University of Tripoli - Faculty of Engineering

Electrical and Electronics Eng Department

EE302 Signals and Systems

Fall 2017

The Z-Transform

Dr. Ali Ganoun

10/1/2018
7-The Z-transforms
 Transform techniques are an important tool
in the analysis of signals and LTI systems
 For discrete-time systems, z-transforms
play the same role of Laplace transforms do
in continuous-time systems
 As with the Laplace transform, we compute
forward and inverse z-transforms by use of
transforms pairs and properties

2
 The Direct z-Transform
 The z-transform of a discrete-time signal xk is defined as
the power series

X [ z]   xk z k
xk 
 X [ z]
z
k 

Time domain signal Complex plan representation

Direct z-transform

xk Inverse z-transform X [ z]

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 Example :

 Determine the z-transform of the

following sequence
0 k 0
xk   k
2 k 0
  
   2z  1 z
X ( z)  xz
k 
k
k
 2 z
k 0
k k

k 0
1 k

1 2z 1

z2
1
1     2   3  ..  if   1
1
4
Example
Determine the z-transform of the following infinite-duration
signal
xk = (½)k k≥0
 X(Z)=1+ (½) z-1+(½)2 z-2 +(½)3 z-3 + …..
 k k
 1   k   1 1 
    z   z 
k 0  2  k 0  2 
1
1     2   3  ..  if   1
1
1
X ( z)  ROC : z  12
1  12 z 1

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The Region of Convergence ROC

A discrete-time signal is
uniquely determined by its
z-transform and the ROC

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 Example :

 Determine the z-transform of the

following finite-duration signals

- xk={1,2,5,7,0,1}
 X(Z)=1+2z-1+5z-2+7z-3+z-5
ROC: entire z-plane except z=0

- xk={1,2,5,7,0,1}
 X(Z)=z2+2z+5+7z-1+z-3
ROC: entire z-plane except z=0 and z=

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- xk=k
 X(Z)=1
ROC: entire z-plane
- xk=k-n, k>0
 X(Z)=z-n , n>0
ROC: entire z-plane except z=0

- xk=k+n, k>0
 X(Z)=zn , n>0
ROC: entire z-plane except z= 

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Rational z-Transforms

 An important family of z-transforms are

those for which X(z) is a rational function,
i.e., a ratio of two polynomials in z-1 or z.

Poles and Zeros

◦ The values for which
X(z) = 0 zeros of a z-transform

◦ The values for which

X(z) =  poles of a z-transform

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Example: Determine the pole-zero plot for the signal

x(k )  ak uk a0

1 z
X ( z)  1
 z a
1  az za
Im{z}

X(z) has: ROC

one zero at z1=0

X
Re{z}
one pole at p1=a
The pole is not included in the ROC (X(z)
does not converge at a pole)

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Inversion of the z-transform by
partial-fraction

Express the function X(z) as a linear combination

X ( z )  1 X 1 ( z )   2 X 2 ( z )  ..   N X N ( z )

Using the linearity

xk   x   x  ..   x
1
1 k
2
2 k
N
N k

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 Perform a partial fraction expansion

DISTINCT POLES
Suppose that the poles p1, p2,..,pN are all different (distinct). Then
we seek an expansion of the form

X ( z) A1 A2 AN
   .. 
z z  p1 z  p2 z  pN

The problem is to determine the coefficients A1, A2, ..,AN

There are two ways to solve this problem, as will be explained
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 Example:
Determine the partial-fraction expansion of the proper function

1
X ( z) 
1  1.5 z 1  0.5 z 2

First we eliminate the negative powers, thus

z2
X ( z)  2
z  1.5 z  0.5
The poles of X(z) are X ( z ) z A1 A2
p1=1 and p2=0.5, the   
expansion is given as z ( z  1)( z  0.5) z  1 z  0.5
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Avery simple method to determine A1 and A2 is to multiply the
equation by the denominator

z  ( z  0.5) A1  ( z  1) A2
Set z=p1=1 1  (1  0.5) A1  A1  2
Set z=p2=0.5 0.5  (0.5  1) A2  A2  1

The partial-fraction expansion is

X ( z) 2 1
 
z z  1 z  0.5

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Example:
Determine the partial-fraction expansion of

1  z 1
X ( z) 
1  z 1  0.5 z 2

First we eliminate the negative powers, thus X ( z )  z 1

z z 2  z  0.5
The poles of X(z) are complex conjugates p1  12  j 12
p2  12  j 12
X ( z) 1 z A1 A2
  
z ( z  p1 )( z  p2 ) z  p1 z  p2
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MULTIPLE-ORDER POLES

EXAMPLE:
Determine the partial-fraction expansion of
1
X ( z) 
1  z 1  z 
1 1 2

In terms of positive powers

2
X ( z) z

 z  1 z  1
2
z
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X(z) has simple pole at p1=-1 and a double pole p2=p3=1
In such a case the appropriate partial-fraction expansion is

X ( z) z2 A1 A2 A3
   
z ( z  1)( z  1) 2
z  1 z  1  z  1 2

The problem is to determine the coefficients A1, A2 and A3.

As before for A1

( z  1) X ( z )
 A1 
 z  1
A2 
 z  1
A3
z 1  z  1
2
z
( z  1) X ( z )
A1   1
4
z z 1

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To get A3, we multiply both sides by (z-1)2

( z  1) X ( z )  z  1
2 2

 A1   z  1 A2  A3
z z 1
We set z=1 to get A3
( z  1) X ( z )
2
A3   1
2
z z 1

d ( z  1) X ( z ) 
 2
A2     3
4
dz  z  z 1
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 After performed the partial-fraction, we need to perform
The inversion of X(z)

1 1 1
X ( z )  A1 1
 A2 1
 ....  AN
1  p1 z 1  p2 z 1  pN z 1
 if ROC: z  pn
  pn  uk
k

1  1   causal signals
z  1 

1  pn z   if ROC: z  pn
  pn  u k 1 anticausal signals
k


If the signal xk is causal, the ROC is |z|>pmax pmax =max[|p1|, |p2|, …. |pN|,]

x  k    A1 p1k  A2 p2k  ....  AN pNk  u  k 

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EXAMPLE:
Determine the causal signal x(k) whose z-transform given by

1
X ( z) 
(1  z 1 )(1  z 1 ) 2

1 1 3 1 1 z 1
X ( z)   
4 1 z 1
4 1 z 1
2 1  z 
 1 2

1 3 1
x  k    1 u (k )  u (k )  ku ( k )
k

4 4 2
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EXAMPLE:
Determine the causal signal x(k) whose z-transform given by

1
X ( z) 
(1  z 1 )(1  z 1 ) 2

1 1 3 1 1 z 1
X ( z)   
4 1 z 1
4 1 z 1
2 1  z 
 1 2

1 3 1
x  k    1 u (k )  u (k )  ku ( k )
k

4 4 2
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Time shifting

If
x(k ) 
z
 X ( z)
Then
n
x(k  n) 
 z X ( z)
z

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Example: Determine the system’s output which has
the following difference equation

where
yk  12 yk 1  uk  uk 1 uk   1 k
 k 0
2

Y  z   12 z 1Y  z   U  z   z 1U  z 
Y  z  (1  12 z 1 )  U  z  (1  z 1 )
1 1
1 z 1 z 1
Y  z  1 1
U z 
1 2 z 1  12 z 1 1  12 z 1
yk    
1 k 1
2  3 
1 k 1
2 k 0
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