Commercial / Industrial Special Liquid Waste Disposal
• Requirements- When liquid wastes containing excessive amounts of grease, garbage, flammable
wastes, sand, or other ingredients which may affect the operation of a private sewage disposal system,
an interceptor for such waste shall be installed.
• Disposal- Waste from interceptors may be discharged to a septic tank or other primary system or
into a separate disposal system.

Guidelines for Private Sewage Disposal Systems
• Location of Sewage Disposal System
Some Features of STP
• An aeration system within the tank.

• A submersible mixer to mix the waste.
• A sludge waste pump that aids in clarifying.
• A decanter
• Blowers
• A fully electronic control system and etc.

Two Most Common of Types Municipal Sewage Treatment
Activated Sludge Process

• Involves a series of stations where the raw sewage must pass through;
• First Phase- gets rid of heavy materials with the use of three different filter houses.
• Second Phase- clarifies the effluent.
• Third Phase- hardens the sludge and converts it to fertilizers
• Produces water with 99-99.5% purity.

STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM
Rainwater Piping
• Rainwater piping shall not be used as soil, waste and vent pipes.
• Downspout and gutter sizes are based upon the maximum depth of rainfall per hour falling upon a
given roof area in square meters. An ave. 102 mm/hr rainfall intensity is used around Metro Manila.
• Downspouts for high-rise buildings shall be of stronger pipe materials to resist the high hydrostatic
pressure, they shall be installed within a pipe chase, and have no intermediate branch from the roof to
the ground level.
Roof Drains
• Roof drains shall be equipped with dome-type strainers extending 102 mm above the surface of the
roof surface. With a minimum total net inlet area of 1 – ½ times the area of the outlet pipe to which it
is connected.
• Roof deck strainers shall be approved flat-surface type, with a total net inlet area not less than 2 times
the area of the outlet pipe to which the drain is connected.
• Roof drains passing through building interiors shall be made watertight by the use of C.I. drain with
integrally-cast waterstop ring around the outside of the body and placed at mid-depth of the concrete
roof slab and the installation of a clamped suitable flashing material around the drain.
3 Major System of Collecting Storm Water
• Independent System / Separate System

- Brings collected water directly to the water reservoirs

• Combined System
- Combines storm water with sanitary wastes.
• Natural System
- Without using any roof gutters or downspouts.
- Also when rainwater is collected in cisterns.
Storm Drain Locations

Roofing Elements to Collecting Rainwater
• Gutter - Usually located along the entire perimeter of the roof

• Downspout - Located every 8 to 10 meters & at every corner of the roof
(but, to avoid clogging of pipes, it is best to locate them every 4 to 6 m)
• Strainer / Roof Drain - Drain designed to receive water collecting on the

surface of a roof and to discharge it into a downspout. Designed to prevent clogging.
• Shoe - At the bottom of the roof leader to direct rain-water towards

the nearest catch basin.
• Catch Basin - Downspouts should terminate in a catch basin

(can serve more than one downspout). Delivers water to the sewers
in the street via gravity.
• Storm Line - Connects to each catch basin.

• Storm Sewers - Carries only rainwater collected from the storm drain
or from the streets. Require manholes to serve as clean-outs and to
make sewers accessible for inspection and repair built at depths of about
2 to 3 meters; diameter ranging from 0.6 to 1.2 meters.
Storm Drain Pipe Sizing Formulas

Sizing of Downspout
𝑫𝑫 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 (𝑨𝑨 𝒙𝒙 𝑰𝑰)𝟑𝟑/𝟖𝟖
Sizing of Horizontal Rainwater Pipe
1% 𝑫𝑫 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖√𝟐𝟐 (𝑨𝑨 𝒙𝒙 𝑰𝑰)𝟑𝟑/𝟖𝟖

𝑰𝑰
2% 𝑫𝑫 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖√𝟐𝟐 (𝑨𝑨 𝒙𝒙 )𝟑𝟑/𝟖𝟖
√𝟐𝟐
𝑰𝑰
4% 𝑫𝑫 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖√𝟐𝟐 (𝑨𝑨 𝒙𝒙 )𝟑𝟑/𝟖𝟖
𝟐𝟐
Sizing Gutter
1% 𝑫𝑫 = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐(𝑨𝑨 𝒙𝒙 𝑰𝑰)𝟑𝟑/𝟖𝟖

0.5% 𝑫𝑫 = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐(𝑨𝑨 𝒙𝒙 𝑰𝑰 𝒙𝒙 √𝟐𝟐 )𝟑𝟑/𝟖𝟖
𝑰𝑰
2% 𝑫𝑫 = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐(𝑨𝑨 𝒙𝒙 )𝟑𝟑/𝟖𝟖
√𝟐𝟐
𝑰𝑰
4% 𝑫𝑫 = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 (𝑨𝑨 𝒙𝒙 )𝟑𝟑/𝟖𝟖
𝟐𝟐
Sizing of Vertical Rainwater Pipe

𝑫𝑫 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 (𝑨𝑨 𝒙𝒙 𝑰𝑰)𝟑𝟑/𝟖𝟖
Rainwater Harvester
Water Tank Computation
V = 0.156 x 0.8 x Catchment Area x 25%
Vertical Wall Areas - Where vertical walls project above a roof so as to permit storm water to drain to
adjacent roof area below, the total roof area considered may be computed from as follows:
a) For one (1) wall - add (50) percent of area of the wall to the roof area,
b) For two (2) adjacent walls ·- add (35) percent of the total wall areas to the roof area;
c) Two {2) walls opposite and same heights - add no additional area to the roof area
d) Two (2) walls opposite of differing heights- add (50) percent of wall area above top of
lower wall to the roof area.
e) (3) sides wall - add (50) percent of area of the inner wall below t.he top of the lowest
wall, plus allowance for area of wall above top of the lowest wall
f) (4) Sides wall- no allowance for wall areas below top of lowest wall - add for areas above
top lowest wall.
g) The area of the side of a tall building exposed to rain is taken as one-half of the gross
area.

TYPES OF PIPES
Cast Iron Soil (CIS)

- Most popular and generally specified material for drainage installation. Extensively used
in the 60s and 70s.
- Durable, conveniently installed (<25 storey)
- Commercial length: 6m
- Diameters: 50-150mm
- Affected to some extent by corrosion by acid formed by
Carbon Dioxide, Sulphur Oxide, and Methane Gases
that create rust.
Spigot
- SV type - generally used; for building installations
- XV type - extra duty; for underground installations Hub / Bell
Acid Resistant Cast Iron (ARCI)

- Made of an alloy of cast iron and silicon.
- Installed in chemical laboratories, industries and other
installations where acid wastes are being discharged.
Brittle and cracks easily, thus horizontal runs have to
be Supported at every 1.50 meter interval to prevent sagging.
Asbestos
- Made of an asbestos fibers and portland cement.
- Used as soil, waste, ventilation pipe & downspouts.
- Suited for concrete embedment because of similar properties.
Bituminous Fiber Sewer (BFS)

- Cheapest of all types of pipes.
- Light in weight, slightly flexible and can take slight soil movement without danger of
cracking or pulling out of its joints. It is thus suited for house sewer and septic tank
installations.
- may be softened/damaged by excessive hot water or chemical flow.
Vitrified Clay
- One of the oldest materials used for sewer lines.
- Highly resistant to most acids.
- Because it is made of clay, it is brittle and cracks easily when laid on unstable ground.
- Made in short lengths of 750mm

Lead
- The oldest pipe used for plumbing systems.
- Highly resistant to acid.
- Poisonous and injurious, is therefore not recommended to convey water for human
consumption.
-
Galvanized Steel
- Made out of mild steel and expected to last 15 to 25 years
- Subject to deposits of salt and lime which can cause FHL
- Comes in several commercial sizes: 10 (3/8”), 13 (1/2”), 20 (3/4”) 25 (1’), 32 (1¼”), 38
(1½”), 50 (2”), 75 (3”), and 100 (4”)
Galvanized Wrought Iron

- Better then steel pipe for plumbing installation.
- More resistant to acid waste.
Copper Pipe
- Durable and extremely corrosive resistant.
- Easy to install.
- Smooth interior surface.
- K type- heaviest; recommended for underground installations.
- L type- lighter; available in both rigid and flexible form; recommended for residential
water supply line and radiant heating installations.
- M type- thinnest; available only in rigid form; for small water supply lines and radiant
heating installations.
Brass Pipe
- Most expensive.
- Made of an alloy or zinc (15%) and copper (85%).
- Resistant to acids and has a smooth interior surface.
Plastic / Synthetic Pipe

- Developed in Germany in 1935.
- Most are produced from synthetic resins.
- Superior type of pipe because it weighs less, is easy to cut, is flexible, has a smooth
interior surface, and is cheaper than steel.
Rigid Type (pipes)
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC)
Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (UPVC)
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)
Polypropylene (PP)
Styrene Rubber Plastic (SR)
Fexible Type (tubing)
The Polyethylene (PE) - coil form; 30 m long
The Polybutylene (PB) -coil form; 30 m – 150 m long
Consideration in Choosing Materials
- Quality and durability.
- Resistance to external and internal contact with foreign matters.
- Resistance to acid waste and other chemical elements that will pass into it.
- Cost of materials and labor.

TYPES OF FITTINGS

WATER SERVICE FITTINGS AND DEVICE
SANITARY FITTINGS

PIPING SYMBOLS FOR PLUMBING

PLUMBING ABBREVIATIONS
PIPE AND FITTINGS SYMBOLS

JOINTS AND CONNECTIONS
• Caulked Joints
- Align pipes
- Packing Oakum- Wrap an oakum or hemp around the
spigot Neck; Drive the oakum into the bottom of the hub
using a yarning iron; compress firmly (make a 20-25mm
clearance from top of bell).
- Ladle Lead- Seal joint with lead (3mm above bell).
- Packing with Caulking Iron.
• Threaded Joints
- For iron pipe size (IPS), pipe and fittings shall be standard taper pipe threads.
- Threads on plastic pipe shall be factory cut or molded.
- Lubricate clean-out plugs & caps with water-soluble, non-hardening material.
- Tape is acceptable for use on threads.
• Solder and Sweat Joints

- For joints in copper tubing.
- Solders and fluxes with lead content which exceeds 0.002 are prohibited in piping
systems used to convey potable water.
- Soldering of Joints – 1. Clean pipe with emery cloth (or fine sand paper). 2. Apply
(noncorrosive) flux or soldering paste. 3. Heat the fitting with a propane torch. 4. Apply
(noncorrosive) flux or soldering paste. 5. Wrap soldered joint with wet rags.
• Wiped Joints
- Joints in lead pipe or fittings; between lead pipe or fittings &
brass or copper pipe, ferrules, solder nipples or traps.
- Joints between lead pipe & cast iron, steel or wrought iron pipe
shall be made by means of a caulking ferrule or soldering nipple.
• Asbestos Cement Sewer Pipe Joints

- Shall be a sleeve coupling of the same composition as
the pipe or of other approved materials,
and sealed with neoprene rubber rings
or joined by an approved type compression
coupling.
• Flared Joints
- For soft copper, water tubing shall be expanded with a proper flaring tool.
• Burned Lead Joints

- Shall be lapped and the assembly shall be fused together to form a uniform weld at least
as thick as the lead sheets being joined.

• Copper Water Tube

- Joints shall be made by the use of approved brass fittings soldered, or by brass
compression type fitting.
• Solvent Cement Plastic Pipe Joints

- Shall comply with appropriate IAMPO installation standard.
- Method; 1. Measure the face to face distance of the fittings. 2. Cut with sharp
knife/hacksaw/handsaw. 3. Clean pipe end with Methyl Ethyl Keton (MEK) or Acetone.
4. Clean pipe end with Methyl Ethyl Keton (MEK) or Acetone. 5. Insert pipe into the
fitting. 6. When bending plastic pipes, pack pipe with sand then heat using flame torch or
hot water, gradually applying pressure.
SPECIAL JOINTS AND CONNECTIONS
• Copper Tubing to Screw Pipe Joints

- Joints shall be made by use of brass adaptor fittings.
- Joints shall be properly sweated or soldered.
• Slip Joints
- Used in fixture traps (exposed for maintenance) and drains.
• Expansion Joints
- Used in soil & waste stack joints shall be free & accessible.
• Unions
- May be used in drainage work when accessibly located in the trap seal or Between a
fixture & its trap.
• Plastic Pipe Connection to Other Materials

- Use only approved types of fittings & adapters designed for the specific transition
intended.
Flanged Fixture Connections

• Fixture connections between drainage pipes & water closets, floor outlet service sinks, pedestal
urinals, and earthenware trap standards shall be by means of approved brass, hard lead, ABS, PVC, or
iron flanges caulked, soldered, solvent cemented or screwed to the drainage pipe.
• Closet beds or stubs must be cut off square.
• Wall-mounted water closet fixtures shall be securely bolted to an approved carrier fitting; Gasket
material shall be graphite-impregnated asbestos, felt, or similar approved types.
Prohibited Joints and Connections

• For Drainage Systems– any fitting or connection which has an enlargement, chamber or recess with
a ledge, shoulder or reduction of pipe area, that offers any obstructions to flow through the drain.
• An enlargement of 76 mm to 102 mm closet bend or stub shall be considered an obstruction.

Inspection and Test
• Perform Pressure Test on joints and connections of pipes & fittings to

ensure gastight & watertight connections.
• Water Testing
o Testing of water supply piping is conducted by closing all outlets & filling the system with
water from the main to locate leaks and other potential problems.
• Air Pressure Testing

o Used in detecting leaks by filling the piping system with compressed air (use of soap suds in
locating escaping air).

HANGERS AND SUPPORTS
Supporting Cast Iron Pipe

- Supports shall be placed at every joint on horizontal runs unless distance between joints is
less than 4 ft.
- Use strap iron or special pipe hangers for this purpose.
- Vertical runs of cast-iron pipe can be attached to the building structure with wire staples,
vertical pipe brackets or pie straps.
- Friction clamps should support the weight of cast-iron pipe at each floor level.

Masonry Anchors and Fasteners
- Lag shields (made from lead) are

commonly used to attach pipe hangers
or fixtures to concrete or masonry.
- Caulking anchors provide a fastener

which is permanently attached to the
concrete or masonry; it is internally
threaded to accept machine screws and bolts.
- Toggle Bolts are used when attaching pipes to hollow

masonry units; with spring-operated wings.

- Plastic Anchors can be installed in

smaller holes

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Water Supply for Fire protection System

• Elevated Water Tank
• Underground Water Reservoir
Types of Fire Protection System
• Dry Standpipe System
- No longer being utilized in new buildings, provided other systems are employed
(otherwise must be installed in buildings 4 levels or more).
- The standpipe is a pipe installed in buildings not as part of the water supply or waste
disposal system but primarily for use as water conveyor in case of fire.
- How it works: a standpipe is connected to the building exterior (max ht.= 1.20M) for
connection to fire department.
- As much as possible, standpipes should be located in stairway landings.
• Wet Standpipe System
- How it works: a piping network (line is directly connected to the main water
line) connects to all levels of a building (at least 1 standpipe on each level).
- Wet standpipes shall be constructed of wrought iron or galvanized steel
- The number of wet standpipes shall be determined so that all portions of the building are
within 6.00 meters of a nozzle attached to a hose 23 meters long.
- The minimum diameter for a wet standpipe is 51mm for those less than 15 meters form
the fire service connection. For those more than 15 meters from the fire service
connection, the minimum diameter is 63mm.
• Wet Standpipe System with Siamese Connection
- How it works: a piping network directly connected to the main water line,
connects to all levels of a building; additionally,
a Siamese Connection is located outside the building
for additional water supply.
• Automatic / Sprinkler System
- There are two general types of Automatic Sprinkler Systems:

the Automatic Wet and Automatic Dry. (spacing – 3 to 6 m.,
circle effective area – 10 to 20 sq.m).

• Fire Hydrant
- In rural areas where municipal water systems are not available, dryhydrants are used to
supply water for fighting fires. A dry hydrantis analogous to a standpipe. A
dry hydrant is usually an unpressurized, permanently installed pipe that has one end
below the water level of a lake or pond.
SMOKE DETECTORS & SPRINKLER HEADS
Spacing of Sprinkler Heads
Special Installation Requirements

• At least one fire department connection on each frontage.
• A master alarm system valve control for all water supplies other than fire department connections.
• Special fire walls between protected areas.
• Sloping water proof floors with drains or scupper to carry away waste water.
Types of Sprinkler Heads

• Upright – used above piping when piping is exposed.
• Pendent- projects through a finished ceiling when piping is exposed.

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PERSONAL MASTER PLUMBING NOTES

WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

Defects in water distribution system

• Expansion / Contraction - Pipes expand and contract due to continuous changes in

Public Water Distribution

Parts of the Cold Water Distribution (Potable and Taps)

• Storage Tank – storage of water.

ENGR. DEANMARK B. ROBRIGADO, RMP

Types of the Cold Water Distribution (within building)

Downfeed (Overheadfeed) / Gravity System -Water is pumped into a large tank

Types of the Hot Water Distribution (within building)

• Upfeed and Gravity Return System – With a continuing

• Downfeed and Gravity Return System – Hot water rises on to

• Pump Circuit System – For a more efficient circulation of hot water

Hot Water Consumption

ENGR. DEANMARK B. ROBRIGADO, RMP

Working Load of Hot Water System

Two Type of Water Heating Systems

ENGR. DEANMARK B. ROBRIGADO, RMP

Types of Domestic Tanks

• Cistern – made in concrete, underground and connected with pump.

Gravity Supply Tanks

Pneumatic Water Tanks

Types of Hot Water Tanks

ENGR. DEANMARK B. ROBRIGADO, RMP

• Natural Surface Water – Obtained from ponds, lakes and rivers.

ENGR. DEANMARK B. ROBRIGADO, RMP

PHYSICAL PROPETIES OF WATER

Water Quality Problem & Their Correction

ENGR. DEANMARK B. ROBRIGADO, RMP

Water Treatment & Purification

Water treatment and purification

ENGR. DEANMARK B. ROBRIGADO, RMP

ENGR. DEANMARK B. ROBRIGADO, RMP

WATER TREATMENT PROCESS

ENGR. DEANMARK B. ROBRIGADO, RMP

Different Valves Used in Plumbing

Gate Valve / Full-way valve

Swing Check Valve Lift Check Valve

Vertical Check Valve Vertical Check Valve

ENGR. DEANMARK B. ROBRIGADO, RMP

Foot Valve / Retention valve

Pressure Reducing Valves

Types of Faucets / Bibbs

ENGR. DEANMARK B. ROBRIGADO, RMP

ENGR. DEANMARK B. ROBRIGADO, RMP

Most Common Source of Contamination:

Method of Well Screening

• Well screens are made of non-corrosive material like brass.

ENGR. DEANMARK B. ROBRIGADO, RMP

Basic Types of Pump

• Double Action – (water is drawn in with either stroke)

• Duplex or Twin Piston Pump

ENGR. DEANMARK B. ROBRIGADO, RMP

ENGR. DEANMARK B. ROBRIGADO, RMP

Types of Water Closet

• Reverse Trap – Flushes through a siphon action created

• Siphon Jet – Has a larger trapway making it less

• Siphon Vortex – Less noisy and very efficient.