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The document provides information about the journal Humanistica Lovaniensia including its editorial board, available volumes, prices and how to submit manuscripts.

Humanistica Lovaniensia is a journal of Neo-Latin Studies that was originally a series of monographs and now appears annually.

Volumes 1 through 22 are listed as being available with prices provided for volumes 17 through 22.

HUMANISTIC A

LOVANIENSIA
LOVAN IENS IA

JOURNAL OF NEO-LATIN STUDIES

Vol. XXIII-1974

LEUVEN THE HAGUE

UNIVERSITY PRESS MARTINUS NIJHOFF

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HUMANISTICA LOVANIENSIA
Journal of Neo-Latin Studies

Editorial Board

Editor:

Prof. Dr. Jozef IJsewijn (Leuven-Belgium).

Associate Editors:

Prof. Dr. Leonard Forster (Cambridge); Prof. Claude-Henri Frèches


Freches
(Aix-en-Provence); Prof. Dr. Veljko Gortan (Zagreb); Prof. Dr. M. Miglio
(Roma/Salerno); Prof.
(Roma/Salerno); Prof. Dr.
Dr. Fred
Fred Nichols
Nichols(Yale);
(Yale);Doc.
Doc.Dr.
Dr.Jan
JanOberg
Öberg
(Stockholm); Mgr. Dr. José
Jos6 Ruysschaert (Bibliotheca Apostolica Vatica
na); Prof. Dr. Lidia Winniczuk (Warszawa); Prof. Dr. D. Wuttke (Göt
(Got
tingen).

Editorial Assistants:

Dr. Gilbert Tournoy ; Mrs J. IJsewijn-Jacobs.

Volumes 11 through
Volumes through 16
16 were
wereedited the late
edited by the late Mgr.
Mgr. Henry
Henry de
de Vocht
Vochtfrom
from
1928 to 1961 as a series of monographs on the history of humanism at Louvain,
especially in the Collegium Trilingue. These volumes are obtainable in a reprint
edition.

Beginning with volume 17 (1968) HUMANISTICA LOVANIENSIA


appears annually as a Journal of Neo-Latin Studies.

Orders for separate volumes and standing orders should be sent to the
publishers: Leuven University Press, Krakenstraat 3, B-3000 Leuven (Belgium)
or Martinus Nijhoff, P.O. Box 269, 's-Gravenhage (Netherlands). Prices of
single volumes are as follows : 17 (1968), 162 p. : 21.75 Hfl.; 18(1969),
18 (1969),164
164ρ.p.: :
21.75 Hfl.; 19 (1970), 514p.: 62.25 Hfl.; 20 (1971), 297 p.: 43.50Hfl.; 21 (1972),
413 p.: 58.— Hfl.; 22 (1973), 341 p.: 50.75 Hfl.

Librarians who wish for an exchange with Humanistica Lovaniensia should


University Library
apply to the Librarian of the University Library of
of Leuven
Leuven (K.U.L.)
(K.U.L.):: Mr.W.
Mr.W. De
De
hennin, Universiteitsbibliotheek, Ladeuzeplein 22, B-3000 Leuven (Belgium).

Manuscripts for publication should be submitted (2 ex) to a member of the


editorial board. They should follow the prescriptions of the MHRA Style Book,
published by W.S. Maney, Hudson Road, Leeds LS9 7DL, England.

Contributors will receive twenty offprints of their articles free of charge.


Further copies, which should be ordered when proofs are returned to the
editor, can be supplied at cost price.

Address of the Editor: Seminarium Philologiae Humanisticae, Katholieke


Universiteit Leuven, Faculteitsgebouw Letteren en Wijsbegeerte, Blijde In
komststraat 21, B-3000 Leuven (Belgium).

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HUMANISTICA LOVANIENSIA

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HUMANISTICA
LOVANIENSIA

JOURNAL OF NEO-LATIN STUDIES

Vol. XXIII-1974

LEUVEN THE HAGUE


UNIVERSITY PRESS MARTINUS NIJHOFF

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Gepubliceerd met de steun van de Universitaire Stichting van Belgiè en van de
Belgische Regering.

©Universitaire Pers Leuven - Krakenstraat 3 - Β 3000 Leuven/Louvain Belgium


Miptc van Ha7p 111tno\it* man tunrrlpn t;pntoph;rtiiriirtH pn /nf nnpnKoar noma a L· t Hnnr
Niets van deze uitgave mag worden verveelvoudigd en/of openbaar gemaakt
middel van druk, fotokopie, microfilm of op welke andere wijze ook zonder
voorafgaande schriftelijke toestemming van de uitgever.

No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint,


microfilm or any other means without written permission from the publisher

ISBN 90 6186 022 9

Wettelijk Depot D/1974/1869/11

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Text Editions and Studies


Μ. Miglio, Una lettera di Lapo da Castiglionchio il Giovane
a Flavio Biondo : storia e storiografia nel Quattrocento . . 1
J. MULRYAN, Venus, Cupid and the Italian Mythographers . 31
D. van Kerchove, The Latin Translation of Aristophanes's
PLUTUS by Hadrianus Chilius, 1533 42
A. HuTTMANN, Die Medizin in der lateinischen Kosmog
des Humanisten Johannes Hontems (1498-1549) . . . . 128
G. DEMERSON-BARTHELOT, L'attitude religieuse de Dorai . 145
A.M. M. Dekker, Three unknown "Cantilenae martinianae"
by Georgius Macropedius : A contribution to the study of the
Utrecht Carmina Scholastica 188
Cl.-H. Freches, La vision des Indiens
de Saa 228
J. Kluyske
with four unpublished letters 244
Μ. A. NAUWELAERTS, La correspondance de Sim
(1522-1598) 271
H.C. Schnur, Bemer
cenus 341

L. M. KAIS
Criticai Edition 346
Miscellanea
— J. IJSEWIJN, New Evidence on M. Johannes Snavel (fl.
Louvain, ca 1440) 382
— J. IJSEWIJN, A passage of
explained 384
— H. C. Schnur, Heb
of Chr. Vladeraccus 385
— H. SILVESTRE, Aimeric et Er a
Catonis, IV.25.2 386
3. Instrumenta
Instrumentum criticum 389

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VI TABLE OF CONTENTS

— Instrumentum bibliographicum 395


— Instrumentum lexicographicum 423
4. Nuntii 426
5. Statutes of the I.A.N.L.S 428
6. Indices
Index codicum 435
Index nominum 435

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Massimo Miglio

UNA LETTERA DI LAPO DA CASTIGLIONCHIO


IL GIOVANE A FLAVIO BIONDO :
STORIA E STORIOGRAFIA NEL QUATTROCENTO *

Chi legga il De hominibus doctis di Paolo Cortesi può sorprendersi


alla lettura delle pagine dedicate alla storia e agli storici : scritte negli
ultimi anni del quattrocento vi si sostiene che gli antichi non hanno
lasciato nessuna teorizzazione dell' arte storiografica : «nulla praecepta
in priscorum artibus tradantur, quae quomodo scribendum, quid
servandum sit in historia doceant », e che quanti negli anni precedenti
avevano raggiunto qualche risultato lo avevano fatto nisi quando
temere aut casu1.
La sorpresa deriva anche dal fatto che il Cortesi conosceva bene
quanto in proposito aveva scritto Cicerone {ad delectationem et utili
tatem adinventa historia videri solet, precisa uno degli interlocutori del
dialogo)2 e coinvolgeva in questo giudizio sostanzialmente negativo

* Scrivo questo commento nel ricordo di Arsenio Frugoni. Che se poi le consonanze
di uomini e di cose perdute si provano nell'incontro con uomini più lontani è solo un
modo, spero non troppo alienante, per superare le dissonanze dei giorni, che ognuno di
noi sa in tensione continua e difficile.

Le pagine che precedono l'edizione della lettera vogliono solo essere una introduzione
alla sua lettura e non hanno nessuna pretesa di completezza.
1 P. Cortesi, De hominibus doetis dialogus, a cura di M.T. Graziosi, (Roma, 1973),
pp. 34-38; ma vedi anche la prima edizione del dialogo : Florentiae 1734, pp. 23-24. Per
quanto qui detto vedi anche M. Miglio, «La storiografia pontificia del quattrocento»,
in Acta Conventus Neo-Latini Lovaniensis. Proceedings of the First International Congress
of Neo-Latin Studies, Louvain 23-28 August 1971 edited by J. IJsewijn and E. Kessler,
(Leuven-München 1973), pp. 414-415.
Anche il Campano sottolinea la difficoltà della storia : « Ardua res est et perdifficilis
historiam scribere ...» cf. G.A. Campano, Opera Omnia, (Romae, 1495), c. E VIIV
(Gesamtkat. 5639), e F. R. Hausmann, G.A. Campano ( 1429-1477). Erläuterungen und
Ergänzungen zu seinen Briefen (Freiburg i. Br. 1968), pp. 120-122. Il testo, quando citato,
è stato collazionato con Vat. Urb. lat. 235, ff. 242'-247'.
2 P. Cortesi, ed. Graziosi, p. 36, e ed. Florentiae, p. 24.

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2 Μ. MIGLIO

autori di diversa matri


Palmieri, parzialmente
Bruni : « conciones aliqu
eventus explicantur val
Bisognerà quindi creder
non tanto una mancata
era stato scritto fino
riconosciuta insufficien
fatto. Importa margina
di tale impostazione de
della storia soprattutto
ossessivo mito dell'im
Biondo ed il Bruni)4,
impegnato a cercare la
Non sarà allora tropp
Cortesi quanto sulla sto
Leonardo Bruni e — fo
altri in lettere, prefazio
mento 6.
Ripercorrendo con tanta attenzione le vie già battute dagli antichi
classici, sia attraverso lo studio delle loro prese di posizione teoriche
sulla natura e sul significato della storia (Cicerone, Quintiliano), sia
nella lettura di concreti modelli che a loro volta proponevano diversi
modi di scrittura (soprattutto Livio, Sallustio, Plutarco) era inevitabile
che il dibattito, già alla fine del trecento e per l'intero quattrocento,
si svolgesse su due aspetti : quello formale (metodologia e precettistica)
e quello contenutistico.
Non si intende in tal modo affermare che quanto vi è su questo
argomento nella cultura umanistica è del tutto nuovo rispetto a quanto

3 Ibidem ρ. 24 e ρ. 12. È interessante notare l'uso di termini di giudizio ciceroniani,


cf. Cic., de orai. 2,15.
4 Per il Biondo : « Admonere enim reliquos videtur ut maiori artificio ac illustrioribus
litteris historiam aggrediantur», ibid. ρ. 44 e ρ. 31. Per il Bruni: «Sed cum historia
sit omnium difficillima, tantum in ea imitandi industria et bonitate quadam naturae
consequutus est, ut omnibus mea sententia, qui post eum fuerunt, facile praestiterit »
ibidem p. 24 e p. 12.
5 Vedi E. Kessler, «Geschichtsdenken und Geschichtsschreibung bei Francesco
Petrarca», Archiv für Kulturgeschichte, 51 (1969), pp. 109-111.
6 Per la teoria della storiografia tra quattro e cinquecento si può vedere ora
G. Cotroneo, / trattatisti dell' «Ars historica» (Napoli, 1971).

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UNA LETTERA DI LAPO DA CASTIGLIONCHIO

era stato tentato nei secoli precedenti e capovolgere così affe


abbastanza recenti. Quando infatti F. Vegas afferma che : «Il
della storia non si pone, esplicitamente e consapevolment
quando il Rinascimento è già trapassato nella Controrifo
periodo umanistico... la concezione della storia risulta solo im
mente ed è quindi impossibile attendersi dagli umanisti una co
presa di coscienza delle difficoltà che sarebbero scaturite, su
teorico, dal non risolto, e neppure avvertito, contrasto fra
antistorico ed un concreto indagare storico. Che gli umanisti
posseggano il senso della storia non vuol dire affatto... che presso di
essi si ritrovi una problematica della storia»7, è necessario chiedersi
preliminarmente, certo senza desiderio di polemica ma con una
concreta lettura dei testi, se è vero che negli umanisti la concezione
della storia è veramente soltanto implicita, se quello che banalmente
chiamiamo il ritorno all'antico sia davvero un mito antistorico ο non
piuttosto una concreta scelta che ha implicazioni ideologiche e
politiche; e ancora se il senso della storia non sia qualcosa di non
molto diverso dalla problematica della storia ο perlomeno non la
presupponga in parte ο in totale : e per ultima domanda bisognerà
ancora chiedersi se è proprio vero che manchi una problematica della
storia.

Non meno pericoloso d'altra parte valutare in maniera troppo


accentuata l'aspetto contenutistico della storiografia umanistica; una
prospettiva di questo genere porta G. Spini ad affermare che «Non
avvertito ο quasi per tutto il Medioevo, almeno in sede teoretica, il
problema della storia si era per la prima volta affacciato alla coscienza
italiana con l'avvento della storiografia umanistica prima, con la
storiografia politica del primo Cinquecento poi. Il Rinascimento
tuttavia... sembrava aver posto troppo fortemente il proprio impegno
nella creazione di nuovi tipi storiografici, in contrapposto a quelli
medievali, nel rinnovamento medesimo dello scrivere storico, per poter
contemplare prospetticamente, 'post factum', quel problema storiografico
che esso aveva, per così dire, risoluto nella prassi e fatto tutt'uno con
l'atto medesimo dello scrivere storico. La riflessione intorno alla storia

e quindi la trattatistica intorno all'arte storica, con le polemiche ad


essa connesse, non sorgono perciò tanto nella atmosfera rinascimentale,

7 F. Vegas, «La concezione della storia dall'Umanesimo alla Controriforma», in


Grande Antologia Filosofica, X (Milano, 1964), p. 14. Citato anche in Cotroneo, p. 20 n. 21.

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Μ. MIGLIO

quanto in quella già controriformistica, paratridentina, della gener


seguente a quella del Machiavelli e del Guicciardini»8. Se
questa affermazione è vera — ma ha forse una sfocatura nell'
controriformistica dell'autore — non ci esime dal cercare di c
che punto fosse arrivata la elaborazione formale tre-quattrocen
ci spinge a chiederci il perchè di una eventuale mancata elabo
che solo parzialmente si giustifica nella lettura diretta dei clas
ancora una cosa bisogna al contrario sottolineare : che il d
sulla storiografia è affrontato nel quattrocento dagli stessi uom
concretamente scrivevano storia, evitando in tal modo il
— che diverrà più tardi realtà — della trasformazione del dib
storiografico in un genere letterario ο in pura speculazione fil
in tal modo invece la riflessione nasce dalla ricerca concret
insieme il momento iniziale e di partenza, mentre poi la s
stessa costituisce la verifica continua ed immediata9.

Lapo da Castiglionchio il giovane.

Nel recensire la pubblicazione curata dal Luiso 10 di ampi estratti


dell'epistolario di Lapo da Castiglionchio il giovane, Remigio Sabba
dini, riprendendo accenti e toni dell'editore, confessava le sue impres
sioni, non certo positive, che gli derivavano dalla lettura 11 ; ed in
effetti le lettere di Lapo rientrano senz'altro nella tradizione episto
lare umanistica, ma soprattutto confermano il ritratto erudito che di
lui tracciava Vespasiano da Bisticci: «Lapo di Castiglionchi fu
fiorentino d'assai onorati parenti. Venendo in Firenze il Filelfo et il
Trabusonda, et legendo meser Carlo d'Arezo in vari tempi, Lapo era

8 G. Spini, «I trattatisti dell'arte storica nella Controriforma Italiana», Quaderni di


Belfagor, 1 (1948), p. 109; citato in Cotroneo, pp. 19-20.
9 Vorrei qui ricordare quanto scriveva (nel 1858) Droysen : « Non si può disconoscere
che anche gli studi storici abbiano il loro posto nel vivace movimento scientifico della
nostra epoca... Tutti dicono che la storia è un importante strumento di educazione e di
formazione culturale ed essa è una parte importante e costitutiva dell'istruzione di oggi.
Ma perchè? In che forma?» vedi G.G. Droysen, Sommario di Isterica, Traduzione e
nota di D. Cantimori (Firenze, 1943), pp. 5, 7.
10 F.P. Luiso, «Studi sull'epistolario e le traduzioni di Lapo da Castiglionchio
juniore». Studi italiani di Filologia classica, 7 (1899), pp.205-299. E' il lavoro tuttora
più valido su Lapo; vedi anche Repertorium Fontium Historiae Medii Aevi, III (Romae
1970), p. 154.
11 R[emigio] S[abbadini], in Giornale Storico della Letteratura Italiana, 35 (1908),
pp. 425-426.

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UNA LETTERA DI LAPO DA CASTIGLIONCHIO

già d'età d'anni venticinque, quando cominciò a dare opera a


lettere latine et le greche, et istudiò con tanta sollicitudine, che
brieve tempo fu dotto nell'una lingua et nell'altra» 12.
Vespasiano scriveva a distanza d'anni, circa quaranta, dalla mort
di Lapo (1438) e questo impone delle verifiche; in questo caso
l'effettivo ascolto da parte di Lapo delle lezioni — Vespasiano
resto lo suggerisce, ma non esplicitamente — del Filelfo, del
bisonda e di Carlo d'Arezzo. Più immediata è invece la conferma
di quello spleen su cui Vespasiano in più momenti insiste : « Sendo
elegantissimo nello iscrivere, aquistò assai riputatione et nella città
et in corte. Era di natura molto taciturno et uomo di poche parole,
et non dimostrava quello ch'egli era» 13.
Ed ancora : « Era di mediocre istatura, maninconico, di natura che
rade volte rideva, se non per forza. Fu di laudabili costumi, et fece
assai, trovandosi puovero di sustance et sanza libri. I libri ch'egli ebe,
bisognò che se gli iscrivessi di sua mano, che ne vidi più volumi in
greco et in latino che fece assai, avendo a studiare sanza i libri, et
quegli che voleva gli scriveva di sua mano» 14.
Anche l'ultima notizia, che trova una implicita conferma nella pro
fessione di Vespasiano e nella sua conoscenza della produzione libraria
contemporanea, ha bisogno ancora di ricerche sistematiche che
rintraccino i «più libri greci et latini ch'egli aveva iscritti di sua
mano», mentre è ben poca cosa l'elenco di suoi autografi da noi
conosciuti. Si aggiunga che finora non si è posta attenzione alla sua
maniera di lavorare, come traduttore, anche se si continua a ripetere
che nel primo quattrocento fu tra i migliori, se non il migliore15.
È un giudizio che ha molte probabilità di essere vero, e che troverebbe
una possibilità di verifica negli autografi di lavoro delle sue traduzioni,
ed insieme una constatazione che giustifica ed amplia l'affermazione di
Dionisotti per cui «fino a tutto il Quattrocento, la storia letteraria,
prima d'esser storia della lingua, è paleografia» 16.
12 Vespasiano da Bisticci, Le vite, Edizione critica con introduzione e commento di
A. Greco, I (Firenze 1970), p. 581.
13 Ibidem, pp. 581-582.
14 Ibidem, pp. 582-583.
15 R. Sabbadini, La scuola e gli studi di G. Guarirti veronese (Catania, 1896), p. 134
sg. ; e vedi anche V. R. Giustiniani, « Sulle traduzioni latine delle 'Vite' di Plutarco nel
Quattrocento», Rinascimento, Ser. II, 1 (1961), pp.3-62.
16 C. Dionisotti, «Dante nel Quattrocento», in Atti del Congresso Internazionale di
Studi Danteschi (Firenze, 1965), p. 352.

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6 Μ. MIGLIO

La lettera a Flavio Biondo.

Ma torniamo all'epistolario. Nel segnalarlo, e pubblicarlo in parte,


il Luiso faceva riferimento anche ad una «lettera, che è un piccolo
trattato sulla importanza ed utilità della storia e che riassume le idee
degli umanisti su questo argomento» e che lo stesso Luiso avrebbe
«pubblicata altrove integralmente» 17.
Come spesso accade, la pubblicazione della lettera, che io sappia,
non avvenne; ed in tal modo è rimasta estranea ai recenti dibattiti
sulla teorizzazione della ars historica nel primo quattrocento, anche se
ne costituisce uno dei momenti più interessanti ; é invece ben nota agli
studiosi del Biondo, a cui è indirizzata 18.
Fu scritta nell'aprile del 1437 19, e si presenta, in certo modo, come
una specie di recensione critica alla prima parte, in quattro libri, delle
storie del suo tempo, per le quali era previsto un ordinamento per
decennali, che il Biondo aveva inviato, poco tempo prima, in lettura a
Francesco Barbaro, Giovanni Corvini, Leonello d'Este ed allo stesso
Lapo da Castiglionchio20.
La lettura dell'opera del Biondo dà occasione a Lapo nella lettera di
risposta di proporre una trattazione sulla teoria della storiografia, un
problema non certo nuova, che prima di Lapo aveva interessato
Coluccio Salutati (ca. 1392)21 e in quegli stessi anni era stato
affrontato da Giorgio da Trebisonda (1434)2 2.
È bene anticipare che di originale nella lettera c'è ben poco : per la
maggior parte è uso di modelli classici; ma in questo caso non ho
inteso fare una ricerca completa delle fonti, che Lapo non cita mai
esplicitamente ma che, anche ad una prima lettura, risultano essere le
opere retoriche Ciceroniane. Lapo scriveva a persona che certo conosceva
17 Luiso, ρ. 246 η. 1.
18 Cfr. per tutti R. Fubini, «Biondo Flavio», in Estratti dal Dizionario Biografico
degli Italiani (Roma, 1969), pp. 11-12.
19 Luiso, p. 245. Nei Manoscritti (vedi avanti p. 19) la lettera è senza data.
20 Fubini, p. 12. Il tramite per l'amicizia tra i due era stato Giovanni Tortelli, il
cui nome ricorre in altre lettere (Luiso, pp. 251-254, e K. Müllner, Reden und Briefe
italienischer Humanisten. Nachdruck der Ausgabe Wien 1899. Mit einer Einleitung,
analytischer Inhaltsübersicht, Bibliographie und Indices von Barbara Gerì (München,
1970), pp. 249-59.
21 A. Petrucci, Coluccio Salutati (Roma, 1973), pp. 113-115.
22 Georgii Trapezuntii Rhetoricorum libri F(Venetiis, 1529), e cfr. Cotroneo, pp. 41-48.
Non credo vi siano stati contatti tra Giorgio da Trebisonda e Lapo, nonostante quanto
dica Vespasiano da Bisticci, e senz'altro non ne rimane traccia nell'epistolario.

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UNA LETTERA DI LAPO DA CASTIGLIONCHIO 7

le opere retoriche di Cicerone — basterà ricordare l'episo


1421 23 — e quindi è necessario cercare di capire il perchè
lettera come questa che è in gran parte un centone ciceronian
solo giustificabile e comprensibile con l'abitudine di Lapo ai «
comuni»24; ed è parimenti da escludere che Lapo pensasse al
l'ignoranza da parte del Biondo di questi passi. Rimane la proposta
di una recensione, fatta sulla base di principi metodologici — che
erano allora solo quelli di Cicerone — accettati per convergenza e
comunanza di interessi.
E su questa linea acquista un diverso valore il tentativo di
rendere omogenei passi inseriti in contesti diversi e difficilmente ricon
ducibili ad una unità metodologica, come avvertiva ultimamente
il Rambaud riconoscendo che è metodo dubbio contrapporre l'uno
a l'altro i testi ciceroniani, che hanno in comune solamente una
preoccupazione estetica25; Lapo tenta invece in questo caso una
omogenea spiegazione 26 e, se vogliamo, tenta di dire infine ciò che era
silenziosamente articolato laggiù21.
Trovare le ragioni di un simile tentativo potrebbe essere interessante;
ed è quanto ho tentato.

Historia ipsa delectat.

La lettera è costruita in due parti : nella prima è riproposto il valore


della storia; nella seconda il discorso è collegato più direttamente
all'opera del Biondo, di cui in certo qual modo è la recensione.
23 R. Sabbadini, Storia e critica di testi latini (Padova, 19712), pp. 84-108 ; G. Arrigoni,
Il «De oratore» e l'«Orator» nella tradizione del codice Trivulziano 723 (Varese, 1969),
pp. 7-15.
24 R. S[abbadini], art. cit., p. 425.
25 M. Rambaud, Cicéron et l'histoire romaine (Paris, 1953), p. 18 e vedi anche
A. M. Guillemin, «La lettre de Cicéron a Lucceius», Revue des Études Latines, 22 (1938),
pp. 96-103 e V. Paladini, «Sul pensiero storiografico di Cicerone», Rendiconti della
Accademia dei Lincei, classe di scienze morati, storiche e filosofiche, Ser. Vili, 2 (1947),
pp. 511-527.
26 Per l'uso di Cicerone in età umanistica vedi J. E. Seigel, Rhetoric and Philosophy
in Renaissance Humanism. The Union of Eloquence and Wisdom, Petrarch to Valla
(Princeton, 1968); per il problema qui affrontato vedi sopratutto N.S. Struever, The
Language of History in the Renaissance. Rhetoric and Historical Consciousness in Fioren
tine Humanism (Princeton, 1970), e R. Landfester, Historia magistra vitae. Unter
suchungen zur humanistischen Geschichtstheorie des 14. bis 16. Jahrhunderts (Genève, 1972).
27 Μ. Foucault, L'ordine del discorso. I meccanismi di controllo e di esclusione della
parola, tr. ital. di A. Fontana (Torino, 1972), p. 21.

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ö Μ. MIGLIO

Il punto di part
da un lato esplici
alle altre scienze c
logia, in quanto q
sola categoria di le
l'interesse di tutt
Lapo vuol trarre d
Ma appena affron
poco attenti, quale
anche se la dicotomia ciceroniana che nella storia voleva utilitas e
voluptas sembra ridotta ad una unità29. Ma il termine utilitas è
immediatamente reinserito nell'accettazione della storia come una
pedagogia : la conoscenza della successione cronologica degli avveni
menti, degli organismi politici, delle stirpi e delle nazioni, ci permette
di cogliere gli insegnamenti per ogni momento della vita nei comporta
menti pubblici e privati30.
L'interrogativo che segue «quid igitur potest esse utilius aut
iucundius quam quae vel gesta fortiter, vel acta prudenter, vel salse,
acute facete urbaneque dieta feruntur, memoriter tenere » 31 accettate
le premesse, risulta davvero una figura retorica, ma più volte riba
dita32. Soltanto coloro che sono stati capaci di impadronirsi «animo

28 «Non enim hystoriae una atque simplex subiecta materies, nec uni tantum — ut
aiunt — sectae addicta et consecrata est, sed varia multiplex et late patens et plurimis
ex artibus studiisque colligitur ».
29 Cic., fin. 5, 51-52: «Sed quid attinet de rebus tam apertis plura requirere? Ipsi
enim quaeremus a nobis stellarum motus contemplationesque rerum caelestium eorumque
omnium, quae naturae obscuritate occultantur, cognitiones quem ad modum nos
moveant, et quid historia delectet, quam solemus persequi usque ad extremum,
pretermissa repetimus, inchoata persequimur. Nec vero sum nescius esse utilitatem in
historia. non modo voluptatem ».
30 «Quae ratio sit domesticae rei administrandae, quo pacto regenda et gubernanda
res publica, quibus causis bella suscipienda, qua ratione gerenda quousque prosequenda
sint, quomodo tractandae amiciciae, ineunda foedera, iungendae societates, quo sedandi
populorum motus, quo sediciones comprimendae ». E si confronti con quanto detto da
C. Salutati nella ben nota lettera all'Heredia : «...rerum gestarum scientia monet
principes, docet populos et instruit singulos quid domi quidque foris, quid secum, quid
cum familia, quid cum civibus et amicis quidque privatim vel publice sit agendum»,
edito in Epistolario di Coluccio Salutati, a cura di F. Novati, II (Roma, 1893),
pp. 292-293; e cf. Petrucci, op. cit., p. 132.
31 Vedi avanti, p. 22.
32 «Nonne haec plurimi nobis cognitio facienda est qua una tantum delectationis et

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UNA LETTERA DI LAPO DA CASTIGLIONCHIO 9

et scientia» di tali insegnamenti possono essere accettati


praestantes viri, ii eloquentes, ii publici consilii duces, ii prin
civitates habendi, iis totius rei publicae cura atque admin
committenda»33, e, ad evitare che quel principes sia interpre
senso troppo generale Lapo chiarisce che solo a costoro bisogna
ogni incarico pubblico e che «eorum Consilio et auctoritat
sunt gerenda »34.

Rerum gestarum monumenta

Una volta chiarito il vantaggio della storia nei confronti dell


scienze è praticamente già introdotto il discorso su che cosa e
— e soprattutto una storia che insegni — non può che essere
gestarum monumenta*5.
Anche questo è calco lessicale ciceroniano, che traduceva in t
il κτήμα di Tucidide36, dove nel vocabolo latino era anco
sottolineato che in quello greco, nel significato etimologico e se
il carattere pedagogico della storia, come ricordava, in un pa
mamente denso, Isidoro di Siviglia : « Haec disciplina ad G
ticam pertinet, quia quidquid dignum memoria est, litteris ma

commodi capiatur?»; e ancora : «quibus rebus tametsi nihil inesse utilitatis, ut


plurimum, voluptate tarnen et delectatione allicere et retinere posset ».
33 Vedi avanti, p. 22-23.
34 E' questo un concetto che Lapo aveva già pubblicamente affermato nell
Bononiae habita in suo legendi initio ad scolares et alios lune ibi presentes let
1435 : «Nec vero mea quidem sententia in re publica princeps egregius nec le
nec orator nec belli imperator existet, qui non maximarum et praeclarissimar
cognitione et doctrina ad ea quae sibi proposita sunt munera tractanda atque
administranda instructus atque ornatus accesserit », e più in generale : « inveniemus pene
nusquam ullarum aetatum, temporum, civitatum regem aut belli ducem aut principem
civitatis aut civem eximium sine eruditione et litteris extitisse», edito in K. Müllner,
Reden, pp. 132, 137. L'aspetto pratico della funzione della storia era stato anche
ribadito dal Bruni nel De studiis et litteris [Leonardo Bruni Aretino : Humanistisch-philo
sophische Schriften, ed. Η. Baron (Leipzig, 1928), ρ. 13] mentre Guarino sottolineava
che gli insegnamenti della filosofia « segnius auditorem movent et disputatu quam factu
faciliora iudicantur» là dove la storia «Studium imitationis accenditur et facili ad

ingrediendum via suscipitur», edito in K. Müllner, «Acht Inauguralreden des Veronesers


Guarino und seines Sohnes Battista», Wiener Studien, 18 (1896), p. 293.
35 «Sed ut ad illud me referam, nihil est quod animos hominum ad res praeclaras
et arduas vehementius quam rerum gestarum monumenta excitare atque incendere
possit ».
36 Cic., de orat. 2, 53; per Tucidide cf. L. Canfora, Totalità e selezione nella
storiografia classica (Bari, 1972), p. 78.

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10 Μ. MIGLIO

Historiae autem ideo monum


rerum gestarum»37.
In una storia che è per pr
tica, hanno una funzione d
quali il Petrarca dedicava
che costituivano non solo le auctoritates ma anche il nerbo fonda
mentale della sua storiografia38; ed agli esempi lascia molto spazio
Lapo, sia in una tradizionale prospettiva retorica39, sia in chiave più
strettamente storiografica40.
In questa proiezione gli esempi hanno inoltre per Lapo il ruolo
delle statue, che hanno svolto nell'antichità, soprattutto per gli illette
rati, una sostanziale funzione di insegnamento.
Con questa affermazione egli preannunzia l'inserzione di uno dei
temi più dibattuti in zona preumanistica ed umanistica : quello della
superiorità della storia scritta rispetto a quella visualizzata.
Il tema era antico ed aveva attraversato con pochi mutamenti la
storia culturale dell'occidente innestandosi direttamente nell'interpreta
zione pedagogica della storia e proponendo, come diretta conseguenza,
11 dissidio tra storia narrata e storia visualizzata ο iconografica.
Tema che troverà l'esemplificazione più concreta nelle immagini degli
scrittori, che — come ha ricordato Salvatore Settis41 — complemento
abituale delle biblioteche ellenistiche e romane, intendevano offrire una
serie di esempi duplici nell'autore e nella sua opera; a questa abitu
dine aveva infatti fatto riferimento Francesco Barbaro (circa nel 1415)

37 Isidori Hispaliensis Episcopi Etimologiarum sive Originum libri XX, ed. W. M. Lindsay
(Oxford. 1962), lib. I, 41.
38 La storiografia petrarchesca (Rerum memorandarum. De viris illustribus) è costruita
tutta per exempla, e così il Petrarca teorizzava : « Exemplis abundo, sed illustribus, sed
veris, et quibus, nisi fallor, cum delectatione insit autoritas... Me quidem nichil est
quod moveat quantum exempla clarorum hominum», edito in F. Petrarca, Le familiari,
a cura di V. Rossi, II (Firenze, 1934), pp. 77-78 e cf. Kessler, ρ. 129. Sull'importanza
deWexemplum nella storiografia medievale ed umanistica vedi anche S. Battaglia, La
coscienza letteraria del Medioevo (Napoli, 1965), pp. 447-485.
39 «Quis enim ignorat quantum in dicendo sententiae nostrae ponderis sint habiturae,
cum possumus exempla piena dignitatis, piena auctoritate ex omni antiquitate proferre».
40 «Etsi enim virtus ipsa sua vi satis ad hoc valere deberet, tarnen si exempla ad
quae tamquam ad signum spectent, defuerint ... ».
41 S. Settis, «Severo Alessandro e i suoi Lari (S.H.A., S.A., 29, 2-3)», Athenaeum,
N.S., 50 (1972), p. 249.

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UNA LETTERA DI LAPO DA CASTIGLIONCHIO 11

presentando «has litterarias statuas» nella prefazione alla traduzi


delle Vite di Aristide e di Catone di Plutarco42.
La prevalenza della storia scritta sulla storia per immagini era stata
già ribadita da Cicerone nell'epistola a Lucceio 43 e lo stesso motivo
era stato fatto proprio da Sallustio44, ma il contrasto era stato di
nuovo immesso in circolo dal Petrarca in una famosa lettera in cui
spiegava quid exempla valeant. Se leggiamo le parole del Petrarca —
oltre alla citazione esplicita di Sallustio — dalla giustificazione psico
logica e personale Me quidem nichil est quod moveat quantum exempla
clarorum hominum*5, alla lunga esemplificazione di personaggi che nel
l'imitazione altrui hanno trovato il movente delle proprie azioni, ci
accorgeremo che non solo i trapassi e collegamenti logici sono gli
stessi che in Cicerone e Lapo, ma che in molti momenti anche il
lessico è lo stesso46.
Ho citato il Petrarca perchè, per ragioni evidenti ed in parte personali,
faceva parte del bagaglio culturale di Lapo, ma il motivo non era mai
venuto a mancare.

Basterà leggere Boncompagno da Signa, in cui giustamente son


intraviste tensioni preumanistiche : « Redacta fuerunt igitur in
facta maiorum, ut humana propago successivis uteretur exem

42 «Hinc pro suo quisque studio nostri maiores, Socratis, Piatonis, Ar


aliorumque non modo imagines in tabulis et vasis habuere, sed et in foro, in
aeneas statuas collocaverunt, ut vel tacita eorum monumenta vitae suae confe
edito in Diatriba praeliminaris... ad Francisci Barbari... Epistolas (Brixiae,
pp. 135, 138.
43 Cic.,fam. 5,12,7 : «Nec minus est Spartiates Agesilaus ille perhibendus, qui neque
pictam, neque fictam imaginem suam passus est esse, quam qui in eo genere laborarunt,
unus enim Xenophontis libellus in eo rege laudando facile omnes imagines omnium
statuasque superavit ».
44 Sali., lug. 4,5-6 : «Nam saepe ego audivi Q. Maxumum, P. Scipionem, praeterea
civitatis nostrae praeclaros viros solitos ita dicere, quom maiorum imagines intuerentur,
vehementissume sibi animum ad virtutem adcendi. Scilicet non ceram illam neque
figuram tantam vim in sese habere, sed memoria rerum gestarum eam flammam egregiis
viris in pectore crescere neque prius sedari, quam virtus eorum famam atque gloriam
adaequaverit... ».
45 Vedi sopra nota nr. 38.
46 « Profecto autem, si statuae illustrium possunt nobiles animos ad imitandi Studium
accendere... quanto magis ipsa virtus hoc effecit, claro dum proponitur non marmore
sed exemplo... nec improprie michi videor dicturus statua corporum imagines, exempla
virtutum», edito in Petrarca, Le familiari, ed. cit., p. 80. Per l'uso dello stesso tema da
parte di Giraldo di Cambrai vedi Rer. Brit. M.A. script. 21/4 (1873), p. 361 e
21/5 (1867), p. 21.

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12 Μ. MIGLIO

cum audit quantam vict


virtutem ascendat»47. Ed
storia narrata a quella ico
Greci per imagines rerum
Set commendabilius per lib
conservantur»48.
Ed ancora, nello stesso anno e nello stesso mese della lettera di Lapo
al Biondo, e da Ferrara, in una lettera a Leonello d'Este, che era
prefazione alla traduzione delle Vite di Pelopida e Marcello di Plutarco,
Guarino ribadiva un concetto che diventerà difesa corporativista di
coloro — i letterati — che detengono gli strumenti più elaborati ed
efficaci cui possa essere affidata la memoria delle cose umane :
«Postremo si gloriae ut sic dicam instrumenta conferre libet, annales
quamlibet imaginem statuamque praecellunt; hae siquidem corpora
duntaxat, illi vero animos etiam effingunt et mores; hae mutae, illi
voce sua terras implent et maria; hae paucis item in locis figi possunt,
illi per universum terrarum orbem facile pervagantur disseminarique
valent»49.

Anche in Lapo il dissidio tra le due possibilità storiografiche — scrit


tura ο immagine — sembra avere una contrapposizione abbastanza
rigida, anche se in questo caso il discorso tende ad essere costruito su
una interrogazione che è solo retorica50.

Non fictae personae sed verae.

La contrapposizione permette inoltre a Lapo di introdurre uno dei


paradigmi del discorso sulla storia : il vero. Reali gli attori, avvenuti i

47 Boncompagni Uber de obsidione Ancone (a. 1173), ed. G.C. Zimolo, in R.I.S.2 6/3
(1937), p. 6.
48 Ibidem, p. 8.
49 Epistolario di Guarino Veronese, raccolto, ordinato, illustrato da R. Sabbadini, 3 vols
(Venezia, 1915-1919; reprint Torino, 1967), II, 310.
Il motivo, che da Guarino passerà al Barbaro (ed. cit. alla nota nr. 42, pp. 135-136),
trova la sua più completa utilizzazione nella lettera del Campano a Paolo II (citata alla
nota nr. 1); e cf. M. Miglio, «Note sul manoscritto del primo libro del 'De gestis
Pauli secundi' di Gaspare da Verona », in Miscellanea in memoria di Giorgio Cencetti,
(Torino, 1973), pp. 277-278.
50 «Quod si haec (quod in fabulis picturisque perspicue intueri licet ... vel in tabula
expressum) tantam vim habent quos historiam stimulos ad virtutem habituram putamus,
in qua non fictae personae inducuntur sed verae, non commentitiae res sed gestae, non
artificii ostentandi gratia editae orationes sed, ut feruntur, habitae exprimuntur ».

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UNA LETTERA DI LAPO DA CASTIGLIONCHIO 13

fatti, realmente detti i discorsi; in tal modo la teoria della storia si


pone come tentativo di raggiungimento della verità.
Ma in questo caso se gli esempi citati sono in parte tratti dalla ep
tola a Lucceio, ed erano stati usati da Lapo anche in altra occasione5
il concetto espresso è più felicemente riferibile al famosissimo pass
del De oratore (II, 15) in cui si teorizza il vero nella storia, proprio
perchè, al contrario, nella epistola a Lucceio Cicerone aveva, chiesto
invece : « ut et ornes ea vehementius etiam quam fortasse sentis, e
in eo leges historiae neglegas ... »52.
Ma sugli esempi citati in questo caso bisognerà dire ancora qualch
parola : il ritrovarli usati da Lapo in altra circostanza ο ambiti c
cettuali ci conferma che l'uso delle diverse auctoritates ha valore
soltanto strumentale e acquista un valore diverso a secondo del
differente contesto in cui sono inserite; ed il discorso può essere
esteso, credo, non solo agli esempi, ma anche aWauctoritas in senso
stretto ed all'uso dei brani estrapolati dalle sue opere; come in questo
caso, appunto, per Cicerone53.
Rimaneva ancora da chiarire — ma già finora Lapo aveva introdotto
su questo tema qualcosa di più che semplici allusioni necessarie per lo
sviluppo del discorso — a chi sia destinata — ο meglio per chi sia
utile — la storia : in prima linea gli uomini d'azione54 — ed il senso
è più vasto di quello che noi oggi intendiamo con il termine politici — e
quindi per gli intellettuali, gli uomini di pensiero, che, in tal modo,
possono conoscere status totius orbis singulis aetatibus55 perchè dalla

51 Luiso, op. cit., p. 296.


52 Cic„farri. 5,12,3.
53 Bisognerà poi chiedersi se il ritrovare gli stessi esempi, negli stessi anni, in altri
autori come Stefano Porcari ο Matteo Palmieri, dipenda solo da letture comuni ο non
sia piuttosto una scuola comune, come quella del Filelfo.
54 E si ricordi quando diceva Guarino, citato sopra alla nota n. 49.
55 «Non est enim ullum Studium praeclarius, nec ocio ingenuo dignius, quam hoc
quo status totius orbis singulis aetatibus qui fuerit, quibus imperiis distributus, quotque
in eo mutationes cognoscere possumus; qui maximarum urbium conditores, qui artium
inventores extiterint, quis primus hominum genus rude et agreste instruxerit, quis in
civitates coegerit, quis ei leges dederit, quis cultus deorum religionesque induxerit, quis
navigationem, quis agriculturam, quis litteras primus docuerit, quis rem militarem tractare
coeperit ».
Lo stesso tema era affrontata da Lapo nella Oratio sopra citata (nota nr. 34) :
«At si quis prisca illa atque vetusta ex litterarum monumentis repetere velit, qui...»
(ed. cit., p. 132).

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14 Μ. MIGLIO

storia rerum humanarum


quodam ex or acuì ο deprom
Anche in questo caso c
Cicerone57, con un tent
rispetto al testo ripreso,
una terminologia estrem
trovava proprio e solo ne
sione 58.
In tal modo, e con una riaffermazione della utilità e del piacere della
storia (voluptas/delectatio), termina la prima parte della lettera.

La storia del Biondo.

Nella seconda parte il discorso è collegato più direttamente all'opera


del Biondo; ma vedremo come anche in questa parte le riprese da
Cicerone saranno molteplici, proprio perchè in Cicerone Lapo trovava
la terminologia tecnica necessaria. In ogni modo il discorso diventa più
attuale, con una maggiore possibilità di lettura dell'ambiente culturale
contemporaneo.
Preambolo importante — che ha la sua giustificazione nel fatto che
l'opera del Biondo si iniziava, in origine, dalla morte di Martino V59
— è l'affermazione della inutilità di una storia troppo arcaicizzante
a tutto vantaggio invece di una storia contemporanea.
Nell'abitudine di competere con gli antichi è colta la ragione del
fallimento di molti; ma più interessante, come dicevo, la decisa
approvazione dell'abbandono della abitudine di rifarsi alla storia antica
per un deciso impegno nel presente, anche se, nelle prospettive della
storia pedagogica, con un leggero deterrente politico e morale : « ut
intelligerent homines huius aetatis, si qua strenue recteque aut contra
nequiter aut perperam facerent, ea non modo vivos latere non posse,
sed etiam nota posteritati fore ».
Il confronto con gli antichi viene ugualmente proposto da Lapo, a

56 Vedi avanti, ρ. 26.


57 Cic., de orai. 2,64 : « Rerum ratio ordinem temporum desiderat, regionis descrip
tionem; volt etiam quoniam in rebus magnis memoriaque dignis Consilia primum, deinde
acta, postea eventus expectantur ».
58 E' uno dei momenti a cui dedicava maggior attenzione Giorgio da Trebisonda,
(ed. cit., c. 82v). E vedi anche la lettera del Campano (ed. cit., c. E. VIIV).
59 Fubini, p. 12.

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UNA LETTERA DI LAPO DA CASTIGLIONCHIO 15

vantaggio del Biondo 60, per aver anche rispettato le leggi della a
storiografia : «Nam quae sunt primum hystoricis quasi impositae l
ut ne quid falsum admiscere audeant, ne quid verum praetermitt
ne ... a vera ac recta sententia deducantur, abs te diligentissime
servatae sunt» passo dove Lapo riprende integralmente Cicerone,
triplica anche quella che in lui era una sola legge, e sopratt
amplifica in un crescendo l'ultimo membro : invidia, gratia, metu
odio, cupiditate. I primi tre sostantivi, anche se in ordine inver
riportano — è interessante notarlo — senza possibilità per o
maggiori chiarimenti, ad un anonimo De historia, tramandato d
manoscritto in beneventana dell'ottavo secolo, che nel 1447 era an
conservato a Benevento61.
Ma importa soprattutto notare che l'opposizione del vero e del falso
introduce nella teorizzazione di Lapo un ulteriore sistema di controllo
e quindi di esclusione che, se può avere una validità, anche se parziale,
nella sfera dei fatti {acta) e della storia degli avvenimenti (eventus),
diventa invece discutibile nella storia delle idee (Consilia) ed in una
visione pedagogica della storia che deve essere utile (e conservo il
termine ciceroniano e di Lapo perchè estremamente significativo)
agentibus.
In una storia che vuole essere contemporanea, corollario al discri
minante dell'opposizione tra il vero ed il falso e diretta conseguenza
è la necessaria presenza dello storico ai fatti narrati e la sua abilità
nell'usare testimoni degni di fede e nel tralasciare tutto quello «quae
vero sermonem vulgi, auctorem rumoremque haberent, ut falsa et ficta »,
principio che costituisce un ulteriore sistema di esclusione62.

60 In un' altra sua opera, il Dialogus de Curiae Commodis, scritto nel 1438, cosi è
ricordato il Biondo : «Flavium Foroliviensera, virum non prudentem modo et gravem,
verum etiam ut duo superiores sui ordinis doctorum [Poggio Bracciolini e Cencio
de' Rustici] et in scribenda historia exercitatum, cui non nostri homines debere videntur,
quod maiorum consuetudinem referre ac renovare aggressus est et horum temporum res
gestas historiae monumentis persequi ac posteritati commendare»; edito in Prosatori
Latini del Quattrocento, a cura di E. Garin (Milano-Napoli, 1952), pp.206, 208.
61 E" edito in C. Halm, Rhetores latini minores (Lipsiae, 1863), pp. 588-589. Per il
manoscritto vedi E. A. Lowe, Scriptura Beneventana (Oxford, 1929), tav. IX, e A. Cam
pana, «Per la storia della biblioteca della cattedrale di Benevento», Bull. dell'Archivo
Paleografico Ita/., N. S., 2-3/1 (1956-57), pp. 157, 161. Per un commento al testo vedi
S. Mazzarino, Il pensiero storico classico, II/2 (Bari, 1966), pp. 13-14.
62 Nella lettera a Tobia del Borgo (ca. 1466) Guarino — riprendendo Serv. Aen. 1,
373 — dice; «Historia, ut plerisque placet auctoribus, earum rerum et temporum

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16 Μ. MIGLIO

Questo per il contenuto d


non sa abbandonare Cicero
di « sermones... congressu
Cicerone aveva affermato che nella storia sono narrate e descritte « et
regio saepe aut pugna ... interponuntur etiam contiones et hortationes »,
e che la storia aveva bisogno di un linguaggio diverso da quello dei
sofisti : « non haec contorta et acris oratio... sed tracta quaedam et
fluens expetitur » 63 che Lapo traduce : « Genus autem ipsum orationis
quale est, dii boni, quam fusum ac tractum, quam sine ullis salebris,
quam non vaste, neque hiulce, neque praepostere, non contorte sed
leniter, presse, aequabiliter fluens, a forensibus aculeis et iudiciali
asperitate seiunctum»; brano che ci rivela concretamente il modo di
lavorare di Lapo che integra i vari passi di Cicerone antologizzando
à&\YOrator e dal De oratore64.

*
* *

Come si è visto Lapo non propone


storiografia, ma come era già accad
ο meno completa, fa sue, implicitam
di Cicerone. Non per questo l'imp
Importante come testimonianza di
— che sarà il problema irrisolto de
le possibilità, che si possano intr
Importante per la possibilità che ab
con quali prospettive venisse recepi
Cicerone. Non esiste, come abbiamo
storiografia in Cicerone, che ha lasc

descriptio est, quae nostra vidit aut videre p


Il motivo è comune nella storiografia c
Romano), cf. G. Pirodda, « Per una lettura del
Letteratura, 13 (1967), pp. 340-341. Per la sto
63 Cic., orai. 66.
64 Lapo fa uso anche del lessico ciceronian
1, 50); elegantia (ibid.)·, copia (ibid. e 1, 8
dicendi vis (de orat. 1, 13 e 1, 260); variet
tractus (ibid.)·, sine ullis salebris (orat. 14); no
leviter (ibid.); aequabiliter (ibid.); claudicare
animadverti (ibid.); peregrinum (ibid.); redol

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UNA LETTERA DI LAPO DA CASTIGLIONCHIO 17

nell'Orator e nella epistola a Lucceio, tutti testi la cui conoscenz


stata tramandata praticamente senza soluzione di continuità n
medioevo ; più ο meno letti, più ο meno completi, ma sostanzialmen
traditi per le parti che trattavano del problema storiografico65.
L'aver fatto, quindi, di nuovo, ricorso a Cicerone non sarà sta
scelta casuale, ma critica, per una coincidenza di interessi e di prosp
tive, che trova la sua ragione d'essere nella insoddisfazione per quan
era stato fatto e che cerca nella teoria della storiografia un tentativ
reso più esplicito dalla lettura degli antichi — che rimanevano semp
i modelli — di ricostruire una tecnica valida.
La teoria della storiografia ha la sua ragione d'essere, in tal modo,
nel '300 e '400 da un esame critico e rimane operazione critica; ed è
una conferma, negli autori, del loro impegno per l'inserimento nella
situazione contemporanea, così che Guarino potrà dire: «Historia...
earum rerum et temporum descriptio est, quae nostra vidit aut videre
potuit aetas » 66.
Ne consegue che è concretamente impossibile considerare nel tre
quattrocento la teoria della storiografia come un genere letterario ο
tanto più come un aspetto della filosofia della storia, isolandola
artificiosamente dalle teorizzazioni degli storici di mestiere67.
Importante la lettera di Lapo, anche perchè affrontava teorizzando
anche un problema di lingua, ed all'interno di questa di un particolare
linguaggio e questo in un momento ed in un' età bilingue, quando
oramai il volgare aveva acquistato un suo spazio vitale, e quando, anche
in Italia, come a Firenze, si richiedeva in circostanze ufficiali — quali
i protesti di giustizia — l'uso del volgare68.
La richiesta di un particolare linguaggio — in questo caso indiretta
perchè fatta come approvazione dello stile del Biondo «in quo nihil
claudicare, nihil offendi, nihil animadverti possit, nihil denique insit,
quod peregrinum sonare aut redolere videatur» — restringe ulterior
mente l'area dei possibili scrittori e dei possibili fruitori e, natural
mente, prevede una, questa volta esplicita, esaltazione della lingua

65 Sabbadini, Storia, op. cit., pp. 76 sgg., e Sabbadini, La scoperta dei codici latini
e greci ne'secoli XIV e XV, 2 vols (Firenze, 1905-1914; edizione anastatica con nuove
aggiunte e correzioni dell'autore a cura di E, Garin, Firenze, 1967), [I], 100 e nota nr. 59.
66 Vedi sopra nota n. 62.
67 Cotroneo, pp. 3-8.
68 E. Santini, « La 'protestatio de iustitia' nella Firenze medicea del sec. XV »,
Rinascimento, 10 (1959), p. 35.

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18 Μ. MIGLIO

Latina ... collapsa et orbata


della storiografia in volgare
Inoltre la teoria della stor
sorvegliare, verificare, con
tare — gli scarti del lingua
ad un gruppo ristretto, ch
storia scritta69.
Non solo nella forma. Anche nei contenuti infatti Vars historica
diventa teorica ed idealizzazione di un modo di vita.
Chi scrive di storia acquista in tal modo un diritto privilegiato ed
esclusivo, tranne poi a vedere vanificato il proprio privilegio nella
completa identificazione e soggezione con la classe dirigente; così che
il suo nome, come autore di storia, scompare addirittura negli inventari
contemporanei delle biblioteche per lasciare tutto il valore ed il senso
dell'opera al soggetto di questa.
Scriverà in anni più tardi Bartolomeo Fonzio : « Ipsi vero reges ac
principes ob immortalem gloriam per historicos assequendam ad
praeclara facinora sunt incensi»70, ma svelerà in re e principi il limite
di questa storiografia, che esclude dalle sue prospettive altri riferimenti
sociali.

A conferma di quanto con geniale brevità Alcuino teorizzava al suo


allievo : «Quid est littera? Custos historiae»71.

69 Foucault, op. cit., pp. 32 sgg.


70 Citato in Cotroneo, p. 79.
71 W. Suchier. in L. W. Daly-W. Suchier, «Altercatio Hadriani Augusti et Epicteti
philosophi». University of Illinois Studies in Language und Literature, 14/1-2 (Urbana,
1939), pp. 137-143.

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UNA LETTERA DI LAPO DA CASTIGLIONCHIO 19

Lapus Flavio Forliviensi Pontifìcis Maximi secretarlo s.p.d. *

Cupienti mihi iam pridem, humanissime Flavi, ad te aliquid scrib


idque cognita mihi ex multorum nec obscuris nec incertis hominu
sermonibus virtus tua facere suaderet (et enim fui semper eruditor
virorum tuique similium studiosus) nihil sane occurrebat, quod quid
ad te scribendum putarem. Nam si ut ad amicum et familiärem, vereba
ne parum prudentis putaretur, cum nullus mihi10 superiori tempore us
tecum ac necessitudo intercessisset, sin ut ad extraneum atque alien
ne loquacis et inepti, quod ne ullum quidem necessarium haber
epistulae argumentum. Si autem te, ut saepe fit, ad amiciciamb) litt
provocarem, ne me iure contemneres, quippe qui ex me ipse nihil affer
possem quod amicicia tanti viri dignum videretur.
Sic nequec) tacendo quiescere prae amore et desiderio tui potera
necdl tibi homini vehementer occupato supervacaneis litteris obstre

* La lettera di Lapo da Castiglionchio il giovane a Flavio Biondo, di seguito ed


è nei seguenti manoscritti :
V = Città del Vaticano, Bibl. Vat., Ott. lat. 1677, ff. 208v-217r (P. L. Galletti, Inv
rium codicum manuscriptorum latinorum Bibliothecae Vaticanae Ottoboniana
Pars II, cc. 2-15v, Sala Barberini nr 3872; Luiso, p. 206; G. Mercati, Ultim
contributi alla storia degli umanisti. I. Traversariana, Studi e Testi 90 (Città
Vaticano, 1939), pp. 54 sg., 65, 95 sg.; P.O. Kristeller, Iter Italicum, II, 43
C = Como, Bibl. Comunale 4.4.6., ff. 347r-351v (Kristeller I, 47; visto in microfilm
R = Ravenna, Biblioteca Classense 182, ff. 117v-123r (Luiso, p. 206; Kristeller II, 8
visto in microfilm).
Ρ = Parigi, Biblioteca Nazionale 11388, ff. 57r-64r (Luiso, p.208: visto in microfil
Di notevole interesse è V, miscellaneo del sec. XV, cartaceo, appartenuto ad Ang
Altaemps (f. II : ex codicibus Joannis Angeli ducis ab Altaemps), che, per le carte
contengono l'epistolario di Lapo, ha una filigrana (ff. 134, 156, 174, 214, 225) vici
Bricquet 11614 (Bologna 1458; da tener presente che un tipo molto simile, ma
uguale nel disegno, molto più semplice, il nr. 11613 è di Bologna 1432 (e cf
filigrana del f. 177); all'inizio dell'epistolario, a f. 133: Ιησος Χρίστο; καΐ μα
alla fine, a f. 229 : reAos | πάμτα τωμ φίλωμ κοΐμα I omnia amicorum comunia |
χάρειν άμιμ | ^τανλος.
Un confronto con la scrittura in greco autografa di Lapo (Bibl. Vaticana, Urbin
greco 131) e gli errori, sembrano indicare che il copista di V, non molto esperto di gr
ha copiato da un testimone molto vicino all'originale preparato da Lapo (L'explicit g
è tra l'altro un'abitudine di Lapo; cf. Luiso, p.230).
a) sibi : V, P, R
b) amicum : C
c) nec : Ρ
d) et : V, Ρ

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20 Μ. MIGLIO

audebam. Sed hanc quid


nuper tu substulisti pe
facultatem, verum etiam t
mam attulisti declarastiqu
me tibi in posterum con
Johannes Aretinus, vir o
et amplitudinis cupidissi
volentia coniunctissimus,
(quod apparuit)h) animo
potui, quiaJ) partem hys
ipse etiam ex te perhuma
et postea quam per eun
humanitate certe et facil
expectationem meam.
Nam ad omnia quae ad m
pertinerent, mihi officium
pollicitus es, ac reliquum
meae fidei commisisti, quo
tarnenn) illud extremum
liberalitas quaedam natur
praecipuum ac singular
officio, benignitate, amb
solemus, haec autem int
confirmata iam amicitia
Itaque hystoriam ipsam
quoddam ets) testimoniu
e) comunicationem : V
f) materiam : C
g) ut : C
h) quod apparuit : om. Ρ, V, C
i) amare coepisti : P, R
j) quod : C, Ρ
k) perurbane : C
1) craedo : V
m) etsi ita : ita : deletum Ρ
η) tum : Ρ
ο) quam : V
ρ) eo : C
q) natura : Ρ
r) expectata : V, R
s) et : om. V, Ρ

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UNA LETTERA DI LAPO DA CASTIGLIONCHIO 21

ut sperare possim hanc inter nos amiciciam huiusmodi ins


initiis"aut perpetuam aut certe diuturnam fore.
Verumtamen non magis mihi ipsi in hoc gratulandum puto
universo generi et nomini latino, cui tu tuis litteris tantum lu
5 ornamentum attuleris, tametsi enim habeamusu) principe
eloquentiae Leonardum Aretinum qui hoc scribendi genu
excoluerit atque exornaverit, ut ubertate materiae magnitudi
rerum gestarum, et scriptorum numero, veteribus quidem perm
scriptoris autem elegantia, copia, suavitate*', quantum a
10 pertinety), nulla ex parte cedere videamur, tarnen is patriae tantu
res gestas complexus est, tu autem reliquas ex universa Italia m
dignas, quae praetermissa ab eo queri quodammodo neglecta e
tuta scriptoremque suum deposcere ac flagitare videbanturw),
libus tuis (ut appellas) libris copiosissime atque ornatissime prosecu
15 Quo quidem haud scio an humanius quicquam aut officiosi
communem utilitatem uberius sit autz) in quo tu melius de tu
nibus promereri possis.
Et enim si eos qui in phylosophia, geometria1", musica, ast
aliquid scripserunt hodieque scribunt, tantopere colere atque a
20 solemus, quo studio illos, qua benivolentia, quo amore com
oportet, qui vel maiorum nostrorum res gestas vel etiam
temporis suis scriptis illustrarunt ?
Illi enim tantum prosunt eis qui hisdemb) studiis dediti sunt,
cunctis non eruditis modo hominibus, verum etiam multitudin
25 est enim qui aliquem modo sensum humanitatis habeat, qu
magnopere hystoria ipsa delectet. Non enim hystoriae una atque
simplex subiectad) materies, nec uni tantum — ut aiunt — sectae
addictae) etn consecrata est, sed varia multiplex et late patens et

t) initus : C
u) habeam : Ρ
χ) suavitas : C
y) attinet : C, Ρ
w) videbatur : V, R
z) officiosius, aut ad communem utilitatem uberius sit aut : om. V
a) geometrica : R
b) iisdem : C, Ρ
c) qui : Ρ
d) subiecta : om. V
e) abdicta : C ; addita : Ρ
0 et : om. C

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22 Μ. MIGLIO

pluribus ex artibus studiisqu


magna sententiarum ubertas,
variae consiliorum rationes,
ad suum commodum aliquid
Quid igitur potest esse ut
fortiter, vel acta prudente
feruntur, memoriter tenere,
aetatum ac temporum succe
morum et principum, tum
publicarum res, terra, mari
gentium et nationum mores
unum quasi sub aspectum p
intueri oculis videare?
Hinc tamquamh| ex aliquo fonte uberrimo in omnes vitae partes
praecepta elici possunt : quae ratio sit domesticae rei administrandae,
quo pacto regenda et gubernanda " res publica, quibus causis bella
suscipienda, qua ratione gerendaj) quousque prosequenda sint, quomodo
tractandae amiciciae, ineunda foedera, iungendae societates, quo
sedandi populorum motus, quo sediciones comprimendae. Hinc mag
num aliquem et sapientern virum deligere, possumusk), cuius omnia
dieta, facta, provisa, consulta imitemur. Hinc latissimus oratorum
campus. Hinc illa uberrima" dicendi copia suppeditatur nobis, cum
volumus homines ab aliquo vitio deterrere aut impellere ad virtutem,
aut temere concitatos reprimere et cohercere m) aut abiectos et perditos
ad decus, ad honestatem, ad gloriam excitare, aut suadere pacem, aut
a bello dehortari.
Quis enim ignorai quantum in dicendo sententiae nostrae ponderis
sint habiturae, cum possumus exempla plaena dignitatis, plaena aucto
ritatis ex omni antiquitate proferre. Quarum rerumn) qui animo et
scientia compotes sunt0) ii praestantes viri, ii eloquentes, ii publici

g) tarn : V ; cum : R
h) hinc tamquam : om. C
i) administranda : R
j) gerenda : om. V, C
k) possimus : R
1) ultima : R
m) cohortare : C
n) erant : add. C, Ρ
ο) sunt : om. C, P; supra lineam add. V

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UNA LETTERA DI LAPO DA CASTIGLIONCHIO 23

consilii duces, ii principes civitatis habendi, iisp) totius rei publi


cura atque administratio committenda, eorum Consilio et auctori
omnia sunt gerenda, ii denique sibi ipsis patriae ac civibus s
ornamento ac praesidio esse possunt.
Quod si ita est, ut esse apparet, cum tanta sit in animis homin
cognitionis et scientiae innata cupiditas, ut ubicumque id consequ
posse confidant, eo sibi omni studio incumbendum putent, adept
beati sibi esse videantur, nonne haecq) plurimi nobis cognitio facie
est ex qua una" tantum delectationis et commodi capiatur.
Ego sic existimo, quanto praestat aliquid iuste, constanter, moder
sapienter facere, quam cuiuscumque alterius rei peritiam vel summ
tenere, tanto eam facultatem qua haec nobis comparentur caet
omnibus dignitate praestare. Nam aliae fere omnes partim5
cognoscenda pervestigandaque rerum natura occupate ad usum com
vitae nil conferunt, sed cognitionis tantummodo atque animi gra
queruntur, partim ad delectationem inanem, tum" ad splendorem
gloriam, nulla subiecta vitae utilitate discuntur, ut qui illis stude
eum ego vereu), utv) arbitror, aliena curare, qui se ad legen
cognoscendasque hystorias conferant, hunc suum negocium gere
dixerim. Quare qui hoc rectissimo atque honestissimo contempto
studio illa sequatury), is multiw) inutilis" sibi perniciosus suis iudicand
est, atque ex conventu et societate civium repellendus. Si enim reli
in rebusa), quae non minus attingunt nescire, decipi, errare,
miserum ac turpe ducimus, quanto hoc non miserius modo et turp
verum etiamb) superbius intolerabiliusque profiteri sec| subtilissimarum
et difficillimarum rerum cognitionem tenere quae facillima cognitu es
ρ) his : V
q) hac : V ; hoc : R
r) una : om. Ρ
s) parum : Ρ
t) cum : Ρ
u) vere : ora. V
v) ut : om. V
x) contento : R; content : V
y) illa sequatur : om. V
w) multi : om. Ρ
ζ) inutilis : om. V, R
a) in rebus reliquis : C, Ρ
b) eciam : C
c) te : C
d) esse : om. V, R

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24 Μ. MIGLIO

videnture), nescire, abdita "


positag) in oculis non videre,
cum sis humanis de rebus ni
scire, remotissimah) specta
incognita praeterire; quae nih
quae versantur inter homine
in quibus summa honestas, s
atque ignarum videri, denique i
pro alienis nostra negligere.
Sed ut ad illud me referam,
praeclaras et arduas vehemen
excitare atque incendere poss
hocj) valere deberet, tarnen
spectent, defuerint, languesc
imbecilla esse videtur. Ac vel
viator, non libenter neque au
duce ingreditur iter facturus
celsoque", adeom) decoris et h
qui non titubet parumper atq
a nemine antea non dico fa
videat0'.
Cum autem magnum quemp
commodi, non mercedis, pro
incolumitate susceptum aut au
efferimus, id stupefacti admira
cupimus, quod in fabulis pict
etiam siq) fictae res sint, tar
e) videatur : C
f) abdicta : V, R
g) posita : om. V
h) remotissime : V, R
i) ni : V
j) ab hoc : V, R; ab hec : C
k) ita : C; sic : om. Ρ
1) excelsoque : C
m) tamquam : Ρ
η) decori et honestati : C
o) pervideat : V, R
p) se : R
q) si : om. V, R
r) non : Ρ

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UNA LETTERA DI LAPO DA CASTIGLIONCHIO 25

eos quorum vel aliquods) praeclarum facinus proditum accepim


in tabula expressum aspeximus summa benivolentia complectam
Quod° si haec tantam vim habentu) quosv) hystoriam stim
virtutem habituram putamus, in qua non fictae personae indu
sed verae, non commentitiaew) res sed gestae, non artificii oste
gratia editae orationes sed ut feruntur habitae exprimuntur.
Cuius enim lectoris animus non maxime inflammeturx), cum T
phylarum cladem, Codri necem, Themistoclis fugam et interit
Epimanundae mortem extremo spiritu clypeum requirentis, tael
ey) vulnere evelliz) iubentis, aliorumque Graeciae principu
dissimiles casus percurrere, repetitis hystoriarum monumentis nolu
Quis adeo socorsb>, adeo virtutis hostis, quemc| non Fabiorum De
ac si qui iisd) similes extiterunt mortese) pro patria obire0 ad s
virtutem et similem factum exigere8' possit? Equidem me herc
me enimh) ipso coniecturam faciam'1) cum ea lego velj)lecta int
mente et cogitatione repeto, sic afficiork), ut eos non mod
clarissimos atque excellentissimos fuisse concedam, verum etiam illo
interitum, eorum omnium0 pro quorum salute ceciderunt, pr
dumm) putem quae quidem nobis omnia incognita forentn) nis
eloquentissimi viri litteris memoriaeque prodidissent.

s) aliquid : V, R, Ρ
t) quid : V, R
u) haberet : C
v) quos : orti. C
w) commentiae : V, R ; commentie : Ρ
χ) inflammatur : C
y) a: R
z) avelli : V, R
a) voluerit : C
b) socors, adeo : om. V ; sacros : R; secors : C
c) quem : om. R
d) his : V, R
e) montes : C
f) obi : Ρ
g) errigere : C
h) enim : add. C
i) facio : C
j) vel : om. Ρ
k) affido : V, R
1) animum : R
m) properendum : C, R
n) forent : om. V, R
o) ea : om. V, R

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26 Μ. MIGLIO

Iam vero quodp) in maxi


plurimum valere videtur, s
splendideque gesserint, fam
memoriae propagatimi iri s
potest, qua una in re, quan
colligi queat.
Nec enim arbitror Philippum Macedoniae clarissimum et sapientis
simum regem, nec eius filium Alexandrum divitiarum aut imperii
tantum cupiditate impulsos de regno, de capite fortunisqueq) omnibus
adr) certamen totiens ad discrimen venire voluisse, nulla spe immortali
tatis proposita. Nec e nostris Mutium Scevolam, Decios, Maximos,
Emilios, Brutos, Scipiones atque eius generis pene innumerabiles, tot
labores periculaque unquam suscepturos fuisse si existimassent eam
gloriam quam periclitando assecuti erant una cum corpore perituram,
nec litterarum praeconiis infinita saecula permansura. Hac igitur spe
freti se pro brevi vita sempiternum nomen habituros, non incommoda,
non pericula, non vulnera, non mortem denique recusabant; iiss)
aliisque compluribus, cum hystoria perutilis" sit agentibus, ociosis
etiam contemnenda nullo modo.
Nec est enim ullum Studium praeclarius, nec ocio ingenuou) dignius,
quam hoc quo status totius orbis singulis aetatibus qui fuerit, quibus
imperiis distributusv), quotquew) in eo mutationes cognoscere possumus;
qui maximarum urbium conditores, qui artium inventores extiterintx),
quis primus hominum genus rude et agreste instruxerit, quis in civitates
coegerity), quis ei leges dederit, quis cultus deorum religionesque
induxerit, quis navigationem, quis agriculturam, quis litteras primus
docuerit, quis rem militarem tractare coeperit. Atque, utz) uno com
picciar verbo, ex hoc studio omnium rerum humanarum causae,
rationes, principia, eventusque veluti quodam ex oraculo depromuntur.

ρ) quid : V, R
q) de fortunis : C
r) ad : om. R; in : C, Ρ
s) hiis : C
t) pertulisset : C
u) otioso ingenio : Ρ
ν) distributis : R
w) quodque : R
x) extiterunt : Ρ
y) egerit : C
z) ut; om. R

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UNA LETTERA DI LAPO DA CASTIGLIONCHIO 27

Quibus rebus tametsi nihil inesseta) utilitatisb), ut est certe plurimumc),


voluptate tamen et delectatione lectorem allicere atque retinere possen
Quae quidem tu, mi Flavid), optime perspexisse videris, qui in tam
laboriosa vita, tot, tantis, tam variis, tam assiduis occupationibus tu
quibus praeter te qui sufficeret non facile reperiri posset, ne quide) tibi
vacuum laboris tempus reliquisse videretur0, hoc tibi scribendi genu
potissimum delegisti, ut prodesses nobis industria tua, et te una cum
multis, quorum memoria perbrevi evanuissetg) immortalitati comme
dar es.

In quo tibi — ut mihi vereh) videor dicere — sapientius consuluisti,


quam plaerique Fecerunt. Illi enim cum ingenii laudem cuperent, et
vetustatis" studiosi existimari vellent, res quam longe a memoria sua
remotas conquisiveruntj), de quibus cum multi extarent, iam hystorico
rum libri copiosissime elegantissimeque conscriptik), multo aliter ipsis
evenit atque opinati fuerant, ut neque eam quam quererent laudem
assequerentur, quod " veteribus illis eloquentia pares esse m) non potueren)
et nostrorum hominum quos debito praeconio defraudassent in0)
invidiam et offensionem incurrerent.
Tu vero cum vetera reliquisses non inertia sed Consilio, quodp) ea
satis superque iam vulgata duceres, necql abs te diligentius scribi, nec
copiosius ornari quirent, nostra autem animadverteresr) praeclara
illa quidem esse, si quis in lucem proferre vellet, sed contempta8' in

a) inesse : V, R, C
b) utilitas : R
c) in : add. Ρ ante voluptate
d) que mi Flavi quidem tu : V, C
e) quod : C
f) viderere : C, Ρ
g) evanisset : V, R
h) vere mihi : Ρ; mihi : om. R
i) veritatis : Ρ
j)| conquesierunt : C, R; con add. Ρ
k) scripti : C
1) quod : om. R
m) pares esse eloquentia : R
n) potuerunt : Ρ
ο) in : om. C, R
p) quia : V
q) vel : Ρ
r) adverteres : V
s) contenta : V, R

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28 Μ. MIGLIO

obscuritate quadam ac t
illustranda te contulisti u
strenue recteque aut contr
modo vivos latere non po
necesse est plurimos abs
cupiditate saepe nominis
inertia desidiaque esse dep
Itaque simul et comparat
sane et inutilemy) cum
virtutis atque officii laud
scribendum copiam varieta
veteribus contendisses, nu
Nam quae sunt primumb)
falsumc) admiscere audeantd
gratia, metu, spe, odio, cupiditate, a vera ac recta sententia 15
deducantur, abs te diligentissime conservatae sunt. Nam et plerisque
ipse, ut opinor, interfuisti rebus gerendis et quibus minus interfuisses
eas investigando et percunctando ab hiise> apud quos gestae essent"
didicisti, e quibus quaeg) locupletissimis testibus niterentur, pro veris
probasti; quae vero sermonem vulgi auctorem rumoremque haberent, 20
ut falsa ac ficta omisistih).
Deinde, ea sine quibus hystoria illustris esse non potest, ordinem
temporum, locorum descriptiones, tum Consilia, acta, eventus miro
artificio prosecutus es, ut quod probandum videretur, summa cum"

t) et : C
u) eaque : Ρ
ν) ad : C
w) spe : om. C; saepe V
x) excitatas : V ; excitares : Ρ
y) et : add. C
z) cum : Ρ
a) elegantiam : C
b) primum ex primo supra Un. corr. Ρ
c) filum : C
d) audebant: V
e) his : V, C
f) sunt : deletum Ρ
g) quae : om. V, R
h) ommisisti : V, R
i) cum : om. V

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UNA LETTERA DI LAPO DA CASTIGLIONCHIO 29

gravitate probares, quod improbandum sine ullaJ) cupidità te damnare


nec solum quodk) actum gestumve, sed etiam quo pacto quodq
gestum foret exponeres causasque rerum omnium peritissime in medium
proferres, quid casus attulerit, quid invidia conflarit, quid error affixeri
quid sapientia providerit, quid temeritas attentarit", sermones praeterea,
congressus concionesque habitas, rogata, responsa unicuique servata
personarum dignitate attribueres, quae significant prudentiam scriptoris
et diligentiam et ipsam probabilioremm) hystoriam reddunt.
Genus autem ipsum orationis quale est, dii boni, quam fusumn) ac
tractum0), quam sine ullisp) salebris, quam non vaste, nequeq) hiulcer
neques) praepostere, non contorte sed leniter, presse, aequabilit
fluens, a forensibus aculeis et" iudiciali asperitate seiunctum, tu
propriis aptis latinisque verbis unamquamque rem explicans, in quo
nihil claudicare, nihil offendi, nihil animadverti possit, nihil deniqu
insit, quod peregrinum sonare aut redolere videatur, ut, meo quide
iudicio, omni iam laude cumulatus hystoricus inter veteres illo
praestantissimos rerum scriptores, non immerito collocandus sisu|.
Sed longius amore provehor, nunc pro re ipsa et epistolae lege sati
multa, pro mea voluntate nimis pauca, ita enim te diligo ut cum a m
multa de tuis laudibus dieta sint, plura mihi adhucv) dicenda superes
existimem.
Quare ut iam scribendi modum faciam, primum, ut debeo, et ut offtei
ratio postulaiw), communi causa gratulor, te talem ac tantum virum
hoc animo etx) Consilio praeditum, hac aetate nostra non humanitatey

j) ulla : om. V, R
k) quia : Ρ
1) attemptarit : V
m) probabilem : V, P, R
n) fussum : R
o) tactum : V ; fractum : Ρ
ρ) illis : V, R
q) neque : V, C
r) hiulse : C
s) non : P, C
t) a : C
u) sis : om. R
v) adhuc mihi : C, Ρ
w) expostulat : ex deletum Ρ
χ) communi ... animo et : om. C
y) humanitas : C, Ρ

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30 Μ. MIGLIO

sed fato2' quodam divino g


tuis scriptis a posteritatisa)
que linguam collapsam et o
deinde pro meo privato mune
industriam, non probo solu
cupio et opto, tum te vehem
suscepto onere in spem tan
laetentur 1
Haec ego ad te scripsi, n
abundo ingenio ut id apud
is esh), qui cohortatione cu
ad omnia rectissima studiaJ
meum sine ulla assentacion
itak) prior ad amiciciam
possem, nec tibi iam volent
contra aliquid afferrem, t
astringerem. Hanc igitur ep
foedus inter nos amiciciae e
quod ni fallor perpetuo eri
causa sanctum inviolatum
statueris, tuis mihi litteris s
Vale, ex Bononia VI Idus A

ζ) facto : V
a) posteris : Ρ
b) vendicaret : C
c) mutiere : om. Ρ
d) errexeris : V
e) iidem : R
f) latemur : V, R
g) minus : V
h) esses : V, R
i) cuiusque : V
j) studia rectissima : R
k) ita me : C, Ρ
1) sic : om. V; si : R; fac : C
m) te : V, R
n) quoque : om. Ρ
ο) fatiendum : C
p) 1437: om. V, C, R, Ρ

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John .Mulryan

VENUS, CUPID AND THE ITALIAN MYTHOGRAPHERS *

Recent scholarship on the uses of mythology in the renaissance has


tended to emphasize the dependence of the writer on cpntemporary
mythological sources and to de-emphasize his possible use of originai
Greek and Latin sources. Among the numerous renaissance commen
taries and compendiums of mythology, the most obviously useful were
the mythographies, the criticai compendiums of myth that originated
in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries with the great treatises of the
Italian mythographer's : the Genealogia Deorum of Giovanni Boccaccio,
the Historia De Deis Gentium of Lilio Gregorio Giraldi, the Imagini
De Gli Dei Delli Antichi of Vincenzo Cartari, and the Mythologia of
Natale Conti1.
It is the purpose of this paper to evaluate the relative merits of the
four great Italian mythographers through an analysis of their common
treatment of a coherent body of myth : the very populär love myths
of Venus and Cupid. I wish generally to indicate the strengths and
weaknesses of each mythographer as a potential source for renaissance
writers, and specifically to reveal their common synthesis and recapi
tulation of medieval and renaissance love themes.
However, the exposition and Interpretation of the Venus-Cupid myth
by the Italian mythographers cannot be considered apart from the
prevailing attitudes toward love in the renaissance, for they were
influential in forming and strengthening those attitudes, and in

* This paper was originally presented in briefer form at the South-Central Renaissance
Conference, held at the University of Houston (Texas, U.S.A.) in March, 1973.
1 Ali subsequent references to the four great Italian mythographers will be to the
following editions of their mythographies : Giovanni Boccaccio, Genealogie Deorum
Gentilium Libri edited by Vincenzo Romano, 2 vols (Bari, 1951); Lilio Gregorio Giraldi,
De Deìs gentium varia & multiplex historia (Basel, 1560); Vincenzo Cartari, Le Imagini
Con La Sposinone De 1 Dei De Gliantichi (Venice, 1556); Natale Conti, Mythologia
(Frankfurt, 1581). Translations are my own.

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32 J. MULRYAN

providing the creative artist w


aesthetic vision of love.
The basic attitude toward love in the renaissance was to treat it as
an ambiguous and paradoxical phenomenon. In one way it was
regarded as a disease or a madness; the traditional renaissance
emphasis on the cultivation of the reason insured that love as an
emotional experience would be eschewed2. In another way, however,
love was viewed as a trernendous ennobling force3 that perfected human
character and enabled man, as Pico said, to become like a god4.
These two views can be categorized according to the two great
movements in love in the medieval and renaissance periods — l'amor
courtois or courtly love5 and neoplatonism. So-called courtly love
emphasized the debilitating effects of love on the lover, and his
madness 6 ; neoplatonism the ennobling effects of the love relationship,

2 Marsilio Ficino Claims that "Vulgaris amor est sanguinis perturbatio". Cf. the
autograph manuscript reproduced in Raymond Marcel, ed. Morsile Ficin, Commentaire
sur le banquet de Platon, Les Classiques De L'Humanisme (Paris, 1956), p. 252. Ali
subsequent references to Ficino are to this edition.
3 Cf. Ficino : p. 235 : "Quomodo anima a corporis pulchritudine ad dei pulchritudinem
elevetur". And Baldasarre Castiglione, Il Libro del Cortigiano, edited by Giulio Preti
(Torino, 1960), p.428 : "... l'amor ragionale è più felice che'l sensuale Castiglione
also asserts (pp. 425-426) that Beauty is bodiless and should not be linked with the
foulness of matter: "...e prima considerar che'l corpo, ove quella bellezza risplende,
non è il fonte ond'ella nasce, anzi che la bellezza, per esser cosa incorporea e, come
avemo detto, un raggio divino, perde molto della sua dignità trovandosi congiunta con
quel subietto vile e corruttibile; perché tanto più è perfetta quanto men di lui participa
e da quello in tutto separata è perfetissima ...". (This and ali subsequent references to
Castiglione are to the Preti edition).
4 "Si intellectualia, angelus erit et Dei filius, et si nulla creaturarum sorte contentus
in unitatis centrum suae se receperit, unus cum Deo spiritus factus, in solitaria Patris
caligine qui est super omnia constitutus omnibus antestabit". Giovanni Pico della
Mirandola, De Dignitate Hominis, edited by Eugenio Garin, Edizione nazionale dei
classici del pensiero italiano, I (Firenze, 1942), p. 106. Ali subsequent references to
Pico are to this edition.

5 The term "Courtly Love" has occasioned so much controversy that the scholar
uses it at his perii. I have employed the term here in the restrictive sense of love as
it appears in the literature of the Middle Ages, without reference to actual love
practise in medieval society. Cf. Andreas Capellanus, De amore libri tres, recensuit
E. Trojel (Copenhagen, 1892; second unchanged reprint: München, 1972) for the
standard summary of the courtly love code, and The Meaning of Courtly Love, edited
by Francis X. Newman (Albany, 1968), for some modem views on the problem.
6 For Capellanus, Love is suffering caused by an attraction for a member of the
opposite sex (Book one, introduction to the treatise on love). Castiglione says that

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VENUS, CUPID AND THE ITALIAN MYTHOGRAPHERS 33

and the spiritual rather than the physical aspects of love. Courtly love
may be examined in Andreas Capellanus and Jean de Meun, neo
platonism in Marsilio Ficino and Baldesare Castiglione.
Courtly love is extravagant in its praise of womankind, but is
basically antifeminist in that the woman is portrayed as a scornful
mistress and ultimately loses her status when she engages in the physical
act of sex7 ; neoplatonism is pro-feminist in that the lady is the source
of Inspiration for the lover ; she enables him to develop himself as a
person and ultimately, like all beautiful creatures, leads him back to
God, full circle through all the marvels of creation8. In courtly love,
the bodily passion is the beginning and end of love ; in neoplatonism,
if the body is not condemned outright9, it is regarded as simply a
stage in the development of the love relationship, which actually
culminates in a totally dematerialized identification of the lover with
the soul of the beloved 10.
On the practical side, and apart from the personal development the

"... perché ancora nel principio e nel mezzo di questo amore altro non si sente già mai
che affanni, tormenti, dolori, stenti, fatiche; di modo che l'esser pallido, afflitto, in
continue lacrime e sospiri, il star mesto, il tacer sempre ο lamentarsi, il desiderar di
morire, in somma l'esser infelicissimo, non le condicioni che si dicono convenir agli
inamorati" (p. 415).
7 "Quapropter libido coitus, id est, coeundi, et amor, non modo non iidem motus
sed et contrarli esse monstrantur... Turbulentus autem ardor, quo ad lasciviam
rapimur, cum ad deformitatem trahat, amori contrarius iudicatur" (Ficino, p. 143).
See also the plucking of the rose in Jean de Meun's Roman de la Rose, pp. 462-464
(New York, 1962).
8 "Divina vero hec speties in omnibus amorem, hoc est, sui desiderium procreavit.
Quoniam si deus ad se rapit mundum mundusque rapitur, unus quidam continuus
attractus est a deo incipiens, transiens in mundum, in deum denique desinens, qui quasi
circulo quodam in idem unde manavit iterum remeat". (Ficino, p. 146).
9 Cf. the Hermetica, where the body is referred to as follows (Corpus Hermeticum,
edited by A. D. Knock (Paris 1960), I, vii, 81-82) : πρώτον 8ε Sci σε ττερψρήξασθαι òv φο
ρείς χιτώνα, το της άγνωσίας ύφασμα, το της κακίας στηρυγμα, τον της φθοράς δεσμό ν, τον
σκοτεινον ττερίβολον, τον ζώντα θάνατον, τον αίσθητόν νεκρόν, τον περιφόρητον τάφον, τον
ενοικον ληστην, τον δι'ών φιλεΐ μιοονντα και δι'ων μισεί φθονονντα.

10 Love, according to Castiglione, must progress from the lowest 'scala' : "Indiriciamo
adunque tutti i pensieri e le forze dell'anima nostra a questo santissimo lume, che ci
mostra la via che al ciel conduce; e drieto a quello, spogliandoci gli affetti che nel
descendere ci eravamo vestiti, per la scala che nell'infimo grado tiene l'ombra di
bellezza sensuale ascendiamo alla sublime stanzia ove abita la celeste, amabile e vera
bellezza, che nei secreti penetrali di Dio sta nascosta, acciò che gli occhi profani veder
non la possano..." (pp. 436-437).

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34 J. MULRYAN

lover experiences from contac


in the renaissance as the sourc
in animals is the immediate
philosophers and the mythogra
earthly and the heavenly Venus,
of the world through procreat
spiritual qualities of love. The
of Cupid or Love; thus love co
Cupid's boyhood state indicate
and therefore the creator of
after he emerged from Chaos, B
of Cupid, becomes the mother
or Love through Beauty just
Jesus through Mary. The paral
Venus-Cupid was not overtly d
graphers or philosophers, but
discussions of love and beauty.
Both the philosophers and the
the paradoxical nature of love
Cupid myth. Venus is beautifu
has the lascivious charms of t
and love affair with Mars have
but they also indicate, allegor
Venus is both weak and power
but also the ability to hold a l
to borrow Spenser's phrase.
However, most of the parado
Cupid : he is a silly little boy,
is also the youngest of the go
well as the honesty of unad
irrationality of passion, but he
sight, the prophetic vision of H
and Poverty, to indicate that
physical destitution that Love
was both positive and negativ

11 Cf. Ficino, Oratio Secunda, Caput


Venere" (p. 153).
12 The Poetry of Edmund Spenser, e
1960), Amoretti 1.

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VENUS, CUPID AND THE ITALIAN MYTHOGRAPHERS 35

foolish, creative and destructive, a source of both life and death, beauty
and ugliness, good and evil. All of these paradoxes are expressed
beautifully through the Venus-Cupid myth, and, as I hope to show,
most definitively and conveniently in the mythographies of the great
Italian masters.

II.

In his chapters on Venus and Cupid 13, Boccaccio mingles narrative


and Interpretation, and adopts no systematic plan to distinguish
between different kinds and levels of Interpretation. Venus is discussed
as procreator, as prostitute, and as the astrological or heavenly Venus.
He also relates the conventional story of the doves and swans that
pull the chariot of Venus and gives them the usuai symbolic values,
respectively, of passion and feminine elegance. Quite naturally Venus
bora from the sea is concerned with the physical or scientific aspects
of the myths, the influence of the planet Venus on sexual intercourse,
procreation, marriage, and the effects of moisture on sensual desire.
Her nudity signifies alertness and readiness, and the mad agitation of
lovers. Another Venus is worshiped by the Cyprian women as a
prostitute, and a third gives birth to Amor through an adulterous
liaison with Mars, the god of war.
Boccaccio is fascinated by the proximity of love to madness and
discourses on the bittersweet qualities of love. He speaks of a sea-born
Venus, daughter of the sea and the mutilated parts of Saturn, as well
as an armed Venus, the goddess that combines the attributes of love
and war. The paradoxical nature of love is symbolized in the rose of
Venus : it is thorny and as red as blood, a symbol of the mixture of
pleasure and pain, beauty and ugliness, that constitute love.
Boccaccio omits the historical Interpretation from his accounts of
Cupid and concentrates on the moral implications of so many writers
worshiping the power of a foolish boy who is noted for his beauty

13 One of the basic problems with Boccaccio's account of the Venus-Cupid myth is
the extensive and confusing proliferation of Information over numerous chapters
organized according to genealogy : III, xxxi, "De Hermafrodito et Veneris filio"; III, xxii,
"De Venere magna VI Celi filia"; III, xxiii, "De secunda Venere Celi VII filia et matre
Cupidinis"; III, xxiv, "De Cupidine Veneris filio" ; IX, iv, "De Cupidine 1 Martis filio,
qui genuit Voluptatem"; IX, v, "De Voluptate filia Cupidinis"; XI, iv, "De Venere
Iovis XI Filia, quae peperit Amorem"; XI, v, "De Amore XII Iovis filia".

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36 J. MULRYAN

and lascivious manner. Cupid


minds of lovers; their instabilit
weakness and vulnerability thro
arrows; his blindness teaches us
which we must overcome or cont
In contrast to Boccaccio's fre
seldom expresses an independent
When he does add an Interpret
about the various cognomens a
invariably the Interpretation o
cataloguesstory after story of d
many that are simple derivations
significance. Venus is the godde
are two Venuses according to P
heavenly Venus, but there ma
harmony. However, his emphasis
Venus, and her procreative quali
He says little about the control
and swan story is repeated, and
and credited with being the fir
Information is presented by wa
sense ali of the myths are placed
the cognomens, and the reasons
physical or moral Interpretation. For example, Venus was called
Dexicreantis because she purified the women of that place and saved
them from their own debauchery (moral Interpretation) and Astarte
Venus because the Phoenicians worshiped her as a star under that
name (physical Interpretation). He repeats Boccaccio's indictment of
Venus as a mocker of lovers' vows, but he does not dwell on the
pains of lovers or use Boccaccio's method of using the ancient example
to comment on the perennial state of man. Giraldi is a scholar with
ali of the scholar's limitations: pedantry, an encyclopedic mania, and
a lack of concern with the application of his findings to contemporary
problems.
His comment on love begins with the numerous theories of love's
parentage and descriptions and concludes with an analysis and
Interpretation of love's cognoments. Love or Cupid is changeable and
superficial, frivolous and talkative, and the conqueror of ali men. He
is nude because desire is obvious and open; he is called Sagittarius

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VENUS, CUPID AND THE ITALIAN MYTHOGRAPHERS 37

because love "is seized by a look, as if a wound were inflicted from


afar, and they dare not attack the beautiful. He is called Geminus
not only since his mother was Venus Gemina, but also because he is
heavenly and celestial, and because he has a double sex" 14. Love is
blind because the lover cannot recognize true beauty; in short love is
disgraceful, shameful and insane.
It is obvious that Giraldi provides the reader with plenty of material
and interpretations about Venus and Cupid, but his very comprehen
siveness makes it impossible to distinguish the more important fact
from the less important. The reader is confronted with a barrage of
material with no principle of selection available to hi'm and little
assistance from an author who seldom chooses to speak in his own
voice.
However, Giraldi did provide the renaissance with the first scholarly
history of the gods, and was the first Compiler to see a connection
between locai rites of devotion in pagan times and the developing
history of the pagan gods. He also represents an advance in the
history of religion and of thought in general, for he does try to avoid
a formal allegorical Interpretation of each god along literal, historical,
and physical lines15. Unfortunately, his refusai to multiply interpreta
tions of pagan literature rendered his work less useful to the renaissance
artist or writer in search of a theme or an approach from pagan
mythology.
While Giraldi elects to be an historian of the gods, Cartari limits
himself almost entirely to a moral Interpretation in the pictorial tradition.
The Marcolini preface to the first edition notes that the book was
meant to be useful to sculptors and artists as well as poets, and
Cartari is indeed the first modem writer "to attempi the explanation
of ancient works of art" 16.
For Cartari, Venus is the goddess of lust and sensuousness. While
the other mythographers give equal emphasis to the heavenly and the
earthly Venus, Cartari concentrates heavily upon the earthly Venus.
She is the mother of love and in charge of both beauty and marriages,

14 "... quod amore capti ab aspectu, quasi vulnere a longe feriantur, necque audeant
formosos attingere ... Geminus Cupido cognominatus ... ut mater Venus Gemina ... quod
scilicet coelestis sit... sed etiam propter geminum sexum" (p. k iv).
15 Cf. Don Cameron Alien, Mvsteriously Meant : The Rediscovery of Pagan Symbolism
and Allegorical Interpretation in The Renaissance (Baltimore, 1970), p. 221.
16 Alien, p. 232.

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38 J. MULRYAN

and she represents that hidden


drawn to generation. He repeat
and innocent swans and interpr
cannot be hidden, or that love
other. He also provides a physi
the death of Adonis : "Thus t
the cloak represents to us the e
Cartari constantly utilizes th
appear in different statues to d
goddess : in one statue, Venus
shape of the world in her righ
apples ; with her are the three
in the mutuai amity of love. Sh
over the birth of love among
sweet and amorous smeli. Many
including one where her foot r
as an antithesis to lascivious pl
their proper place is in the ho
Venus and the bearded or herm
appear in Giraldi and Conti.
Cartari emphasizes the emotio
its spiritual qualities. True to h
a physical description of Cupid
he carries in his hand, etc. He
to Cupid's appearance, but this often serves as a direction to
artists. For example, his red color suggests the power to inflame ali
parts of the body, and the torch he carries indicates the fire of
amorous ardor. Many of the moral points he makes about Cupid are
drawn from an analysis of specific statues of the god, who usually
appears as many loves rather than as one; the loves holding a fierce
lioness at bay; playing with a iemale leopard, an animai which is
reputed to be continually pregnant; a single Cupid placed between
statues of Hercules (virtue) and Mercury (reason) for the edification of
Roman schoolboys; and a thunder-bearing love challenging the
supremacy of Jove. Love's wings "cause our spirits to rise to the
divine beauty'"8, but in the final analysis "... love is nothing else
17 "Adunque la imagine di Venere che piange sotto il manto ci rappresenta la terra
al tempo dello inverno..." (p. CClv).
18 "... il sollevamento che fa Amore degli animi nostri alle divine bellezze... " (p. BD3).

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VENUS, CUPID AND THE ITALIAN MYTHOGRAPHERS 39

than a foolish desire, as long as it is understood to apply solely to


lust..."19. Cartari says little about historical or scientific meanings
for Cupid ; love Stands for the most beautiful, the most common and
the most powerful of human affections, but the most influential
characteristic of the god is his power.
Conti names Venus as the goddess of delight, comments on the
striking beauty of the goddess, and notes that both Venus and Cupid
were used as Covers or excuses for the lust of sinful men. Like the
other mythographers, he cites Cicero's account of the many different
Venuses; he follows Giraldi in speaking of Venus as a goddess of war,
and dutifully repeats the dove-swan story. Again, he speaks of an earthly
and a heavenly Venus, and the power of the first over procreation :
"...the ancients believed that Venus created the world and nourished
and preserved everything in it" 20. He then gives an account of ali of
the children that she bore and (unlike Giraldi) simply summarizes the
different surnames that were ascribed to her. He provides an account
of the pictorial aspects of Venus, her birth from the sea and the
medicinal nature of the sea foam, her love for Adonis and her involve
ment with madness.
Narrative is separated from Interpretation by the transitional
sentence : "I have now exhausted almost everything the ancient writers
said about Venus; now let us examine their significance" 21. Her desire
for sexual union is a method of insuring procreation. Moisture is
connected with sexual union, sea foam with sperm; she is a prostitute
because "each living being contains a spirit especially powerful in
acquiring love, for which the climate acts as procuress" 22. The names
of her different parents explain why she is a goddess of procreation ;
her adultery is connected with ancient laws governing cases of adultery ;
her presumption in competing with Mars is meant to be compared with
the arrogance and rashness of mortals. Her power over creation
symbolizes the divine goodness, and her mockery of lover's oaths is a

19 "...Amore... perche non è altro che un pazzo desiderio mentre che alla libidine
solamente è intento..." (p. DDlv).
20 "Hanc unam denique mundum procreasse, et procreatum nutrire et conservare
crediderunt..." (ρ. B3).
21 "Atque haec ea fere sunt quae de Venere ab antiquis scriptoribus tradita sunt:
nunc quid ea significent perquiramus" (p. B6v).
22 "Sunt igitur in singulis animalibus spiritus quidam ad conciliandos amores
praepotentes, quibus temperies aeris pro lena est..." (ρ. B7).

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40 J. MULRYAN

sign of their stupidity for m


Venus of the people explains
heavenly Venus symbolizes lo
suggest the beauty and elegan
of love that dominates her bein
life cannot function.
Conti almost paraphrases Giraldi in his account of Cupid's parentage,
but he quickly passes on to a description of Cupid that dwells on his
weakness and carnality : "To put it in a phrase, I can hardly think
of any criminality, impiety, or rashness that Cupid is not responsible
for"23. Conti then lists the "hidden" meanings associated with Cupid :
he is the oldest of the gods to show the disorganized state that
preceded God's creation ; he was born from Chaos because Chaos was
the first of creatures before the world was created; he has arrows
as a symbol of the tortures suffered by the insane (although they better
illustrate the swiftness of the divine mind that moves through all
things")24; his blindness symbolizes our rash deeds or the blindness
and childishness it takes to try to fathom God's counsel; his nudity
represents the shamefulness of sin or the openness and generosity of
God ; his divinity is limited to the heavenly Cupid — earthly Cupid is
too base to be a God.

The main advantage of Conti's rendering over those of the other


mythographers is his clear distinction between narration and Inter
pretation; he strikes a balance between Cartari and Giraldi in the
amount of Information he chooses to present, and he produces more
symbolic meanings and different kinds of symbolic meanings than any
of the other mythographers. He often combines ethical and natural or
"scientific" meanings in one facet of a myth, as Spenser does in his
mutability cantos, as in the account of the whoredom of Venus and
her physical function as "procuress" of the air. Unlike Giraldi, Conti
does not linger on historical material but subordinates it to the
ethical and scientific views of the myth. In fact, Conti's skill in
drawing a moral or philosophical point from almost any myth was so
impressive that he easily became the overwhelmingly populär choice

23 "atque ut uno verbo dicam, nihil est prope nefarium, impium, temerarium, cuius
Cupido non sit auctor" (p. C5v).
24 "Huic sagittas tribuerunt, ob supplicia quae insani patiuntur, cum potius ob
mirificam divinae mentis celeritatem quae per omnia transfunditur, et acutissime penetrai,
magis illae conveniant" (p. CI).

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VENUS, CUPID AND THE ITALIAN MYTHOGRAPHERS 41

among the Italian mythographers as a mythological source for the


English humanist poets like Chapman and Spenser.
Thus the Mythologia would obviously be the most useful of the
mythographies to the creative artist of the renaissance; and Conti's
exposition and Interpretation of the Venus-Cupid myth is a very
accurate reflection of attitudes toward love during the renaissance
period. However, as we have seen, the four great Italian mythographers
collectively represent the most complete and readily accessible account
of love that the renaissance possessed, broader in scope and more
obviously artistic in its orientation than the specialized treatments of
love provided by the philosophers. Indeed, since of all the philosophical
concepts that received attention during the renaissance, love was the
one most frequently approached through myth, it would seem more
natural for the creative artist untrained in philosophical speculation to
prefer an exposition of love couched in mythological terms than an
abstract discussion of the subject that merely touched upon the
appropriate myths.
The great Italian mythographers have come in for more than their
share of blame for the allegorical mania in the renaissance, and modern
discussions of their shortcomings have the disapproving ring of
Plato's banishment of the poets from his Republic. However, like
those poets, the mythographers merely reflected the mood and
atmosphere of their times. They fulfdled a need for mythological
Information assembled for ready reference and rapid reading; occasio
nai^ they transcended this position of scholarly servitude to art, and
in their common treatment of the Venus-Cupid myth they produced a
treatise on love that was both profound and stimulating, useful and
sweet in the best Horatian sense.

St. Bona venture University,


St. Bonaventure, N.Y. 14778.

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Dirk Van Kerchove

THE LATIN TRANSLATION


OF ARISTOPHANES'S PLUTUS
BY HADRIANUS CHILIUS, 1533

Translating Greek authors into Latin was one of the humanists'


main occupations. Their achievements in this field were immensely
important in the development of modem European literature. That
alone is a sufficient reason why these translations deserve the close
attention of ali scholars interested in humanism 1.
According to early biographers Hadrianus Chilius was born at
Maldegem, a small country town about eleven miles (18 km.) to the
East of Bruges2. He presumably received his first Instruction at the
chapter-school of St. Donatian in Bruges and may have proceeded
afterwards to the degree of Magister Artium at the University of
Louvain. Unfortunately, his name is not to be found on the roll, which
is very incomplete. After completing his studies Chilius returned to
Bruges, certainly before 1529, when we find him accomodating
schoolboys in his house, and perhaps as early as 1524. A letter written
in that year by Jacobus Niolandus to Franciscus Craneveldius3 speaks
of a 'paedagogus' who may be Chilius. At that time the first school
master (rector scholarum) was Gerardus Bachusius, who not only
introduced Erasmus's Colloquia as a manual in his school, but also

1 Cf. e.g. J. H. Waszink, »Einige Betrachtungen über die Euripidesübersetzungen des


Erasmus und ihre historische Situation«, Antike und Abendland, 17 (1970), 89-90.
2 F. Sweertius, Athenae Belgicae (Antwerp, 1628), p. 94; A. Sanderus, De Brugensibus
eruditionis fama claris libri duo (Antwerp, 1624), ρ. 11; Valerius Andreas, Bibliotheca
Belgica (Louvain, 1643), ρ. 106; J. Foppens, Bibliotheca Belgica. Two parts (Brüssels,
1739), I, 11.
3 H. de Vocht, Literae virorum eurditorum ad Franciscum Craneveldium, Humanistica
Lovaniensia, 1 (Louvain, 1928), pp. 265-266 : 'Praelegit mihi ante Bacchanalia pedagogus
quidam non omnino indoctus Curculionem Plauti, personamque indui Palinuri servi;
idem prelegit partem Versificatone Despauterianae; alter ita docet Adelphos...'.

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ARISTOPHANES'S PLUTUS 43

performed plays of Plautus and Terence4. In s


a firmly established tradition of the school, since
acted the first hook of the Aeneid in 1484 and
the titles of which are not known5.
On 19 September 1530 Chilius was appointed 'rector scholarum'6.
His superior (scholasticus) was Joannes Fevynus, a close friend of
humanists such as Erasmus, Barlandus, Craneveldius and Vivès, whose
marriage with Margaret Valdaura he solemnised in 15247. As appears
from the chapter minutes, Chilius was a priest, ordained before 1531 8.
In June 1531 Simon Grynaeus, professor of Greek in Basel and editor
of the first complete edition of Aristophanes (Basel : Andreas Cratander,
1532), carne to Bruges with the printer J. Bebel and paid a visit to
Marcus Laurinus, dean of the chapter. Chilius was invited to dinner
together with Fevynus and a certain Livinus, possibly the Carthusian
humanist Ammonius. At the urgings of the 'convivae' Chilius wrote a
letter to Erasmus to transmit their greetings9. This visit may have
stimulated Chilius's enthusiasm for Greek and for Aristophanes in
particular : 'Adeo totus pendebam ex istius tui Symonis ore eloquentia
huberrimo... ' he told Erasmus. In any case two years later Michael
Hillen of Hoogstraten published in Antwerp the first work10 of

4 Η. de Vocht, o.e., pp. 134-135; A.C. De Schrevel, Histoire du séminaire de Bruges.


2 vols (Bruges, 1895), 1, 134, who quotes the Acta Capituli (31 Aug. 1524): 'Gerardo
Bachusio ludimagistro propter Adelphos Terentii eximie per iuvenes actitatos dantur
quatuor canne vini ...'; (28 Aug. 1525): 'Ludimagistro conceditur refectorium pro
Aulularia Plauti agenda — Ludimagistro ob egregie actam Aululariam dentur quatuor
canne vini'.

5 A. Himpe, "Studie over het humanisme aan het Sint-Donaaskapittel te Brugge"


(unpublished lic. diss., University of Ghent, 1941), pp. 12-13.
6 A. C. De Schrevel, I, 223.
7 Fevynus was born at Veurne (West Flanders), 10 May 1490. He studied at Louvain
and at Bologna. In 1530 Barlandus dedicated his edition of Terence to him. He died
23 October 1555. See Η. de Vocht, passim, and E. Daxhelet, Adrien Barlandus
humaniste belge, 1486-1538, Humanistica Lovaniensia 6, (Louvain, 1938), pp. 320-321
and 328.

8 A.C. De Schrevel, I, 225 : 'Satisfaciat receptor obedientie magistro scholarum pro


missis per eum ad Danielis de iussu DD. celebrari iussis'.
9 P. S. Allen, Opus Epistolarum D. Erasmi, 12 vols (Oxford, 1906-1958), IX, nr. 2499.
10 Cf. the words of the historian Jacobus Meyerus Baliolanus, Rerum Flandricarum
tomi X (Antwerp, 1531), t. IX, f. 51 : 'Nec minoris sunt literaturae permulti, interdum
etiam maioris, qui vel sua conscientia contenti vel negociis occupati, nihil aediderunt
hactenus, ut... Hadrianus Ghilius.

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44 D. VAN FCERCHOVE

Chilius, viz. metrical translations of


Podagra ascribed to Lucian.
Chilius undoubtedly used these trans
know from the chapter minutes tha
pupils on 7 and 8 September 1533 11.
Shortly after these Performances Ch
free will12 and returned to Louvain t
the classical languages, including Heb
the Collegium Trilingue and earned
tutoring studente 13. At that time h
Masius, later a learned Hebraist14,
the Psalms from the 'Chaldaic'. The m
still kept at the abbey of Ter Duinen
Belgian coast) at the time of Sanderu
It is not among the manuscripts o
Seminary and the town libraries of Bru
After his studies at the university C
country. In 1540 he stayed with his mother, who was in poor
health16. In the summer of that year he was appointed one of the

11 A. C. De Schrevel, 1,135 : 'Ludimagistro conceditur posseagere Plutum Aristophanis


in refectorio et Auctionem Luciani diebus dominico et lune' (Acta Capit., 4 Sept. 1533).
The Audio was available in a Latin translation by the Frenchman Nicolaus Beraldus
(Bérault), printed at Louvain by Theod. Martens, ca. 1519 : Nijhoff-Kronenberg Ι, 1405.
12 A.C. De Schrevel, I, 225: 'Quia Mgr. Adrianus Chilius renuntiavit regimini
scolarum, D. Scolasticus ad easdem vacantes presentavit quemdam Mgrum Joannem
Schynck, quem DD. acceptarunt' (Acta Capit., 20 Oct. 1533).
13 H. de Vocht, History of the Foundation and the Rise of the CoUegium Trilingue
Lovaniense 1517-1550, Humanistica Lovaniensia 10-13, (Louvain, 1951-1955), III, 263.
14 Andreas Masius was born at Sint-Kwintens-Lennik near Brüssels on 30 Nov. 1514.

In 1533 he took the degree of M.A. at the University of Louvain and started his
study of Greek, Hebrew and law. It is clear therefore that Chilius and Masius were
studente of the Trilingue at the same time. Later Masius took part in the work on the
Bibita Polyglotta (Antwerp, Plantin, 1572). He died 7 April 1573. See i.a. M. Lossen,
Briefe von Andreas Masius und seinen Freunden, 1538 bis 1573 (Leipzig, 1886);
H. de Vocht, 'Andreas Masius (1514-1573)', in Miscellanea Giovanni Mercati (Rome,
1946), IV, 425-441.
15 A. Sanderus, Bibliotheca Belgica Manuscripta (Lille, 1641), 150-151 : 'Index
librorum mss. bibliothecae monasterii Dunensis, ordinis Cistertiensis in Flandria ... —
Classis prima: S. Scriptura eiusque interpretes. A... Adrianus Chilius. Psalterium ab
ipso ex Chaldaico in Latinum translatum, seu potius Paraphrasis in illud.'.
16 M. Lossen, Briefe von A. Masius, p. 7 (Letter of Ludovicus Gensius of 7 April
1540).

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ARISTOPHANES'S PLUTUS 45

parish priests of Maldegem, maybe through t


Faculty of Arts of Louvain 11. On June 19, 156
temporarily also of the second 'portio' of the
before 15 June 1569, i.e. before his second man

— Chilius's Translation of PLUTUS


In his dedication Chilius teils us that he wanted to offer to the
reader a correct and fluent translation, meeting also the requirements
of Latin metre and faithful to the Greek originai.
Chilius's translation is readable indeed. It is fluent Latin and avoids
clumsy translation ad verbum. Moreover in his choice of words Chilius
takes the stand of Erasmus and draws on the resources of the whole
of Latinity, though of course there is naturally a marked influence of
Plautus and Terence. It may be noticed in archaic forms such as siet
(12) and perduint (59), or in even more typical expressions such as ne
gry quidem in 17 (cf. Plautus, Mostell., 595). Also two connected
adverbs as durius ac parcius in 574 may be considered, I think, as a
reminiscence of the Terentian parce ac duriter (Andria, 74). On the
other hand the few words which our dictionaries record as later Latin20
are quite normal Latin in their formation and it is only through the
merest accident that we do not find them in earlier texts 21.

17 Μ. Lossen, ρ. 13 : 'Chilius tuus curae suae Maldeghensi praeest, defuncto aestate


superiori pastore, cui ipse successor designatus erat' (Gensius to Masius, 7 October 1541).
18 A.C. De Schrevel, I, 225: 'Magistro Adriano Chilio alterius portionis ecclesie
parochialis de Maldeghem rectori concessum fuit alteri portioni eiusdem ecclesie per
destitutionem D. Roberti Cantelme illius novissimi rectoris vacanti deservire usque ad
vigiliam Nativitatis B. Joh. Bapt. 1569' (Acta Vìcariatus Brugensis, sede vacante, 19 June
1568). The date of the Vigil is 23 June.
19 A.C. De Schrevel, I, 225: 'Altera portio parochialis ecclesie de Maldeghem,
vacans per obitum quondam Magistri Adriani Chilii, illius dum viveret novissimi
rectoris... (Acta Vicariatus Brug., 15 June 1569). Chilius never was parish priest of
St. Donatian at Bruges, as is said by Allen, Opus Epistolarum Erasmi, IX, 274 ad
nr. 2499.

20 v. 997 : exerrare (Cf. i.a. Statius, Thebais, VI.444); v. 305 : ementulatus and v. 349 :
officinula, known both from mediaeval sources (Cf. C. Du Cange, Glossarium Mediae
et Inftmae Lalinitatis).
21 On thisaspect of Latin vocabulary see J. IJsewijn, "Le latin des humanistes franpais :
évolution et étude comparative", in L'humanisme franfais au début de la Renaissance.
Colloque international de Tours-XIV' Stage (Paris, 1973), pp. 329-342.

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46 D. VAN KERCHOVE

As to the metrical form of the tran


shown that Chilius was a skilled user
But a last question remains : how
translating correctly the difficult Gr
dissertation I made a close comparison
form that was read in the early sixte
slightly different from the modem
rendering. From this it is clear that C
substantially but, as could be expe
textual parts, mostly under compu
examples will illustrate this statement :
1. 1 ω Zev = deumque tu pater, ο Iu
1. 299 ήγοΰμενον τοΐς προβατίοις
balantibus ducem oviculis. (1. 309)
1. 640 μέγα βροτοΐσι φέγγος Άσκλη
hominibusque lumen Asclepium. (1
1. 496 τους δε πονηρούς καϊ τους άθ
porro scelestos suffugerit. (1. 511)
In some cases Chilius has not foun
sometimes he has translated a Greek
E.g.
1. 172 τα? τριήρεις ... σύ πληροίς to man a trireme.
reples triremes mercibus. (1. 176) to fili triremes with mer
chandise.

1. 191 ίσχάδων dried figs.


nucum. (1. 196) nuts.
1. 304 κάπρους wild boar.
capros. (1. 314) billy-goat.
1. 656 επί θάλατταν here : saline Springs in
Athens.

ad mare. (1. 676)


11. 877-878 πολλοΰ γ'άζιος
άπασι τοΐς "Ελλησιν to be of great value.
dignus est... hic deus, universa this God deserves to be
qui colat Pelasga tellus. (11. 909- worshipped throughout
910) Greece.
22 D. Van Kerchove, "De Latijn
Chilius, 1533" (unpublished l
Shortening of final ο is common

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ARISTOPHANES'S PLUTUS 47

Sometimes he gives a paraphrase of the Greek te


he evidently understood quite well what Aristoph
E-g.
11. 502-503 Πολλοί pkv γαρ των ανθρώπων ovres πλούτο ΰσι πονηροί
αδίκως αυτά ξυλλεξάμενοι.
Siquidem quo quis sceleratior, hoc est ferme (re male parta)
opulentior. (11. 517-518)
Chilius, although he wrote for young children, was never been
hampered in his translation by moral scruples. At times the comedies
of Aristophanes are rather coarse in their wording or content, but our
translator had no hesitation in inserting the cruder expressions.
Ali this indicates that Chilius was a gifted translator of Aristophanes
and that he possessed a very fair knowledge of both Greek and Latin.
This is remarkable since the teaching of Greek at the University of
Louvain was not greatly developed at the time of Chilius's first
studies there23 : he may ha ve had some private tutoring from fello w
students such as Adrianus Amerot, or he may have attented the
lectures of the first professor of Greek in the Collegium Trilingue,
Rutgerus Rescius.

— Other translations of PLUTUS

How far did Chilius rely on other Latin translations of Aristophanes's


comedy? He certainly did not know the prose translation of 1-269
made by the Fiorentine humanist Leonardo Bruni in the first half of
the fifteenth Century24. The same is probably true of the translation
by another Italian, F. Passius, Plutus antiqua comoedia ex Aristophane
quae nuper in linguam Latinam translata est, printed at Parma in 1501
by Angelo Ugoletti, which I have not seen.
On the other hand Chilius knew the Latin Plutus by a German
scholar, Thomas Venatorius from Nürnberg. This translation was
published in Nürnberg in 1531 under the title Aristophanis facetissimi
comici Plutus. The printer was Ioannes Petreius. Chilius teils us in his
dedication letter to Laurinus that he heard about Venatorius when he
had already translated a third of the text, but that a perusal of that

23 Η. de Vocht, (note 13), I, 271 sqq.


24 Μ. and E. Cecchini, Versione del Pluto di Aristofane (Vs 1-269) a cura di
Leonardo Bruni. Introduzione e testo critico (Florence, 1965).

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48 D. VAN KERCHOVE

version did not dissuade him from


influence of Venatorius's example c

I. 12 : Ven. : 'Herum meum remisit haud sanum tamen'


Ch. : 'Cum siet, herum remisit haud sanum tamen.
II. 539-540 : Ven. : 'formidanda subire pericula vitae'
Ch. : 'subire pericla vitae formidanda suae.
In 862 and 957 the expression πονηροί κόμματος is translated as
'adulterini commatis' by Venatorius, who explains it in a marginai note
Chilius borrowed the translation in both verses.

I. 918 : Ven. : 'Sed non medetur sycophantae morsibus'.


Ch. : 'Sed sycophantum non medetur morsibus.
II. 1037-1038 : Ven. : 'nihil iamlensiuvat / Qui pauper antehac devorabat
omnia'. The same text in Chilius, but for qui and
omnia, which are changed to At and qualibet.
v. 1084: Ken.:'Minime sed est intemperatis moribus'. Chilius
altered sed into at fere.

In the same dedication Chilius also acknowledges his debt to Eras


mus, who translated some verses in his Adagia25. There are indeed
ten passages where Chilius imitated the great humanist whom he
immensely admired :
11. 278-279 : Er. (f. 35) : 'Venissenarras qui ferat pecuniarum acervum/
Immo senilium ferat qui ad vos malorum acervum'.
Chilius wrote dicis instead of narras and the beginning
of 1.2 as follows: 'Senilium imo qui modo adferat ...'.
1. 655 : Er. (f. 222) and Ch. : 'Pro caeco exoculatus est...'.
I. 666 : Er. (f. 35) : 'ut agminatim cuncta tibi fero bona'. Chilius
wrote omnia.

II. 1111-1112: Er. (f. 98) 'Fuere quondam strenui Milesii' and Ch. :
'Ohm fuere strenui/Milesii.
Further instances are to be found in 11.374-375 (= f.41 );
11. 436-437 (= f. 247 +f. 152); 11. 903-904 (= f. 141);
1. 1071 ( = f. 93); 11. 1207-1208 (= f. 223).

After Chilius several others also ventured upon a Latin translation of


Aristophanes's Plutus before the end of the sixteenth Century :

Adagiorum chiliades tres ac centuriae fere lotidem (Basel, 1513).

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ARISTOPHANES'S PLUTUS 49

— Andreas Divus, a humanist from Cap


Slovenia): Aristophanis comoediae undecim egra
translatae Andrea Divo Justinopolitano inter
1538 by J. a Burgofrancho and republish
1539, 1542 and 1552.
— Michael Cab(b)edo de Vasconcellos, a Por
(Setubal 1525 - Lisbon 1577) : Plutus Aristoph
conversa sermonem authore M. Cabedio (Par
— C. Girardus, a Frenchman (the Catalo
Nationale lists this translation among the w
University of Bourges, Carolus Girardus) :
C. Girardum et Latinus factus et commentar
— Nicodemus Frischlin, the famous Swa
wright26. He published Aristophanes repurg
Plauti atque Terentii interpretatus (Frankfur
— Finally an anonymous Aristophanis P
published in Naples, 1594.

- Our edition

I have used two early editions, both printed by Michael Hillenius in


Antwerp, 1533.
1) Incomplete copies of the first edition are in Paris and at Oxford 27
and a complete one at Antwerp28. It consists of 32 leaves octavo,
numbered A - [A8], Β - [B8], C - [C8], D - [D4], [E] - [E4],
- [A]r : two titles (Apart from the Latin translation of Plutus this edition
also contains Chilius's Latin translation of the Podagra ascribed to
Lucian). At the top of the frame we find a picture of the evangelist
Mark with the lion; at the bottom there is the mark of the printer
Hillenius.
- [A]v-A2r : four Greek verses by Joannes Theodori Nervius; twelve
Greek and twelve Latin verses by Petrus Curius.
- A2r-A4r : prose dedication to Mark Laurinus.
- A4v : personages and argumentum of the play.
- A5r-[D4]v : Latin metrical translation of the Plutus. Column headings,

26 See now on Frischlin : S. M. Wheelis, "Nicodemus Frischlin's Julius Redivivus and


its Reflections on the Past", Studies in the Renaissance, XX (1973), 106-117.
27 Bodleian Library, Sovile Z. 26. Paris, Bibl. Nat. Yb 2650.
28 Plantijn-Moretus-Museum, A 2376.

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50 D. VAN KERCHOVE

indications of the metre in the marg


1251 between the lines : explanation of
- [E]r : title and argumentum of the Pod
- [E]v-[E4]r : Latin verse translation of
- [E4]v : printer's mark of Michael Hil
of time accompanied by the word tem
In the criticai apparatus this edition

2) One copy of the second edition is


one in the British Library30. It conta
A - [A8], Β - [B8], C - [C8], D - [D4],
- [A]r : title. The frame is completely
edition. At the bottom under the initi
a shield with a turnip31, supported by
- [A]v-A2r : four Greek verses by Jo
Greek and twelve Latin verses by Petr
- A2v-A4r : prose dedication to Mar
arrangement is not the same as in the fi
- A4v : personages and argumentum of
- A5-[D4]r : Latin metrical translation
in the margin or between the lines ind
between the lines, explanation of the p
- Prom Dr the typography differs fro
- [D4]v° : printer's mark of Michael H
In the criticai apparatus this edition is

The various abbreviations occurrin


silently expanded. The spelling of the
over; only the combination ij in forms
changed into ii. The punctuation has b

29 Bodleian Library, Douce C. 437.


30 British Library, 11705 de. 9.
31 A turnip is the typical feature in the scut
Lokeren) and villages (Bazel, Moerbeke, Waasm
Pauwels, Tielrode) between Antwerp and Gh
(Antwerpen, 1947), pp. 139-140. It was also the
"In Rapo").

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ARI
STOPHANIS
COMICI FACE
tissimi Plutus

ADRIANO CHI

lio interprete

PLUTUS

Qui prius Argo lieo fulgebam murice, laudis


Romanae didici proemia ferre togas

ANTVERPIAE

apud Michaelem Hillenium in Rapo

AN.M.D.XXXIII

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Ioan. Theodori Nervii 1

Πλοΰτομ Αριστοφάνης μόνη ελλάδι πρώτον εδωκεν


νΰν δ'είς Ανσονίην Χίλιος ήγε φόρων.
Χαιpere ρωμαίοι νΰν ελληνεστε σοφισταί
πλοΰτομ ληφόμενοι χίλιον ήδε σοφόν.

Petrus Curius2

"φφνεσαν ουκ εική κρονίων τα ποιήματα πάντες


κωμικά ποιητώμ όσα μεν ελλάς εχει.
"Η γαρ ενεστι χάρις γλνκντης ενσχημοσυνήτε
σίλλοι τενχάριτες παντόδαποιτε τιμαί.
γη μεν ρωμαιωμ εριβώλακι άρθι δοθέντα
πρόσθε μόνωμ αντωμ ίδια κεκροπιόώμ
ώς άπορης των όπποτερω βούλοι επακονειν
μάλλον ρωμαίω η ργολικω στόματι
ΧιλΙον ανθ'ήμΐμ άγαθά γλνκερώτερ' έδωκαν
Ανσόνιδες μοΰσαι παντότροφοίτε πόνοι,
κείνου γαρ σπονδή πολυκάρπω δ'ήλθε προς ημάς
ευτράπελου καθαρός πλοΰτος 'Αριστοφάνους.

σίλλοι emendavi : σιίλλοι Α Β.


ρωμαιωμ emendavi : ρομαιωμ Α Β.

1 We hardly know anything about Ioannes Theodori Nervius. "Nervius" may indicate
that he was bom in Hainaut. He stayed at Bruges, where he wrote these few verses
for Chilius's translation of Plulus. Vivès once wrote favourably on him : see L. Vivès,
Opera omnia, ed. G. Majansius (Valencia, 1782-1790), I, 298.
2 Petrus Curius (Van den Hove) was headmaster at St. Winoksbergen. He published
a dictionary, entitled Rerum maxime vulgarium congesta per locos in puerorum gratiam
vocabula, Graece et Teutonice interpretata. In fine adiunctae sunt ex Pappa Murmeliii
oratiunculae graece traductae, printed by Hillenius in 1538. According to Valerius, Curius
is also the author of a Grammatica Graeca et Latina, published in Antwerp in 1530.
Moreover he wrote some verses in recommendation of Chilius's Plutus and Lapidanus's
De non timenda morte (Louvain, Rescius, 1533). He died before 7 October 1541.
H. de Vocht, History of the Collegium Trilingue Lovaniense, III, 259.

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ARISTOPHANES'S PLUTUS 53

Idem Curius

Haud mirum si aeterna vehant praeconia vatum


Quae cecinit Graio comica Musa pede.
Tantus inest illi candor, gravitasque leposque,
Tot lepidae Veneres, candidulique sales.
5 Quae modo ad Ausonios caste tralata colonos
Solum Cecropiis ante reclusa viris,
Ut dubites malisne suis audire sonantem
Verbis, an lingua comptius Ausonia.
Quae sane eximii nobis peperere labores
io Chilii in Aonidum saltibus assidui
Quo duce nunc Latia coepit resonare Camoena
Inclyta Cecropidae Plutus Aristophanis.

Clarissimo eximioque utriusque iuris licentiato, Marco Laurino, collegii


divi Donatiani apud Brugas decano, Adrianus Chilius salutem
plurimam dicit.

(1) Quum in hoc adeo foelici planeque aureo repullulantium


studiorum saeculo viri insigniter docti literis, pro sua quisque virili,
certatim opitulentur, hic vertendis in linguam Romanam autoribus
Graecis, ille castigandis, si qui indocte perperamque sint versi,
restituendis alius, quos temporum iniquitas iniuriave depravarli, veteri
bus consultis exemplaribus, miror uni Aristophani non suum contigisse
Interpretern, hoc est virum omnigena eruditione instructum. (2) Quo
nullus umquam poetarum, mea quidem sententia, ad Terentianam
illam phrasim accessit propius, seu voluptatem cum utilitate coniunctam
spectes, seu sermonis vel castimoniam vel facilitatem. (3) Equidem
poesim comicam demiror usque adeo iacere neglectam, tanquam res sit,
quam nec imitari nec ad vivum exprimere liceat.
Frustra quidem Ciceroni praedicata est Comoedia, parumque digne
authorum suffragiis probata, si ipsa sit indigna, quam quis aut
aemuletur, mutueturque e Graecis, aut novam excogitet. (4) Quamquam
illud ipsum, nempe ex bene Graecis bene facere Latina, sit eiusmodi,
quod insignem aliquem postulet artificem, linguae utriusque ditissima

(1) perperamque Β : perperumque A.


(4) Quamquam Β : Quanquam A.

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54 D. VAN KERCHOVE

instructum supellectile. Hunc, me Her


clarissimum nostri huius saeculi ornamentimi Desiderius Erasmus.
(5) Utinam et hunc Aristophanem lingua Romana donasset! Non minus
avide omnium foveretur sinu quam noster Terentius. Qui quidem, si
quis alius, iuxta illud Horath, Omne tulit punctum, nam miscuit utile
dulci1. (6) Quibusnam sannis, quibus cuncta suspendit μυκτηρισμοϊ<> !
Ut sale mordaci planeque Attico Atheniensium plerosque perfricat!
Nullum vel obiter perstringens, quem non aliquo mordeat scommate.
Tanta est in dicendo venustate, tanta denique constantia, ut seu seria
nugis seu nugas temperet seriis, nusquam non decorum servet Comico
dignum. Idque adeo cum faciat ubique, in Pluto egregie, qua non
alteram invenio scaenis Romanis aptiorem si chorum recideris. (7) Eam
igitur ob idipsum anno superiore vertendam nobis proposuimus;
neque aliorum exemplo, quibus parum foeliciter sui cesserunt labores,
ab instituto revocati, neque operis difficultatibus deterriti. (8) At ubi
tertiam operis partem absolvissem, ab altero quopiam idem tractatum
argumentum intelligens, manum ilico e tabula subduco, nebulas
aggressurus. Postquam vero a Venatorio2 quodam versam perlegissem,
non continuo arbitrabar perditum iri meam operam, si quod coepissem,
plusculos tum menses intermissum, in incudem revocarem; ne quis
tarnen maligne suspicetur, cum ilio me voluisse certare! (9) Proinde ad
id laboris integer reversus, qua potui fide ad umbilicum perduxi,
commentariis adiutus, doctissimorumque virorum Petri Curii ac nostri
Ioannis Theodori opera limaque usus. Ab his enim sunt nonnulla

(6) μυκτηρισμοΐς A : μοκτηρισμοϊς Β.


(6) scaenis Β : scenis A.

1 Horatius, De Arte Poetica, 343.


2 Thomas Venatorius (Gechauff) was born at Nürnberg in 1488. At first he studied
mathematics, but he was also interested in philology and proved to be a talented poet.
He devoted is later life to theology and entered the order of the Dominicans. He was
converted to Protestantism and became clergy-man of the Dominican hospital in 1523
and of the St. James' s church at Nürnberg in 1533. He died on February, 4, 1551.
Venatorius is the author of several theological works. Moreover he published
Archimedes's works (Archimedis Opera, Basel, 1544) and a metrical Latin translation of
Aristophanes's Plutus. He also wrote an epithaph for Dürer (printed in Eobanus'
Epicedion, 1528), a foreword for Pirckheimer's Xenophontis graecarum rerum libri VII...
lat. redditi (Neuremberg, 1532) and a poetical Έκφώνησις in Prognosticum astrologicum
ad annum... 1544 per A.P. Gassarum. Furthermore we know a letter he wrote to
Erasmus, 6 Sept. 1531 (Allen, IX, 2537).
Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Band 39, pp. 599-600.

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ARISTOPHANES'S PLUTUS 55

animadversa, ut est uterque citra omnem oste


modum perspicax, emunctae naris, exactique iu
quippe distractos fefellere.77Aeio) γαρ βλόπουσιμ
(10) Porro, quod ad metri rationem pertinet, a
mihique aliquoties permisi, quod is sibi saepissime,
paris numeri locis anapaestum; quod et Eras
vertendis versibus factitavit3. (11) Nunc quaes
hactenus doctissime Graece peritis est locutus
indocte Latinis sonet auribus. (12) Atqui certiss
candidissime iuxta ac eruditissime Laurine, ut h
sit et adversus prodigiosam quorundam calu
tutus, et candidis aequisque non omnino in
calculo probatus, sub tui nominis auspicio exeat
celebri clarissimorum pariter ac prudentissim
delegi, cui has meas nuncuparem vigilias, utpote
cuius instituendam suscepi iuventutem, cuiusque in
benignitatem. (13) Quanquam autem is scriptorib
amplissimis eos evehant laudibus, quibus suas
tarnen quoniam ea es modestia, ut laudis sis prorsu
animique corporisque dotibus, ut laudari sis m
Apulei elogio laudum tuarum summam com
nobilissimus, inter nobiles doctissimus, inter ut
modestissimus4. (14) Te itaque oro ut has in
nostri primitias tibi ceu Camillo cuipiam ac pro
laeto animo, fronteque exporrecta excipias, ce
studii observantiaeque qualequale futurum mon
(15) Quod si Aristophanicae elegantiae delicias
id tibi velim persuadeas, prima haec fuisse eius lab
quae si a viro tam multis probato nominibus pr
nos poenituerit laboris, neque maiore grava
rem scholasticam provehere. Vale ornatissimu

(9) πλίίω A : -nXeio Β.


(12) concilii A : consilii B.

3 In his Adagiorum Chiliades tres ac Centuriae fere totidem (Basel, 1513).


4 Probably a paraphrase of "vir omnium quot unquam fuerunt aut sunt aut etiam
erunt inter optimos clarissime, inter clarissimos optime inter, utrosque doctissime",
Florida, 16.31.

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D. VAN KERCHOVE

praesidium omniumque politioris literaturae cultorum M


benignissime.
(16) Brugis apud Divum Donatianum, decimoquarto calendas Apriles,
anni sesquimillesimi trigesimi secundi.

Personae huius comoediae

Carion servus

Chremylus herus
Plutus
Blepsidemus
Paupertas
Uxor Chremyli
Iustus

Sycophanta
Anus
Adolescens
Mercurius
Sacrificus

Argumentum

Apollinem vir iustus, is pauper tarnen.


Consultai an versis queat vitae viis
Ditescere. Hic sequi monetur, edito
Oraculo, sibi obvium primum virum.
5 Huic Plutus apparebat, et caecus quidem.
Deducit hunc, ut novit, ilico domum.
Popularibusque ad se vocatis caeteris,
Eius fruendi una potestatem facit.
Dein Aesculapii in aede sacra collocant,
io Ut eius oculos lumine illustret deus.
Quibus inopia reluctitans ludit operam.
Pluto tarnen cernente, quisquis est malus
Eget, vicissim, dives est quisquis bonus.

9 Aesculapii A : Aisculapii B.

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ARISTOPHANES'S PLUTUS 57

Carion

Quam res molesta, ο dii deumque tu pater,


Ο Iuppiter, servire deliranti hero.
Nam servus, etiamsi optime praemonuerit
Neque id videbitur suo fecisse hero,
5 Necesse servus omnium sit particeps
Incommodorum. Fors enim haud sinit sui
Hunc esse dominum corporis, sed qui emerit.
Ad hunc modum sese haec habent. Apollinem
Icciro non iniuria accusaverim,
io Qui ex aureo sua tripode dat oracula.
Medicus enim et vates, ut aiunt, perspicax
Cum siet, herum remisit haud sanum tarnen.
Caecum etenim hic a tergo virum, sequitur ducem,
Praepostere secusque agens quam oporteat.
15 Caecis enim praeimus, oculis clarius
Qui cernimus, verum hic sequens cogit me item
Sequi, idque cum ne gry quidem respondeat.
Non ante, me hercle, tacuero quam explicueris,
Quid tandem, here, hunc sequamur. Imo nunc tibi
20 Negotium facessero, nec fas erit
Me verberes, ut qui coronam nunc gero.
Chremylus

Quin per Iovem auferam tuo hancce vertici,


Siquid molestus sis mihi, ut doleas magis.
Carion

Nugae, neque ante destitero, quam dixeris,


25 Quisnam hic sit, optime enim tibi volens, haec rogo.
Chremylus

At te nihil caelavero, meorum enim


Fidissimum, arcanique servantissimum
Te esse arbitror. Nam cum in deos essem pius
Ac integer, pauper quidem eram ac miser.

Carion

Scio.

15 praeimus A : praeimuus B.

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8 D. VAN KERCHOVE

CHREMYLUS

30 Opulenti erant reliqui, sacrilegi, rhetores


Ac sycophantae. quique perditissimi.
Carion

Fateor.

CHREMYLUS

Adibam igitur deum, de filio


Id sciscitaturus, seni unus qui mihi
Superest, meam aerumnis fere exhaustam ratus
35 Aetatem, an inversis opus sit moribus,
Ut subdolus sit, iniquus, ac sani nihil,
Credens idipsum vitae huic conducere.
Carion

Quidnam e tripode respondit hic Phoebus tibi?


Chremylus

Statim audies. Oraclo enim dare edito,


40 lussit, mihi se quisquis egresso obvium
Primum obtulisset, neutiquam hunc omitterem,
At sponte suaderem huc domum me subsequi.
Carion

In quem incidisti primum?


Chremylus

In hunc.

Carion

Parum quidem
Sapis, ο inepte, numinis necdum quidem
45 Mentem tenes, monentem, ut huius patriae
Tibi gnatus hic exercitetur moribus.

Chremylus

Hoc quo precor censes modo?


Carion

Vel caeco id est,


Ut arbitror, notum, expedire scilicet
Hoc saeculo sani nihil molirier.

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ARISTOPHANES'S PLUTUS 59

Chremylus

50 Non hercule huc devergit hoc Apollinis


Oraculum, sed in aliud, multo quidem
Maius. Quid autem ipsum sibi tandem velit,
Rescierimus facile, hic si eo induci queat
Ut dicat et quis et unde, quaque huc gratia
55 Advenerit, quidque opus habeat adisse nos.
Carion

Te age, omnium primum explica, quisquis sies,


Aut nunc quibus par est modis te excepero.
Chremylus

Cedo ocyus, namque est necesse id te eloqui


Nobis.

Plutus

Dii te perduint.
Carion

Scis, quem esse se


Ait.

Chremylus

60 Tibi isthuc dicit haud mihi, namque eum


Indoctius severiusque interrogas.
At, si quid aequi moribus gaudes viri,
Mihi dicito.

Plutus

Luctumque tibi tristem ominor.

Carion

Dei istud augurium et virum huncce amplectitor.

Chremylus

Hinc neutiquam hilaris per Cererem abibis, ni enim


65 Palam explices, te ego malum perdam male.

58 namque Β : nanque A.
59 perduint emendavi : perdiunt A B.
60 namque Β : nanque A.

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>0 D. VAN KERCHOVE

PLUTUS

Vos hinc procul facessite.

Chremylus

Haudquaquam hercule.
Carion

Hoc igitur audi, quo nihil satius, virum


Hunc pessimis perdam modis. Sublimi enim
70 In praecipitio quopiam situm hunc loco,
Reliquero fugiens, caput is unde in solum
Ruens suum illiserit et animam efflaverit.

Chremylus

Rape ocyus.
Plutus

Minime precor

Chremylus

Non dixeris?

Plutus

Etsi didiceritis ego qui siem, satis


75 Novi, malo me quopiam mulctabitis.
Hinc neque sinetis unquam abire quo velim.
Chremylus

Te per deos omittimus velis modo.


Plutus

Nunc itaque me dimittite.

Chremylus
En omittimus.

Plutus

Audite iam, quando est necesse proloquar


80 Caelare quae decreveram, Plutus sum ego.
Chremylus

Ο tu, virorum sordidissime omnium,


Plutusne cum sies tacere oportuit?

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ARISTOPHANES'S PLUTUS 61

Carion

Tun' Plutus ipse es, adeo miseris nunc modis


Affectus? Ο Apollo, diique caeteri,
85 Ο Iuppiter, quid hoc? Ten' esse hunc praedicas?
Plutus

Hunc maxime.

Chremylus

Illene ipse es?

Plutus

Imo ipsissimus.
Chremylus

Die igitur, unde huc squalidus adeo advenis?


Plutus

E Patroclis aedibus. Is enim, ex quo natus est,


Haud lavit unquam.
Chremylus

Unde id tibi accidit mali?


Die hoc quoque.
Plutus

90 Hisce Iuppiter me ohm malis


Mulctavit, hominibus invidens. Nam qu
Admodum adolescens, sum minatus non
Viris me adhaesurum probis, sapientibu
Minimeque iniquis. Caeterum Saturnius
95 Me prorsus excaecavit, horum quempi
Ne agnoscerem. Usque adeo ipsus invide
Chremylus

Verum probi tantum hunc colunt, ac integri.

Plutus
Fateor.

86 hunc A: huc B.

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62 D. VAN KERCHOVE

Chremylus

Age, si cernas ut ante, non malos


Fugies?

Plutus

Fugiam

Chremylus

Integrosne adibis?

Plutus

Maxime.
100 Sunt nanque longo tempore haud visi mihi.

Chremylus

Non mirum id est, nam neque mihi, qui cerno tarnen.

Plutus

Me nunc omittite, quippe quem nostis palam.

Chremylus

Non per lovem, at tibi arctius inhaerebimus.

Plutus

Praedixin" a vobis mihi exhibitum iri adhuc


Negotium?

Chremylus

105 Pareto quaeso, me neque


Deserito, nusquam nempe gentium
Me reperias integriorem moribus.
Quaeras licet, nec alter est, sane us
Me praeter.

Plutus

Aiunt id quidem omnes. Caeterum


no Simul atque me sint assequuti divites,
Reliquis profecto sceleribus praeeminent.
Chremylus

Ita habet, neque mali omnes tarnen.

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ARISTOPHANES'S PLUTUS 63

PLUTUS

Non hercule,
At universi per lovem.

Carion
Non id feres
Impune, quin acerrime poenas lues.

Chremylus

115 Ast ut scias quanta hinc bona obvenient tibi,


Fac mente sis praesenti, ut omnia audias.
Nanque autumo, deo auspice, explicandum enim est
Fore, ut tua te caecitate protinus
Levemus, oculis claritate reddita.

PLUTUS

120 Non feceris, mihi quippe nolim lumina


Restituì.

Carion

Ain' vero? Miser natura homo is


Profecto.

PLUTUS

Quin, si luppiter resciverit,


Horum sibi perspectam habens vesaniam,
Caput mihi contriverit.

Chremylus

An id non facit,
125 Te quisquis impingentem oberrare patitur?

Plutus

Id nescio, hunc trepidane tarnen metuo haud parum.

Chremylus

Ain'? Omnium hercle tu deum ο timidissime,


Credis Iovis tyrannidem atque fulgura
Teruncio aestimanda, si vel paululum
Cernas modo?

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64 D. VAN KERCHOVE

PLUTUS

130 Ah, isthaec miser ne dixeris.

Chremylus

Quiesce, longe enim docebo te love


Potentiorem.

Plutus

Mene?

Chremylus

Per Coelum ilico.


Per quem imperai diis ille?
Carion

Per pecuniam,
Namque hac abundat.
Chremylus

Age, quis hanc suppeditat?


Carion

Hic.

Chremylus

135 Sed cuius homines gratia immolant Iovi?


Nonne huius?

Carion

Huius per deos, namque opibus hi


Prorsus inhiant.

Chremylus
Porro author unus Plutus est
Facileque finem imponet istis, si velit.

Plutus

Quid ita?

134 Namque Β : Nanque A.


136 namque B: nanque A.

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ARISTOPHANES'S PLUTUS 65

Chremylus

Quod hominum nullus aut mactet bovem


Aut offerat placentulam, aut quippiam aliud,
Nolente te.

PLUTUS
Quonam modo?
Chremylus

Quonam modo?
Nam quid quis emerit videlicet nisi
Praesens pecuniam ipse tu suffeceris?
Adeo, ut Iovis vires facile unus fregeris,
Siquid molestus forte erit.
Plutus

Quid ergo ais?


Iovine fiunt sacra propter me?
Chremylus
Arbitror.
Porro Aedepol, quid splendidum uspiam aut bonum,
Aut quid venustum homini, tua quod gratia
Non fiat? Universa enim auro obtemperant.

Carion

150 Me paululum pecuniae fecit meo


Servire hero, quod eram aliis egentior.
Chremylus

Corinthias quoque praedicant meretriculas,


Siquando quis tentarit has pauperculus
Ne advertere quidem animum, at si opulentus quispiam,
155 Alacres ad hunc se protinus revolvere.
Carion

Pueros idipsum aiunt facere, quaestus tarnen,


Non hercle amantum gratia.

Chremylus
Meritorios

Fortasse, nam argentum probi non postulant.

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56 D. VAN KERCHOVE

CARION

Quid itaque?
Chremylus

Equum alius strenuum, venaticas


Alius canes.

Carion

160 Quos forsitan pecuniam


Deposcere pudet, nomine obtexunt pr

Chremylus

Te propter inventa ars, simul et astutia.


Hominibus. Hic quidem est faber ferrarius,
Lignarius alter, ille calcearius
165 Labore claudicans sedentario, alius,
Abs te quod est indeptus aurum, funditat.
Grassatur ille, parietes hic perfodit,
Fullonem agit alius, coria est qui diluat
Villosa, et est qui tingat ea, coepas quoque est
170 Qui vendat, adulter siquis appraehenditur,
Natibus revulsis, plectitur pilis, tua
Luens profecto gratia pauperculus.

PLUTUS

Hei mihi, fefellere ista me pridem omnia.

Chremylus

Non propter hunc rex Persicus superbus est?

Carion

175 Non crebrius concio fit huius gratia?

Chremylus

Quid? Tune, cedo, reples triremes mercibus?

Carion

Hiccine Corinthi exercitum educat exterum?

Chremylus

Non Pamphilus plorabit huius gratia?

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ARISTOPHANES'S PLUTUS 67

Carion

Non Belonopoles hoc simul cum Pamphilo?


Chremylus

180 Non propter hunc pedit graviter Argyrius?

Carion

Ten' propter edit fabulas Philepsius?


Chremylus

Per tene praesidia obtigere Aegyptiis?


Carion
Per tene Lais hunc amat Philonidem?

Chremylus
Turrisne Timothei?

Carion

In tuum ruat caput.


Chremylus

185 Quid non facillime tua fit gratia?


Intelligis namque omnium authorem esse te
Unum neque modo quae bona, at quae etiam mala.
Carion

In bello iis fere potiri de hostibus


Victoria datur, qui habent hunc praesidem.
Plutus

190 Solusne cum sim, tanta facere sum potens?


Chremylus

Et his profecto plura multo conficis.


Adeo ut tui nemo queat reddi satur.
Reliquarum enim rerum omnium exaturatio est
Amoris,

183 Philonidem A : Philonideni B.


184 Timothei emendavi : Timotheum A B.
186 namque Β : nanque A.
193 Exaturatio est A : exuturatio es Β.

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68 D. VAN KERCHOVE

Carion

et panis,

Chremylus

suavis musicae,

Carion

Tragematum,

Chremylus

honoris,

Carion

195 ac placentarum quoque.


Chremylus

Et fortitudinis,

Carion
nucum,

Chremylus

ambitionis,

Carion

ac

Offae,

Chremylus

imperiique bellici,

Carion

lentis itidem.

Chremylus

At neminem coepit tui unquam taedium.


Verum, talenta si quis habeat tredecim,
200 Multo cupierit plura, nempe sedecim.
Atque haec adeptus, mox quadraginta petit
Aut vitam ait non esse vivendam sibi.

198 coepit A : caepit B.

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ARISTOPHANES'S PLUTUS 69

PLUTUS

Bene admodum dixisse mihi videmini,


Verum metuo id unum.

Chremylus

Quid obsecro? Cedo.

PLUTUS

205 Ne quam mihi assertis adesse potentiam


Eius siem ipse dominus, unusque potiar.
Chremylus

Dubio procul, quinimo id omnes praedicant


Timidissimum quiddam esse Plutum.

PLUTUS

Haud ita quidem, at


Praedator isthoc quispiam me nomine
210 Perstrinxit. Ingressus enim hic aedes clanculum, ac
Conclusa quando comperit inibì omnia
Auferre nihil illinc quiens, isthanc, mea
Quae Providentia erat, timiditatem vocat.
Chremylus

Animo otioso fac sies, quid si te ad hanc


215 Rem praestiteris alacrem atque promptum nunc virum,
Mox faxo cernas Lynceo ipso acutius.
Plutus

Mortalis ipse cum sies, quinam id queas?


Chremylus

Bonam mihi spem praestitere Apollinis


Responsa, lauro quassitata Pythica.
Plutus

Horum itaque conscius est?


Chremylus

220 Ut autumo omnium.

209 praedator A : praedatur B.

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70 D. VAN KERCHOVE

Plutus

Prospicite.

Chremylus

Ne solicitus hic sies precor.


Confectum enim id tibi dabo nihil haesites,
Etsi capitis oporteat periculum
Subire

Carion

Idipsum spondeo, nisi vetes.

Chremylus

225 Auxilio erunt nobis frequentes copiae,


Utpote probi, quibus farinae non erant.
Plutus

Papae, auxilia miseranda sane praedicas.


Chremylus

Non amplius futura si obtingant opes.


At cursu abi celeri.

Carion

Quid acturus precor?


Chremylus

230 Age, huc agricolas convoca, hos inveneris


Ruri malis exercitos quam plurimis,
Ut singuli ex aequo potiantur opibus his
Nobiscum et aequam quisque sibi praesens ferat
Hinc partem.
Carion

Abeo quidem, sed huc ex aedibus


235 Prodito quispiam intro carnes hasce ut hinc
Sustollat.

Chremylus

Hoc mihi curae erit. Curre ocyus.


Nunc tu, deorum, ο Plute, praestantissime,
Nobiscum age, huc intro veni, nanque haec domus

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ARISTOPHANES'S PLUTUS 71

Est ipsa, quam per fas nefasque hodie expl


240 Pecuniis oportet affatim mihi.
Plutus

At mihi grave est, ita dii me ament domum ingredi


A moribus alienam identidem meis.
Nunquam etenim ea ex re commodi quicquam tuli.
In sordidum nempe incidens, alte ilico
245 Hic defodior in ima terrae viscera.
Siquid pecuniae hunc roget vel mutuo
Homo non minus probus quam amicus, se negai
Vidisse me unquam. At in stupidulum si incidam, et
Mentis parum sanae virum, meretricibus
250 Obiectus, aleisque, nudus aedibus
Eiicior, exturborque protinus foras.

Chremylus

Verum tibi haud unquam modestus obtigit


Vir, temperantiaque praeditus, attamen
Quam his moribus semper fui ? Siquidem et ego
255 Frugalitate gaudeo, siquis alius
Sumptum vicissim facio, res cum postulai.
Abeamus intro, nam videre te meam
Volo coniugem atque filium mihi unicum,
Quo nil secundum te prius mihi est.

Plutus

Scio.

Chremylus

260 Quis enim tibi non vera sponte praedicet?

Iambica tetrametra catalectica


Carion

Heus, qui cum hero isthic crebro caepis victitastis iisdem,


Viri populäres atque amici, una laborum amantes,
Venite, maturate, properate, haud enim est morandi
Tempus, at in articulo ipso, opem, quo ferre coram oportet.

IAMBICA TETRAMETRA CATALECTICA : haec verba collocata sunt post v.


in editione B.

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D. VAN KERCHOVE

Chorus

Quin nos vides eo alacriter dudum rapi atque ferri,


Ut scilicet viros decet nunc debiles, senesque.
Verum ante forsitan ocyus vis cursitem, mihi quam
Dicas, tuus cur nos herus vocet, velitque adesse.
Carion

Quinimo iamdudum tibi dico, nec ipse id audis,


Nam asserit herus suaviorem mox fore universis
Vitam, rigore hoc et molestiis semel recisis.

Chorus

Porro quid hoc erit, et id undenam quod iste narrat?


Carion

Adduxit huc vetulum, haud scio quemnam ο senes, miser qui


Sit squalidus, gibbosus et rugosus atque calvus,
Edentulus quoque, eviratus idem, ut arbitror nunc.
Chorus

Heus, tu mihi qui laeta et aurea verba nuntiasti,


Hoc, quod prius dixti modo, referre ne graveris.
Venisse dicis qui ferat pecuniarum acervum?
Carion

Senilium imo qui modo adferat malorum acervum.

Chorus

Haud id feres impune, mecum qui dolis agas hic


Nimium impudenter, idque fustem me ferente grandem.

Carion

Talemne natura virum omnino arbitramini esse


Ubique me, sanique proloqui nihil putatis?
Chorus

Ο mastigia perquam colende, tibiae tibi, eheu


Eheu, pedicas desyderantes, choenicesque clamant.

276 nuntiasti A : nunciasti B.

276-278 CHORUS loquitur A. : CARION loquitur B.

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ARISTOPHANES'S PLUTUS 73

Carion

Tua'e obtigit sors iudicandi literae in sepulchro.


Quin nunc abis? Suum Charon quoque symbolum tibi dat.
Chorus

Rumpare medius, garrulus natura ut es, superbusque,


Impostor idem, quisquis es, nondumque proloqui vis,
290 Qua grada tuus huc herus me accersiit. Deinde
Advenimus lassi quidem, at prompti, negotiisque
Urgentibus, quam plurimis quoque interim relictis
Caeparum ibi radiculis.
Carion

Haud amplius queo istud


Caelare. Herus etenim meus Plutum, ο viri, reversus
295 Adduxit. Hic nos efficiet hoc divites die omnes.

Chorus

Itan' beatis omnibus nobis licebit esse?

Carion

Per Numina, et Midam quidem ipsum aequabitis, si aselli


Sumatis aures.

Chorus

Quam sum hilaris? Me quanta habet voluptas?


Prae gaudio quidem gestio nunc ductitare restim,
Si haec vera sint.

Carion

300 At, Threttanelo, ego ipsum exprimens Cyclopa


Vos sie pedibus impulsitans horsum reduxero, sed
Nunc crebro agedum acclamate, balantes quoque, ovicularum
Ο filii ac foetentium Dimetra
Vocem capellarum edite, Acatalectica
305 Sequamini hac ementulati, utque hirci edatis Tetrametra
omnes. Catalectica
Chorus

Nos quoque vicissim, Threttanelo, quaeremus hunc Cyclopa


297 Per Numina A : per Numiam B.

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74 D. VAN KERCHOVE

Baiando, te ut appraehendimus fa
Peram gerentem, roscidaque olerà
Balantibus ducem oviculis Dimetra
310 Temere uspiam Stratum mero, Acatalectica
Ingente correpta praeusta sude, oculum Tetrametra
eruentes Catalectica
Carion

Circen deinde ego pharmaca parantem atque condientem,


Quae olim sodales ipsius Philomidis Corinthi,
Persuasit ultro ceu capros Dimetrum acatal.
315 Firn um subactum devorare, quem ipsamet
subegit, Tetram. calai.
Imitabor omnibus modis. Dimetrum acatal.
At grunnientes prae voluptate, agite vos, Trim
Matrem sequimini porci. Dimetrum catal.
Chorus

Nos ergo te Circen veneficam quidem illam,


oleto Tetrametra
320 Socios et inquinantem et incantantem item,
appraehensum Catalectica
Prae gaudio immodico quidem, Dimetrum acatal.
Imitati Ulyssem e testibus pendemus, ac fimo
imas Tetram. catal.

Tibi oblinemus ceu capri Dimetrum acatal.


Nares; at ut Aristyllus hians dein dixeris : Trimetrum
325 Matrem sequimini porci. Dimetrum catal.
Carion

Ehem, hisce missis, quaeso, iam dicteriis


iocisque, Tetram. catal.
In formam aliam nunc vertimi- Dimetra
Ni. Clam ego subintrans paululum Acatalectica
Et panis et carnis meo
330 Subreptum hero voravero,
Sicque alacrior deinde huic incubuero labori Tetram. catal.

312 condientem A : condiemem B.


330 DIMETRUM ACATALEC. Β : TETRAM. CATAL. A.
331 TETRAM. CATAL. Β : TRIMETR. ACATAL. A.

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ARISTOPHANES'S PLUTUS 75

Chremylus

Salvere si vos iubeo populäres viri, Trimetra


Vetus quidem atque marcida salutatio est. Acatalectica
Amplector autem exosculorque vos, quod huc
335 Alacres venitis, impigre et scito ordine,
Ut nunc mihi opitulemini, in aliis quoque
Adesse soliti, quo deum servemus hunc.

Chorus

Animo bono sis, faxo, Mars ipse videar


Prorsus tibi, immane obtuens, nanque est grave
340 Trioboli si gratia quotidie
Pieno in senatu pessume lacessimur.
Sed hoc fruì Pluto neque ulli invidero.

Chremylus

Ast huc citato Blepsidemum conspicior


Viam gradu affectare; non dubium, rei
345 Huiusce quin quid inaudierit, ita properat.

Blepsidemus

Quid hoc negotii? Unde, quoque etiam modo


Chremylus repente dives ille evaserit?
Non hercle credo, sermo tarnen erat frequens
Sedentum in officinulis tonsoriis,
350 Virum esse derepente ditatum admodum.
Porro istud admiror simul, quonam modo
Lauta fruens fortuna amicos convocet.
Non patriae profecto more istud facit.
Chremylus

Quin te nihil caelavero, omnia referens,


355 Ο Blepsideme, commodius nunc agimus hic
Quam heri. Fruaris itaque licet istis bonis
Nobiscum, es enim amicus, neque is quidem infimus.

Blepsidemus

Ten' vere, ut aiunt, divitem esse praedicas?

343 Blepsidemum A : Blepsydemum B.

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76 D. VAN KERCHOVE

Chremylus

Quam mox quidem fuero, deus modo annuat.


360 Quandoquidem in ipsa est re perieli nonnihil

Blepsidemus

Quidnam?

Chremylus

Rogas?
Blepsidemus

Die ocyus, siquid sies


Dicturus.

Chremylus

Etenim re bene gesta, omnes quidem


Beabimur ; sin erit aberratum, simul
Perierimus.

Blepsidemus

Grave id videtur esse onus,


365 Mihi nec placet. Repente enim supra modum
Ditescere, ac contra timere, est aedepol
Viri nihil sani patrantis scilicet.

Chremylus

Sed quo nihil sani modo?

Blepsidemus

Si quid Deo
Furatus argenti vel auri, huc veneris,
370 Cuius dein te forsitan poenituerit.

Chremylus

Ο Phoebe, depulsor malorum, haud ita quidem.

Blepsidemus

Has mitte nugas, ο bone, at certo scio.


Chremylus

Nil suspicare quaeso de me huiusmodi.

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ARISTOPHANES'S PLUTUS

Blepsidemus

Heu quam nihil sanum uspiam est aut integrum!


375 Nam omnes ad unum serviunt vieti lucro

Chremylus

Videre per Cererem mihi sanus parum.


Blepsidemus

Quantum hic abest vitae a prioris moribus?


Chremylus

Atra laboras bile per deos homo.

Blepsidemus

Oculosque habes vagos nimisque mobileis,


380 Nam, ceu male tibi conscius, moves loco.

Chremylus

Quid hercle corniceris hic, novi satis,


Partem ut feras si quid cui abstulerim.

Blepsidemus
Cuius rei?

Chremylus

Longe aliud est quam existimes.


Blepsidemus

Rapuisti itaque non abstulisti?


Chremylus

Agitat malus
Te genius hercle.
Blepsidemus

385 An quem suis fraudasti? Age.


Chremylus

Minime profecto.

Blepsidemus

Ο hercules, qua quis, cedo,


Divorterit? Nam, vera quae sunt, pernegas.

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78 D. VAN KERCHOVE

CHREMYLUS

Nos ante carpis quam rei noris caput.


Blepsidemus

Heus heus amice, rem tibi isthanc pauculis


390 Ante dabo confectam, senatus quam audiat,
Pecuniis clam rhetoribus os obstruens.

CHREMYLUS

Te amicum enimvero arbitrer mihi esse, si


Minis tribus expensis duodecim supputes.
Blepsidemus

En video quendam pro tribunali, simul


395 Cum liberis sessurum et uxore, manibus
Olivae habentem supplicis ramusculum,
Nihiloque prorsus Herculis fore filiis
Foeliciorem, Pamphilus quos pinxerat.
CHREMYLUS

Minime quidem, infoelix homo, verum bonos


400 Tantum, modestos, dexteros quoque affatim
Nunc divites effecero.

Blepsidemus

Quid ais, ο bone?


An uspiam tantas opes furatus es?
CHREMYLUS

Ο rem improbam, me tune perdes?

Blepsidemus

Ipse te,
Ut arbitror

CHREMYLUS

Non sane, ohe sceleste, nam


Plutum habeo.

Blepsidemus

Quid? Tun'Plutum habes? Quemnam?

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ARISTOPHANES'S PLUTUS 79

Chremylus

405 Deum

Ipsum.
Blepsidemus

Atqui ubi est?


Chremylus

Intus.

Blepsidemus

Ubi?

Chremylus

Apud me.

Blepsidemus

Apud te?
Chremylus
Ita.

Blepsidemus

Abibin' ad corvos? Apud te Plutus est?


Chremylus

Est per deos.


Blepsidemus

An vera narras?

Chremylus
Maxime.

Blepsidemus

Per Vestam?

Chremylus

Etiam Neptunum.

Blepsidemus

An aequoreum putas?
405 quemnam A : qu. . nam, minus clare impressum, B.

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80 D. VAN KERCHOVE

CHREMYLUS

410 Neptunus alter si sit, et per alterum.


Blepsidemus

Hunccine ad amicos nos tuos transmiseris?

CHREMYLUS

Res nondum eo pervenit.


Blepsidemus

Ecquid nunc ais?


Nonne ut tuis communices?

CHREMYLUS

Non per Iovem.


Primum enim opus est.

Blepsidemus

Quid?
CHREMYLUS

Visum ut ante recipiat.

Blepsidemus

Ecquis? Cedo.
CHREMYLUS

415 Plutus quo prius vidit modo.


Blepsidemus
Verene caecus est?

CHREMYLUS

Per ipsum, inquam, lovem.


Blepsidemus

Non itaque temere est, ne quod haud unquam adierit.


CHREMYLUS

Sed si dii velint, adibit vos modo.

Blepsidemus

Atqui medico opus est vocato huc quopiam.

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ARISTOPHANES'S PLUTUS 81

Chremylus

420 Quis obsecro hac in urbe iam medicus siet,


Ars ubi nec in pretio est, nec ullum praemium?

Blepsidemus

Scrutemur.

Chremylus

At non est.
Blepsidemus

Neque esse puto uspiam.


Chremylus

Non aedepol, sed quod animo conceperam,


Est optimum, ut scilicet eum in Epidaurii
Sacra aede collocemus.

Blepsidemus

425 Hoc longe optimum.


Nequid moreris, at unum id effi
Chremylus

Adeo utique.
Blepsidemus

Propera.
Chremylus

Ago equidem isthuc sedulo.


Paupertas

Ο facinus audax iam patrare hoc impium


Ausi, atque iniquum, miseri homunculi nimis.
Quo? Quid fugitis? An manseritis?
Chremylus

430 Ο Hercules.

Paupertas

Siquidem ego nunc vos perdidero malos male


Audaciam enim audetis ferendam neutiquam,

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ol D. VAN KERCHOVE

Qualem neque hominum quisp


Ausus deus. Proinde nunc per
Chremylus

435 Quae es igitur? Admodum enim videre pallida.


Blepsidemus

Est furia forsan quaepiam e tragoedia,


Tragicum intuens atque furiale quippiam.
Chremylus
At nullam habet facem.

Blepsidemus

Eiulabit itaque ea.


Paupertas

Quam me arbitramini esse?

Chremylus

Cauponariam,
440 Leguminumve venditricem. Haud enim adeo
Inclamitasses, laesa quidem a nobis nihil.
Paupertas

Numnam gravissimis lacessita videor


Vobis malis, ut quam hisce nunc regionibus
Molimini exigere?
Chremylus

At superest Barathrum tibi.


445 Nunc attamen dicas oportet, quae sies.
Paupertas

Hodie, cui poenas dabitis acerrime,


Qui eliminare hinc me procul conamini.

Blepsidemus

An proxima e vicinia est caupona, quae


Me saepius fefellit hemina improba?

Paupertas

450 Quin illa Paupertas sum ego, quicum simul


Plerosque iisdem habitastis annos aedibus.

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ARISTOPHANES'S PLUTUS 83

Blepsidemus

Apollo rex, diique reliqui, quo quis abeat?


Chremylus

Heus tu, quid agis? Ο bellua timidissima,


Non permanes?
Blepsidemus

Minime omnium.

Chremylus

Non manseris?
455 Unam mulierem nos, viri duo, fugimus?

Blepsidemus

Est nempe Paupertas, nec aliud esse ea


Natum uspiam animai credo pestilentius.
Chremylus

Consiste! Sta, quaeso.


Blepsidemus

Hei, profecto neutiquam.

Chremylus

Quin facinus indignissimum longe omnium


460 Patrabimus, solum hic deum si linquimus,
Praeque gelida formidine hanc fugitabimus,
Uni duo haud ausi simul resistere.

Blepsidemus

Cuiusmodi armis, queisve freti copiis?


Quos namque non thoracas illa ferreos,
465 Quae scuta non oppignerat pessima?
Chremylus

Bono

Es animo, hic unus nempe de huius moribus


Deus, trophaeum erexerit, certo scio.

464 namque Β : nanque A.

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o4 D. VAN KERCHOVE

Paupertas

Hiscere etiamne audetis, ο piacula,


In hisce, quae patrastis apprensi malis?
Chremylus

470 Miserrimis, ο digna, quae pereas modis.


Cur huc profecta probris lacessitura nos
Nec uspiam ullis incitata iniuriis?
Paupertas

Nullisne per deos premi me iniuriis


Existimatis, quippe qui conemini
Adimere Pluto caecitatem?

Chremylus

475 Hoc, quid tibi


Iniuriae adfert, si omnibus demus bona?

Paupertas

An quippiam speretis illinc commodi?

Chremylus

Hoc scilicet, tute exul ut sis Graecia.

Paupertas

Egon' exul? Ecquid arbitramini fore


Hominibus unquam pestilentius?

Chremylus

480 Quid? Hoc


Si negligentius peracturi sumus?

Paupertas

Porro hisce de rebus ego nunc respondero.


Primum quidem docebo, vobis omnium
Unam esse me authorem bonorum, et vos meo
485 Vitam agere nunc arbitrio, sin minus ita est,
Facitote, quod vobis videbitur, mihi.
Chremylus

Id dicere audes, qua nihil sceleratius?

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ARISTOPHANES'S PLUTUS 85

Paupertas

Audito iam, namque arbitror, facillime


Errare te convicero, isti si velis
490 Sint divites, quotquot probi integrique sunt.

Blepsidemus

Ο tympana, ο catastae, opemne tuleritis?

Paupertas

Non ante stomachere intonans, quam intelligas.

Blepsidemus

Ecquis queat non clamitare, haec audiens,


Ohe, ohe?

Paupertas

Quisquis animo recte sapit.

Chremylus

495 Quid itaque poenae vieta iure nunc dabis


Victoribus?

Paupertas

Quicquid libet.

Blepsidemus

Dicis perbene.

Paupertas

Vobis quoque est victis ferendum sane idem.

Blepsidemus

Mortes, putas, suffecerint viginti?

Chremylus

Huic
Quidem, at duae nobis simul suffecerint.

488 namque Β : nanque A.


496 libet A : lubet B.

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86 D. VAN KERCHOVE

Paupertas

500 Hoc factum oportet, neque morandi tempus hic.


An est ad haec, quod quis queat obicere aequius?

Anapaestica tetrametra catalectica


Chorus

At nunc aliquid dicatis oportet dexterius, superare


Hanc quo possitis, verbis missis languidioribus, ipsi
Obnitentes.

Chremylus

Omnibus hoc ex aequo notum arbitror esse


505 Aequum scilicet, ut laeta bonis contingant omnia, contra
Pravis longe his diversa, parumque piis. Nos igitur eo nunc
Studio correpti, vixdum invenimus ut factis generosum
Sectemur consilium hoc, pulchrum atque in quidlibet utile prorsus.
Nam si Plutus iam videat, nec posthac is caecus oberret,
510 Quos cognoverit esse probos, vitaeque integrioris, adibit
Non deserturus. Porro scelestos suffugerit, opulentos
Deinde probos utique efficiens omnes, ipsaque diva colentes
Numina. Quisnam hominibus unquam hoc repperit utilius
meliusve?

Blepsidemus

Nullus sane, testis ero huiusce rei, nihil hanc rogitato.

Chremylus

515 Nam quibus haec vita modis nostra afficitur, vel cuinam homin
ista
Non esse insania, vel malo agi genio potius videatur?
Siquidem, quo quis sceleratior, hoc est ferme, re male parta,
Opulentior. At contra, quisquis probus est, miser hic miseram
atque
Duram vivit vitam, esuriens, quo saepe potire sodale.

ANAPAESTICA Β : ANAPESTICA A.
ANAPAESTICA TETRAMETRA CATALECTICA : haec verbo collocata sunt post v.
509 videat A : viderit B. 502 in editione B.
514 rogitato A : rogitabo B.

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ARISTOPHANES'S PLUTUS 87

520 Atqui arbitrar unam superesse viam, quae h


Finem, siquidem hic viderit ac hominibus aur
Paupertas

At vos, quibus est nihil usquam hominum persuasu facilius, ut


Fiat sani, vetuli duo congerrónes, desipientes
Simul, id si fiat, quod cupitis, vestro existimo fore damno.
525 Nam Plutus rursum si cernens ex aequo impartierit se,
Nec ars ulli usui erit, neque curae hominum sapientiaque cuiqu
His vero sublatis, quis ferrum faber excuderit? Aut quis
Naupegus erit? Lateres quis coxerit, aut rotulas repararit,
Aut corium inciderit, aut suerit, vel pelles inficere, ha» vel
530 Colluere volet, vel ferro proscindere terrapi, Cererisve
Fruges demetere? Hic demum, si securis atque supinis,
Omnibus his neglectis, vivere vobis fas sit liceatque?

Chremylus

Nugas nugaris, nam quae nobis ordine dinumerasti,


Ea servi conficient.

Paupertas

Verum die quaeso, hos unde parabis?


Chremylus

Coememus scilicet argento.


Paupertas

535 Sed quis tibi vendiderit, cum


Idem affluat argento?
Chremylus

Qui quaestus studio e Thessalia iam


Venit mercator quispiam, ubi mangonum copia magna est.
Paupertas

Nullus erit mango profecto, tua isthaec nisi sint vana, mih
Iam occinuisti. Quis enim volet id facere, atque subire per
540 Vitae formidanda suae, opibus dorili abundans? Itaque
Ipse et fodere et terram invertere aratro, reliquosque vorar
Agri sudores, vitam agitabis mage quam nunc inamoenam.
540 formidanda A : formidandae B.

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öö D. VAN KERCHOVE

Chremylus

In caput ista tuum recidant.


Paupertas

Haudquaquam indormire licebit


Posthac tibi lectis, non enim erunt, neque porro tapetibus, a
545 Namque hic praesente, quis intexere volet ? Unguentis neque
Fas erit ungi, si quando uxores ducturi, neque tinctis
Ornari vestibus, aut variis ac magnificis. Quis opum usus
Tandem, divesque quid intersiet inopi, quando omnibus hisc
Vos fraudandi sitis rebus? Sed ego suffecero abunde,
550 Si quibus opus est. Ego enim, ceu domina sedens, manibus s
victum
Quaerere facile artificem compulero, quem dura premet eges
Chremylus

Quaenam bona tu dare possis? Bona ni haec tibi sint ex hypocaustis


Hulcera, puerorumque esurientum turba, frequens vetularum
Strepitus, variumque pediclorum agmen, culicum copia mordax,
555 Pulexque frequentior, a me quam ut numeretur facile, caputque
Circumvolitant, simul obstreperi atque molesti, somnum abigentes
Oculis, aiuntque, exurges ocyus, aut fame corripiere.
Quin et lacerum pro veste sagum; pro lecto, iuncea strata
Gramineaque, cimicibus piena, quietem quae facile profundam
560 Excutiant ; storea tapetum vice marcida ; saxum ad caput ingens
Pro pulvinari; vesci malvae germinibus vice panis.
Tum macris raphanorum foliis pro maza; dein caput urnae
Contritae sedis vice; tum pro mactra longo latus usu
Confractum veteris dolioli. Ecquid ad haec? Istane via te
565 Cunctorum ostendo mortalibus unam authorem esse bonorum?
Paupertas

Mendicorum taxasti, haud hercle meam enarrans modo vitam


Chremylus

Atqui mendicam pauperis omnes dicimus esse sororem.

Paupertas

Vos, quippe quibus similis Dionysius est visus Thrasybulo,

545 intexere A : integere Β.


568 Thrasybulo emendavi Thrasibulo A B.

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ARISTOPHANES'S PLUTUS 89

Haud vitae accidit omnino meae, neque per lo


unquam.
570 Mendici namque est, quam narras vitam : nil prorsus habere
Atque veluti in horam vivere ; pauperis autem : parcius uti
Partis, operi invigilare haud segniter, at superesse tamen nil,
Nil quoque deese.
Chremylus

Mihi, ο diva Ceres, foelicem oppido memorasti


Eius vitam, si durius ac parcius, aetate peracta,
575 Sibi nil reliqui fecerit, a morte sepulchro ut vel potiatur.
Paupertas

Acria nobis dicteria tentas ac convicia, honesto


Misso, aspergere, non tecum animadvertens, quanto in hominibus
tum

Animo, tum forma exornandis Pluto praestem, siquidem istum


Podagrosi vallant, neque non ventrosi, plusque satis obesi,
580 Tibiaque quibus turgeat. At apud me sunt tenues, gracilesque,
Hostibus infesti.

Chremylus

Fame forte nimia eos graciles tibi reddis.


Paupertas

De sobrietate igitur nunc commonstraro, cuius ego autor.


Hinc esse meos graciles discite, namque modestia Comes est
Petulantia Pluto.

Chremylus

Hocne modestiae erit? Perfodere hlc alienas


Aedes ac furari?

Blepsidemus

585 Hocne modestum? Quid ni? Quippe quod ipsi


Clam faciant, quodque latere velini.

Paupertas

Nunc igitur in urbibus ipsos


Respicito rhetoras, hos quam habeant aequos, ubi pauperiores

570 namque Β : nanque A.

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90 D. VAN KERCHOVE

Sint, tum populus, tum res public


Ditati e publico, iniqui quam sin
Plebem captent populumque opp
Chremylus

590 Quin haud falsa quidem haec sunt,


Quantumlibet invideas, neque eo nunc plorabis m
Est, quod placeas tibi, quodve superbire pares, qua
Te Pluto esse, velis persuasum nobis.
Paupertas

Nihil est quod in hac re


Repraehendere quiveris et si nugeris, frustraque labores.

Chremylus

Cur te fugiunt omnes?

Paupertas

595 Quia eos meliores efficio. Istud


Licet in pueris perspicere. Hi namque suos f
Ipsis optima prospiciant, patres. Adeo est di
Dignoscier aequum.

Chremylus

Optimane lovem haud recte dignoscere dices?


Hic nempe sibi Plutum adservat, abacta hac, nobisque relicta

Paupertas

600 Ο decrepitis lippi mentibus ambo animos, luppiter ipse


Est pauper, et id clarius equidem tibi fecero. Quandoquidem
Si polleat in certamine olympiaco, cui praesidet ipse, et
Ad quod quinto quoque anno ferme Graecia confluii omnis
Cur, quos athletarum victores praedicet esse, corona hos
605 Cinxerit oleaginea? Aurea oportuerat, si dives hic esset.

589 insidiisque A : nisi diisque B.


590 Plebem A : Plaebem B.
592 quodve A : quodne B.
594 quiveris A : quieveris vel queveris B.
nugeris A : ingeris B.

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ARISTOPHANES'S PLUTUS 91

CHREMYLUS

Atqui hoc ipso sane indicat ipsum sibi Plutum in pretio esse,
Utpote cui parcens, nihil adimi velit, aut abrodier hilum
Nugisque meris victores ornans, Plutum ipsum sibi servai.
Paupertas

Tribuisse videris pauperie rem huic longe sordidiorem,


610 Si quo ditior, hoc parcior ac quaestus cupientior is sit.
CHREMYLUS

At male te luppiter excipiat serto redimitam oleastri.


Paupertas

Vosne inficiari audere, haec quin per me omnia sint bona vob
CHREMYLUS

Licet ex Hecate hoc rogites, potiusne sit esurias, an abundes.


Siquidem haec pauperibus singlis mensibus edicit, ut opulenti
615 Coenam apponant, prius autem illi abripiant quam isti apposuere.
Atqui pereas neque tute hiscas Dimetrum
Posthac unquam. Monometrum
Siquidem mihi non persuaseris hoc Dimetrum
Non hercle etiamsi persuaseris.

Paupertas

620 Ο urbs Argi, audite, hic quid ait?


CHREMYLUS

Pausona voces mensae socium.

Paupertas

Quid agam infoelix? Monometrum


CHREMYLUS

Hinc ocyus ad corvos abeas. Dimetrum


Paupertas

Quo gentium eam? Monometrum

609 huic A : hic B.


621 Pausona A : Pausana B.

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92 D. VAN KERCHOVE

CHREMYLUS

625 Hinc in nervum atque catastam at opus, Dimetrum


Properes ocyus Monometrum
Paupertas

Quin huc posthac me revera Dimetrum


Revocaveritis. Monometrum

CHREMYLUS

Deinde redibis, nunc tu pereas. Dimetrum


630 Nam praestiterit iam sim dives
Diuque tibi caput languere sinam.
Blepsidemus

Nunc, ita me summus amet Iuppiter,


Ditatus cupio epularier hic
Cum uxore ac pueris, dein lotus et
635 E balneo obesior egrediens,
Artificibus et Monometrum

Paupertati oppedere item. Dimetrum catalec


CHREMYLUS

Ea nunc abiit hinc perditissima, at deum hunc lambì, trimetrum


Ibi collocaturi ambo quam celerrime
640 Ducamus in templum Aesculapio ipsi sacrum.
Blepsidemus

Ne quid moremur, ne quis adiens, denuo


Facere haec vetet, quibus hic opus sit maxime.
CHREMYLUS

Hörsum, ο puer Carion, necesse haec efferas


Strata. Huncque Plutum ducier, ut est moris, ac
645 Parata quae sunt ordine intus omnia.
Carion

Agite, ο viri huc senes, cavis qui panibus


Persaepe Thesaeis fuistis in sacris
Tenuiter excepti in farinis pauculis.

638-640 CHREMYLUS loquitur: emendavi : BLEPSIDEMUS loquitur Α Β.

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ARISTOPHANES'S PLUTUS 93

Quam estis beati, quamque nunc foeliciter


650 Agitis, et alii qui integris sunt moribus.
Chorus

Heus optime hic tui ordinis sodalium,


Cuiuspiam venisse nuntius boni
Videre.

Carion

Hero res sese habent prosperrime;


Longe tarnen nunc prosperius ipsi deo.
655 Pro caeco enim exoculatus est, clarisque iam
Epidaurii beneficio est pupillulis.

Constai antispasto, epitrito secundo et pyrrhichio

Chremylus

Mihi gaudium ac tumultum explicas.

Hic senarius est

Carion

Hic seu velitis seu minus gaudebitis.

Eiusdem sunt cum superiore generis, prima tarnen


Antispasti longa solvitur in duas breves.

Chorus

Age vocabo divitem liberis


660 Hominibusque lumen Asclepium.
Iambica trimetro

UXOR

Quis clamor hic? An adnuntiabit quispiam


Nobis boni quicquam? Id equidem desiderans
Iamdudum et intus sedeo praestolans simul.
Carion

Age, propera huc, vinumque ferto nuntio,

IAMBICA TRIMETRA, haec verba collocata sunt ante v. 659 in editione B.

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?4 D. VAN KERCHOVE

665 Ipsaque bibas, gaudere enim adm


Ut agminatim omnia tibi adfero bo
Uxor

Ubi sunt?

Carion

Statim ex me intelliges, haec dum tibi


Narrem.

Uxor

Expedi igitur, expedi, inquam, si quid es


Dicturus.

Carion

Audi, ut tibi negoci quicquid est,


670 A calce totum ad usque caput hic explicem.
Uxor

Haud in meum precor caput.


Carion

Suntne bona, iam


Quae contigere?
Uxor

Nihil tarnen molestiae.

Carion

Ipsum celerrime una adibamus deum,


Virum huncce ducentes, miserrimum quidem
675 Tunc, quo tarnen nihil est beatius hodie.
Primum omnium ad mare nos eum perduximus,
Dein lavimus.

Uxor

Foelix, ita me amet Iuppiter,


Ut qui senex mari abluatur frigido.

Carion

Templum deinde simul adibamus dei,


680 Postquam autem in aris thura cum placentulis

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ARISTOPHANES'S PLUTUS 95

Verbis dicata sunt sacris, flammis quoque


Vulcaniis mola adusta, sedulo, ut aequum e
Plutum reclinavimus, at herbido prius
Nostris parato lectulo manibus deo.
Uxor

685 At num qui erant alii, deo qui habuere opus?

Carion

Unus Neoclides quidem, nam caecus is


Furando cernentes superabat quoslibet.
Aliique variis obsiti morbis. Sed ut
Lucernulas dei aedituus extinxerat,
690 Dormire iussit ilico nos singulos.
Ac si quis, inquit, hic tumultum senserit,
Taceat. Suo quisque ordine ibi recubuimus.
Neque ego quiescere quibam. At olla protinus
Me pultis attonitum excitat, sita ad caput
695 Aniculae. In hanc arrepere tarnen faustiter
Tunc gestiebam. Deinde, ubi respexeram,
Placentulas video sacerdotem sacra
Mensa auferentem caricasque. Porro ad haec
Aras obambulans in orbem singulas,
700 Libaminum si quid reliquum in eis erat,
In saccum id omne coniicit ceu rem sacram.
Ratusque relligiosum id, hoc ardentius
In pultis ollam gestio conscendere.
UXOR

Ο te virum miserum, deum non veritus es?

Carion

705 Hoc aedepol, ne is me coronam quippe habens


Et ad occupandam ollam properans, praevorteret.
Nam me ipsius sacrifìcus hoc praemonuerat.
Meum ut anicula strepitum quiescens senserat,

695 Aniculae A : Aviculae B.


701 saccum A : sacrum B.
708 anicula A : avicula B.

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D. VAN KERCHOVE

Manum suam praetendit, ego dein sibilans,


710 Hanc ceu Pharias appraehendo mordicus,
Quam protinus retraxit haud parum timens.
Exin quievit, eam obvolutans linteis,
Ac prae metu pepedit ea fele acrius.
Tum pultis equidem ingurgitabam plurimum.
715 Dein ubi bene satur sum, quiesco molliter.
Uxor

Numnam deus vos ipse adibat?


Carion

Neutiquam.
Post id ego quiddam egi inibì ridiculum nimis.
Adeunte siquidem eo, pepedi acerbius,
Namque mihi venter torminibus intumuerat.

Uxor

720 Te ob id igitur profecto mox fastidiit.

Carion

Non, verum Iaso subsequens quaedam simul,


Erubuit, at Panacea se avertit, suas
Statim obstruens nares, siquidem ego haud hercule
Thus pedo.
Uxor

Porro quid ille?

Carion

Nihili per lovem


Faciebat.

Uxor

725 Agrestem quidem narras deum.


Carion

Non hercle, sed scatophagon.

Uxor

Heu miserum.
719 Namque B: Nanque A.

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ARISTOPHANES'S PLUTUS 97

Carion

Sub haec
Metu ilico correptus occului caput.
Siquidem ille perspectis in orbem singulis
Morbis, obambulabat incessu gravi.
730 Deinde saxeum ei puer mortarium
Apposuit, et cochlear et arculam simul.

Uxor

Num saxeam?

Carion

Non per Iovem, neque saxea


Erat arcula ulla.

Uxor

Eho sceleste, acerrimis


Perdende flagris, quo ista vidisti modo,
735 Tectus videlicet, abdito quoque capite?

Carion

Per pallium foraminosum scilicet.


Primum omnium inductile Neoclidi pharmacum
Interere coepit aliorumque addidit
Tria Teniorum capita. Deinde contudit
740 In eo simul mortario, resinam quoque
Ac mastichen commiscuit, aceto irrigans
Dein acriori, palpebras invertit, et
Cataplasmate allevit, ut ei hoc doleant magis.
At hic eiulans clamansque fugit ac impetu
745 Mox subsilit, porro interim ridens deus,
Hic, inquit, adsideto cataplasmate litus,
Ut te senatu peierantem removeam.

Uxor

Quam est civitatis amans deus hic atque sapiens.

734 Perdende A : Perdendae B.


738 aliorumque Β : alliorumque A.

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yi5 D. VAN K.ERCHOVE

CARION

Deinde Plutoni adsidebat, ac caput


750 Primum quidem attigit, subinde e palpebris
Sudario extergens nitidulo sanguinem,
Panacea vero purpura illius caput
Totamque contexit faciem, et hinc protinus
Duo e sacra aede simul dracones prodeunt,
755 Immani uterque corpore, simul ac levi
Hos sibilo evocarat.

UXOR

Ο dii propitii.
Carion

Porro hi sub ipsam purpuram irrepsere, clam


Sese insinuantes, lingere ipsas palpebras
Visi mihi, ac cernens prius sese erigit
760 Hic Plutus, ο hera, quam decem vini ebibas
Cotylas. Ego interea manus prae gaudio
Complosi, herumque meum excitavi. Exin deus
Evanuit statim, et ambo serpentes quoque,
Unde exilierant, sunt reversi. Caeterum
765 Quibus arbitraris tripudiis ac plausibus
Exosculatum, quo salutatum modo his
Plutum esse, qui undiquaque cingebant eum.
Noctemque perpetuam excubabant, dum dies
Illuxerat. Deum, quibus potui modis
770 Laudabam, oculis quod ilico hunc donaverat
Plutum, Neoclidemque caecum liquerat.
UXOR

Ο summe rex, quanta haec tua est potentia?


Verum mihi explicato, ubi Plutus?

Carion

Densissimis stipatus hominum copiis.


775 Nam hunc, quisquis aequi prius erat servantior,

752 Panacea emendavi : Panacaea A B.

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ARISTOPHANES'S PLUTUS 99

Frugalius vivens, salutabat suis


Prae gaudio ipsum amplexus ulnis obviis.
At divites opibus abundantes male
Partis, supercilia attrahentes, protinus
780 Stomachosiores simul abibant tristius.
Alii sequebantur coronati, deo
Bene ominantes atque ridentes. Senum
Sandalia concinnis crepitabant gressibus.
Agite itaque ore uno, choraeas duci te,
785 Saltate, tripudiisque laeti plaudite.
Nullus etenim deesse nuntiaverit
Panario nobis farinam intrantibus.

Uxor

Tibi tempora per Hecaten volo Cerealibus


Cingere coronis, laeta qui fers nuntia haec
Nobis.

Carion

790 Nihil quaeso morare, nam viros


Non hinc procul nostris abesse conspicor
Foribus.

Uxor

Age, huc ingressa ego, bellaria


Ceu nuper emptis prompsero inspergenda nunc
Oculis.

Carion

Ego quoque obvium illis me dabo.


Particula chori

Plütus

795 Primum omnium, ipsum adoro Solem, Pallados


Deinde venerandae celebre solum, et hinc Cecropis
Terram universam, quippe quae me exceperit
Natum, at mearum me calamitatum pudet,
Ut quem hactenus latuit, quibuscum vixerim.

780 Stomachosiores A : Stomachus osiores B.

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100 D. VAN KERCHOVE

800 Nam qui mea fuere consuetudine


Digni potissimum, hosce fugi, nescien
Miser, haec et illa perperam fecisse m
Nunc, rebus inversis vicissim singulis
Hoc posteris ostendero, quod in imp
805 Invitus inciderim meique gravatim
Copiam ego fecerim.
Chremylus

In malam nunc rem hinc abi.


Quam res molesta, derepente plurimi
Simul obvii conspecti amici, sicubi
Quis coeperit foelicius agere. Tibias
810 Namque stimulant, pulsantque, benevolentiae
Prae se ferentes singuli quiddam. Ecquis hic
Me non salutabat, senum quae turba me
Obambulans non in foro circundabat?

Uxor

Salve, virorum tu omnium charissime,


815 Salvete vos quoque, at agite, catachysmata haec,
Ut moris est, defundam in hoc tuum caput,
Simul atque nunc te exceperim.
PLUTUS

Non, quin magis


Inferre non effere decet, ut primum ego
Cernens in aedes subierim cuiuspiam.
UxOR

820 Proinde non admiseris bellaria haec?

Plutus

Iuxta focum, ut mos est vetustus patriae.


Onus dehinc fugiemus et id equidem grave.
Doctori enim parum est decorum, caricas
Aliaque spectatoribus bellaria
825 Obiicere, risumque hinc ciere, plurimis.

805 meique A : meque B.


810 Namque Β : Nanque A.

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ARISTOPHANES'S PLUTUS 101

UXOR

Id tu quidem belle admones, nam Xenicus hic


Ceu caricas rapturus, huc sese erigit.
Carion

Quam est dulce agere nunc commode ac foeliciter,


Viri, nihilque efferre tectis cogier.
Siquidem bonorum acervus irruit in domum
Nobis, neque ulli iniuria facta tarnen.
Age, sic fieri ditem, suave est quiddam, et hinc
Nobis referta corbis est panaria
Albis farinis, amphorae vino nigro et
Odoro, apud nos vasa adeo piena omnia, et
Argento et auro sunt, ut admireris. Ac
Oleo scatet puteus, abundant lecythi
Unguento et ipsum caricis coenaculum.
Sunt cuncta aceti vascula aerea, aeneae
Lances, et ollae, ibi videas argenteas
Et piscium patinas putresque scutellulas.
Nobis caminus derepente eburneus.
At nos quidem servi, stateribus aureis
Par ludimus et impar, nec amplius nates
Lapillulis extergimus, sed alii
Tectoriis prae deliciis quotidie.
Intusque nunc meus immolai boves herus
Hircum, suem, arietem quoque, coronam gerens.
Me fumus exegit, etenim haud quivi intus hic
Me continere, adeo has momordit palpebras.
Iustus

Heus, hac puer me sequere, ut adeamus deum.


Carion

Eia ecquis hic est, qui huc viam accelerai?


Iustus

Vir hic
Foelix quidem nunc est, miser dudum licet.
Carion

Nae tu videre mihi bonorum quispiam.

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102 D. VAN KERCHOVE

lUSTUS
Sic hercle.

Carion

Dein quid opus habes?


Iustus

855 Huc ad deum


Venio, bonorum q
Author mihi. Nam
Opes, — nec has m
Simul in iuvandis
860 Expendi, id ad
Carion

Pecuniae igitur te reliquere ilico.

Iustus

Prorsus quidem.

Carion

Atqui tu miser post haec eras.


Iustus

Miser admodum, namque arbitrabar, de quibus


Fueram prius benemeritus, amicos fore
865 Mihi integros, stabilesque, opus siquando sit
Futurum. At hi avertere caput alio, neque
Aspicere sunt me ullo amplius visi modo.
Carion

Risere te quoque sat scio.


Iustus

Ipsam rem tenes.


Tunc nempe vasorum situs me perdidit.
Carion
Non iam tarnen.

863 namque Β : hanque A.

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ARISTOPHANES'S PLUTUS 103

lUSTUS

870 Id adeo ad deum hunc ego propero,


Merito ipsum adoraturus.
Carion

Atqui pallium hoc


Lacerum, cedo, quid per deos sibi vult, tuus
Tecum quod huc adfert puer?
Iustus

Venio, hoc quidem


Huic dedicaturus deo.

Carion

Cedo id quoque.
875 In hocne magnis initiatus es sacris?
Iustus

Non, verum in hoc ego tredecim obrigui miser


Annos.

Carion

Quid haec sandalia?


Iustus

Ohm ea adsolent

Mecum cohybernare.
Carion

Simul et haec deo


Huc dedicaturus tulisti?

Iustus
Maxime.

Carion

880 Venis igitur perpulchra ei dona adferens.

Sycophanta

Hei mihi misero, ut ego miseris perii modis!


Imo ter infoelix, quaterque et quinquies,
Duodecies ac millies, ohe, ohe.

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104 D. VAN KERCHOVE

Adeo maligno quopiam sum daemon


885 Commistus, et qui oneret me mal
Carion

Ο Apotropaee Apollo, amicaque numina,


Quid istud est? Quo vir laborat hic malo?
Sycophanta

Mihine res miseranda contigit, miser


Qui omnia meis ex aedibus iam perdidi
890 Huius dei causa. At ego faxim, denuo
Hic caecus ut siet, nisi ipsa deserant
Me iura.

Iustus

Rem videor fere ego cognoscere


Omnem. Huc enim vir quispiam accedit miser,
Qui adulterini apparet esse commatis.
Carion

Quin per lovem recte dum agat perit.

Sycophanta

895 Ubi is est?


Ubi? Nos qui ad
Se divites factur
Si respiciat, aliqu
Carion

Cui id accidit mali?

Sycophanta

Huic mihi.

Carion
Scelerosus et

900 Perfossor aedium eras profecto quispiam.

Sycophanta

Erras quidem, quinimo nil vobis inest


894 apparet esse A : esse apparet B.
900 eras A : om. B.

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ARISTOPHANES'S PLUTUS 105

Sani, meae sunt hercle, quas vos hic opes


Simul occupatis.
Carion

Quam superbus et arrogans


Huc sycophanta ingressus est? Ohe, Ceres.
905 Neque dubium quin fame laboret maxima.
Sycophanta

Necesse reor ut in forum abeas ilico,


Uti alligatus ibi rotae, tortusque tu
Fateare quicquid uspiam commiseris.
Carion

Dii te male perdant.


Iustus

Dignus est, pro luppiter


910 Servator, hic deus, universa quem colat
Pelasga tellus, quod màlos miseris quidem
Hos sycophantas perditos velit modis.
Sycophanta

Hei mihi misello, tibine idem qui admiseris


Sum risui? Quod nanque habes hic pallium,
915 Unde abstulisti, lacerum heri indutus sagum?
Iustus

Nihili equidem te facio, nam quem habeo annulum,


Drachma mihi Eudamas ementi tradidit.

Carion

Sed sycophantum non medetur morsibus.


Sycophanta

An ista non iniuria est gravissima?


920 Dicteriis nos acribus lacessitis,
Neque dicitis, quid moliamini interim,
Nec adestis ut sitis bono ulli aut commodo.

917 Eudamas A: Eudamus B.

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106 D. VAN KERCHOVE

Carion

Scito id palam, haud tuo adesse nos sane bono.


Sycophanta

Nae, per Iovem vos de meo coenabitis.


Iustus

925 Utinam, nihil quem usquam profecto expleverit,


Rumparis hic medius, tuusque testis hic.

Sycophanta

Heus vos, quibus nihil est scelestius uspiam,


Negabitis? Quandoquidem et offarum intus est
Et carnium assatarum abundans copia.
930 Hyhy, hyhy, hyhy, hyhy, hyhy, hyhy

Carion

Quidnam olfacit miser iste?

Iustus

Frigus forsitan
Huiusmodi quando est amictus penula.

Sycophanta

An haec ferenda, ο Iuppiter, vosque superi,


Me tanta ab his iniuria affici? Hei mihi,
935 Quam indignor, utpote civitatis cum siem
Amans, probusque maximis premar malis.
Iustus

Tun' probus amansque civium?


Sycophanta

Ego, si quis alius.


Iustus

Quin mihi rogatus ocyus respondeas.

Sycophanta

Quid?

924 Nae A : Ne B.

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ARISTOPHANES'S PLUTUS 107

lUSTUS

Esne agricola?
Sycophanta

Bile me atra percitum


Credis?

lUSTUS

Quid? An negotiator?

Sycophanta

940 Hunc quidem


Fingo, ubi opus est.
lUSTUS

Quid ergo? Nullam artem tenes?


Sycophanta

Nullam profecto.
lUSTUS

Quomodo igitur hactenus


Vixisti et unde, nihil agens?

Sycophanta

Negotia
Ego publica et privata curo singula.
Iustus

Tun'? Equidem edoctus?

Sycophanta

Volo.

Iustus

945 Quo igitur modo,


Ο furcifer, probus sies, si qu
Nil referunt curans, es omn

Sycophanta

An non mea, ο fatue, interest, quantum queam,


Bene de mea re publica mererier?

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108 D. VAN KERCHOVE

lUSTUS

950 Aliena curiosius scrutari, an est


Beneficiis rem publicam adiuvare?

Sycophanta

Non
lacentibus succurrere urbis legibus,
Aut, ne quis erret, praevidere erit meum?

Iustus

Frustrane habet res publica ergo iudices,


Ut imperent?

Sycophanta

Quis deferet?

Iustus

955 Quisquis volet.


Sycophanta

At is ego sum, publica igitur negotia


Curanda mihi obveniunt.

Iustus

Habet itaque praesidem


Nae per lovem improbum, idque ne velis quidem,
In otio si vivere hanc vitam expetas.

Sycophanta

960 Mihi oviculae nunc praedicas vitam, si opus


Nullo sit exercitio huic vitae.

Iustus
Haud tuam
Mutaveris sententiam?

Sycophanta

Nunquam aedepol,
Etsi vel hunc donaveris Plutum mihi
Ipsumque Batti silphium.
963 donaveris A : donave. is B.

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ARISTOPHANES'S PLUTUS 109

Iustus

Mox pallium hoc


Deponite.
Carion

Heus praeclare, tibi id a

Iustus

965 Dein
Exuito te.

Carion

Haec tibi dicit omnia.

Sycophanta
Caeterum

Me, quisquis e vobis velit, adeat.

Carion

Imo ego
Is sum.

Sycophanta

Hei mihi misero, exuor et interdiu.

Carion

Aliis enim quae extorseris vorare te


Dignum autumas?

Sycophanta

970 Viden' quid hic agas? Ego haec


Contestor.

Carion

At fugitans abit quem adduxeras


Testem.

Sycophanta

Unus, hei mihi, captus hic teneor miser.

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110 D. VAN KERCHOVE

CARION

Nunc clamitas?

Sycophanta

Hei, rursus, hei misero mihi.

Carion

Laceram mihi hanc dato penulam, ipsa ut induam


Hunc sycophantam.
Iustus

975 Istud precor ne feceris,


Dicata enim dudum est deo.

Carion

Cui, obsecro,
Ea dedicanda potius esset, quam viro huic
Et improbo et furi? Deum autem vestibus
Ornarier decet his honestioribus.

Iustus

980 Cuinam usui sandalia haec erunt? Cedo.

Carion

Simul eius adfigemus haec fronti quasi


Oleastro.

Sycophanta

Abeo, nam sentio quam viribus


Vobis siem inferior, sodalem vero, si
Sim nactus, hic ficulnus et fortis deus
985 Faxim hoc die poenas luat. Democratiam
Enim unus hic rescindit, ao neque civium
Sehatui neque concioni obtemperat.

Iustus

Nunc itaque quia panopliam occupas meam,


In balneum hinc procurrito, inibì praesidem
990 Agens, foco adsideto, stationem enim habui
Hanc olim.

988 panopliam Β : Panopliam A.

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ARISTOPHANES'S PLUTUS 111

CARION
At istum balneator testibus

Excutiet arreptum foras, conspectum enim


Senserit adulterini eum esse commatis.
Intremus hic, ut ipsum adores iam deum.
Chori spacium
Anus

995 Heus heus amici vos senes, an ad novi


Istius utique dei domum pervenimus?
An a via nunc prorsus exerravimus?
Chorus

Ipsis adesse foribus, ο iuvencula,


Te scito, commodum ergo nos interrogas.
Anus

1000 Nunc age, domesticum evocabo huc quempiam


CHREMYLUS

Minime quidem, ipse enim exeo, quin ante iam


Dicas oportet, cur potissimum huc ita
Properes.

Anus

Miseris exagitor, ο charissime,


Modis et indignis. Etenim, ut hic cernere
1005 Coepit deus, coepit me item vitae istius
Pigere.

CHREMYLUS

Quid ita? Sycophantria tune eras


Inter mulieres?

Anus

Neutiquam sane.

CHREMYLUS

Tibi
Non sorte literaria obtigit ut bibas?

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112 D. VAN KERCHOVE

Anus

Rides, at ego prurigine misera perii.

Chremylus

1010 Paucisne dices qua pereas prurigine?


Anus

Audi itaque. Erat iuvenis amasius mihi,


Pauperculus quidem, bona forma tarnen
Frugique. Si quid opus eo fuerat mihi,
Et eleganter cuncta fecit et bene.
1015 Illi vicissim ego omnia haec lubens dabam.
Chremylus

Quid te subinde rogabat is potissimum?


Anus

Pauca admodum, ut qui non parum me veritus est.


Argenti enim drachmas petebat bis decem
In penulam, octo in calceos, sororibus
1020 Tunicas emere, matrique pallam me iubens,
Modiosque tritici, si opus sit, quattuor.
Chremylus

Per Apollinem, haud multa adeo narrasti quidem.


Palam igitur est, quod et reveritus sit.

Anus

Neque haec
Tarnen libidinis petere se causa ait
1025 A me, ast amoris, et ut meam ipse penulam
Gestans meminerit mei.

Chremylus

At amantem mihi hominem

Narras supra modum.

Anus
Sed execrandus hic
Coepit animo in me alio esse longe quam prius.
1018 bis A : is B.
1020 pallam A : palam B.

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ARISTOPHANES'S PLUTUS 113

Nam quando ei hanc dono placentam miseram,


1030 Alia etiam in paropside hac tragemata
Ac submonueram velie me sub vesperam
Adire se,

Chremylus
die obsecro, quid fecit is?
Anus

Remisit hanc nobis placentam, ne unquam eo


Redirem, et isthaec mihi remittens, addidit,
1035 Olim fuisse strenuos Milesios.

Chremylus

Palam est fuisse haud improbis hunc moribus.


Nam divitem factum nihil iam lens iuvat,
At pauper ante hac devorabat quaelibet.

Anus

Atqui antea quotidie ipse per deos


Meas obibat has fores.

Chremylus

1040 Ut scilicet
Efferret.

Anus

Haud ita per Iovem, sed quod meam


Duntaxat audire cuperet vocem.

Chremylus

Ut aliquid
Ei dares.

Anus

Si quando, per summum Iovem,


Me tristiorem senserat Nitarion hic
1045 Subblandiens vocabat, et Bation item.

Chremylus

Dein forsitan petebat a te calceos.

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114 D. VAN KERCHOVE

Anus

Si Cereris in mysteriis me quispiam


Rhedae insidentem aspexerat, poenas ob id
Totum dabam diem, usque adeo zelotypus hic
Erat adolescens.

Chremylus

1050 Solus exaturarier


Yolebat, ut videtur.

Anus

Atque bellulas
Aiebat esse mihi manus.

Chremylus

Ut prompserant
Bis scilicet drachmas decem.

Anus

Id quoque addidit,
Meam suave olere cuticulam.

Chremylus

Haud quidem
1055 Iniuria, ubi Thasion eidem infuderas.

Anus

Oculosque molles et mihi esse nitidulos.


Chremylus

Non hic agrestis erat homo, ut qui noverit


Vetulae caprissantis vorare viatica.

Anus

Haud recte igitur, heus optime, haec facit deus,


1060 Suam tarnen pollicitus oppressis opem.

Chremylus

Quicquid tibi factum velis, id fecerit.

1056 molles B: molleis A.


1059 facit A : fecit B.

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ARISTOPHANES'S PLUTUS 115

Anus

Ut cogat aequum est, per Iovem, qui acceperit


Beneficium, mihi remetirier idem,
Aut hunc suis nudare rebus omnibus.

Chremylus

1065 At singulis reddebat id tibi noctibus.


Anus

Vivam nec hic me unquam relicturum quoque


Se aiebat.

Chremylus

Id recte quidem, nunc te tarnen


Non arbitratur vivere amplius.

Anus

Hei mihi,
Moerore tota emarcui, ο charissime.

Chremylus

Non, sed mihi computruisse videris.

Anus

1070 Ac
Per annu

Chremylus
Si forte sit cribri annulus.

Anus

Porro huc venit


Iamdudum ego quem hic arguo adolescentulum.
Abire quopiam videtur, ut suo
Indulgeat genio.

Chremylus

1075 Id quoque apparet mihi,


Quando huc coronam accedit et facem

Adolescens

Salvete.

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116 D. VAN KERCHOVE

Anus

Quid ait?

Adolescens

Ehem amica mihi vetus,


Cana es repente facta per coelos.
Anus

Ohe,
Quibus impetor miserrima heic iniuriis !
Chremylus

1080 Iampridem, ut arbitror est, quod hic te viderit.


Anus

Quam quaeso pridem ο miser, heri qui apud me erat?


Chremylus

Longe secus quam caeteris huic accidit.


Aerius opinor hercle cernit ebrius.

Anus

Minime, at fere est intemperatis moribus.


Adolescens

1085 Ο Pontivage Neptune, superi quoque patres,


Rugis quot huius arata facies est anus?
Anus
Atat
Facem hanc mihi ne admoveto.

Chremylus

Recte isthaec quidem,


Nam si vel una hanc modo levis scintillula
Arripiat, uti vetustum olivae termitem
Accenderit.

Adolescens
1090 Tandemne mecum luseris?

Anus

Ubi ο miselle?

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ARISTOPHANES'S PLUTUS 117

Adolescens

Hic, nucibus acceptis, simul.

Anus

Quo quaeso lusus genere?


Adolescens

Quot dentes tibi?

Chremylus

Faxo sciam, tres namque fors aut quattuor.

Adolescens

Tu solvito, unum enim molarem tantum habet.

Anus

1095 Haud sanus esse mihi videris, ο miser,


Nunc balneum inter tot viros qui me facis.

Adolescens

Nos, si abluare, forsan oblectes magis.

Chremylus

Minime, se enim more gerit haec cauponico, at


Cerusam ubi abluas, videbis faciem ei
1100 Totam esse aratam rugulis senilibus.

Anus

Heus, heus, senex cum sis, parum sanus mihi


Videre.

Adolescens

Te igitur forsitan tentat, tuas


Et hinc papillulas, latere me ratus,
Contrectat.

Anus

Imo ne attigit quidem iste me


Per Venerem, ut execrandus es?

1093 namque Β : nanque A.

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118 D. VAN K.ERCHOVE

CHREMYLUS

1105 Non per Hecaten,


Ni prorsus insanus siem, quin
Isthaec ut adolescentula unqua
Heus bone adolescens.

Adolescens

Imo eam mirum in modum


Amo.

CHREMYLUS

Ipsa te tarnen arguit.

Adolescens

Quo crimine?
Chremylus

ilio In se fuisse iniurium te praedicans,


Cum diceres, olim fuere strenui
Milesii

Adolescens

Huius gratia, haud tecum manus


Nunc conseram.

Chremylus

Cur non?

Adolescens

Tuam hanc videlicet

Reveritus aetatem, haud enim id permiserim


1115 Facere alteri. At abi, hancque hilaris adolescentulam
Abducito

Chremylus

Novi satis quid haec velint.


Hanc forte, qui cum victites posthac, parum
Dignam arbitrare.
Anus

At id quis hic permiserit?

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ARISTOPHANES'S PLUTUS 119

Adolescens

Nunquam hanc meo dignabor alloquio, utpote


1120 Annos subagitatam innumeros ac saecula
Ter mille.

Chremylus

Fex autem ebibenda est tibi quoque,


Cum non gravatus bibere vinum es scilicet.

Adolescens

Sed fex nimisquam putrida est vetustaque.


Chremylus

His omnibus colum medebitur.

Adolescens

Intro te

1125 Compito, nam deo dicare iam volo,


Quas huc gero veniens Coronas.

Anus

Atque ei
Ego quoque dictum nonnihil quidem volo.
Adolescens

Huc neutiquam ingrediar.


Chremylus

Bono sis, obsecro,


Animo, nihil timeto, vim nullam tibi haec
Impresserit.

Adolescens

ino Belle admodum dicis, prius


Enim huius occlusisse rimas me arbitror.

Anus

I prae, sequar tecum quidem ingrediens simul.

1124 colum A : celum B.

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D. VAN KERCHOVE

Chremymus

Ut ista constanter anus, ο rex Iuppiter,


Adhaeret huic ut ostreum adolescentulo.

Chori spacium

Carion

1135 Ehem, quis has pulsat fores? Quid hoc rei?


Nemo quidem apparet, sed haec ultro foris
Temere sonans concrepuit.
Mercurius

Heus Carion, tibi


Loquor, mane quaeso.

Carion

Ο bone, mihi die precor,


Pepulistin' has tanto impetu fores modo?

Mercurius

1140 Non per Iovem, quin hoc eram facturus, at


Iam me antevortisti, fores mihi aperiens.
Sed ocyus currens, tuum huc herum evoca,
Eius deinde coniugem atque liberos,
Servos, canem, te dein quoque ipsum cum sue.

Carion

Quid est? Cedo.


Mercurius

1145 Ο miserande, vos nunc Iuppiter


Catino eidem prorsus immixtos simul
Demergere in praeceps barathrum destinat.

Carion

Praeconibus lingua est secanda eiusmodi.


Verum, quid haec molitur in nos Iuppiter?

Mercurius

1150 Quia omnium gravissima in eum facinora


Iam perpetrastis. Ex quo enim nunc cernere

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ARISTOPHANES'S PLUTUS 121

Rursum ipse coepit Plutus, hostia nulla diis


Nobis dicatur. Nemo thus, nec ullus aut
Laurum, aut placentam, aut aliud offert quippi

Carion

1155 Neque sacra faciet per Iovem quisquam, parum


Tunc namque memores nostri eratis.
Mercurius

At minus

Reliquos quidem moror deos. Verumtamen


Ego pereo, miserisque conficior modis.
Carion

Tandem sapis?
Mercurius

Cauponae enim optima quaeque mi


1160 Mane offerebant, quippe mella, caricas
Vinoque suavi maceratam offam, aliaque
Queis vescier Mercurium oportet, at miser
Pede utroque sublato, otium esuriens, iam ago.

Carion

Merito quidem, utpote qui dederis identidem his


1165 Damnum, benignitate quorum adiutus es.
Mercurius

Miserum me, hei misero mihi, cui pinsier


Cuiusque mensis adsolet quarto die
Placenta.

Carion

Quaeris quae deest, frustra vocans.


Mercurius

Heu me, cui voranda perna dari solet.

Carion

1170 Pede altero utri insilito, sub dio quidem.


1156 namque Β : nanque A.
1167 mensis A : mensas B.

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122 D. VAN KERCHOVE

Mercurius

Ο calida quae olim devorabam viscera.


Carion

Dolor tua in vertere videtur viscera.

Mercurius

Pro mixta ut olim ex aequo erant mihi pocula.


Carion

Et si imbiberis haud cursitans effugeris.

Mercurius

1175 Non itaque succurres amico huic tuo?


Carion

Si quo egueris, quod sim potens, opem feram.

Mercurius

Bene mihi si coctum interim panem dabis,


Carnemque teneram devorandam ex his modo
Vos quae intus immolatis.
Carion
Efferre haud decet.

Mercurius

liso Sed vasculum si quod tuo clam ceperas


Hero, beneficio latebas tunc meo.

Carion

Ut scilicet partem feras, trifurcifer,


Namque obtigit bene cocta tibi placentula.
Mercurius

Deinde eandem devorabas ipse.

Carion

Nam

1183 namque Β : nanque A.

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ARISTOPHANES'S PLUTUS 123

1185 Neque verberum tu mecum eras tum parti


Ubi deprehendebar ego in ipso facinore.
Mercurius

Nequando refricaris malorum jnemoriam,


Phyla occupata, dives et si evaseris,
Quin me sodalem per deos admittite.
Carion

Tun' hic manebis diis relictis?

Mercurius

1190 Vestra enim


Potiora multo sunt.

Carion

Quid autem? Existimas


Urbanum id esse, si ad alios ignaro hero
Defeceris?

Mercurius

Solum omne patria est, commode


Ubi quis agat.
Carion

Numnam ulli eris nobis bono


Aut usui?

Mercurius
1195 Atriensem ad has vos me fores
Ponite strophaeon.
Carion

An strophaeon? At strophis
Hic neutiquam aut ullis opus fallaciis.
Mercurius

Quin institorem?

Carion

At divites sumus, quid est


Itaque opus institorem alamus?

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124 D VAN K.ERCHOVE

Mercurius

Imo vel

Dolosum agam impostorem.


Carion

1200 An impostorem? Eo est


Minime opus; haud dolis locus, sed m
Simplicibus.

Mercurius

At ducem.
Carion

Hoc neque amplius, deo


Cernente, opus.

Mercurius

Certaminum praeconem agam.


Ad hoc, quid es dicturus? Utilius nihil
1205 Huic erit Pluto, quam ut haec certamina
Nunc musica instituat et illa gymnica.
Carion

Haud paulum habet momenti, habere pluscula


Cognomina ; hac enim via, victum hic sibi
Paravit. Haud temere quidem, qui iudicant
1210 Complurium inseri Student nunc literis.

Mercurius

Iccircone intro admittar?

Carion

Illum adito iam


Puteum, hosque ventriculos lava ocyus, ut ego
Quam serviendi sis peritus, conspicer.

Sacrificus

Quis dixerit mihi aperte, ubi Chremylus siet?

1209 iudicant A : indicant B.

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ARISTOPHANES'S PLUTUS 125

Carion

Heus optime, ecquid hoc?


Sacrificus

1215 Quid aliud? Quam male


Quod fame pereo, simulatque coepit c
Plutus, nihil cum habeam, quod eder
Soteris ubi mystes Iovis sim maxime.
Carion

Hem per deos, quid obsecro est causae?


Sacrificio

Quia
1220 Nemo suis dignatur hostiis deos.

Carion

Qua grada?
Sacrificio

Quod opibus omnes affluant.


Nam nil quum habebant, hic quidem mercator, ut
Servatus appulerat, bonam aliquam victimam
Statim immolabat, alter autem quispiam
1225 Muleta absolutus, hostiam obtulit sacram.
Mactabat alius quippiam, ac me sacrificum
Vocabat. Atqui sacra nemo iam facit,
Nec introit quisquam, nisi quibus alvus est
Purganda ; quales cernere est plures decem
Milibus

Carion

1230 Enimvero accipis et ab his, tibi


Quae iure debeant, reliquias colligens?
Sacrificio

Iovem igitur istum sospitatorem mihi


Visum est, bene ut valere iubeam, ac nunc sinam
Hic interim mansurus.

Carion
Animo sis bono,

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D. VAN K.ERCHOVE

Bene quidem habebit, ipse si velit deus.


Nam sospitator Iuppiter non procul abest,
Et sponte sese huc proripit.

Sacrificus
Bona nuntias.

Carion

Deum ergo collocabimus, sed paululum


Hic opperire, ubi prius fuerat situs,
1240 Ut Pallados divae sacrum hoc aerarium
Dein semper observet. Sed accensas faces
Huc quispiam efferat, deo ut tu praeferas.
Sacrificus

Haec prorsus ita fieri est opus.


Carion

Plutum foras
Hörsum evocet vestrum aliquis.
Anus

At quid hic ego?


Carion

1245 In verticem sustollito hasce ollas, quibus


Hunc collocabimus deum decentius.
Venisti enim variis amicta vestibus.

Anus

Quapropter huc veni?


Carion

Tibi omnia protinus,


Fient. Iuvenis enim apud te erit sub vesperam.
Anus

1250 At siquidem mihi per Iovem spondes, eum


Sub vesperam adfore, has lubens ollas feram.

Carion

Alludit ad vocem γραΰς quae graecis et anum et ollae spumam


significai.

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ARISTOPHANES'S PLUTUS 127

Hoc differunt a caeteris, quas haec gerii


Ollas, quod illis γραΰς supernatat, his subest.
Chorus

Haud amplius aequum est nos hic quicquam


"cunctari sed abire, Anapestica tetra
Namque hos opus est a tergo cantantes, intro
comitemur. Catalect

1255 Namque Β : Nanque A.

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Arnold Huttmann

DIE MEDIZIN
IN DER LATEINISCHEN KOSMOGRAPHIE
DES HUMANISTEN JOHANNES HONTERUS
(1498-1549)

Nach dem unglücklichen Ausgang der Schlacht von Mohä


Jahre 1526 wurden grosse Teile Ungarns von den Türken b
Siebenbürgen (Transsylvanien), ursprünglich eine Provinz Ung
wurde ab 1542 ein halbautonomes, den Türken tributpflich
Fürstentum.

Infolge ungünstiger sozialer Umstände besass Siebenbürgen bis gegen


Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts keine eigene Hochschule. Die Studenten
dieses Landes mussten daher ihre Hochschulstudien im Ausland
vornehmen und sind seit dem Ende des 14., mehr noch seit dem 15. und
16. Jahrhundert, in Krakau und Wien, an den deutschen und italienischen
Universtäten, in den Niederlanden, der Schweiz, vereinzelt sogar in
Frankreich und England nachweisbar.
Der Humanismus hatte in Siebenbürgen mehrere Blütestätten ge
funden und zwar in Grosswardein (Oradea), Mühlbach (Sebe§),
Klausenburg (Cluj) und Kronstadt (Bra§ov). Eine seiner zentralen
Gestalten war der siebenbürgisch-sächsische Humanist Johannes Hon
terus (1498-1549). Er erwarb in Wien den Magistertitel der freien
Künste, hielt Vorlesungen in Krakau und war ein Polyhistor auf dem
Gebiete u^i humanistischen Wissenschaften, ausserdem Theolog,
Schulmann, Jurist und Buchdrucker, wie auch ein überdurchschnittlich
begabter Zeichner und Holzschnittmeister.
Im Jahre 1530 gab Honterus in Krakau bei Matthias Schar
fenbergius ein kleines Büchlein unter dem Titel Rudimentorum
Cosmographiae libri duo heraus, das prior Astronomiae, posterior Geo
graphiae principia enthielt und zwei Druckbogen umfasste.
Schon Honters Vorgänger in der Herausgabe von kosmographischen
Werken hatten in ihren Beschreibungen gewisse historische und

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DIE MEDIZIN JOHANNES HONTERUS 129

ethnographische Daten über die von ihnen erwähnten Länder g


die allerdings meist ziemlich dürftig ausfielen. Nikolaus v
(1401-1464) folgend, der gefordert hatte, dass ein solches We
den gesamten Aufbau der Welt unterrichten sollel, erweiterte Hon
bald seine Kosmographie, die ursprünglich in Prosa abgefa
und nur zwei Bücher umfasst hatte. In seiner Kosmographiea
des Jahres 1541, erschienen in seiner Vaterstadt Kronstadt (la
Corona, rumänisch Bra§ov), wurde der geographische Teil erweiter
in zwei Bücher geteilt : ein Buch mit der Beschreibung Euro
Buch mit den vermehrten Daten über Asien und Afrika. Dazu kam
ein weiterer Abschnitt »cum vocabulis rerum« hinzu, der in der
Züricher Ausgabe des Jahres 1548 unter dem Titel De variarum rerum
nomenclaturis Uber / bereits ein eigenes Buch bildete. Ab 1549 lautete
der Titel dieses Teiles am Titelblatt De variarum rerum nomenclaturis
per classes Uber I, figurierte aber im Innern des Werkes selbst als
4. Buch und umfasste u.a. Angaben über die Fauna und Flora der
beschriebenen Gebiete, wie auch über die dort vorkommenden Krank
heiten.
Conrad Gesner2, dem bereits der besondere Charakter dieses 4.
Buches aufgefallen war, sagt dazu 1583 : »Quartus (liber) nihil cosmo
graphicum sed variarum rerum quasi catalogum texit, videlicet partium
corporis, animalium, stirpium, artium, ciborum, morborum, etc...«.
Die Ausgabe von 1541 umfasste bereits dreieinhalb Druckbogen und
unterschied sich von den vorausgehenden durch den Umstand, dass
Honterus den ursprünglichen lateinischen Prosatext in 1260 Hexameter
umgegossen hatte, zu dem in der Ausgabe von 1542 noch weitere
106 Verse kamen.

Seine Aufgabe als Kosmograph umschrieb Honterus in der Ausgabe


von 1542 folgendermassen zu Beginn des ersten Buches :
Coelorum partes, Stellas cum flatibus, urbes,
Regnaque cum populis, sparsas et in aequore terras,
Montesque et fluvios, iunctisque animalia plantis :
Officia, ac sectas varias, operumque labores,
Morborumque simul species et nomina dicam.

1 Nicolai de Cusa Compendium (Kurze Darstellung der philosophisch-theologischen


Lehren). Herausgegeben von Bruno Decker und Karl Bormann (Hamburg, 1970),
S.31-33.

2 Conrad Gesner, Bibliotheca Instituta et collecta (Tiguri, 1583), S. 457.

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130 A. HUTTMANN

Während die ersten Kosmograph


kleine Weltkarte enthielten, kam
karten hinzu, deren Holzstöcke d
schnitten hatte3.
Seine eigene Heimat beschreibt H
seiner Kosmographie :
Mysorum inde solum, Dacorumqu
Moldavique tenent, transalpinique
Et quae Carpathio Septem circund
Vertice, Bulgaricis modo Transylva
Haud multum disclusa...

Die Kosmographie des Johannes Honterus erwarb sich infolge ihres


gediegenen Inhalts bald grosse Beliebtheit als Schulbuch und wurde
in zahlreichen Auflagen in Krakau, Breslau, Kronstadt, Rostock,
Leipzig, Prag, Basel, Zürich, Köln, Hanau, Venedig, Antwerpen und
Paris nachgedruckt4. Sie wurde auf diesem Gebiete, neben der Kosmo
graphie des Petrus Apianus, eines der verbreitetsten Lehrbücher5 in
den Gymnasien Europas und noch 1686 erschienen in Leipzig im
Thesaurus eruditionis scholasticae des Basilius Faber Soranus die Humani
corporis membra ex Johannis Honteri Coronensis Rudimentorum Cosmo
graphicorum lib. IV6.
Bis 1970 sind über 30 Auflagen der Kosmographie von Honterus
bekannt geworden, die im 16. Jahrhundert in Europa erschienen sind7,
während wir von 1530 bis zum Ende des 17. Jahrhunderts gegenwärtig
45 Ausgaben kennen. Daneben bestehen noch einige vorläufig unge
sicherte Ausgaben.
Paul Leemann-van Eick8 sagt, dass der Weltruf von Johannes
3 Arnold Huttmann, »Johannes Hontems und die Medizin«, Forschungen zur Volks
und Landeskunde, 5 (Hermannstadt, 1961), S. 172.
4 Arnold Huttmann, »Aspekte des Kulturaustausches in der siebenbürgischen
Geschichte der Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert«,
II. Jahrestagung des Arbeitskreises für siebenbürgische Landeskunde (Stuttgart, 3.XI. 1973).
5 Leo Bagrow und R.A. Skelton, Meister der Kartographie. (Berlin, 1963), S. 186;
Das Cosmographicus Liber des Peter Apianus soll zwischen 1524 und 1609 in fast
60 Auflagen erschienen sein.
6 Basilii Fabri Sorani Thesaurus Eruditionis scholasticae (Lipsiae, 1686), S. 2721 ff.
7 Gedeon Borsa, »Die Ausgaben der Cosmographia von Johannes Honter«, in ;
Essays in Honour of Victor Scholderer (Mainz, 1970), S. 90.
8 Paul Leemann-van Eick, »Druck, Verlag, Buchhandel im Kanton Zürich von den
Anfängen bis um 1850«, Mitteilungen der Antiquarischen Gesellschaft in Zürich, Band 36,
Heft 1 (Zürich 1950).

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DIE MEDIZIN JOHANNES HONTERUS 131

Honterus durch den Züricher Buchdrucker Christoph Froschauer


begründet wurde, der zeitweise mit 4 Buchdruckerpressen arbeitete
dank dessen »das zürcherische Buchgewerbe dieses Jahrhundert
ganzen deutschen Kulturbereich und in europäischen Gelehrtenk
sich besten Rufes und Absatzes erfreut«9.
Obwohl »nur« 17 der 45 sicher bekannten Ausgaben der Honterschen
Kosmographie in Zürich bei Christoph Froschauer und seinen Nach
folgern erschienen sind, ist der Einfluss dieser Ausgaben in allen
Ländern Europas gewiss nicht gering zu veranschlagen, umsomehr als
die Auflagenhöhe der zürcherischen Drucke von wenigen hundert
Exemplaren bis zu 3000 Stück betrug 10. So konnten die Gelehrten und
die Schulmänner, die die Kosmographie für ihre Schüler benötigten,
die Verleger und Buchdrucker ihrer Städte leicht davon überzeugen,
neue, lokale, Ausgaben herauszubringen.
An zweiter Stelle der Druckorte der Honterschen Kosmographie
steht Antwerpen mit fünf datierten Ausgaben zwischen 1552 und 1570
und mit zumindest einer undatierten Ausgabe.
Es ist interessant, dass beide Fassungen der Kosmographie, die
Krakauer Prosafassung des Jahres 1530 und die Ausgabe in Hexametern
von Kronstadt 1541-1542, unabhängig voneinander mehrmals an
verschiedenen Orten nachgedruckt wurden. So konnte Engelmann11
bis 1599 noch weitere 7 Neuausgaben der Prosafassung von 1530 nach
weisen. Es gibt sogar zwei Ausgaben (Basel 1561 und 1585), in denen
in Sammelwerken beide Ausgaben von Honters Kosmographie, die
Prosa- und die versifizierte Fassung, wiedergegeben sind, was einen
weiteren Beweis für ihre Beliebtheit darstellt.

Die Umformung einer Weltbeschreibung in Verse war den Humanisten


nicht ein neuer Begriff. Bereits die aus dem Altertum stammende
Descriptio orbis terrae des Rufus Festus Avienus war in Hexametern
abgefasst. Es handelte sich hiebei um die lateinische Übersetzung der
griechischen Kosmographie des Dionysius Alexandrinus12. Im Druck

9 Ibidem, S. 6.
10 Ibidem, S. 1.
11 Gerhard Engelmann, »Die Kosmographie des Johannes Honter in ihrer Krakauer
Erstfassung 1530«, Studia dziejów geografa i kartografii (Etudes d'histoire de la Géo
graphie et de la Cartographie). Polska Akademia nauk. Zaklad historii nauki i techniki.
Tom LXXXVII (Wroclaw-Warszawa-Kraków-Gdànsk, 1973), S. 319.
12 Paul van de Woestijne, De vroegste uitgaven van Avienus' Descriptio orbis terrae
(1488-1515) (Brüssel, 1959).

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132 A. HUTTMANN

erschien sie zum ersten Mal in Vene


1508 durch Cuspinian, in Bologna
abermals in Wien 1515 durch Vadianus
dass Honterus, der etwa ab 1515 in Wi
Ausgaben gekannt hat.
In der versifizierten Kosmographie
das vierte Buch die Teile: Animalium et membrorum nomina;
Plantarum et fructuum nomina ; Rerum artificialium nomina ; Officio
rum et morborum nomina.
Uns soll heute vor allem der medizinische Teil der Honterschen
Kosmographie beschäftigen und zwar zuerst vom redaktionellen Stand
punkt. In den späteren Ausgaben der Kosmographie sind nämlich
kleinere Umstellungen des lateinischen Textes festzustellen, z.B. beim
Vergleich der Kronstädter Ausgabe des Jahres 1541 mit derjenigen aus
Zürich von 1549. So lautet Vers 389 der letzteren Ausgabe :
Verum haec humanae divis concessa saluti,
390 Morborum ingenti contra pensantur acervo :
Quos tandem pariunt viciati in corpore primum
Quattuor humores, cholera et cum sanguine phlegma...

1541 hatte es noch gelautet :


390 Morborum innumero contra pensantur acervo :
Quos tandem pariunt vitiati in corpore primum
Quattuor humores, cholera, et cum phlegmate sanguis, ...

Ob diese Umstellungen noch vom Autor selbst vorgenommen wurden,


oder von dem späteren Herausgeber lässt sich heute nicht mehr
feststellen.
Auch ist an einer Stelle und zwar bei den Versen 404-405 der
Ausgabe von 1549 festzustellen, dass dieselben im Vergleich zu 1541 in
umgekehrter Reihenfolge erscheinen, wobei ebenfalls nicht feststeht, ob
dies die Intention des Herausgebers oder ein Fehler des Buchdrucker
gewesen ist.
Um die medizinischen Kenntnisse von Johannes Honterus (und
gleichzeitig die der Humanisten seiner Zeit) analysieren zu können 14

13 Hans Ankwicz-Kleehoven, Der Wiener Humanist Johannes Cuspinian. Gelehrter und


Diplomat zur Zeit Kaiser Maximilians (Graz-Köln, 1959), S. 26.
11 Ein kurzer Hinweis auf diese Materie bei A. Huttmann, »Johannes Honterus und
die Medizin«, a.a.O., S. 169, sowie bei Oskar Wittstock, Johannes Honterus, der
Siebenbürger Humanist und Reformator. Der Mann, das Werk, die Zeit (Göttingen 1970).

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DIE MEDIZIN JOHANNES HONTERUS 133

soll im Folgenden der Teil mit der Aufzählung der Krankh


dem vierten Buch seiner Kosmographie von Vers 389 diese
bis zum Schluss in der Originalorthographie der Züricher A
1549 gebracht werden, wobei nur einzelne Abkürzungen a
wurden :

Rvdimentorvm Cosmographicorum Liber IIII.

Verum haec humanae divis concessa saluti,


390 Morborum ingenti contra pensantur acervo :
Quos tandem pariunt viciati in corpore primum
Quattuor humores, cholera et cum sanguine phlegma
Atque melancholia : et rerum perversus abusus :
Nanque aer, cibus et potus, motusque quiesque,
395 Somnus et excubiae, replendique insuper ordo,
Affectusque animi, multum dominantur utranque
In partem, et pravo generant moderamine morbos :
Qui partim chronici, partim dicuntur acuti.
Hinc tussis, spasmus, tetanus, dyspnoea, catarrus,
400 Uvula, singultusque, et cum raucedine rheuma,
Strumaque cum gibbo, Sycosis, verruca, cicatrix,
Vomica, lichenes, varix, glaucoma, parotis,
Et cum furfuribus, cumque intertrigine scyrrus,
Lentigo ac Scabies, et cum porrigine, psora,
405 phthiriasisque scatens, furunculus, inque petigo,
Et quae vicini corpus contagia laedunt,
Mydriasisque simul madarosis, opisthotonosque,
polypus, et graveolens Ozaena, gravisque coryza :
Hinc et alopeciam sequitur cephalaea, veternus,
4io Leucoma, aegilops, Ophthalmia, branchus et aphtha,
Trichiasis, vitiligo, simulque scotoma, synanche,
Et tactu mentagra nocens, epinyctis et alphos,
Phthisis, erysipelas, anorexia, syncope et asthma :
Moxque paronychiae morbo subit algos odonton,
415 Hemicraena gravis, manuum nodosa chiragra,
Lepra, elephantiasis, Cancer, gangraena, parulis,
Hernia, prurigo, rhagades, tumidaeque mariscae :
Inde gonorroeae labes, stranguria, et horror,
Ischias, arthritis, phagedaena, podagra, marasmus :

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134 A. HUTTMANN

420 Tum dysenteriae fluxus, e


Cumque diarroea, lienteria
Icterus, ascites, simul haem
Bulimus et languens dyspe
Colica, lithiasis, dysuria, m
425 Cumque priapismo, bub
Coeliacus morbus, pleuritis
Cardiacusque dolor, tonsill
Incubus, hydrophobus, rap
Quem morbum herculeum
430 Infaustumque inter suff
Nec paralysis abest, parite
Ecstasis, et maniae furor,
Ileos, abscessusque graves,
Sonticus : hinc herpes, et C
435 Exanthema, simulque o
Pulmonis splenisque labor,
Hectica cum putrida, trita
Quartana, atque aliae, quar
Qui solus mundi cunctas s
440 At nos chiliadas rerum
Vocibus in medio privamur
Nomina cum propriis pige
Caetera quae restant, nec s
Versibus, explebunt doctor
445 Nos quoque difficili fun
Cum perculsa gravi premer
Arma inter media, et rabio
Carmina nunc alios potius
FINIS.

Vor fast 100 Jahren sind Teile dieser Kosmogr


Teutsch15 in deutsche Verse übertragen wo
Kostprobe die Übersetzung der letzten neun Ze
Aber, wie ich bereit bin, tausend Ding zu nennen
Fehlet mir mitten im Werk das Wort, doch nimm
Alle die Namen gelernt zu haben mit allen den Di

15 Fr. Teutsch, »Drei sächsische Geographen des sechzehn


des Vereins für siebenbürgische Landeskunde, XV (Flermann

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DIE MEDIZIN JOHANNES HONTERUS 135

Was dann übrig noch ist und nicht in den Versen sich findet,
Werden die Schriften gar leicht gelehrter Männer dir bieten.
Meiner Muse gerecht, hab ich ernster Arbeit gewartet,
Als die erschütterte Brust in schwerem Bangen erbebte,
Mitten im Kampf und im Groll des böse zürnenden Dämons
Bessere Verse als ich soll drum ein andrer singen.

Vor der eigentlichen Aufzählung der Krankheiten führt Honterus


dass diese durch die Alteration der vier Säfte und zwar der weissen
Galle, des Blutes, des Schleims und der schwarzen Galle Zustande
kommen.
Diese Auffassung geht auf Polybos zürück 16 und war der Aus
gangspunkt der sogenannten Humoralpathologie, die die Medizin
jahrhundertelang beherrscht hat. Dabei wurde unter Cholera nicht
die uns heute bekannte infektiöse Durchfallkrankheit, sondern die
weisse (helle) Galle verstanden 11.
Es folgt nun bei Honterus die Aufzählung weiterer Faktoren, die
im Übermass krankheitsfördernd sein können, wie das Verhalten von
Luft, Speise und Trank, Bewegung und Ruhe, Schlaf und Wachen,
Exkretion und Retention, sowie die seelischen Affekte. Es sind dies die
wohlbekannten »sex res non naturales«, die noch auf Galen (129-199)
zurückgehen 18 und die von zahlreichen medizinischen Autoren des
16. und 17. Jahrhunderts dazu verwendet wurden, um an ihrer Hand
die zur Erhaltung der Gesundheit notwendigen allgemeinen Mass
nahmen, oder im Krankheitsfalle die Massnahmen zur Wiederher
stellung des gesundheitlichen Gleichgewichtes, abzuhandeln. Nun folgt
bei Honterus die Aufzeichnung von zahlreichen, und zwar von 131 latei
nischen und griechischen Bezeichnungen medizinischer Diagnosen. Es
ist interessant, dass genau zwei Drittel (67,9%), und zwar 89 dieser
Bezeichnungen auch heute noch in der Medizin verwendet werden.
In der folgenden alphabetischen Zusammenstellung der von Honterus
angeführten Krankheitsbezeichnungen und in ihrer deutschen Über
setzung wurden diejenigen medizinischen Begriffe, die noch in der
heutigen Medizin üblich sind, mit einem Sternchen versehen. Die Ziffer
nach der lateinischen Bezeichnung bezieht sich auf die Verszahl des
4. Buches der Kosmographie von 1549.

16 Henry E. Sigerist, Anfänge der Medizin (Zürich, 1963), S. 737,


17 Paul Diepgen, Geschichte der Medizin. I. Band (Berlin, 1949), S. 82.
18 Saul Jarcho, »Galen's Six Non Naturais«, Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 44
(1970), S. 372.

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A. HUTTMANN

Abscessus, 433, Eitergeschwulst.


Aegilops, 410, Tränenfistel.
Algos odonton, 414, Zahnschmerzen.
Alopecia, 409, Ausfallen der Haare, Glatzmal.
Alphos, 412, Gesichtsflechte.
Anorexia, 413, Appetitlosigkeit.
Anthrax, 427, fressendes Geschwür, heute Milzbrand.
Aphtha, 410, Mundfäule.
Apoplexia, 433, Schlaganfall.
Arthritis, 419, Gicht, heute Gelenkentzündung.
Ascites, 422, Bauchwassersucht.
Asthma, 413, Engbrüstigkeit.
Branchus, 410, Heiserkeit.
Bubon obscoenus, 425, Geschwulst der Schamteile, meis
Pest.

Bulimus, 423, Heisshunger.


Cachexia, 435, Schlechter Gesundheitszustand, meist bei
Schwindsucht.
Caducus, 429, Fallsucht, Epilepsie.
Calculus, 423, Steinkrankheit, meist Blasenstein.
Cancer, 416, Krebsgeschwulst.
Cardiacus dolor, 427, Magenkrämpfe.
Catarrus, 399, Katarrh, Schnupfen.
Causon, 437, Fieberhitze.
Cephalaea, 409, Eingewurzeltes Kopfweh.
Cephalalgia, 436, Kopfschmerzen.
Chiragra, 415, Handgicht.
Cicatrix, 401, Narbe.
Coeliacus morbus, 426, Leibverstopfung.
Colica, 424, Gallenbrechruhr.
Condyloma, 434, Feigwarze.
Coryza, 408, Schnupfen.
Diabetes, 424, Harnruhr.
Diarroea, 421, Durchfall.
Dysenteria, 420, Eingeweideschmerzen mit Durchfall.
Dyspepsia, 423, Verdauungsstörungen.
Dyspnoea, 399, Engbrüstigkeit.
Dysuria, 424, Hernstrenge.
Ecstasis, 432, Verzückung, Schrecken.

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DIE MEDIZIN JOHANNES HONTERUS 137

Elephantiasis, 416, βeckige Verhärtung der Haut.


Enterocele, 426, Darmbruch.
Ephemera, 437, Eintagefieber.
Epilepsia, 428, Fallsucht, Epilepsie.
Epinyctis, 412, Nachtblattern oder Augengeschwür.
Erysipelas, 413, Hautrose, Rotlauf.
Exanthema, 435, Hautausschlag.
Febres, 436, Fieberanfälle.
Furfur, 403, Hautschuppen.
Furunculus, 405, Eitergeschwür.
Gangraena, 416, Kalter Brand, Knochenfrass.
Glaucoma, 402, Grüner Star.
Gibbus, 401, Buckel.
Gonorroea, 418, Samenfluss.
Haemorrois, 422, Goldene Ader.
Hectica, 437, Hektisches Fieber (gewöhnlich bei L
schwindsucht).
Flerculeus morbus, 429, Epilepsie.
Hemicraena, 415, Halbseitenkopfschmerz.
Hernia, 417, Bruch.
Herpes, 434, Pustulöse Ausschlagskrankheit.
Horror, 418, Fieberschauer.
Hydrophobus, 428, Wasserscheu, Tollwut.
Hydrops, 422, Wassersucht.
Ichor, 423, Schlaganfall.
Icterus, 422, Gelbsucht.
Ileos, 433, Darmverschlingung.
Incubus, 428, Alpdrücken.
In[que] petigo : S. Petigo.
Intertrigo, 403, Wundgeriebene Stelle, Wolf.
Ischias, 419, Hüftweh.
Labor pulmonis splenisque, 436, Lungen- und Milzschmerzen.
Lentigo, 404, Sommersprossen.
Lepra, 416, Aussatz, auch Krätze.
Leucoma, 410, Weisser Star.
Lichenes, 402, Hautflechte.
Lienteria, 421, Magenruhr.
Lithiasis, 424, Steinkrankheit, meist Blasenstein.
Madarosis, 407, Schweissausbrüche.

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38 A. HUTTMANN

* 75) Mania, 432, Wut.


* 76) Marasmus, 419, Austrockn
77) Mariscae, 417, Feigwarzen.
78) Mentagra, 412, Flechte des
* 79) Mydriasis, 407, Pupillenkr
* 80) Nephritis, 427, Nierenkra
* 81) Ophthalmia, 410, Augenkr
* 82) Opisthothonos, 407, Nack
83) Oscedo, 435, Mundgeschwü
* 84) Ozaena, 408, Nasenpolyp,
* 85) Paralysis, 431, Nervenlähm
* 86) Paronychiae, 414, Nagelen
* 87) Parotis, 402, Geschwulst d
* 88) Parulis, 416, Zahnfleischge
* 89) Pestis epidemica, 431, epi
* 90) Petigo (Impetigo), 405, Rä
* 91) Phagedaena, 4\9, fressend
* 92) Phlegmon, 435, Entzündun
93) Phrenitis, 432, Hirnwut.
* 94) Phthiriasis, 405, Läusesuc
* 95) Phthisis, 413, Schwindsuch
* 96) Pleuritis, 426, Seitensteche
* 97) Podagra, 419, Gicht.
* 98) Polypus, 408, Polyp, meist
99) Porrigo, 404, Kopfgrind.
*100) Priapismus, 425, Krankhaf
Gliedes.

*101) Prurigo, 417, Juckreiz.


102) Psora, 404, Krätze, Räude.
103) Putrida, 437, Eiterfieber.
*104) Quartana, 438, Viertagefieber.
105) Raucedo, 400, Heiserkeit.
*106) Rhagades, 417, Hautrisse, Schrunden.
*107) Rheuma, 400, Katarrh, Rheumatismus.
*108) Scabies, 404, Räude, Krätze, Aussatz.
*109) Scotoma, 411, Dunkelheit der Augen, Schwindel.
*110) Scyrrus, 403, Verhärtete Geschwulst.
*111) Singultus, 400, Schlucken, Schluchzen.
112) Sonticus, 434, gefährliche Krankheit, gewöhnlich Epilepsie.

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DIE MEDIZIN JOHANNES HONTERUS 139

* 113) Spasmus, 399, Krampf.


114) Stranguria, 418, Harnzwang.
*115) Struma, 401, Dicker Hals, angeschwollene Halsdrü
Kropf.
*116) Sycosis, 401, Hautflechte.
117) Synanche, 411, Schlundentzündung, Bräune.
*118) Syncope, 413, Ohnmacht.
*119) Tenasmus, 421, Stuhlzwang.
*120) Tetanus, 399, Starrkrampf Halsstarre.
*121) Tonsilla, 427, Halsmandel, hier wahrscheinlich Mandelent
zündung.
122) Tormina ventris, 420, Bauchgrimmen, gewöhnlich Ruhr.
123) Trichiasis, 411, Einwärtsklebung der Augenwimpern.
124) Tritaea, 437, Dreitagefieber.
*125) Tussis, 399, Husten.
*126) Uvula, 400, Gaumenzäpfchen, hier wahrscheinlich die Entzün
dung desselben.
*127) Varix, 402, Krampfader.
128) Veternus, 409, Schlafsucht, Lethargie.
*129) Verruca, 401, Warze.
*130) Vitiligo, 411, Hautflechte, heute depigmentierter Hautfleck.
131) Vomica, 402, Eiterbeule, Geschwür.
Von den 89 noch heute verwendeten medizinischen Ausdrücken
haben allerdings einige — dem Fortschritt der Medizin folgend — ihren
Sinn geändert oder sind präziser geworden. So bezeichnete z.B. Anthrax
ursprünglich ein fressendes Geschwür, während heute damit die
Infektionskrankheit Milzbrand bezeichnet wird. Arthritis war die
Bezeichnung für Gelenkgicht, während heute damit jede Gelenkent
zündung bezeichnet wird. Unter Cachexia wurde der durch Schwindsucht
bedingte schlechte Gesundheitszustand bezeichnet, während heute
damit die allgemeine Abmagerung im Verlaufe des Krebses oder
chronischer Infektionskrankheiten (z.B. Malariakachexie) bezeichnet
wird. Als Colica wurden früher vor allem Gallenkrämpfe bezeichnet,
während heute die meisten Krämpfe der glatten Muskulatur (z.B.
Darmkolik, Nierenkolik) unter diesen Begriff fallen. Die krankhafte
Zunahme der Harnmenge wurde mit Diabetes bezeichnet, ohne dass
dabei die Zuckerkrankheit (der Diabetes mellitus) bekannt gewesen
wäre. Es dürfte sich also um die heute als Diabetes insipidus bezeichnete
Hypophysenkrankheit gehandelt haben.

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140 A. HUTTMANN

Der durch bestimmte Bakterien h


war im Altertum oder Mittelalter noch nicht bekannt. Unter Gonorrhoea
wurde deshalb damals ein Samenfluss verstanden. Während heute

unter Leucoma eine weissliche Trübung der Hornhaut des Auges


verstanden wird, verstand man früher darunter den weissen Star.
Unter Mydriasis verstehen wir heute eine nicht unbedingt krankhafte
Erweiterung der Pupillen, während früher damit ganz allgemein die
Erkrankung der Pupillen bezeichnet wurde. Während Ozaena früher
meist den Nasenpolyp bezeichnete, verstehen wir heute darunter die
sogenannte Stinknase.
Als Scotoma wurde ganz allgemein die Dunkelheit vor den Augen
oder der Schwindel bezeichnet, heute dagegen die Einschränkung des
Sehfeldes.
42 der von Honterus angeführten Begriffe werden wohl in der
heutigen Medezin nicht mehr verwendet, finden sich jedoch ohne
Ausnahme noch in einem lateinischen Wörterbuch des Jahres 1740 19,
waren also noch 200 Jahre nach Erscheinen des Buches durchaus
üblich. Sie finden sich teilweise auch noch in einigen grossen Wörter
büchern des 19. Jahrhunderts. Als Beispiele seien genannt Psora (für
Krätze), Veternus (für Schlafsucht), Aegilops (für Tränenfistel), Sonticus
(für Epilepsie), Causon (für Fieberhitze), usw.
Die Epilepsie scheint in jenen Zeiten ziemlich häufig gewesen zu
sein, wofür spricht, dass für sie, ausser der heute noch üblichen
Bezeichnung, noch zwei weitere Begriffe bestanden und zwar Caducus
und Sonticus.

Zwischen Lepra und Krätze konnte damals noch nicht genau unter
schieden werden, weshalb für diese Krankheiten ganz allgemein die
Begriffe Lepra, Petigo, Psora und Scabies verwendet wurden.
Wegen ihrer leichteren Erkennbarkeit nehmen bei Honterus die
äusseren Krankheiten der Haut und der Weichteile mit 63 Bezeich
nungen einen relativ breiten Raum ein, wobei es sich in 34 Fällen
um Erkrankungen der Haut, Haare und Nägel handelt. In 68 Fällen
(52% aller zitierten Krankheiten) handelt es sich allerdings um
innere Krankheiten, wobei auch solche aufgezählt werden, die zu jener
Zeit nur schwer zu diagnostizieren waren, wie Krebs, Bauchwassersucht
(Ascites), Darmverschlingung (Ileos) und Diabetes.
Noch heute gelten diejenigen medizinischen Aktivitäten als qualitativ

Georg Matthiae, M.D., Manuale Lexicon (Halle, 1740).

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DIE MEDIZIN JOHANNES HONTERUS 141

höherstehend, in deren Verlauf nicht nur mehr oder wenig


Symptome, sondern eine wohldefinierte Krankheit diagnosti
In diesem Zusammenhangest wichtig, dass es sich bei den vo
zitierten 131 medizinischen Fachausdrücken in 89 Fällen (6
Krankheitsbezeichnungen (z.B. Glaucom, Asthma, Lepra, Isc
und nur in 42 Fällen (32,1 %) um Symptome (wie Spasmus,
Diarrhoea, Exanthema, etc.) handelt.
Aus diesen Daten geht hervor, dass die medizinischen Ke
von Johannes Honterus beträchtlich waren. Darüber hinaus
Autor in den Versen 935-973 der Ausgabe von 1549 eine A
der Gliedmassen und Organe, aus der hervorgeht, dass e
Ähnlichkeit des Aufbaus tierischer und menschlicher Organ
war, wie auch der Tatsache, dass gewisse Organe bei Tier un
einander entsprechen. So heisst es zum Beispiel in Vers 949
»Os hominis, rostrumque avium, rictusque ferarum«.

Es wird hier also frühzeitig auf ein allgemeines biologisch


hingewiesen und damit ein Grundstein zu der späteren En
der vergleichenden Anatomie gelegt.
Zwar hatte es bescheidene Ansätze dazu bereits im Altertum
als Erasistratos (geboren zwischen 310 und 300, gestorben
250 und 240 v. Chr.) die Zahl der Windungen der Gehirnob
mit dem verschiedenen Intelligenzgrad der einzelnen Tiere in Z
hang brachte20, jedoch werden heute erst die Arbeiten vo
Willis (1621-1675) über das Nervensystem als die Grun
vergleichenden Anatomie angesehen, umsomehr als dieser A
Physiolog den Begriff der »Anatomia comparata« in die Wis
einführte21. Die Entwicklung dieser Wissenschaft wurde d
Systematik der Botaniker und Zoologen begünstigt22. Der b
Tiermaler George Stubbs (1724-1806), der 1766 eine wichtig
des Pferdes veröffentlicht hatte, arbeitete in den letzten elf Ja
Lebens an einer vergleichenden Anatomie von Mensch,
Tiger, die leider unvollendet geblieben ist23.
Die medizinischen Teile in der Kosmographie von Johannes

20 Paul Diepgen, a.a.O., S. 96.


21 Ibidem, Band II (Berlin, 1951), S. 15.
22 Ibidem, S. 13.
23 Eckard Kiessmann, »George Stubbs — ein Tiermaler des 18. Jah
Asta-Quarta!, Nr. 36 (Brackwede, 1973), S.870.

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142 A. HUTTMANN

sind nicht die ersten lateinischen medizinischen Texte eines sieben


bürgischen Autors. Schon im Jahr 1510 hatte Dr. Johannes Salius
(Salzmann), damals Arzt in Hermannstadt (heute Sibiu), in Wien das
Büchlein De praeservatione a pestilentia et ipsius cura... veröffentlicht.
Für die Schüler des lateinischen Gymnasiums von Kronstadt schrieb
dann 1551 der Physikus dieser Stadt, Dr. Paulus Kyr, das Buch
Sanitatis Studium ad imitationem aphorismorum compositum. Item
Alimentorum vires breviter et ordine Alphabetico positae24.
Diese Schule, die urkundlich zum ersten Male im Jahre 1388 erwähnt
wird25, wurde von Honterus im Jahre 1544 reorganisiert und in ein
lateinisches Gymnasium, das älteste dieser Art in Südosteuropa, über
geführt. In seiner Constitutio Scholae Coronensis, die Honterus 1543
verfasste und die vom Kronstädter Magistrat genehmigt wurde26,
bestimmte er als obligate Unterrichts- und Umgangssprache in dieser
Schule die lateinische und der Gebrauch anderer Sprachen, selbst der
Muttersprache in den Pausen, wurde mit Geldstrafen belegt. Auch
wurde die jährliche Aufführung von zwei lateinischen Komödien vor
geschrieben.
Die lateinische Unterrichtssprache hat sich in dieser Schule, die
bis heute besteht, bis ins 19. Jahrhundert erhalten. Auch in den
übrigen, später gegründeten siebenbürgischen Gymnasien war die
lateinische Sprache die offizielle Unterrichtssprache, so z.B. im rumä
nischen Gymnasium von Blaj-Blasendorf bis 1828 27.
Bereits 1530 hatte Honterus in Krakau eine lateinische Grammatik

veröffentlicht, die infolge ihres grossen Erfolges bei der Leserschaft bis
1562 noch 14mal in dieser Stadt neu aufgelegt wurde. In Kronstadt
erschien sie 1539, 1548, 1555 und 156728.
In seiner Kronstädter Buchdruckerei gab Honterus ab 1539 folgende

24 A. Huttmann, »Despre unele aspecte in legäturä cu cartea doctorului Paulus Kyr


Sanitatis Studium ... (Bra?ov, 1551) (Über einige Gesichtspunkte in Zusammenhang mit
dem Buch des Dr. Paulus Kyr Sanitatis Studium ... (Bra$ov, 1551)«, Revista Medicala,
18 (Tg. Mures, 1972), 113.
25 Gernot Nussbächer, Johannes Homerus. Sein Leben und Werk im Bild (Bukarest,
1973), S.9.
26 Ibidem, S. 42.
27 Victoria Popovici, Rezension zu Nicolae Albu : Istoria jcolilor romäne§ti din
Transilvania intre 1800-1867 [Geschichte der rumänischen Schulen aus Siebenbürgen
zwischen 1800 und 1867], Revue Roumaine d'Histoire, XI (1972), S. 339.
28 Gernot Nussbächer, a.a.O., S. 16.

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DIE MEDIZIN JOHANNES HONTERUS 143

Autoren für den Schulgebrauch in lateinischer Sprache her


Annaeus Seneca, Aristoteles, Marcus Tullius Cicero, Mar
Quintiiianus, Marcus Porcius Cato, Decimus Magnus Au
Publilius Syrus, Sextus, wie auch die »Adagia« des Era
Rotterdam. Nach Trausch 29 bediente sich bei letzterer Honterus der
im Jahre 1530 erschienenen Ausgabe des Löwener Rhetorikprofessors
Hadrianus Barlandus.

Unter dem Einfluss der humanistischen Strömung kam es in ganz


Siebenbürgen zur Reorganisation von älteren Schulanstalten oder zur
Begründung neuer lateinischer akademischer Gymnasien. Es kam zur
Gründung von Buchdruckereien und zwar 1529 in Hermannstadt,
1550 in Klausenburg, 1565 in Grosswardein, 1567 in Weissenburg
(Alba Julia), 1569 in Abrud, 1580 in Mühlbach und 1582 in Broos30.
Sie gaben hauptsächlich lateinische Bücher heraus.
1547 wurde in Kronstadt unter dem Einfluss von Honterus eine
Bibliothek errichtet, die, wie derselbe an den Kosmographen Sebastian
Münster schrieb, nach der Zerstörung der Bibliothek des Matthias
Corvinus in Ofen durch die Türken im Jahre 1541, die bedeutendste
in Pannonien war. Um den erhöhten Papierbedarf zu decken wurde
auf Anregung von Honterus 1545 in Kronstadt eine Papiermühle, die
erste in Südosteuropa, errichtet. Das hier erzeugte Papier, das etwa
um 40% billiger als das bis dahin aus dem Ausland importierte war 31,
fand bald guten Absatz in ganz Siebenbürgen, wie auch in der
Walachei und Moldau.
Der siebenbürgische Staat basierte zu jener Zeit auf der »Union
der Drei Nationen«, der ungarischen Adligen, der Siebenbürger Sachsen
und der ungarischsprechenden Székler, während die zahlenmässig
stärkste Nation, die rumänische, nur toleriert war.
Infolge der verschiedenen Sprachen der einzelnen Komponenten
dieses Staates war die offizielle Staatssprache Siebenbürgens die
lateinische32. Sie befand sich hier an der Grenze zweier Zonen der

29 Joseph Trausch, Schriftstellerlexikon oder hiographisch-literärische Denk-Blätter der


Siebenbürger Deutschen, Band II (Kronstadt 1870), S. 208, Fussnote 2. Über Barlandus :
E. Daxhelet, Adrien Barlandus, humanisle beige, 1486-1538. Sa vie, son oeuvre, sa
personnalité, Humanistica Lovaniensia, 6 (Löwen, 1938).
30 Gernot Nussbächer, a.a.O., S. 29.
31 Arnold Huttmann, »Die Kronstädter Papiermühle. Zur Geschichte unserer
Papierindustrie«, Neuer Weg (Bukarest) Nr. 5249 vom 17.III.1966.
32 Michael Kroner, »Den Unsrigen wohlbekannt. Zeugnisse über rumänische

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144 A. HUTTMANN

europäischen mittelalterlichen K
der zyrillisch-slawischen Kultur3
Regni Transylvaniae et Partium
Unterbrechungen in klassischem
mittelalterlichem oder modernem
wurde allerdings ausschliesslich
Noch im Juni 1861 benützte ein Kronstädter Arzt auf seiner Reise nach
Bukarest einen in lateinischer Sprache abgefassten Reisepass35.
Die medizinischen Dissertationen, aber auch naturwissenschaftliche,
z.B. botanische Arbeiten erschienen, wie im übrigen Europa, in
lateinischer Sprache. Erst im Gefolge der Aufklärung wurde seit dem
Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts der Gebrauch der Muttersprache mehr und
mehr üblich. Nun erst kam es, gleichzeitig mit dem Erstarken des
nationalen Gedankens, auch in Siebenbürgen allmählich zu einer
Abwendung von der durch die Humanisten des 16. Jahrhunderts
propagierten Neolatinität.

D-51 Aachen
Maria-Theresia-Allee 179.

Sprachkenntnisse bei den Siebenbürger Sachsen«, Karpaten Rundschau (Bra§ov) Nr. 1!


vom 15.III.1974, S.ll.
33 L. Demény, Rezension zu : Sigismund Jakö und Radu Manolescu : Scrierea latinä
in evul mediu [Die lateinische Schrift im Mittelalter], Bukarest, 1971, Revue Romaine
d'Histoire, XI (1972), S. 690.
34 AI. Herlea, Les conditions de l'élaboration et l'importance des Constitutions
approuvées de Transylvanie«, Revue Roumaine d'Histoire, XI (1972), S. 399.
35 Der Pass ist abgebildet bei : A. Huttmann und G. Barbu, Medicina in Orasul
Stalin ieri §i astäzi [Die Medizin in Kronstadt gestern und heute] (Bra$ov, 1959), S. 89.

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Geneviève Demerson-Barthelot

L'ATTITUDE RELIGIEUSE DE DORAT

Toute recherche sur l'attitude religieuse de Dorat est inévit


marquée par la «féroce apologie» qu'il fit des «déplorables su
son parti »1 : c'est à ce propos que Marty-Laveaux note
«bon catholique», tout en le jugeant «épicurien à sa ma
Robiquet dit qu'il était d'une stricte observance religieuse —
diligentissimus cultor — et, assez curieusement, ajoute qu'il l
voir en approuvant les crimes de Charles IX — quod Caroli noni f
approbando satis manifestum fecit2 : ces mots ouvrent le c
consacré à la poésie religieuse — De sacris poèmatibus — dan
le critique a eu le bon goùt de ne pas ranger les vers consac
Saint-Barthélemy.
Il est bien certain que ce jour a pesé fatalement sur tout le
et sur son histoire, qu'il a fait naìtre des haines que quat
n'ont pas effacées. Il faut, cependant, regarder les choses un
largement et essayer de voir ce que fut l'attitude religieuse
avant et après le 24 aout 1572, et pas seulement ce jour-
Avant d'en venir à étudier ses réactions diverses devant les troubles
religieux, et ses réflexions politiques à ce sujet, il nous a semblé
nécessaire d'essayer de suivre son itinéraire spirituel.

Devolution spirituelle

Dorat est probablement né en 1508. En passant, il nous


l'illustration de sa famille paternelle et de l'honnèteté des m
qui furent ses ancètres maternels3 : selon toute vraisemblanc

1 Oeuvres poétiques de Jean Dorat, éd. Marty-Laveaux (Paris, 1875), ρ. xx


2 Ρ. Robiquet, De Ioannis Aurali ... vita et latine scriptis poèmatibus (thè
1887), p. 107.
3 Poematum lib. V (in Poematia, Paris, 1586), p. 96.
Le nom (sous le sobriquet de Disnemandi) figure aux còtés de celui des Dubois et

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146 G. DEMERSON-BARTHELOT

fut élevé selon les principes d'un christianisme tra


de savoir si on lui avait fait acquérir solide
connaissance des textes sacrés que révèlent cert
ou s'il s'est senti le devoir d'approfondir une cu
négligée. Nous ne savons rien des influences q
lui dans sa jeunesse, mais les échos de la pré
durent pas retentir en Limousin avant qu'il eùt
En mai 1538 il est toujours à Limoges : la lett
date à Robert Estienne4 est celle d'un homme p
un mirage lointain. A cette époque, il est en
Robert Breton d'Arras, professeur au collège de
ses vers lyriques ; mais seule la réponse encoura
conservée5. On peut se demander pourquoi Dor
conseiller qu'un petit traité de rhétorique
collège n'habilitaient pas à guider des essais
Limousin devait avoir d'autres raisons d'estimer
ce n'est qu'en 1541 que Breton se risqua à pu
Uber I. Mais cette fois, c'est lui qui avait so
malheureusement ce dernier égara le manuscrit
pour le consoler d'avoir été désordonné, une ép
publie précisément dans ce Carminum Uber I (f
de la bonne amitié. Trois distiques de Dora
littéraires de Breton figurent à la fin de ce re
Arnoul du Ferron, disciple des Padouans6. Robe
avec Antoine de Gouvéa et Briand Vallèe7,
des Malledent parmi les notables de Limoges dans les arch
Dame la Joyeuse, ou des Pastoureaux : cf. Bull, société arc
Limousin, LV (1905), p. 556.
Cette confrérie «n'avait pas pour but particulier l'exerci
plutòt, semble-t-il, une animation liturgique des fètes d
cit., p. 558) avec chant et musique. La confrérie, créée en
tout le XVIe siècle.

4 Ad Robertum Stephanum, in M. Goldast, Philologicarum epistolarum centuria una


diversorum a renatis litteris doctissimorum virorum (Francfort, 1610), pp. 235-245.
5 Robertus Britannus, Epistolarum lib. II (Paris, 1540), f. 60. 1540 est la date de
l'édition; la lettre peut avoir été écrite beaucoup plus tòt (elle donne l'impression d'ètre
adressée à un débutant bien doué).
6 Cf. H. Busson, Les sources et le développement du Rationalisme dans la littérature
franfaise de la Renaissance (Paris, 1922), pp. 109-112 (nous le citerons désormais s.v.
Rationalisme).
7 Dorat fut bien en rapports, par personne interposée au-moins, avec Briand Vallèe,

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L'ATTITUDE RELIGIEUSE DE DORAT 147

nomme les «déistes de Bordeaux»; ils s'étaient mutuellem


d'athéisme dans une petite guerre d'épigrammes qui aurait p
1'Inquisition8; Breton, qui était aussi en correspondanc
échappa à une condamnation dans les années 1542-1
«justice» du lieutenant civil de la prévóté de Paris,
selon H. Busson, le délit d'opinion ne fait pas de doute,
peut savoir s'il avait été accuse d'étre Protestant ou liber
On peut correspondre avec quelqu'un sans forcément
idées. Quoi qu'il en soit, les renseignements que nous f
de Dorat concernent une période plus tardive, car abso
des poèmes appréciés par Breton n'a été conservé : le c
orthodoxe de leur contenu (ou des dédicaces à des amis co
en est peut-ètre la cause.

Parvenu à la quarantaine, fixé désormais dans la cap


par de solides amitiés littéraires et politiques, Dorat
comme un intellectuel, essentiellement préoccupé d
humanistes, par ailleurs bon vivant.
Il fréquente assidument le cercle de Brinon, nous
multiples témoignages 10. M. Balmas voit dans le chàte
un épicurien sans aucun doute11 ; l'ambiance des ré
offre est très libre — trop libre pour Joachim du Beilay
liberté qui est toujours le privilège de la richesse13 : au

mais non, à notre connaissance, avec Geoffroy Vallèe (gnostique ign


philosophe) comme Bayle, qui a peut-ètre voulu nous mystifier, nous
(cf. Busson, op. cit., pp. 533-534); peut-ètre Bayle a-t-il confondu les
8 Sur ce cercle «suspect», cf. Busson, op. cit., p. 114-119. Rabelai
ramener les choses au pian de la plaisanterie, en particulier par
Le Seuil, Paris, 1973, pp. 969-970).
9 Cf. Busson, Rationalisme, p. 117; sur son Orthodoxie possible, cf.
10 Le sien, bien entendu : cf. Villanis (in Poém. lib. V., p. 173, p. 184, e
dans Humanistica Lovaniensia XXII, 1973, pp. 209-216) et, par ex., celu
Histoire de la nature des oyseaux (Paris, 1555), p. 222. Cf. aussi P. de Nolhac,
Ronsard et l'Humanisme (rééd. Paris, 1966), p. 61 n. 2 (nous citerons R. et IΉ.).
11 E. Balmas, Un poeta del Rinascimento francese, Etienne Jodelle (Florence, 1962),
p. 166 : «un epicureo senza dubbio».
12 Cf. P. de Nolhac, R. et EH., ρ. 251.
13 «superiore libertà che è da sempre privilegio della ricchezza» dit M. Balmas
(Jodelle, p. 165).
Il se demande mème si Dorat et Brinon n'auraient pas eu en commun une passion
pour la «beauté impitoyable» de Sidère; sans doute les Epigr. Lib. III (in Poematia,

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148 G. DEMERSON-BARTHELOT

aux divertissements poétiques succèdent des festi


vagant. Mais Μ. Balmas entend aussi le terme d'épi
sens : analysant l'épitaphe que Pasquier composa po
en attribuant à ce dernier un sentiment puremen
Après avoir rappelé l'anagramme IANVS BRINO
M. Balmas cite un passage où Pasquier fait appara
fondamental du conseiller :

... Mais toute fois que m'importe,


Si oncq' chose ne se vit
Dont on n'ait fait son profit
En fune et en l'autre sorte? 15

Bien que Pasquier soit chrétien, poursuit l'érudit italien, il note sans
acrimonie l'attitude de Brinon, qui n'a pas cherché à donner un but à
son existence, se contentant de vivre heureux, indifferent à l'opinion :
... Content je passay ma vie
Sans à autre faire tort
Qu'à moy-mesme, puis suis mort
Quand plus j'en avois d'envie 16.

La pensée de M. Balmas se résumé vigoureusement dans la formule :


« Brinon, perfetta incarnazione del raffinato umanista rinascimentale e
spirito forte »17.
De fait Brinon et ses amis ressemblent bien aux «libertins» décrits
quelques années plus tòt par Antoine Fumèe, conseiller au parlement
de Paris, pour le bénéfice de son ami Calvin : Ce sont gens distingués,
élégants, repus, délicats, imprégnés de quantité de connaissances
diverses — sunt homines lauti, nitidi, obesi, μαλθακοί 18 ...multis... ac
variis disciplinis imbuti19. Cependant certains traits ne peuvent leur
convenir : on n'imagine pas l'élégant conseiller abusant les gens simples

1586, ρ. 47) nous ont-ils transmis sous le nom de Dorat un poème Ad Sideridem, mais
Dorat a pu prèter sa piume à son ami. Sidère peut aussi étre le surnom d'une autre
dame légère.
14 «Pasquier attribuisce a Brinon un sentimento puramente pagano della vita» (op.
cit., p. 167).
15 Op. cit., p. 166.
16 Op. cit., p. 167.
17 Op. cit., p. 866.
18 Cf. Busson, Rationalisme, p. 379, η. 1.
19 Op. cit., p. 378, n. 4.

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L'ATTITUDE RELIGIEUSE DE DORAT 149

par une propagande chuchotée à l'oreille — incautis insusurr


ou trompant son monde par une attitude de caméléon — versipelli
il y a au contraire du cynisme, au moins de l'ostentation
attitude. Mais ce sont bien tous les φιλόζωοι que Calvin, en 1550,
dans son Traité des Scandales, en mème temps que les hum
au trop pur langage, qui commencent par dire que le style d
est plus beau que celui de Saint Paul, et qui continuent, parf
une voie plus aventureuse.
Dorat resta fidèle au conseiller prodigue qui mourut dans l
et défendit sa mémoire22 : c'est à son instigation que furent rasse
les diverses pièces du Tombeau auquel il contribua pour s
beaucoup d'anciens amis négligèrent de rendre cet hommage p
à leur mécène23. Mais soit indifférence doctrinale, soit pruden
ne met pas l'accent sur l'aspect «spirito forte» de la personn
Brinon ; il insiste sur sa culture : il fut un Mécène franpais, le
Muses — Moecenas Gallicus, Musarum pater24. La demeure d
reste pour l'éternité le lieu de rencontre d'une intelligenzia
jugés :
... hic epulas inter doctissima mille
Colloquia a claris sunt agitata viris25.

Dorat ne disait pas autre chose quand le conseiller était en vie, par
exemple lorsqu'il lui présentait comme étrennes son poème en hendéca
syllabes intitulé Villanis pour qu'on le lùt
Inter vina poetieasque mensas
Non tristi... in corona26.

C'est un habitué de la maison et l'on peut le croire lorsqu'il affirme


que si les murs pouvaient parler, il n'y aurait pas au monde de murs
plus savants que ceux de Médan :
Non foret in terris doctior hoc paries27.

Op. cit., ρ. 380, η, 1.


Op. cit., ρ. 380.
In Farrago Poematum de Léger du Chesne (Paris, 1560), f. 369r-37 Ir.
Nolhac, R. et l'H., p. 249-251 et Balmas, Jodelle, p. 169.
Farrago (f. 369r-v).
Op. cit. (f. 370r).
Poem., Hb. V., ρ. 173, et notre réédition, p. 209, vv. 12-13.
Farrago, f. 370r.

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150 G. DEMERSON-BARTHELOT

Seulement le poète ne précise pas sur quels suj


doctes entretiens dont la demeure, naguère som
La mort prématurée de Brinon, survenue à la suite d'une brève
maladie28 n'inspira à Dorat aucune réflexion «pieuse». Il insiste sur
la réalité materielle du tombeau :

Omnes qui tumuli cernitis hunc fossilis aggerem


Quo Bryno ...
Nuper conditus est ;

il rappelle que l'Homme est en proie à une condition misérable, lourde


à porter — conditionis miserae et gravis29. Cela étant, on se demande
ce que les dieux à qui le passant doit adresser ses prières peuvent bien
faire pour le mort, sinon que la terre lui soit légère. Le poème se
termine sur un adage30 exprimant un vceu, non une réalité :
Multis qui benefecit, faciant huic bene multa dii.

Aucun spiritualisme, en effet, ne transparaìt dans ces textes ; la seule


survie promise est celle que donnent les créations artistiques :
Extant ... tabulae, monumenta librorum
Quae Moecenati quisque dedere suo31.

En proclamant cette idée chère à Pindare et à Horace, Dorat était


fidèle à lui-mème aussi bien qu'à l'ami disparu.
Un peu plus tard, en 1556, la mort inopinée de Stracel — auquel il
devait succèder dans la chaire de grec du collège royal — inspire à Dorat
une méditation sur l'incertitude du sort des hommes; au thème de la
mutatio fortunae viennent s'ajouter deux nuances, l'espoir et la crainte :
Quam varia incertae quam fallax alea vitae
Humanum versat 5/><?que metuque genus 32 ;

on peut les christianiser, sans doute, mais là où un chrétien verrait le


pian de Dieu, l'humaniste ne mentionne qu'un hasard trompeur. On ne
s'attend pas à trouver sous sa piume la lettre mème de la Vulgate,
mais aucune expression ne peut faire entendre que l'Évangile soit

Op. cit., ff. 369v-370r.


Op. cit., f. 370r.
Comme le montre une typographie différente (ibid.).
Op. cit., f. 369r.
Op. cit., f. 371 r.

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L,ATTITÜDE RELIGIEUSE DE DORAT 151

présent à sa mémoire. Si ce jour vient comme un voleur,


pas à s'y préparer, n'aspire à aucune «conversion» : il a q
ans.

D'autre part, dès les années 1549-1550, Dorat a eu connais


doctrines des «libertins spirituels»33 : l'ode alcai'que qu'il c
l'occasion de la mort de la reine de Navarre, bien avant la
lancée par Charles de Sainte-Marthe en juin 155034 en est
gnage.
Marguerite, en effet, avait accueilli Pocque à Nérac et avait été
sensible à sa prédication. L'attaque violente portée en 1545 par Calvin
contre cette secte « phantastique et furieuse» avait irrité la reine. La
lettre que le réformateur lui écrivit le 28 avril 1545 35 pour l'apaiser
ne réussit sans doute pas à changer son opinion. En tous cas les Der
nières poésies reflètent l'influence de ces libertins36.
Dans l'ode In D. Margaritam Reginam Navarrae, Dorat consacre trois
strophes à peindre avec de rutilantes couleurs l'assomption d'Elie,
enlevé sur son char, tandis que son manteau traverse le ciel comme
une comète, pour venir tomber aux mains d'Elisée. Les trois dernières
strophes, introduites par Sic (qui répond à qualis) traitent du ravissement
de Marguerite qui accède, elle aussi, au séjour bienheureux, après
s'ètre débarrassée du grossier vètement qu'était son corps. D'ordinaire
la chute du manteau d'Elie signifie la transmission de ses pouvoirs à
Elisée; l'interprétation allégorique inhabituelle qu'en présente Dorat
dans la seconde partie de son ode se trouve aussi dans VOraison funèbre
de l'incomparable Marguerite, Royne de Navarre, duchesse d'Alengon :
«Notre corps (comme le Tyrien dit) n'est qu'un gros, vii et usé
manteau, que Marguerite a despouillé », dit Charles de Sainte-Marthe37.
Nous ne connaissons pas directement la prédication de Pocque, mais
Calvin, quand il s'en prend à lui, en cite de larges extraits. Le
33 Sur les doctrines des «libertins spirituels», cf. travaux du colloque de Montpellier,
mai 1973.

34 L'ode fut publiée pour la première fois par les soins de N. Denisot en juin 1550
dans le recueil de ΓHecatodistichon des sceurs Seymour (sign. C.ij.r) et l'année suivante
dans le Tombeau de Marguerite de Valois (Sign. H.iij.v). Elle connut de multiples
publications dans les oeuvres des disciples, et a été relevée dans les Odarum lib. II de
l'auteur (in Poematia, 1586), pp. 187-188.
35 J. Calvin, Lettres, éd. Bonnet (Paris, 1854), t. I, p. 111.
36 Cf. Busson, Rationalisme, p. 333 et n. 3.
37 Oraison funèbre de l'incomparable Marguerite, royne de Navarre... (Paris, 1550),
p. 122.

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152 G. DEMERSON-BARTHELOT

réformateur a vivement attaqué, entre autres, le comm


donnait de la Transfiguration 38 : sans doute Moi'se
comme « la Loy ancienne » et Jésus-Christ « la Loy
parfaitement orthodoxe, mais le « Spirituel » ajoutait

Hélie estoit le dernier, signifiant la fin du monde, co


en son partement en son chariot ardent, plein de fe
esprit, et par lequel nous sommes consommez hors
terrestre.

C'est là le troisième äge du Salut : l'äme, directement influencée


par l'esprit de Dieu, n'a plus besoin de se soumettre à une loi. Le
chrétien lui-mème, en effet, passe par les trois étapes, et sa personnalité,
absorbée, se confond finalement avec celle de Dieu. Marguerite «la
Ravie», avait fait sien ce eulte de l'Esprit dont Elie symbolise
l'action salvatrice39 : l'esprit de Dieu est «vivifiant/Voire et déifiant»;
son action détruira la chaire qui est le mal :
vois que le corps n'est rien qu'une charogne
Et prends ton voi à la vie éternelle40.

Les termes de l'ode de Dorat offrent une grande ressemblance avec


ceux du sermon de Pocque, que rapporte Calvin, aussi bien qu'avec
les formules de Marguerite, que nous venons de citer. Le «partement
d'Elie en son chariot ardent, plein de feu» est transposé en quadrigis
raptus ab igneis. Le rouge éclatant colore toute la première partie du
poème {igneis,fiammante, ignipedum, fulgurante, flammeos, rutilare)', le
rouge est en effet la couleur liturgique du Saint-Esprit41. Dans cette
ode, Marguerite se trouve, elle aussi, «consommée hors de ce monde
terrestre»: sublimis orbes attigit igneos». Sous l'action de l'esprit de
Dieu « vivifiant voire et déifiant », comme elle le disait naguère elle-mème,
sa chaire qui est le mal est détruite; Dorat consacre une Strophe à
évoquer cette purification :
Sic nunc amictus Margaris horridos
Gravata, fecis participes suae
38 Contre la sede phantastique... (Paris, rééd. 1547), p. 156.
39 Oraison funebre, pp. 40-41.
40 Les dernières poésiesde Marguerite de Navarre, éd. Lefranc (Paris, 1896), p. 338;
p. 397.
41 La miniature des Heures d'Henri II représentant l'assomption d'Elie est traitée en
un camai'eu de rouge : cf. E. Quentin-Bauchard, Le Ihre d'Heures de Henri II (Paris,
1890), p. 17.

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L,ATTITÜDE RELIGIEUSE DE DORAT 153

Natalis exuto veterno et


Corporeae gravitate molis.

Le mot de Diva, employé dans la dernière Strophe est


aussi ; sans doute, c'est le terme dont on use couramment
«sainte»42, mais la transposition "qu'en donne Ronsard
indication : «faitte Deesse »43; le maitre ne l'eùt pas lai
au public une version grossièrement fautive.
On peut d'autre part s'étonner de ce que Dorat ait chois
une ode « spirituelle », et non d'évoquer l'intelligence de la r
sa culture, ses dons poétiques, son mécénat : cela eùt été
à ce qu'on attendrait de lui. Peut-ètre ne faut-il voir da
qu'une poésie de circonstance : l'auteur se serait plié aux
de Madame Marguerite, soeur d'Henri II, sur laquelle la re
avait une grande influence.
Il reste que Dorat s'était assimilé les théories et le
«libertins spirituels» et qu'il n'a pas hésité à publier un
révèle une teile familiarité, alors que les églises établies é
méfiantes envers la secte; l'inertie de ses disciples
Du Beilay, Ba'if — qui se contentèrent d'abord de tradui
en question 44 et se mirent à l'oeuvre comme à regret, m
par contraste la promptitude de sa réaction.
En tout cas, ce qui pouvait le séduire était moins l'asp
de cette doctrine (il ne faut pas oublier qu'il fréquente
Brinon au temps où il compose l'ode Qualis quadrigis...) q
intellectuelle allégorique dont Marguerite a été un parfait

Pour Dorat, le mythe est un langage dont l'humaniste


clé; la täche du vates consiste à donner, gràce à ce
signes, un sens au monde qui l'entoure et à l'histoire. To
été fidèle à ce type de démarche intellectuelle fondée su
de l'analogie. Mais, l'esprit dans lequel il la pratique v
époques.

42 Cf. par ex. Ad divam Caeciliam ..., hymne de Dorat à Sainte Cécile (Paris, 1575).
43 STFM (Société des textes frangais modernes), t. 3, p. 53.
44 Ronsard, STFM, t.3, p. 50-53. du Beilay, STFM, t.4, pp. 40-43; Baif, éd. Marty
Laveaux, t.2, pp. 365-366. L'ode fut aussi traduite en italien par J.P. de Mesmes, et
un peu plus tard en frangais encore par M. CI. Buttet, protégé de Madame Marguerite,
devenue duchesse de Savoie.

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154 G. DEMERSON-BARTHELOT

Dans les années «libertines» (au sens le plus géné


mythe jouit, chez Dorat, d'une sorte de précellence, o
dire de surréalité. Ainsi dans Fune des premières ode
transmises et qu'il composa joyeusement en juillet 1
ses amis, l'ode Ad fontem Arcuili45, Dorat, par u
fantaisie, rapproche le nom d'Arcueil de celui d'Hercu
d'introduire un récit mythique dans son poème. Cet
amorcée par fama est (v. 17) et l'on s'attendrait à tro
un système de discours indirect ; il n'en est rien : très r
poète passe à l'indicatif et le mythe nous est ainsi p
présent46. A l'image traditionnelle d'Hercule succède
des humanistes»47, l'Hercule gaulois. En fait com
Dorat, il était connu mème des Grecs — Graiis etiam Gallicus
Hercules/Notus (vv. 25-26); or le Grec qui garantii l'authenticité de
cet étrange Hercule (l'Ogmios des Celtes) est Lucien48. Il n'est pas
indifférent que Dorat ait pratiqué à cette date «l'auteur le plus
mordant, le plus impudent, sans religion, sans Dieu, et porté à ridiculiser
toutes choses, religieuses comme profanes»: Η. Busson qui rapporte
ces propos de Neufville à Thomas More est fondé à croire que
«Lucien et ceux qu'on soupQonnait de le lire étaient très suspects»49.
Mais cette ode témoigne encore en une autre manière du «paga
nisme» de son auteur qui mentionne à propos de l'aqueduc romain
d'Arcueil (auprès duquel se déroulait la fète) celui qui passait pour
l'avoir édifié, l'empereur Julien. Le poète, qui le nomme Apostata, lui
dècerne en mème temps sa louange, le montrant comme un grand
prince — magnus rex50, qui réussit à s'imposer dans les Gaules, bien
qu'il fùt étranger. Une teile remarque — incidente — n'attirerait

45 Farrago poèmatum de Léger du Chesne (Paris, 1560), f. 373v-375r.


46 Nam fama est et in haec clavigerum loca
Advenisse patrem ...
Cum monstri domitor...

Victorem retulit pedem (f. 374r).


- procédé imité de Virgile, En., VI. 283-284.
Le mythe est, si Fon peut dire, enraciné dans la réalité par le démonstratif de la
première personne haec.
47 Cf. M.-R. Jung, Hercule dans la liltéralure frangaise du XVIe siècle (Genève,
1966), p. 73.
48 Bacchus·, Hercules.
49 H. Busson, Rationalisme, p. 11.
50 Farrago poèmatum, f. 374r.

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L'ATTITUDE RELIGIEUSE DE DORAT 155

peut-ètre pas l'attention si nous n'avions déjà vu son auteu


son non-conformisme.
Dorat connaissait probablement par l'édition aldine des
phes grecs la correspondance de Julien, où l'on découvr
dit J. Bidez «un tout autre personnage que le persécuteu
les hagiographes »51 ; Ramus, de son coté, s'est bien
écrits de ce prince, et son disciple, Pierre Martini publia
mais beaucoup plus tard en 156652. En fait l'aspect le plu
la pensée de Julien avait été remis en lumière par la publ
en 1546, de YAdversus Iulianum imperatorem de saint Cy
traduction de Georges de Trébizonde. Or les oeuvres de J
attaquées dans cet ouvrage ont disparu; à travers les cri
l'empereur philosophe est l'objet, ce sont ses idées m
recherche : elles pouvaient offrir aux incrédules, comme l'a d
«un système entier de dénigrement à opposer à l'en
théologie chrétienne»53. Sans aller jusqu'à faire de Dorat
« rationalisme théologique », on peut croire qu'il avait,
curiosités aussi peu orthodoxes que ses amitiés.
Il ne fait pas de doute que la personnalité intellectuell
a pu le fasciner : le règne de l'Apostat vit s'affirmer le
l'hellénisme qui avait commencé à renaitre sous Constan
était un enthousiaste», écrit J. Bidez. «En lui inculqu
admiration de la littérature antique, ses premiere éduca
déposé dans son äme des ferments dangereux. Peu à peu
pour la Grèce était devenu fanatique et exclusif. C'ét
d'énivrement » 54. Dorat a Tessenti un enthousiasme de c
mème réussi à le transmettre à ses disciples. Burckhard
caractérisé cette attitude d'esprit que l'Italie avait connu
France : « on préférait les hommes, en partie les ins
l'antiquité aux hommes et aux institutions du Moyen A
imiter Ips anciens de toutes les manières»55.
Le Dorat de 1549, admirateur de Julien et de la cult
cherche et trouve dans le passé un garant qui peut

51 J. Bidez, La vie de l'empereur Julien (Paris, 1930), p. 340.


52 Martini publia encore en 1584 Iuliani Imperatoris quae extant omnia
53 Η. Busson, Rationalisme, p. 365.
54 J. Bidez, La vie..., p. 57.
55 La civilisation de la Renaissance en Italie; traduction L. Schmi
(Paris, 1958), Vie partie, eh. 4, p. 177.

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156 G. DEMERSON-BARTHELOT

exempla : quand on les a reconnus, il ne reste


C'est l'ancien qui est l'authentique, le vrai, le bea
est que l'image, le reflet, la copie.
Sous des allures de plaisanterie, l'ode Ad font
caractéristique de cet état d'esprit. Ainsi, par exe
l'inspiration poétique de la Grèce, le Parnasse, a
consacré à Apollon, l'autre à Bacchus. Notre
d'Apollon et de Bacchus : il va donc se fabriqu
un Parnasse. Pour figurer les deux sommets, il lu
de collines; il n'y en a pas à Arcueil; qu'à cela
croupes en magonnerie de l'aqueduc ruiné feront l
Sic te celsus et hinc claudit et hinc duplex
Umbo structilis aggeris
Instar mentis, aquas qui gemini tegit
Umbra verticis et Pegasidum nemus56;

de la mème manière la fontaine d'Arcueil cons


qui était jadis, à Gadès, consacrée à Hercule :
Huius tu veteris fontis imaginem
Servas 57.

Sans trop forcer le trait, on pourrait dire que, dans cette optique,
Hercule, le héros qui se dévoue pour les hommes et accède finalement
à l'immortalité, a donné l'exemple au Christ.
A coup sùr, en effet, la méthode allégorisante que préconisait Dorat,
et qui avait été celle de Marguerite, est responsable de Γ Hercule chré
tien de Ronsard. Pour un poète chrétien, les travaux du héros mythique
offrent une typologie des épreuves du Christ-homme :
... la plus part des choses qu'on escrit
D'Hercule, est due à un seul Jésus-Christ58 ;

aux yeux d'un poète paganisé, ces travaux sont un modèle pöur tous
les bienfaiteurs de l'humanité (parmi lesquels, le Christ).
Il existe un mythe qui présente un héros sortant épuisé des eaux de

56 Farrago poèma tum, f. 374r.


57 Ibid.
58 STFM, t. 8, ρ. 215. La démarche de Ronsard nous semble bien ètre en effet celle d'un
chrétien, cornine il le dit lui-mème (p. 207); sur l'interprétation inverse, cf. R. Trousson,
«Ronsard et la légende d'Hercule», Bulletin d'Humanisme et Renaissance, 24 (1962),
p. 86.

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L,ATTITÜDE RELIGIEUSE DE DORAT 157

l'Atlantique, porteur des pommes d'or arrachées au


Hespérides :
... tunc Hesperidum cum decus auferens
Sylvis ac pretium, ditibus aurei
Mali ponderibus tardus, Atlanticis
Vix undis caput extulit59.

Un chrétien amateur d'allégorie verrà là une typologie du Christ


revenant des enfers. C'est là une démarche analogue à celle de Fulgence
qui tire, à des fins chrétiennes, l'allégorie des récits mythiques, ou de
l'évèque d'Orléans Théodulphe qui, avec précaution, rapproche les
peintures de la fable et les enseignements de l'Écriture60; pour eux le
mythe est comme l'ébauche, il est confus; il faut expliciter ce que
l'auteur n'a pas lui-mème vraiment compris. Ce n'est qu'avec l'alliance
de Dieu et de son peuple, mieux encore, avec la rédemption du peuple
par son Dieu, qu'on accède à la Réalité61.
Pour un esprit paganisant, comme celui de Julien, la lecture est
inverse : c'est le mythe ancien qui est fondamental ; tout ce qui vient
ensuite — ou ailleurs — n'en sera que l'imitation 62 ; Jonas sortant de
sa baleine et le Christ de son tombeau ne sont que des copies
d'Hercule porteur des fruits d'or de l'immortalité. C'est en cela que
consiste, si l'on peut dire, l'apostasie intellectuelle : ce qui était considéré
comme l'ébauche devient la réalisation parfaite, et ce qui était réalisa
tion parfaite est ravalé au rang de copie et d'image. Jusqu'à quel point
Dorat, né chrétien et frangais, a-t-il succombé à la tentation que
représentait pour lui Γ Apostat? Précisons bien qu'il ne s'agit que d'une
tentation intellectuelle. L'aspect mystique du caractère de Julien pouvait
intéresser Dorat, non le séduire, car son intelligence a plus de parenté
avec celle de Libanios qu'avec celle de son impérial élève.
Mais rapidement chez Dorat la pression d'une société officiellement
christianisée (où aussi bien les Réformés que les Catholiques blàment

59 Farrago poèmatum, f. 374r.


La représentation des travaux d'Hercule, utilisés à des fins chrétiennes, était familière
à Dorat : Jean de Langeac, évèque de Limoges, les avait fait sculpter sur le nouveau
jubé de sa cathédrale dans les années 1530-1535.
60 H. de Lubac, Exégèse médiévale, 4 vols. (Paris, 1959-64), t. 4, p. 185.
61 Cf. ci-dessous, p. 167.
62 La formulation de Budé: «Ipse enim Christus verus fuit Hercules, qui per vitam
aerumnosam omnia monstra superavit et edomuit» (De Asse, rééd. Lyon, 1550, p. 779),
est ambigue.

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158 G. DEMERSON-BARTHELOT

les excès du néo-paganisme), l'orgueil national aussi,


naturel à choisir le schèma historiographique du pro
chrétien, et non plus celui de la dégénérescence,
siècle de fer63.
Ce qui peut nous induire en erreur, c'est que
a conservé le langage qui lui avait servi à traduir
l'archétype — que l'éloignement idéalise — et sa
imparfaite. Apparemment Thevet et Argo sont d
qu'Arcueil et le Parnasse : voici que revient une
d'emporter des héros glorieux :
... iam redit altera
Heroas Argo quae vehat inclytos (v. 5-6)64 ;

pourtant l'ensemble du poème ne laisse aucun doute : Argo n'était


rien qu'une chétive ébauche des blanches caravelles qui voguent
désormais à travers l'océan.
Plus généralement Dorat, jusqu'à la fin de sa vie, a imité les
Anciens, tout en s'efforgant de rejeter la sujétion littéraire qui avait
été la sienne. Tentative vaine : l'empreinte des Dieux est indélébile.
*

Pendant la période qui vit s'intensifier les troubles civils, l'attitude


religieuse de Dorat est difficile à définir.
Dans un court poème en hexamètres qu'il compose en 1563 après
l'assassinat de Francois de Guise — In mortem Ducis Guisii65, il
rappelle que le due est tombé en combattant pour la croix — pro cruce
pugnans — et de ce fait aura le salut que donne la foi — fidei...
salutem ; dans le Tumulus Ducis Guisiae66, il cite indifféremment les
victoires que Guise a remportées sur les étrangers (Renti, Metz,
Calais) et ses succès pendant la première guerre civile, devant Sancerre
ou Rouen; à ses yeux, Paris était encerclé par une colonne d'ennemis
et Guise peut se glorifier, dans sa prosopopèe, d'avoir arraché la ville
à leurs gueules pleines de rage :

63 Dès 1558, Dorat écrivait dans le Carmen pindaricum offerì à Ch. de Lorraine
(antistrophe 7): «Se, qui volet, esse creatum/Optet ilio seculo/Falcifer quo Rex egenos/
Temperabat atque rudes populos; / Me iuvat nunc esse natum (Paris, 1558, sign.
C.iiij.v).
64 Parmi Ies liminaires de la Cosmographie universelle d'André Thevet (Paris, 1575).
J'ai consulté le volume Fol. Ζ. Le Senne 309 de la Bibl. Nation.
65 Epigr. lib. III (in Poématia, 1586), pp. 17-18.
66 Paris, Bibl. Nation., Ms. Lat. 8139, f. 86. Le Tumutus a été imprimé en Appendice de la
thèse latine de P. Robiquet (voir note 2), pp. 135-136.

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L,ATTITÜDE RELIGIEUSE DE DORAT 159

Parrhisiam urbem, regni caput, agmine cinctam


Host ili, e rabidis faucibus eripui.

Cependant le texte ne contieni aucune allusion au fait que G


mort pour sa foi et peut, pour cette raison, espérer la vie é
il survivra, certes, mais par la gioire :
Fraude perit virtus, si tamen illa perit,
Sed non illa perit, cuius laus usque superstes.

En 1565, Dorat est encore loin d'ètre un catholique incon


En juin cette année-là, son ami Turnèbe mourut. Les par
l'ancienne religion et ceux de la nouvelle revendiquaient le
chacun pensait, comme le remarque J.A. de Thou67, tirer d
adhésion un argument pour sa propagande : « multum m
partibus suis allaturum fuisse credunt». Erasme avait déjà f
d'une lutte de ce genre68.
Léger du Chesne, professeur au collège royal, et catholiqu
reprocher par les Réformés d'avoir trahi la confiance de so
avait expliqué physiologiquement le fait que Turnèbe n'ait pa
viatique69. De leur coté les Réformés mettaient en avant le
l'humaniste avait refusé les prières pour les morts70.
L. Clément, qui consacre un chapitre plein de nuances aux
moments du savant71, est passé un peu rapidement, dans
traite des célébrations posthumes de Turnèbe12, sur le poème
intitulé Adversus doctiss. et piiss. viri Adriani Tornebi Necromas
67 Historia sui temporis (Londres, 1733), t. II, p. 469.
68 Cf. J. CI. Margolin, Erasme par lui-mème (Paris, 1965), ρ. 85.
69 Reproche d'un Anonyme reformé à Léger du Chesne (dans le coll
B.N. Rés. m.Yc 925) — amico mortuo fidem fefellisse — parce ce qu'il av
son In tristissimum Adriani Turnebi epicedion (Paris, F. Morel, 1565) :
At salutiferum Eucharistiae sacramentum non accepit.
Qui potuisset, continuo vomitu praepeditus?
70 D'après le personnage qui signe T.F.T.B., De obitu praestantissimi v
Turnebi ..., in Epistola quae vere exponit obitum Adriani Turnebi regii
Adiecta sunt nonnulla epitaphia in memoriam tanti viri ab amicis piis iisdemqu
conscripta (Paris, 1565), f. [D.iiii.v], Turnèbe aurait dit :
Nolo cruces, nolo funalia, nolo boatus,
Nolo preces, nolo.
Nous avons employé le volume contenu dans le collectif Bibl. Nat., Rés. m
71 De Adriani Turnebi... praefationibus et poematis (thèse, Paris, 1899), p
12 Op. cit., ρ. 110 et suiv.; Dorat est mentionné ρ. 111.
73 Paris, F. Morel, 1565; la plaquette contient aussi des vers grecs.

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160 G. DEMERSON-BARTHELOT

et il semble n'en avoir retenu qu'un cliché: l


comparée à celle d'Orphée.
Dorat s'indigne, en fait, de ce que les deu
l'ombre de son collègue, en s'arrachant leur pro
bètes sauvages :
Non ut Thrax corpus membratim, a morte, sed u
Scinditur, ah ! facinus, sacrilegis manibus...
Hinc sed hic, ille illinc, alterna sorte, rapaces
Seu corvi praedam, diripiuntve canes74.

Quand il déclare qu'un mauvais arbre ne peut p


que seul un homme bon peut ètre l'auteur d'un
compromet ni avec les uns, ni avec les autres. S
«catholique» est que Turnèbe, qui est mort
avait vécu, est maintenant avec les Saints :
Mortuus est sancte, qui sancte exegerat aevum
Tornebus, Sanctis nunc quoque mixtus inest75

Mais les vers suivants apportent une lumière i


heureux séjour : ceux qui accueillent l'humaniste d
— agrémentés d'un piatane venu du De Orator
divins, Orphée, Musée, Hésiode, Homère; il
saints, mais de savants, et d'eux seuls :
Orphei, Musaeo comes, Hesiodoque et Homero
Atque aliis doctis, qui loca laeta tenent,
Forsan et inter eos queritur sub tegmine denso
Elysiae platani, quod tulit umbra nefas77.

Si le poète a choisi, politiquement, le parti des Catholiques, sa


spiritualité est toujours celle d'un pai'en, à cette nuance près que, à
cette date, sa croyance en l'immortalité de Fame est vigoureusement
afftrmée.
Une épreuve personnelle allait l'amener à une «conversion» totale.
Probablement dans le courant de l'automne 1571, il fut très gravement

74 Sign. A.ij.r.
75 Dans le troisième volume du mème collectif Bibl. Nat., Rés. m.Yc. 925 : Adriani
Turnebi regii philosophiae professoris clarissimi Tumulus, a doctis quibusdam viris e Graeco,
Latino et Gallico Carmine excitatus (Paris, 1565), f. [A.iiii.r].
76 I. 28-29 : les orateurs s'y installent pour leur entretien docte et amicai.
77 Adriani Turnebi ... Tumulus, o.e., f. [A.iiiiJ],

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L'ATTITUDE RELIGIEUSE DE DORAT 161

malade et mème condamné par les amis médecins qui l'en


Lui-mèmenousapprend dans un poème intitulé De restima
que sa santé a été ébranlée et qu'il est maintenant rét
permet de dater ce texte avec certitude ; pourtant, en le com
les odes latine et grecque qu'il composa en 1571 pour rem
qui lui avait rendu la santé — Ad Deum pro sanitate sibi
ΕΙΣ Θ EON ΙΩ ΑΥΡΑΤΟΥ όκ βαρύτατης νόσου aeatοσ
οη peut conjecturer que De restituta valetudine fut com
sion d'une maladie antérieure et beaucoup moins grav
en distiques n'a rigoureusement rien de chrétien : la
présentée comme une déesse puissante, la mère de l'A
potens, mater Amoris; certains vers rappellent les épigra
de l'Anthologie :
Tum pia thura dabo, fundam quoque roscida mella80.

Il traite alors de Valetudo qui n'est que la santé physique


de mème voulait rendre «Aus bons Dieus les justes offran
célébrer la Convalescence d'un sien ami, qui est Joachim d
L'ode Ad Deum est d'une Inspiration bien différente :
sujet Sanitas, qui désigne aussi bien la santé du corps
l'esprit, voire la Raison. Les premiers vers incitent les an
la gioire du Dieu unique :
Cantate sacri carminis alites,
Cantate laudes unigenae Dei.

Dans la première partie de l'ode, le poète détaille les symp


maladie qui a failli le terrasser, reconstitue, pour ainsi dire, son
agonie : c'est là, quand il ne pouvait plus parler, qu'il s'est tourné
dans un élan vers Celui qui ne se lasse pas de pardonner au pécheur
qui se repent totalement :
78 Poém. Hb. V., pp. 310-312. Le poème Ad Valeranum... qui traite aussi de la
maladie et qui figure dans le mème recueil de 1586 (pp. 59-64) ne nous semble pas
devoir ètre attribué à Dorat, pour des raisons d'ordre social et psychologique (la
désespérance n'est pas son fait), et surtout pour des motifs littéraires : lorsqu'il
demande une faveur, ou lorsqu'il remercie, il ne compose pas un long poème qui pourrait
importuner son protecteur.
79 Paris, L'huillier, 1571.
80 Poèm. lib. V, pp. 310, 311.
81 Quand Cicéron veut parler de la sante de l'esprit en utilisant ce terme, il précise
Valetudo animi (cf. par ex. Tusc., IV. 80).
82 STFM, t. 2, p. 40.

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162 G. DEMERSON-BARTHELOT

Clemens ... numen et impigrum


Audire voces votaque supplicis
Quem paenitet vere (vv. 45-47).

L'exultation du poète a éclaté dès la premièr


véritablement ressuscité, physiquement bien sùr,
santé bien qu'il soit squelettique83, mais surtout
régénéré, il a dépouillé le vieil homme 84 :
Revixit Auratus, revixit
Deposita viridis senecta (vv. 3-4).

La place du verbe, en tète, sa répétition notent la viv


De plus le verbe revixit est celui qu'emploie l'évan
le retour de l'enfant prodigue (Luc, XV. 32);
reste cette parabole dans les vers 50-70.
On peut évidemment se demander quels péchés
avoir mérité une pareille sanction. Lorsqu'il dit
pardon à celui qui a honte de ses crimes anté
priorum (v. 48) — la formule peut avoir une valeu
puisse croire que le poète a en vue son cas particulier. Cette
impression est beaucoup plus nette lorsqu'au début de l'ode, il évoque des
péchés que Dieu chàtie, d'après lui, en envoyant précisément les
troubles qu'il a ressentis :
Lascivientes cum petulantius
Rebus secundis cernit amans pater
Aut devios obliqua ferri
Per spatia immemores perieli (vv. 9-12).

Malgré le pluriel, il est difficile de croire que le poète ait en vue une
autre expérience que la sienne. Il n'est pas surprenant de le voir
s'accuser de s'ètre livré, aux temps de prospérité, à des ébats trop
effrontés : les commensaux de Médan et la joyeuse troupe d'Arcueil
n'engendraient pas la mélancolie, c'est le moins qu'on puisse dire85.

83 Comme il le dit à Amyot dans une épitre qui précède l'ode (sign. A.ij.r).
84 Cf. Saint Paul, Ad Co!., III. 9.
85 Alors qu'il était principal de Coqueret il semble avoir eu une vie «sentimentale»
agitée. Il se maria le 21 décembre 1548 «par sentence de l'officiai de Josas» rapporte
Marty-Laveaux (Dorat, CEuvres poétiques, ρ. XVII) qui continue: «l'intervention de
l'officiai, juge ecclésiastique, dont une des principales attributions était les procès
entrepris pour obtenir mariage, semble prouver que Dorat a été poursuivi pour

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L'ATTITUDE RELIGIEUSE DE DORAT 163

La deuxième erreur reconnue ici est bien plus difficile à déf


poète, semble-t-il, s'est laissé entraìner par défaut de vigilan
qu'il avait d'abord reconnu le danger. Il a quitté la route
vagabonder par des sentiers obliques. Or nous l'avons vu fréq
des cercles peu orthodoxes. Il reconnait ici qu'il a vécu, un te
l'aventure et, ce qu'il y a de grave, sans plus avoir conscience
péché.
Dorat a voulu que son repentir eùt un caractère public : il est
exceptionnel, en effet, qu'il prenne le soin de confier ses ceuvres à un
éditeur. Ce faisant, il donnait à sa «conversion» plus de solennité.
Pourtant, il n'y a aucune ostentation dans son attitude : l'ode se
termine par un appel à Dieu qui, seul, peut donner à l'homme la
possibilité de persévérer 86 :
... fac, precor, ut diu
Intaminatus perseverem
Quod tua vis dare sola possit (vv. 114-116).

D'autre part l'ode Ad Deum montre un renouvellement complet de la


manière de Dorat : le texte ne contieni pas une seule allusion mytholo
gique et toute notation pa'ienne en est absente87. Le poète, cependant,
se sent inspirò, malgré sa fatigue physique, comme il le dit dans l'épitre
offerte à Amyot, qui précède cette ode :
Carmina proveniunt nullo mihi nata labore (sign. A ij).

Il y oppose son Inspiration nouvelle — fonte e sacro — à ce qui fut


naguère l'aveuglement d'une poésie profane à laquelle il renonce — haud
temere quicquam... de fonte profano.
Joachim du Beilay, lui aussi, sous l'empire de la maladie, avait
abandonné les prestiges du mythe, pour demander à la suite du
psalmiste :
Gueriz, Seigneur, gueriz moy de peché88.

séduction ou enlèvement». Cependant, s'il avait négligé de légitimer son union par le
sacrement de mariage, il semble avoir été fort attaché à la mère de son enfant et à
l'enfant elle-mème. (Cf. Genethliacon in Ms. Lat. 10327, f. 10r).
86 Cf. Saint Augustin, de Perseverantia, I. 1 : «Asserimus ergo donum Dei esse
perseverantiam qua usque in finem perseveratur in Christo ».
87 Ce qui n'est pas le cas de l'ode de Sanctissima nativitate Iesu Christi, Od. lib. II,
(in Poèmatia, 1586) pp. 172-173.
88 Hymne chrétien, STFM, t. 4., p. 118 (cf. Psaume 51,4).

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164 G. DEMERSON-BARTHELOT

Ainsi, il a fallu la maladie pour que les human


sérieux les critiques que leurs détracteurs for
« paganisme » de leurs oeuvres.
Cependant, quelle que soit sa révérence à l'éga
Dorat tient à ne pas imiter la langue de saint
est nourrie de pensée biblique, nous n'avons relev
— revixit (v. 3) — qui soit commun à la Vulga
le latin «vulgaire» n'eùt pas été en harmonie
métrique héritée d'Horace. Ce genre d'effort pour
religieux et une forme pure n'est pas nouveau8
entre la foi et l'humanisme tient particulièremen
qui, en 1575, accorde une ode-préface à J.M
traduction latine des Psaumes en distiques élégiaq
transposé le Psaume 74 (73) en strophes sapphiques
(132) en quatre distiques92.
Mais ce changement dans la forme n'est qu'u
superficielle d'une « conversion » intellectuelle plus pr
sa méthode analogique sera une typologie.
Il s'agit bien toujours de savoir ce qui s'est pas
temps de l'histoire de l'humanité, mais il n'es
trouver un modèle; on y reconnaìtra tout jus
adumbratio, et d'autre part ce premier temps ne
l'hellénisme triomphant. C'est la venue du Ch
désormais, si Fon peut dire, une charnière entr
Dorat le proclame au début de l'ode offerte à Thev

89 Juvencus a transposé l'évangile en hexamètres; Pruden


éolienne. Au XVIe siècle, Salmon Macrin a aussi travaillé dans c
La poesie des Protestants de langue frangaise (Paris, 197
général : J. A. Gaertner, «Latin Verse Translations of the Psa
Theological Review, 49(1956), 271-305; W. L. Grant, «Neo-Latin
Bible », Id., 52 (1959), 205-211.
90 Psalmi Davidis ex hebraìca veritate latinis versibus expr
1575), sign. a.iij.r et suiv.
Dorat, pour des raisons pédagogiques a ajouté en tète de chaq
qui le résumé.
91 Epigr. lib. III (in Poématia, 1586), pp. 110-112. En raison de l'allusion au massacre
des serviteurs de Dieu dans son tempie, ce texte pourrait avoir été composé en
octobre 1567, au lendemain de la «Michelade» de Nìmes.
92 Vaticinium Pacis sancii Remigi (Poem. lib. V., p. 74). Ce psaume qui traite de la
concorde fraternelle fut transposé en 1577.
93 Parmi les liminaires de la Cosmographie universelle d'André Thevet (Paris, 1575).

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L,attitUDE RELIGIEUSE DE DORAT 165

Christi sub adventum ...


Cuncta retro renovanda seda.

Le verbe renovare signifie bien recommencer, mais avec le sens de


remettre à neuf, et mème de faire plus beau que ce qu'il y avait
auparavant : Dorat ne fait que donner un sens très général à la formule
Nil sub sole novus, sed reno va ta vides94

qui, originellement s'appliquait à la création littéraire ou artistique du


Moyen Age.
Ainsi, par exemple, Rome a-t-elle, sans aucun doute, dominé le
monde antique, mais ce n'était qu'une annonce de sa précellence
actuelle, qui date du jour où Saint Pierre y a fixé sa résidence 95.
Jadis Julien pouvait voir sur les places de Constantinople des cyniques
en guenilles qui préchaient l'ascétisme en se moquant des moines
mendiants dont la besace et les loques n'étaient, selon eux, qu'une
simiesque imitation de la tenue de Diogène; inversement, quand Dorat
s'excuse auprès de l'évèque de Paris de ne pouvoir assister à une
cérémonie lustrale à Saint-Cloud, les tubilustria évoqués par Ovide dans
les Fastes (V. 725-726) lui semblent avoir annoncé la purification des
cloches, si toutefois, ajoute l'humaniste repenti, il est permis de comparer
les choses sacrées aux profanes — si fas sacra profanisi... componere 96 ;
de mème, la garde des boucliers sacrés par Numa peut, avec les
mèmes précautions oratoires, ètre comparée à la conservation des
reliques de la couronne d'épine par les rois de France, à la Sainte
Chapelle97.
Il ne répugne pas à l'humaniste que, dans ce premier moment de
l'histoire humaine, l'Esprit, en attendant une révélation parfaite (et
définitive, ce qui le différencie, en fin de compte, des «libertins
spirituels») ce soit manifesté aux pa'iens, à Homère ou à Platon. Il
s'agit bien d'une manifestation directe et non d'infiltrations de la
révélation hébra'ique, par l'Égypte par exemple. Mr. Walker qui a
clairement posé ce problème rappelle que Dorat dans des vers pour
VEncyclie de Guy Lefèvre de la Boderie rapproche hardiment Musée/

94 Cf. Η. de Lubac, Exégèse médiévale, t. 4, p. 220.


95 De veteris et novae Romae statuin Poém. lib. V., p. 24.
96 Poem. lib. V., p. 188.
97 Poém. lib. V, p. 194 : Si modo sacri aliquid fuit inter vana deorumjNumina .

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166 G. DEMERSON-BARTHELOT

Moi'se, Hebrus/Hébreu, Daphnis/David, Hési


se sentir justifié de chercher une interprétation
d'Homère qui, selon lui, a enveloppé la vérité
plaisante :
seria multa iocis involvens veraque fictis".

C'est exactement la démarche de Fulgence :


sub blanditorio poeticae fictionis tegumento moralium seriem institu
tionum utiliter inseruerunt 10°.

La tàche pédagogique d'un « interprète » consiste donc à donner la


clé du mystère :
Utraque magniloqui mysteria rimor Homeri101.

Il semble qu'il ait rempli sa mission; un de ses disciples reconnais


sants, Jean de Chavigny écrit :
Eo te Natura parens dotavit ut et per te invenire multa et
abstrusissima quaeque et ab oculis captuque caeterorum hominum
remotissima in lucem evocare tibi facile sit ac promptum 102,

ce qui s'entend aussi bien de la traduction littérale que de l'interpréta


tion, car le maitre aimait particulièrement les textes difficiles et, de
Pindare à Lycophron, rien ne décourageait sa sagacité; pour ce dernier
il s'appuyait sur le Commentaire médiéval de Tzetzès103, grand
amateur d'allégories.
Il n'y a pour lui aucun doute : les Sibylles ont été inspirées par

9S «Orpheus the Theologian», Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes,


XVI (1953), 105-106 et n. 2. Dans un poème liminaire à la Galliade, Dorat afYirme
qu'en Gaule les Bardes ont, eux aussi, comme certains Grecs, requ l'inspiration divine
{Poem. !ib. V, pp. 209-210):
Testibus Hebraeis, Graecis et testibus ipsis
Et Latiis, Bardis quanta sophia viris
Qui sua cantabant numeris misteria Gallis.
99 Epigr. Hb. III {in Poématia, 1586), p. 16; cf. Nolhac, R. et l'H., pp. 71-72.
100 Cité par H. de Lubac, Exégèse médiévale, t.4, 184.
101 Epigr. Hb. III, ρ. 16.
102 Cité par Ρ. de Nolhac, R. et l'H., p. 86 η. 1; tei était aussi l'avis de Guillaume
Canter (à qui nous devons le témoignage sur l'allégorisme d'Homère) il conclut :
I. Auratum... unicum et optimum Homeri Interpretern {Novarum lectionum Hb. Vili,
rééd. Anvers, 1571, p. 337).
103 Cf. P. de Nolhac, R. et l'H.. pp. 88-91.

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L,ATTITÜDE RELIGIEUSE DE DORAT 167

l'Esprit divin, et lui arrive mème de rapprocher le témoig


d'entre elles et celui des Évangiles :
Finis adest mundi quem prisca Sibylla minatur
Quemque Evangelicis pagina sacra libris 104.

Au demeurant il s'appuie là sur une solide tradition chréti


l'expression la plus illustre est bien Teste David cum Sibyll
Dans le poème In sacrosanctam Eucharistiam, la Sibylle
vieni témoigner à propos de Dieu octroyant la manne — H
Sibylla106; le grand hymne au progrès humain qu'est l'o
Thevet107 s'ouvre sur une affirmation concernant la Siby
et le sérieux de ses prédictions :
Non ergo nullum carminibus tuis,
Cumaea vates, pondus inest.

On pourrait multiplier les exemples. Vers la fin de sa vi


Dorat publia les Sibyllarum duodecim oracula (qu'il avait
grec en latin), accompagnés d'illustrations, oeuvres de so
et d'une traduction frangaise par Claude Binet — ce qui
voulait toucher un large public. Après avoir décrit les p
physiques et vestimentaires de chaque Sibylle, Dorat cite,
pour terminer, le texte qui prophétise la venue du Christ.
Seulement il s'agissait d'un premier temps : la Révélati
de dépasser ce stade et d'aller, enfin, de l'image à la R
verum ex fìctis tandem... figuris108 — formule qui rap
l'évèque d'Orléans Théodulphe :
Falsa horum [= poetarum] in verum vertere saepe solent10

104 Ad belli civilis auctores, in Ad Beatiss. Virginem Mariam ... (Paris, 15


(Bibl. Nat., Yc. 1209).
105 Cf. Frangoise Joukovsky, Poesie et mythologie au XVIe siècle (Paris, 1969), p. 142 :
«ces créatures n'inspirent aucune défiance aux Pères de l'Église». La confrérie limousine
à laquelle appartenait la famille du poète (cf. n. 3) faisait décorer l'autel la veille de
Noèl (1536) de deux Sibylles : Item feyrent ung parament de l'outar, la veilhe de Nadau,
hom fut fach ung gram chapiteu remplit de fueilhas douradas, ung petit Dieu dins ung
chapeu de triomphe, douas sibillas et ung ange à la pointe deud. chapiteu (op. cit. en
n. 3, p. 577) : mème la piété populaire accueillait les Sibylles.
106 Poém. lib. V, ρ. 9.
107 Cf. η. 93.
108 Poem. lib. Κ, ρ. 189.
109 Cité par Η. de Lubac, Exégèse médiévale, t.4, p. 185.

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168 G. DEMERSON-BARTHELOT

Dorai exprime la mème idée, dans l'ode-pré


Toscano110, à propos de toutes les sortes de
Phébus était-il un menteur, mais il y avait tout
à retirer de ce qu'il inspirait : ces chants étaient u
par le truchement de la fable une intuition de l
Sacra veris fabulosa/Assimuiat (vv. 75-76).

La pensée de Dorat se résumé bien dans la f


pieux poètes et leurs Instruments impies —vatu
impia (v. 74) : le vates, poète ou prophète, a le c
Il faut noter que ces quelques vers sur les p
ration virgilienne 111 : la formule mème vient
mots fìdibus canoris (v. 76) caractérisaient, che
d'Orphée (VI. 120); un peu plus loin le Chri
— pulsante Christo (ν. 79) — comme le faisait
L'Esprit a parlé à Orphée et à Virgile, mais
qu'aux prophètes de l'Ancien Testament, pour
de voile, d'intermédiaire trompeur qu'il faille éc
parie sous l'influence non de l'esprit de Pythó,
afflatus ille Pythio non spiritu / Vates sed ipsius

C'est Dieu lui-mème qui a chanté sur la lyre de


Davidica cecinit... Deus ipse lyra 113.

Mais le peuple élu de Dieu était dans l'atte


prophète avait pour mission de lui faire espérer
de lui donner les signes qui le feraient reconna
c'est une démarche constante de Saint Matthieu
dans l'Ancien Testament ce qui devait ètre i
annonce de Sa venue. Dorat est bien doué po
lego η. Ainsi dans le poème In sacrosanctam Eu

110 Parmi les liminaires des Psalmi Davidis ... expre


(Paris, F. Morel, 1575).
111 Μ. de Lubac, Exégèse médiévale, t. 4 : Virgile philosoph
112 Poem. Hb. V, ρ. 295 : une fois transposé en vers lati
pentier, Isai'e pourrait passer pour Virgile — Posset vid
mais son inspiration est divine.
113 Op. cit., p. 74.
114 Cf. notamment Matthieu, I-IV; Vili. 17; XI. 10; XII
115 Poem. lib. V.. ρ. 9.

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L'ATTITUDE RELIGIEUSE DE DORAT 169

que la Manne envoyée par Dieu aux Hébreux dans le dése


typologie du banquet eucharistique : l'octroi de ce pain de
élu est un signe, une ébauche de la venue du messie — ad
sui certissima signa\ le poète rappelle que le Christ a lui-m
ce signe lors de Sa venue sur la terre :
Mystica signa probans veris certissima verbis116.

Il ne peut donc plus, désormais, y avoir de doute, mais


se distingue encore des manifestations antérieures de l'E
qu'elle est universelle et définitive — terras per omnes, pe
alors qu'elles étaient sporadiques et limitées. Elle a fa
formulations antérieures imparfaites. Il est difficile de
expression comme tacere/Pythius atque coactus Amnion
seulement l'absolue efficience du Christ (malgré sa douc
rappelée plus loin — mitis agnus119) ou si l'ancien ad
Julien note de gaìté de cceur la contrainte qui fit j
oracles.
Si, pour Dorat, la Révélation est bien définitive, on trouve pourtant
dans le poème In Sacrosanctam Eucharistiam que nous avons déjà cité
(et qui, par ailleurs, est parfaitement orthodoxe), une formule étrange :
Christus... Patris imago
Ipse trium medius, medii per tempora secli
Venerai in terras humano corpore tectus (init.)·

Sans doute le Christ est-il bien l'intermédiaire — ipse trium medius —


entre le Pére et l'Esprit : il annonce lui-mème aux Apótres qu'il lui
faut partir afin de permettre la venue de l'Esprit120. Mais la formule
medii per tempora secli laisserait entendre que l'incarnation ne
représente que le deuxième temps du salut, et la doctrine professée
aurait quelque analogie avec celle des «libertins spirituels». En fait, le
troisième temps n'est pas mentionné explicitement ici, et les termes

116 Cf. Jean, VI. 34; 48; 51; 58.


117 Ode liminaire aux Psaumes de Toscano, v. 78, 88. (Sur le caractère incomplet
des révélations antérieures, cf. Saint Paul, Ad Hebr., init.).
118 Op. cit., v. 80.
Mr. Walker (op. cit. en n. 98, p. 113 et η. 1) rappelle que La Boderie écrivit des
péans de triomphe sur la destruction finale des dieux pai'ens par le christianisme (mais
il croit y discerner une légère note de regret).
119 Op. cit., v. 87.
120 Cf. Jean, XVI. 7.

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170 G. DEMERSON-BARTHELOT

douteux peuvent signifier que la vie historique


le seuil du renouveau de l'humanité, comme Dor
de l'ode à Thevet121. Les mots Patris imago
donner à la deuxième personne de la Trinité mo
la première, voire en faire une simple allégori
ètre un souvenir de Saint Paul122.
De fait, quel que soit son goùt pour l'Analogie, Dorat a suffisam
ment de révérence envers les Évangiles pour ne pas les interpréter
allégoriquement, et ne pas les utiliser aux mèmes fins que le mythe
antique (voire que l'Ancien Testament).
Cependant l'esprit du poète, toujours à la recherche de toutes les
similitudes signifiantes, se plaìt à rappeler les représentations des quatre
évangélistes par l'aigle, le boeuf, l'homme et le lion123; il explicite
le sens de ces figures et recherche la parenté qui les lie, de ce fait, aux
quatre pères de l'église d'occident, Augustin, Jéròme, Ambroise et
Grégoire, qui ont mis respectivement, selon lui, l'accent sur la divinité
du Christ, le sacrifice qu'il fait de lui-mème, son humanité, sa royauté.
Le rapprochement n'est pas nouveau : depuis le Xlle siècle, les
commentateurs s'y sont complus124 ; bien que la liste des quatre pères
ait été sujette à des variations, celle que Dorat a choisie est la mieux
attestée : c'est le quadrige qui conduit au ciel — ascende hanc quadrigam,
quae te ducit in altum 125. Mais l'humaniste n'est pas d'accord avec la
tradition médiévale selon laquelle :
Gregorius, vir facundus
Verbo dulcis...
Hominis vultum habuit.
Ambrosius, leo fortis... 126

il l'est entièrement à propos d'Augustin :


Super omnes Augustinus
Alta petens, vir divinus,
Vultum aquilae meruit.

Quant à Jéròme et à son bceuf, ils ne signifiaient pas, dans cet ancien

121 Cf. η. 93.


122 Ad Rom., Vili. 29; Ad Col., I. 15.
123 Po'èm. lib. V, p. 242.
124 Cf. H. de Lubac, Exégèse médiévale, 1.1, pp. 29-33.
125 Hugues Métel, cité par H. de Lubac, op. cit., p. 30.
126 Prose de l'abbaye de Marmoutiers, citée ibid.

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L'ATTITUDE RELIGIEUSE DE DORAT 171

texte, le sacrifice, mais l'ètre qui, robuste et sür, tire la


sillon de l'Écriture :
Hieronymus, bos secure
Gradiens, vias Scripturae
Solidissime tenuit.

Suivant toujours la mème démarche, d'autres commentateurs ont vu


dans les quatre évangélistes les quatre sens de l'Écriture : Dorat ne
connaissait sùrement pas ce type d'interprétation : il n'eùt pas manqué
d'en tenir compie. Les divergences entre la tradition et lui s'expliquent
par le fait qu'il a dü travailler d'après des souvenirs un peu flous,
et que son imagination fertile a remplacé une science défalllante :
nous l'avons vu à propos du bceuf; s'il attribue la royauté à Grégoire,
c'est sans doute parce qu'il a été pape.
Le poème Quatuor Euangelistae est tout à fait caractéristique de sa
méthode analogique : chaque strophe contieni une formule qui nous
invite à dépasser l'apparence et à chercher un sens caché : effigies -
pandit - applicai - mysteria. L'ordre dans lequel sont rangés les quatre
évangélistes n'est pas habituel : il a choisi de frapper son lecteur en
présentant aussitòt le divin avec Jean, l'aigle et Augustin; platani au
milieu les formes qu'il juge moins glorieuses, il a gardé pour la fin
l'annonce de la royauté éternelle du Christ :
Affirmat Christi regnum per seda futurum —

qui rappelle la formule liturgique conclusive per omnia secala seculorum.


Il serait intéressant de savoir à quelle occasion Dorat a composé
ces seize hexamètres, que le typographe a répartis à juste titre en
quatre strophes, et qui ne nous sont connus que par l'édition collective
de 1586 : ce pourrait ètre autour de 1575, époque à laquelle il semble
avoir eu un souci de vulgarisation scripturaire121. Il s'agit probablement
d'une préface accordée à une édition des évangiles accompagnés de
gloses qui donnaient une grande place à la tradition (chacun des
127 Dans l'ode offerte à Toscano (cf. n. 110) il souhaite que la foule ignorante
chante les Psaumes, et que la jeunesse apprenne la poésie sacrée :
Davidicas... voces

Devota quas plebs aedibus in sacris


Cantare pergat pectore simplici (vv. 116-118).
Haec iam rudis discat iuventus

Pro citharae numeris profanae (vv. 127-128) :


sur ce dernier point, on ne peut imaginer une palinodie plus complète.

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172 G. DEMERSON-BARTHELOT

quatre pères cités a composé des commentaires des


une manière catholique d'approcher l'Écriture; le
recours qu'au texte sacré et manifestent, d'autre pa
méfiance devant les excès de l'allégorie.
Or ce n'est pas en vain que Dorat portait le titre d'
Sans doute il s'entendait officiellement de ses fonctions de traducteur
pour les langues grecque et latine 12S. En fait, il se livrait volontiers, et
non moins officiellement, à l'interprétation de toutes sortes de présages.
Il rapporte — en vers latins — une prophétie de la sainte suédoise
Brigitte129 et tenait Nostradamus pour un prophète, disant que
« Michel Nostredame les ( = ses Centuries) avoit escrit, un ange les luy
dictant»130. Nous nous permettons de renvoyer, pour cette question,
à l'étude récente de M. Secret, dans laquelle il consacre un chapitre à
Jean Dorat, les prophéties de Nostradamus et Henri III131.
Quant à la technique divinatoire de Dorat, elle est essentiellement
fondée sur l'onomastique (nomenjomen) et les rapports mathématiques
(numeri), et elle nous parait sortir du cadre de cette étude.
Il faut remarquer, toutefois, que 1'« interprète » a continué à vaticiner
après sa «conversion» voire plus qu'auparavant. C'est que, à ses yeux,
les signes qu'il repère et cherche à expliquer sont autant de marques
de la bonté de Dieu qui aide ainsi les hommes à comprendre son
dessein :

Qualis Rex, quantusque Deo venit auspice Gallis


Henricus, docuit per sua signa Deus 132.

Le signe que Dieu envoie est suffisamment clair pour ètre pergu et
reconnu avec certitude : Dorat moribond a su que Dieu lui avait
pardonné parce que sa maladie a cessé, mieux, qu'elle a été mise en
fuite :
Noxae(que) certum mi remissae
Indicium fuga prompta morbi133.

128 Son titre est rappelé dans le Privilège du Roi qui figure en tète de la 2ème partie
de l'édition collective de 1586.

129 Poem. Hb. V, p. 239: l'indication concernant Sainte Brigitte est donnée par une
main ancienne, annotant l'exemplaire de la Bibliothèque Mazarine.
130 Dit du Verdier cité par Marty-Laveaux, (Euvres poétiques de Jean Dorai, p.XLin.
131 F. Secret, « De quelques courants prohétiques et religieux sous le règne d'Henri III »,
Revue de l'Histoire des religions, CLXII (1967), pp. 26-29.
132 De Regis Henrici III. foelici auspicio, in In Henrici III. Regis reditum... (Paris,
F. Morel, 1574), sign. A.iij.r.
133 AdDeum...(\\. 111-112).

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L'ATTITUDE RELIGIEUSE DE DORAT 173

Dans les périodes de crise, l'individu et le corps so


que jamais besoin de signes 134.

Après que Dorat a retrouvé en 1571 le chemin de la f


Dieu, mais sans se perdre en subtilités théologiques
formation ne l'aurait pas préparé.
On conqoit que, pour ce « miraculé », l'attribut essenti
la bonté. Celui qu'il a rencontré dans son agonie135 e
pardonne, plein d'amour — «amanspater (v. 10), clemens
Dei miranda nostri/... bonitas (v. 75); il y a plus de joie
retour d'un seul pécheur repenti qu'à l'accueil d'une fou
Sic transfugae unius regressu
Festa agitai potiora coelum
Quam si frequentes excipiat decem
Coelestis intra limina Regiae
Iustos (vv. 71-75).

Ce Dieu ne chàtie plus les pères sur les enfants 136.


Mais du fond de sa misère physique, proche de l'anéan
le vieillard a connu la toute-puissance de son Dieu :
cunctipotens au début de l'ode offerte à Toscano 137. C
descendre les puissants de leur tròne et élève les humb
mourir le pécheur ou, à son gré, le ramener, blème, du
mort :

... idem mortificans et a


Mortis reducens limine pallidos138.

Ce Dieu, dans Sa bonté, suspend le chàtiment pour laisser au


pécheur le temps de se repentir — adpoenitendum differens poenas139 —

134 Dans l'Elegia prognostica (Poém. lib. V, pp. 191-193). Dorat explique les signes
funestes qui se manifestèrent en janvier 1567; dans ce texte il mélange, du reste, Dieu
et les dieux : Superum mens dedit ipsa notas (v. 4), procellae/Multa dedit Gallis sat
manifesta Deus (v. 10), mais son système de signes suppose un esprit providentiel et le
refus d'admettre le hasard.

135 Ad Deum..., 1571 :«Tunc me vetarent tot mala cum loqui...» (v. 41).
136 De sanctissima nativitate..., Od. lib. II, p. 173.
137 Cf. n. 110. L'expression est attestée chez Prudence (Peristeph., VII. 56). Plus le
souvenir de son expérience privilégiée s'éloigne, plus le Dieu de Dorat ressemble au
Dieu d'Israel : son attribut principal est la puissance.
138 Ad Deum..., vv. 17-18.
139 Martialis Campani... Monodia Tragica (Paris, 1576), p. 24.

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174 G. DEMERSON-BARTHELOT

mais malheur à celui qui croit échapper à Sa


abusé le jugement des hommes : on ne se mo
fraus perfida/Evadet a Deo parata retia 14°. Cett
fréquemment attestée dans l'Ancien Testament1
ce sens dans le Nouveau où Dieu ne.menace plus

Dorait avait eu, jadis, l'intuition de ce que pou


jugement, quand l'homme est nu, contraint de
un avocat :

... nudatas animas reorum


Pelle detracta, has cito damnat, illas
Crimine solvit143 ;

le juge, en 1559, n'était pas le dieu d'Israel, c'était Radamanthe,


comme au chant VI de YEnéide.

Mais les évangiles du jugement dernier sont présent à l'esprit de


Dorat quand il préface, en 1574, l'opuscule que Jean des Caurres a
consacrò à l'eminente dignité des pauvres 144 :
Christus.../■■· nihil a turba se circumstante reposcit
Praeter quod per eos nudus egensque fuit...
Temporibus duris durum se quisquis egenti
Praebuerit, durum sentiet ipse Deum.

La certitude du Chrétien apparaìt dans l'emploi du futur sentiet : Dieu


est juste.
Mais s'Il est juste, pourquoi envoie-t-Il des épreuves aux hommes,
qui, apparemment, n'ont pas contrevenu à ses commandements? Dorat
répond dans sa Monodia tragica145 qui fait le récit de l'aventure du
médecin bordelais Martial Deschamps, ami du poète, qui fut ligoté
par des brigands avec son compagnon de voyage et jeté dans un étang
au pays désolé de la «mare au diable»; miraculeusement les deux
malheureux réussirent à se sortir tout seuls de leur sinistre aventure.

140 Ibid.
141 Cf. par ex. Esech., XII. 13; XXXII. 3; Osée, VII. 12.
142 A l'exception de l'évocation du jugement dernier (Luc, XXI. 35) où la menace
est celle d'un lacet - laqueus.
143 In tumulum Duareni... (Paris, 1559), vv. 114-116.
144 Poem. lib. V. p. 25 - cf. notamment Matthieu, XXV. 35-46.
145
Cf. n. 139.

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L'ATTITUDE RELIGIEUSE DE DORAT 175

Pourquoi Dieu les a-t-il mis au seuil de la mort? c'est p


sa gioire — manifestior sua esset hinc ut gloria (p. 7
proche de celle de l'évangile de Saint Jean : ut manif
Dei in ilio (IX. 3) quand le Christ répond à la question
péchés expie l'aveugle-né. Dans tout ce texte, Dor
énergie l'existence d'un pian de Dieu; il n'a pas com
pour raconter une histoire de brigands, mais pour
providence divine gouverne toutes choses — provide
omnium gubernatricem. Ce faisant, il s'inscrit en faux
remplacent la notion de Dieu par celle de Nature
Nécessité, de Destin — adversus eos, quiponunt Natura
sitatem, Fatum pro Deo (tei est le sous-titre de l'ouvr
les adversaires sont nombreux et divers, encore plus
paraìt, car la Nature, par exemple, comme le fait rem
«n'est pas pour tous les penseurs le mème symbole»14
plus précisément aux nouveaux commentateurs d'Ari
Dorat, car ils donnent à la Nature, au détriment de l
une grande place dans l'organisation de l'univers 147.
C'est à cette école de pensée que se rattacherait
Necessitas, au sens de déterminisme rigoureux ; selon
exemple, les lois naturelles sont immuables :
«nam quae alicui generi secundum naturam conveniun
illius generis inesse debent, non in quibusdam iness
inesse»148.

Si nous jugeons qu'un fait est « miraculeux », c'est que nous ne savons
pas l'expliquer parce que quelques unes de ses causes nous échappent.
Quant à ceux qui mettent en avant le hasard, ce sont moins des
philosophes que des mondains qui ne se veulent pas donner la peine
de chercher une explication — rationnelle ou surnaturelle; peut-ètre
Dorat pense-t-il à des gens comme le secrétaire de Charles IX, Simon
Nicolas149.
Il serait vain de pousser plus loin la recherche, car l'attitude de
Dorat n'est pas celle d'un intellectuel réfutant les thèses de ses adver
saires, c'est celle d'un croyant qui admire, on pourrait dire, na'ivement :

146 Rationalisme, ρ. 254.


147 Vicomercato (cf. op. cit., pp. 221-231) plutöt que Cardan (cf. op. cit.,
148 Cité par H. Busson, op. cit., p. 227, n. 2.
149 Ibid., ρ. 535.

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176 G. DEMERSON-BARTHELOT

Mirabar herbae quamlibet vilissimae


Nescio quid efficacis esse numinis (p. 4).

Sa pensée est proche de celle de Louis Le Caron


loin de nous faire désespérer de la justice de
puissance. Ce Dieu, du reste, s'occupe de tous l
c'est bien le Dieu de l'Évangile, dans sa sollicitu
de ses créatures 151.

Mais le poète reconnait que, bien souvent, s


approfondie : certes il est reste frappé de stupeu
chose, mais il a fallu du temps. Il pourrait
Deschamps, qu'il a été contraint, dans l'épr
reconnaitre, de contempler humblement, non
mais Dieu, car cette peur était l'oeuvre de Dieu
Stupensque ad eius saepius miracula
Terrore tandem sum coactus entheo
Spectare sursum non Dei umbram, sed Deum (p. 3).

L'expérience de Deschamps vient donc corroborer celle de Dorat :


Dieu se soucie de chaque homme; mais sa Providence se manifeste
aussi par l'organisation du destin de l'humanité dans son ensemble,
mème si, là encore, le mal rend l'adhésion immédiate difficile.
L'Homme doit toujours tenir compte du fait que Dieu est un pére,
non un paràtre : son plan de justice n'a pas tout donné à découvrir à ses
fils premiers-nés ; si les générations suivantes se sont plaintes de venir
trop tard, elles ont eu tort : le Dieu du siècle des découvertes n'a pas
cette mesquinerie, comme Dorat le proclame dans son ode liminaire à
la Cosmographie universelle d'André Thevet152 :
Non haec Deo mens invida, non inops
Haec est egestas, ut pater omnia
Donarit illis aequus, hos ceu
Vitricus improbus abdicarit (vv. 21-24).

150 Chez Le Caron, la providence s'oppose au Fatum des Anciens (cf. op. cit.,
p. 419); peut-ètre aussi quand Dorat, dans son sous-titre, s'inscrit en faux contre cette
notion, c'est à certains aspects de la philosophie cicéronienne qu'il pense.
151 Cf. par ex. Matthieu, X. 30. Mais le redressement de l'homme implique la
tristesse avant la joie : cf. Saint Paul, Ad Hebr., XII. 11.
152 Cf. n. 93.

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L'ATTITUDE RELIGIEUSE DE DORAT 177

Seulement, l'Homme — dont la nature est temporelle — ne


pas toujours; sa première réaction est encore l'étonnem
dessein de Dieu se dévoile progressivement et apparaìt d'abo
imparfait, tronqué et, partant, dépourvu de sens :
... stupentum visibus...
Apparet imperfecta rerum
... series (vv. 42-44).

Toute une suite d'images variées s'efforce de rendre sensible ce


le pian de Dieu est comme un tapis qu'on déroule, comme l
bateau de Pallas qu'on hisse pendant la fète des Panathénée
les Spartes qui sortent peu à peu de la terre, comme un
théàtre. Rien ne va au hasard là non plus : Dieu offre aux
dans le temps, sans heurts, le spectacle de sa continuell
pour les amener à admirer le travail de l'Artisan :
Nunc hoc, modo illud leniter exhibet
Spectandum in admirationem
Artificis trahat ars ut omnes (w. 62-64).

Dorat exprime la mème idée à propos des découvertes bota


Geoffroy Linocier dans une formule qui rappelle celle de l
Tragica153 :
Ut hinc sit magni vis manifesta Dei154.
Il est difficile de savoir si le poète a en vue la fmalité du plan de
Dieu, ou s'il note la conséquence de fait de ce pian : dans ce dernier
cas son optimisme éclate davantage encore puisque l'Homme réalise
alors, sans délai, ce que son créateur attendait de lui, et ne se laisse pas
prendre par l'ivresse de la connaissance. Le poète refuse de voir en
l'Homme un fils d'Adam, emporté par l'orgueil de savoir, non plus
qu'un apprenti-sorcier, puisque l'Homme n'est pas seul avec sa puis
sance. Pourtant tout dépend de son attitude, car l'Homme qui a réduit
la matière en esclavage est libre et, à son gré, la feuille de métal peut
devenir une presse, ou un canon :
... in usus unica dispares
Ut lenta plumbi lamina serviat,
Nunc pacis instrumenta formane,
Horrida nunc trucis arma belli (vv. 29-32).

153 Manifestier sua esset hinc ut gloria (ρ. 7).


151 Poém. lib. V, ρ. 14.

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178 G. DEMERSON-BARTHELOT

Mais Dorat ne s'engage pas dans une méditatio


prédestination. Ce qui retient toujours son intér
de salut que Dieu, dans Sa providence, a enfin ac
par l'intermédiaire de Son fils :

(Christus)
Venerat in terras humano corpore tectus
Ut genus humanuni servaret ab hoste redemptum
Morte sua 155.

La rémission des péchés passe par la croix; le poète recommande à


son fils de le croire :

Firmiter ut credas per eam (= crucem) delieta remitti156;

mais l'enfant redoute le jugement terrible; l'image que son pére emploie
pour le rassurer est étrange et semble venir d'une sensibilité de mystique :
il lui recommande de se mettre à l'abri dans les plaies du Christ-juge :
Iudicis ut lateas, abdas te in vulnera Christi157.

Ailleurs, paraphrasant une formule de saint Paul, il dit que le Christ,


par la mort sur la croix a définitivement vaincu la Mort :
A cruce nam vicit mortem mox vita resurgens,
Et nunc vita refert vieta de morte trophaea,
Primitias vitae per saecula cuncta futurae 158.

C'est pourquoi Dorat proclame, en des termes empruntés à la liturgie


de Pàques, que le Christ est la splendeur du Pére : Patris est splendor159.
Dieu n'a jamais mieux montré Sa bonté envers Ses créatures qu'en
supprimant la cause fondamentale de leur angoisse, la nature temporelle
et temporaire de leur vie : non omnis moriar. Quand l'àge avance, quand
la mort frappe ceux qu'on aime, la survie littéraire ne suffit plus.
Pourtant ce Dieu n'est pas seulement sensible au coeur, il l'est en
mème temps à la Raison. Comme le démiurge du Tìmée160, il a donné

155 Poem. lib. V, ρ. 9.


156 Poem. lib. V, p. 10.
157 Ibid.
158 Epigr. Hb. III, p. 22. Cf. Saint Paul, Ad Rom., VI. 9.
159 Poem. lib. V, p. 10.
i6° piaton, Timée, 34c-35b; 53b.

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L'ATTITUDE RELIGIEUSE DE DO RAT 179

une forme, un ordre à ce qui était chaotique, et il a mis


de l'homme pour qu'il le comprenne une étincelle de Son in
Divinius nil mentibus intulit
Nostris suae quam mentis et ordinem 161 ;

la manifestation de cet ordre est un rapport numérique — numerus :


... nec res
: 162 .
Ulla creata Deo numero nisi

dans le recueil Ad divam Caeciliam coexistent des textes « platon


et une prière à la Sainte, qui remplace l'invocation à la Muse.
Nous étudierons ailleurs cet aspect philosophique — et no
théologique — de la pensée de Dorat, pensée qui s'exprime au
jour et n'est pas, semble-t-il, hétérodoxe163.
S'il a défendu la notion de Providence contre les philosop
les sceptiques en se fondant sur une expérience immédiate du
commun, il n'affirme pas avec moins de vigueur les points sur
il est en désaccord avec la Réforme, car « il ne se pouvoit accou
à ceste doctrine»164.
Avant tout, il est partisan d'une religion fermement appuyée sur les
rites : s'ils subsistent, le royaume est sauf—pios(que)/Ritus, res per quos
Gallica salva manet165, comme il le dit dans une préface à la musique
que Guillaume Boni composa pour les Psaumes, et il rappelle
qu'Henri III, en se montrant partisan des cérémonies, est le successeur
de David, le roi qui a rendu gioire à Dieu par sa création musicale :
Regia res Psalmi, quot Rex David ille solebat
Regali cithara rite sonare Deo 166.

Bien que les partitions de Boni ne soient pas sans mérite, ce n'est pas
par esthétisme que Dorat tient pour le chant d'église : sans doute ne

161 Ode offerte à Toscano (cf. n. 110), vv. 57-58.


162 Ad divam Coeciliam (Paris, 1575), A.iij.r.
163 Dorat est très lié avec La Boderie qui est probablement à l'origine de ces
spéculations : l'Histoire de la littérature frangaise (la Renaissance) de Morgay et Müller
(Paris, 1967), p. 418, reconnaìt en La Boderie un catholique, chrétien fervent, homme
de grande science.
164 Témoigne du Verdier, cité par Marty-Laveaux, CEuvres poétiques de J. Dorat,
p.XLII.
165 Poém. lib. V, p. 3 (ce texte est de 1582).
166 Ibid.

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180 G. DEMERSON-BARTHELOT

pouvait-il parvenir, comme le faisait Erasme, à


tualisée167 qui, de toute fagon ne pourrait ètre celle
Davidicas... voces
Devota quas plebs aedibus in sacris
Cantare pergat pectore simplici168.

Vox populi, vox Dei : ce chant peut mème, selon lui, faire office
d'exorcisme et mettre le démon en déroute, voire une assemblée plus
impure que lui :
Coetus fugatus Daemone nequior
A rusticae mentis popello
Davidicas recitante voces 169.

Il semble attaché aux pratiques de lustration, par l'eau, le feu,


accompagnés de formules liturgiques :
ipsa sed unda
Igneque lustrantur divino non sine verbo
Tempia, arae, vestes et singula vasa sacrorum;

les cloches aussi doivent ètre purifiées avant leur installation; elles
détourneront ainsi le diable des serviteurs de Dieu sur Ses ennemis,
non par leur force propre, mais par la puissance de Dieu, à qui elles
ont été consacrées :

lustrantur denique et ipsa


Imponenda sacris nova tintinabula templis...
ut fera daemonis ira ...
A Christi famulis Christi avertatur in hostes
Non nativa aeris vi...
Sed virtute Dei 17°.

Ainsi les objets se trouvent chargés de divin par la consécration dont


ils ont été l'objet, et les toucher est un acte impie, non à cause de
ce qu'ils sont, mais à cause de ce qu'ils représentent (on retrouve
toujours le mème besoin de signes). Aussi ceux qui ont brisé les croix
doivent-ils subir un chàtiment inou'i :

167 Cf. J.C1. Margolin, Erasme par lui-méme (Paris, 1965), pp. 79-81.
168 Ode à Toscano (cf. η. 1 IO), vv. 116-118.
169 Ibid., vv. 114-116.
170 Poem. lib. V., p. 190.

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L'ATTITUDE RELIGIEUSE DE DORAT 181

Qui sacras fregere cruces...


171
Poena sit id gravius quo nihil esse potest

D'ailleurs la France entière expie le mépris de la Croix :


Postquam coepere crucem contemnere Galli,
Mille cruces Gallis crux violata tulit172

(car jamais il n'a su résister à la tentation d'un jeu de mots).


Il rappelle dans l'ode à Thevet173 la valeur symbolique qu'il attach
à la Croix : Dieu, lors de la création, a laissé dans le ciel, un sign
—signum—la croix du Sud ; le Christ crucifié a donné une vie nouvelle
ce symbole : le créateur a rénové son ouvrage, en ayant parcouru la
droite, la gauche, l'altitude et la profondeur :
Dextrum, laevum, altum, profundum
Mensus, opus reparavit auctor (vv. 99-100)174.

Le signe-de-croix est donc, pour lui, lourd de sens : du Verdier rappor


une anecdote qui montre que Dorat argumenta à ce sujet avec les
Réformés. La scène se passe à Genève où le professeur vient de refuser
une chaire : « parlant un jour avec un de leurs principaux ministres de
plusieurs choses de la religion et des ceremonies, il luy fut dict que
le signe de la croix, que font les catholiques sur leur personne semble
estre faict pour chasser les mouches ; il respondit fort à propos, qu'il est
vray, d'autant que Beelzebuth, Prince entre quelques diables, en Ebreu
veut dire Prince des mouches, et que le signe de la croix chassant le
Beelzebuth et les diables peut estre dict chasser les mouches»175 : la
réplique est bien caractéristique de l'esprit du personnage.
Ce n'est pas lui, certes, qui se mettrait à brùler un cierge à Saint
Michel et l'autre à son dragon, mais avec un certain humour noir, il
tire une conséquence apparemment logique : puisque la religion est
coupée en deux, que les hérétiques gardent le dragon et les bons
chrétiens saint Michel :

Secta ut Relligio est, ita secta insignia dentur,


Crux Michaelque piis, Daemon at Huguenotis176

171 Poem. Hb. V., pp. 293-294.


172 Epigr. Hb. III, p. 38.
173 Cf. n. 93.
174 rappel de Saint Paul, Ad Eph., III. 18.
175 Cité par Marty-Laveaux, CEuvres poétiques de J. Dorai, p.XLii.
176 Epigr. Hb. III, p. 10.

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182 G. DEMERSON-BARTHELOT

Sa foi et son patriotisme trouvent leur compie


reliques de la Sainte-Croix et de la couronne d'ép
Jérusalem à Constantinople et enfin à Paris : ces r
sont le signe du salut que Dieu a accordé aux hom
de l'empire du monde :
... de materia nulli cedente senectae

Non solum humanae certissima signa salutis,


Signa sed imperii pariter manifesta futuri
Regibus his quibus illa deus servanda reliquit177 ;

le poète à jugé bon de traduire son oeuvre en frangais afin de toucher


un public plus large.
Là où les reliques étaient conservées, on voyait souvent affluer des
pèlerins nombreux, venus de tous les pays, riches ou pauvres, gueux ou
princes. Justement à propos du voyage du roi de France et de la
reine à Lorette, le poète sait évoquer avec simplicité l'esprit de ces
pèlerinages qui révèlent la naive communion spirituelle de ces vastes
foules venues de tous les horizons dans un grand élan de la foi qui
déplace les montagnes :
Inter virgineas sub virgine praeside lauros
Hic ubi mille procul venientes undique turbae
Munera vota ferunt, voti redeuntque potentes 178.

Il est demeuré impressionné par le cérémonial avec lequel l'évèque de


Limoges présente tous les six ans les reliques de Saint Martial à la
vénération d'une foule immense :

... longinquis concurritur undique ab oris

... de more sacro cinctus diademate frontem


Gemmataque micans aureus in chlamyde
Suggestu ex alto, magna spedante corona,
Eruit e loculis corpora sancta suis179;

il va mème jusqu'à dire que ces reliques — le Saint aurait gardé sur

177 Poem. lib. Vpp. 194-195.


Robiquet rapporte que les reliques disparurent en mai 1575 et que, selon Pierre de
l'Estoile, elles avaient été envoyées en Italie «pour gage d'une grande somme de
deniers, du consentement tacite du roi et de la roine sa mère» (De Io. Aurati ...
poematibus, ρ. 109 η. 3).
178 Epigr. lib. III, ρ. 23.
179 Poem. lib. V, pp. 169-170.

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L'ATTITUDE RELIGIEUSE DE DORAT 183

la tète la marque de la place où le Christ avait pose sa


plus de vigueur à la foi que le témoignage de Martial
Magna fides testi, sed maior et illa quod extant
Vertice divinae signa videnda manus180 ;

en effet il y a là un signe, et il est fait pour ètre vu.


Dorat a été profondément marqué par le fait que la
le eulte des saints, en particulier celui de la Vierge, e
de Coligny lui paraìt justifiée par ses attaques contre
Gaspare... laeso laedente Mariam181.

Pourtant l'ode sapphique182 De sanctissima nativitate


qui, au demeurant, a dù ètre tronquée par les édit
révèle, dans l'état où elle nous a été transmise, aucun
à l'égard de l'enfant-Dieu et de sa mère : le poème pr
de lutte oratoire entre la Justice et la Clémence divi
allégoriques bien froidement présentés 183. On s'éton
que ce «Noél » sans Vierge, ni enfant a rencontré aupr
sincera profecto et candida mente, de nativitate Iesu
pepigit184. Ce jugement est mieux justifé par l'autre
Dorat évoque sans emphase la nativité du Christ
l'assomption de sa mère au milieu des astres d'où
ormais sa protection à ceux qui l'aiment :
... sua pura sub astra recepii
Unde favore pio pietatis amantibus adstat186.

Il est sans doute malaisé de porter un jugement,


que la foi de cet intellectuel soit très proche, par
180 Ibid., ρ. 169.
181 Poem. Hb. V, ρ. 92.
182 Od. Hb. II, pp. 170-173 (elle ouvre le recueil des Odes).
183 II est impossible de la dater avec certitude : peut-ètre fut-elle c
période de catholicisme « sociologique » du poète.
184 De Io. Aurati ... poématibus, p. 109 et n. 5.
185 Ibid., η. 6.
186 Peut-ètre Dorat avait-il gardé le souvenir d'un vitrail de Saint-Pierre-du-Queyroix
à Limoges où la confrérie (cf. n. 3) à laquelle appartenait sa famille célébrait ses
cérémonies : il représentait «la mort et l'apothéose de la Sainte-Vierge» (op. cit. n. 3,
p. 557). Peut-ètre pensait-il encore à Notre-Dame-la-Joyeuse de son enfance quand il
composait en 1576 Ad. Beatiss. Virginem Mariam Laetitiae nomine apud Galles
consecratam oratio.

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184 G. DEMERSON-BARTHELOT

charbonnier. Peut-ètre en vieillissant, retrouve-t-


eulte populaire dont son enfance provinciale avai
Il a le goüt des récits hagiographiques et compo
l'évèque de l'Aubépine, récemment installò à Lim
gioire de Saint Martial, évangélisateur du Limous
retenir d'y ajouter un développement sur Sainte V
Gaule pour avoir refusò les avances du propréteur
un autel garde des traces indélébiles du sang d
morceau de son vètement taché de sang est conse
d'ivoire :

Testis adhuc servat quae guttas ara cruentas


Nullis aquis delebiles.
Testis est indusium servat quod eburnea capsa
Tinctum cruenta purpura.

Il se plait au récit merveilleux : la sainte, après s


marché mille pas et plus, en présence de la foule, e
à Martial qui était présent, tandis que les Anges
de Dieu :

Amplectens(que) caput manibus, deducta canoris


Ab Angelorum canticis,
Passus mille et plus, turba spedante, peregit
Et Martiali obtulit188.

La métrique très élaborée de ce texte, composé de distiques analogues


à ceux qu'Horace a utilisés dans les Epodes XIV et XV189, contraste
avec son caractère d'imagerie populaire : ce mélange est bien caracté
ristique de l'attitude spirituelle de Dorat. Mais les saints ne fournissent
pas seulement des histoires intéressantes ; ils offrent des exemples : le
succès de la pastorale de l'Aubépine est fondò, certes sur l'honneur
qu'il rend à saint Martial, mais aussi sur l'imitation de sa piété :

187 Poem. Hb. V, ρ. 326 et suiv.


188 Ibid., p. 328; sur les représentations figurées de Martial et de Valérie, cf.
Mrs [Anna] Jameson, Sacred and legendary art (Boston, s.d.), t. 2, pp. 339-340 :
Dorat connaissait bien ce vitrail de la cathédrale de Limoges (la version que
rapporte Mrs. Jameson quant à la date du martyre de Valérie diffère de celle que
suit Dorat; celle de notre poète est plus auguste, puisque, selon lui, Martial aurait été le
petit gargon qui ramassa les restes des pains et des poissons lors du miracle de la
multiplication : cf. Poem. Hb. V, p. 169).
189 Ce n'est pas la ressemblance des sujets qui a motivé le choix de Dorat; il ne
s'agit que d'une expérience métrique.

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L'ATTITUDE RELIGIEUSE DE DORAT 185

Cuius [= Martialis] sacra colens, cuius pia facta patron


Imitans...

Multas pastor oves ad Christi pascis ovile 190.

Le véritable eulte des saints suppose donc, selon lui, une imitation de
leurs mérites, et son esprit pratique lui fait préciser qu'il s'agit d'une
imitation mise au goüt du jour :
Imitans ut aevo par pari191.

Si irritante que soit l'opposition d'une religion ritualiste, «charnelle »,


et d'une religion qui se veut pure et spirituelle, l'affrontement
dogmatique est plus grave et notre poète, qui n'a pas de formation
théologique particulière, ne peut que se faire l'écho des théologiens
catholiques sur le chapitre des sacrements.
Il se déclare attaché au dogme de la présence réelle — sur lequel
les spécialistes du colloque de Poissy n'avaient pu aboutir à un
accord — en paraphrasant la formule de la consécration :
Instituensque sui mysteria corporis almi...
Hoc est, nempe meum corpus... dixit, et illud
Christicolis liquit memorandi pignus amoris 192.

Mais la sensibilité du vieillard, surtout après la grave maladie de 1571,


donne une adhésion profonde au sacrement d'extrème-onction. Il est,
sans doute, reste péniblement impressionné des controverses qui avaient
suivi la mort de Turnèbe, aussi ne manque-t-il pas de mentionner,
quand son ami le théologien Claude d'Espence meurt, en cette année
1571, qu'il était munì des sacrements de l'Église, bien que ce ne soit
pas pour surprendre :
Perfunctus cunctis ritibus ante sacris
Amplexus inter Crucis exhalavit in auras
Felicem ut vita, sic quoque morte animam 193.

Lui-mème s'éteignit en 1588, sans avoir revu la concorde religieuse.

Il semble bien que, pendant de nombreuses années, la religion n'ait


été, au mieux, pour Dorai, qu'une attitude sociale. Sans aller jusqu'à
190 Op. cit., ρ. 329.
191 Ibid.
192
Poem. lib. V, ρ. 10.
193 Variarum rerum Uber unus (in Poematia, 1586), f. [Eee.vii.r],

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186 G. DEMERSON-BARTHELOT

récuser ouvertement la doctrine de l'Église, ce qu


pas été sans risque au temps de sa jeunesse, il n'a
foi chrétienne vivante. Toute son énergie intellectuel
à la connaissance du monde pa'ien qu'il a sans
l'idolatrie. Peu à peu, ce qui n'était que langage p
la consistance et, en présence de ce Panthéon trio
pères s'est étiolée. Si dans la période de l'àge m
conservateur du point de vue religieux, c'est plutòt p
profond. Peut-ètre les troubles civils ont-ils c
prendre conscience que la religion est chose impo
concitoyens peuvent mourir ou tuer pour elle? en
les Réformés lui paraissent plutòt des rebelles que
Ce n'est que l'épreuve personnelle qui l'a mis
contact avec son Dieu. Dès lors il s'efforcera touj
difficile synthèse sa culture pai'enne, qu'il redout
mais toujours fragile, il le sent bien. Pour un int
plus grave est celui de l'esprit : parce que son intellig
ment portée à la recherche des analogies, l'interpr
devait lui apparaitre comme la solution, les révélat
étant comme une ébauche maladroite — émouvante — de la Révélation
qui fonde la supériorité et l'orgueil de l'homme moderne. Son
caractère naturellement optimiste devait lui permettre de faire totale
ment sien le schèma historiographique fonde sur la notion de progrès;
mais pour lui la griserie de la découverte aboutit toujours à la plus
grande gioire de Dieu.
Bien qu'il ait été en rapports amicaux avec des théologiens,
notammentdes tenants de l'humanisme iréniste, comme nous l'étudierons
plus tard, lui-mème semble s'ètre contenté d'une théologie simple.
Il insiste toujours sur le caractère populaire des cultes qu'il mentionne,
et ce qui le séduit le plus dans l'histoire de David, c'est que Dieu
soit allé chercher un petit berger crasseux pour en faire son serviteur194.
Dans la plupart de ses pièces religieuses, on voit revenir les mots de
populus - turba - plebs - popeUus ; l'esprit de ces braves gens est
simple et leur coeur est pur. C'est avec eux qu'il cherche à ètre en
communion195. Il est tout à fait extraordinaire que cet homme, qui a

194 Ode à Toscano, cf. η. 110, v. 13 et suiv.


195 Vivant à Paris pendant les années troublées, il n'a pas eu vraiment l'expérience
d'un peuple de chrétiens réformés : pour lui, les Huguenots sont essentiellement de
grands seigneurs en révolte contre l'autorité royale.

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L'ATTITUDE RELIGIEUSE DE DORAT 187

été toute sa vie un intellectuel et un humaniste,


semble-t-il, dépourvu d'esprit critique à l'égard des probl
jamais on ne le verrait se livrer à une critique «ér
semble, au contraire, s'ètre attaché avec humilité à la
C'était peut-ètre la seule attitude rassurante pour
onzième heure.

Univ. de Clermont-Ferrand.

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Alfred Μ. Μ. Dekker

THREE UNKNOWN "CANTILENAE MARTINIANAE"


BY GEORGI US MACROPEDIUS :
A CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY
OF THE UTRECHT CARMINA SCHOLASTICA

Civitatis Traiectensis Gymnasium 1474-1974

Between 1912 and 1925 a series of articles devoted to carmina


scholastica by 16th and 17th-century rectors of a number of Latin
schools in the northern Netherlands appeared in the journal Het
Boek 1. These Latin poems in ancient meters, often showing consider
able Horatian influence, were traditionally composed by the rectors
for performance by the pupils. Since some of the surviving carmina
have been transmitted with music, we may no doubt assume that

1 AMSTERDAM : C. Ρ. Burger Jr., "De laatste katholieke Amsterdamsche rectoren,


en hunne carmina", Het Boek, 1 (1912), 49-60; idem, "De wetten voor de Haarlemsche
en Amsterdamsche gymnasiasten, van 1576", HB, 1 (1912), 321-328; idem, "Oude
Amsterdamsche carmina scholastica", HB, 2 (1913), 54-60; idem, "De 16e-eeuwsche
Amsterdamsche schoolzangen", I-III, HB, 8 (1919), 281-293; 9 (1920), 33-48; 137-150;
idem, "Dood, koorts en waarheid bezongen door Alardus van Amsterdam", HB, 14
(1925), 85-87. UTRECHT: J.F. van Someren, "Bucheliana", HB, 7 (1918), 241-259.
ALKMAAR : C. P. Burger Jr., "Een monument uit den bloeitijd van de Alkmaarsche
school", HB, 10 (1921), 33-60. In HB, 21 (1932-1933), 273-287; 22 (1933-1934), 16,
Miss M.E. Kronenberg published "Een onbekend Latijnsch gedieht op S. Lydwina van
Schiedam door Ger. Hagius (1517)" [= NK 3139], without realizing that it was a school
song from SCHIEDAM. The "Intercalare vernaculum" she regarded as a separate poem
by Hagius; in fact it is the "refrain" ("repetitio"; "versus intercalaris") so characteristic
of these school songs, appearing both in Latin and in Dutch. Further, we have proof
of a school-song tradition in AMERSFOORT (see : Gedenkboek van het Stedelijk
Gymnasium te Amersfoort, 1376-1926 (Amersfoort 1928) and Humanistica Lovaniensia,
21 (1972), 245), in ARNHEM (see the present article under no. 10), in 's-HERTOGEN
BOSCH (Bois-le-Duc) and in ZUTPHEN. (See M.A. Nauwelaerts, Latijnse school en
Onderwijs te 's-Hertogenbosch tot 1629 (Tilburg 1974), pp. 250-251 [read 'Zutphen'
instead of'Deventer' on p.251,1.1], pp. 275-276).

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THREE UNK.NOWN "CANTILENAE MARTINI AN AE" 189

the poems were sung, with or without instrumentai accompaniment.


Their tenor is primarily edificatory and moralizing; very rarely,
contemporary events furnish the subject. Thus the school song, like
the school play, had an instructive function in Humanistic education
as well as the added advantage of familiarizing the pupils with Latin
metrics through their participation in the performance. As such, we
must not undervalue the role these poems played in education, and a
more detailed study accordingly seems an obvious desideratum. For,
despite the wealth of material supplied by the articles in Het Boek,
many lacunae subsist in the series of carmina discussed there and stili
little is known of the circumstances in which the songs were
performed. Undoubtedly the tradition must also ha ve existed in many
other cities than those already mentioned above. As a contribution to a
renewed study of these songs, I propose here to take a closer look
at the Utrecht series and to Supplement it. Among the additions, three
hitherto unknown cantilenae by the well-known Humanist Georgius
Macropedius (1487-1558)2, must surely be regarded as the most
important gain; their great rarity was an added reason to offer the
text in full in an appendix to this paper.
Every year on the Ève of St. Martin's (i.e. 10 November), the pupils
of the Hieronymus School in Utrecht sang a cantilena composed by their
rector. That this took place annually and always on 10 November is
apparent from such designations as «Ode annalis» and «Cantilena
Martiniana ». Whereas the Amsterdam archives, between 1535 and 1577,
regularly show payments to the rector for expenses incurred in print
ing the carmen3, the accounts of the city of Utrecht display only
2 The most recent literature on Macropedius : R. C. Engelberts, Georgius Macropedius'
Bassarus. Tekst met inleiding en vertaling (Tilburg 1968), diss. Utrecht (see my review
in: Spiegel der Letteren, 14 (1972), 246-252). The year of Macropedius's birth, fixed
by Engelberts at 1486, turns out to be, after further calculation, 1487. On 9 May 1549
Macropedius is obviously in the beginning of his 63rd year: therefore he turned 62
(not 63!) not so long before. He was born, then, in 1487, perhaps on 23 Aprii
(St. George's). Macropedius was the son of Willem, naturai son of Jan Aard Truyen,
and of Hadewich, daughter of Andries, natural son of Goiaard van Lanckvelt. Thus
he was not of noble descent, as has hitherto been assumed. This was discovered by
Dr. G. C. M. van Dijck (see thesis 7 to his dissertation De Bossche Optimaten. Geschiedenis
van de Illustere Lieve Vrouwebroederschap te 's-Hertogenbosch, 1318-1973 (Tilburg 1973),
diss. Utrecht). A detailed treatment of ali of Macropedius's plays will be found in
Thomas W. Best, Macropedius (New York 1972; Twayne's World Authors Series, 218).
3 In Amsterdam the cantilena was performed on Christmas Ève, 24 December. The
entries are cited in HB, 8 (1919), pp. 282-284.

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190 Α. Μ. Μ. DEKKER

two entries hearing οη these cantilena


to the schoolchildren for Performances
before the Utrecht town hall (« opte plaet
These two entries clearly point to a public
that the cantilena was sung «doe die
(when the magistrates carne out of the
the performance took place at the r
government to the town hall after be
Indeed, in Utrecht the composition of the
about St. Martin's Day. Since, howev
mention of these annual songs can be f
it must be concluded that in said years
an exceptional outdoor performance.
wintery climate would not always have
open air. As long as no new evidence t
the view that in Utrecht after 1523 th
school affair. The poem, with its edific
an ideal opportunity to warn his pu
frequently accompanied the St. Mart
November5.
The Utrecht carmina were described in 1918 in Het Boek by
J.F. van Someren, then librarian of the Utrecht University Library.
A miscellany6 from the library of Aernout van Buchell (1565-1641)

4 Kameraarsrekeningen 1519/1520 (ρ. 7r) and 1523/1524 (ρ. 18v) :


Item gescenct op Sunte Mertijns avont in den wynter [1519] den scoelkynderen van
Sunt Jheronimus, die hoer cantelleen songen opte plaets vj £.
Item gegeven bij consent vanden oversten op sunte Mertyns avont [1523] sunt Jeronim
Clercken die de cantelleen songen opte plats doe die Overste wten Doem quamen
vj £.
Both entries cited by G.A. Evers, "Reyer Pauwelsz., de Utrechtsche boekbinder en
rederijker", in HB, 9 (1920), p. 261. Since the data on the rectors for these years are
highly uncertain, the composer(s) of these two cantilenae cannot be precisely identified.
The texts have not been preserved.
5 On the folkloristic aspect ofthe festivitiesof 10 and 11 November, see G. D. J. Schotel,
Tilburgsche avondstonden(Amsterdam 1850), pp. 1-96 ("Martinus, Bisschop der Galliers"),
C.H. van Rhijn, Martinus van Tours (Utrecht 19122), E.H. Waterbolk, "Deux poèmes
inconnus de Rodolphe Agricola", in: Humanistica Lovaniensia, 21 (1972), 37-49 and
N. van der Blom, "Agricola : Dichter op St. Maartensavond", in : Hermeneus, 45 (1973/
1974), 143-145.
6 UB Utrecht X. oct. 1460 (rariora).

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THREE UNKNOWN "CANTILENAE MARTINIANAE" 191

provided twenty-three school songs, to which van Someren added five


more from the Utrecht Municipal Library (Utrecht Municipal Archives).
These twenty-eight songs cover, with but few lacunae, the years
1565-1604. Macropedius, then, who was rector of the Hieronymus
School from ca. 1529/30 to ca. 1556, is not discussed in the article.
Therefore, I will first Supplement van Someren's series with seven
cantilenae by this Humanist. Four specimens were hitherto known to
be his work; R.C. Engelberts was the first to assemble and briefly
describe them in his dissertation7. The music accompanying these four
cantilenae has been edited and discussed in an unpublished thesis8.

1. Cantilena / pro schola Hieronymiana, de extremo / Christi Iudicio. /


Traiecti Hermannus de Borculo ex/cudebat, sub intersignio cerui
volan/tis. 6. Nouemb. Ann. 39 [1539]
Ex. : KB Den Haag (= ex. Mart. Nijhoff).
NK [= Nijhoff W. - Kronenberg Μ., Nederlandsche bibliographie van
1500 tot 1540] 2590; see W. Nijhoff, L'art typographique. Supplément
(The Hague 1935), p. 4; pi. 14, 3-4.
The music to this piece must be regarded as presumably the earliest
example of printed mensural notation in the northern Netherlands.
Macropedius himself composed the music for his cantilenae, as he did
for his plays. Engelberts was the first to ascribe this anonymous cantilena
to Macropedius. The poem is an Ode monocolos tetrastrophos asclepiadea,
and consists of 32 four-verse stanzas, each followed by the Repetitio
uersu Heroico & Alcmanio :

Nunc perpende, puer, quam erit hec vox laeta; Venite,


Ne mentem teneram mala frangant.
Et quam dura erit hec districti Iudicis; Ite,
Prospera ne eneruent pauitantem.

Theme of the poem : "De extremo Christi Iudicio peccatori formi


dando", the Day of the Last Judgement, to be feared by all sinners.

2. Cantile/na Martinia/na pro schola D. Hieronymi / Anno quadra


gesimo. / [Woodcut] / Traiecti / Hermannus Borculous excude=/
bat. / 1540
Ex.: KB Den Haag (= ex. B. Quaritch, London); 16th-century

7 See R.C. Engelberts, op. cit., pp. 24; 27-30.


8 W. H. J. Dekker, Macropedius en de muziek (Utrecht 1970). Typewritten copy in the
Institute of Musicology at Utrecht.

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192 Α. Μ. Μ. DEKKER

manuscript copy now in Houghto


(formerly part of the collection of t
NK 2591 ; see W. Nijhoff, L'art typog
1935), p. 4; pl. 14, 5-6.
From a handwritten note on the p
copy, it appears to me that this copy
the aforementioned Aernout van Buc
hand, gives the first 8 verses (2 stan
pecuniae» (Utrecht 1577) by Philippu
of 1540 also contains printed music; the indication "TENOR"
means "melody" and does not point to a separate tenor part, as
assumed by Miss Μ. E. Kronenberg in NK. Published anonymously
like the 1539 ode, this cantilena too is unquestionably by Macropedius;
further confirmation is furnished by the 16th-century manuscript copy,
which displays the addition "Autore Georgio Macropedio". This
MS. was published by J. Härtelust in his dissertation De dictione
Georgii Macropedii (Utrecht 1902), pp. 220-224. The poem is an Ode
dicolos tetrastrophos, cuius primi quique tres versus Hendecasyllabi
Sapphici, & quartus Adonius est, consisting of 25 four-verse stanzas,
each followed by the Tetrastichon iambicum singulis quaternarijs repe
titionis loco adijciendum :

Quae dura siue blanda sunt,


Si morte terminanda sunt,
Aequa ferenda mente sunt,
Aut prorsus aspernanda sunt.

Theme of the poem : "De Mortis imagine, quemadmodum utriusque


fortunae casibus medicatur", in both prosperous and adverse times,
always keep in mind the image of Death : it brings equanimity.

3. Cantile/na Schole Hiero/nimianae Vltraiecti / pro anno. 51


Georgio Macro = /pedio auctore. / [Printer's emblem] / Vltraiecti. /
Harmannus Borculous excudebat. [1551]
4. Cantile/na Scholae Hiero/nimianae Vltraiecti / pro anno. 52.
Georgio Macra = /pedio [Vc] auctore. / [Printer's emblem] /
Vltraiecti. / Harmannus Borculous excudebat. [1552]
Ex. : Both works bound together in a single volume in UB Amsterdam
(since 1934) and in Houghton Library, Harvard University (this copy
successively in the possession of C. P. Serrure (auction catalogue,
Brüssels 1872) and the Dukes of Arenberg, Brüssels).

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THREE UNKNOWN "CANTILENAE MARTINIANAE" 193

Bibliotheca Belgica M51-52 (Reprint 1964, IV, p. 11).


In the Amsterdam copy manuscript music has been added to
both poems. The 1551 cantilena is an Ode dicolos tetrastrophos, tribus
prioribus uersibus Asclepiadaeis, & quarto gliconico, consisting of
37 four-verse stanzas, each followed by the Repetitio elegiaca :
Corde, puer, mores humilis complectere Iesu,
Quo tibi post lethi funera surgat honos.
Nam qui se extulerit recidei depressus ad ima.
Sponteque depressum Christus ad astra feret.

The 1552 song is an Ode, metro anapestico of 33 four-verse stanzas,


each followed by the Repetitio Ionica :
Puerorum decet omneis fore mores
Neque foedos, neque duros, neque uanos,
Sed honestos, facilesque, et sine fraude,
Puerum qui probe Iesum celebrabunt.

Theme : both poems deal with the birth of Christ : "De Natali
Christiano" (1551), "Ode genethliaca, Christo nato modulanda" (1552).
The following three cantilenae by Macropedius were hitherto un
known; they therefore Supplement Engelberts's list of the Humanist's
works 9 :

5. Ode Tricolos Tetrastrophos, ex duobus Asclepiadeis, tertio Phere


cratio, et quarto Gliconico, De Traiectinae Ciuitatis laudibus [no
author, no date] (text in appendix).
In : Joannes de Beka / Canonicus Ultrajectinus, et / Wilhelmus Heda /
Praepositus Arnhemensis, / de / Episcopis Ultrajectinis, / recogniti et
notis historicis / illustrati ab / Arn. Buchelio Batavo I.C. / Accedunt /
Lamb. Hortensii Montfortii / Secessionum Ultrajectinarum / Libri, et /
Siffridi Petri Frisij Appendix / ad Historiam Ultrajectinam. / Ultrajecti. /
ex Officina Joannis a Doorn, / CID IDC XLIII.
A 16th-century handwritten copy of this ode is in MS. 796 (6 E 32)
of the Utrecht UB 10. This MS., which contains a number of other
works related to Utrecht, comes from the library of Gijsbertus Lap
van Waveren (1596-1647). Since the edition of the chronicles of Beka

9 See R. C. Engelberts, op. eil., pp. 23-24.


10 My attention was drawn to this MS. by Dr. Ρ. Μ. M. Geurts, keeper of manuscripts
in the UB Utrecht.

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194 Α. Μ. Μ. DEKKER

and Heda was completed by Lap va


death, it is quite obvious that the fo
as page filler after the chronicle of Bek
the MS. in his possession. In 1878 th
B.J.L. de Geer, Bellum Trajectinum
1878; WHG, N.R., 28), where the
the poem has remained unknown de
1878, I have appended a new transcr
our primary source as long as the o
In none of the above sources has it
is an Utrecht school song. Yet this is
Repetitio, in this case after each o
distich :

Quisque Lares patrios cantet proprios


Nos Traiectinos laudibus euehimus.

It is also apparent from several indications in the text itself that


Macropedius must be its author. In vv. 89-96 the newly-built castle
"Vredenburg" (completed 1532) is described, and in vv. 130-132
George van Egmond is mentioned as bishop of Utrecht (his tenure :
1535-1559). We are therefore in the period of Macropedius's rectorate.
In addition, Macropedius presents his own calling card in his description
of the monasteries within the city walls. In vv. 217 ff. we read :
Ne te praeteream, Diue Hieronyme,
Qui nostrae domui praeses es, et scholae,
(...)
Tu nostros refoue et moribus instrue
Fratres unanimes, discipulos quoque
Qui nostrae ferulae nunc
Subdidere manus suas.

"Let me not omit you, St. Hieronymus, patron of our house and of
our school, (...) Give new strength to our community and make the
Brethren unanimous in their way of life, and likewise the pupils who
are now under the authority of my rod".
Since the anonymous copyist of the Utrecht codex neglected to
reproduce the title page of the originai edition, we are unable to

11 See Η. Μ. J. Miiter, "Gijsbertus Lap van Waveren, historicus te Utrecht, 1596-1647",


in: Archief voor de Geschiedenis van de Kathoìieke Kerk in Nederland, 1 (1959), 1S5.

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THREE UNKNOWN "CANTILENAE MARTINIANAE" 195

date the ode closely. Two indications in the text may provide a
terminus post quem. In v. 175 the Church of St. John is said to be
instaurata. This could be an allusion to the completion of its Gothic
choir in 1539. And the mention in v. 178 that the splendid houses on
the "Janskerkhof ' rerum pretto Caesare digna sint, perhaps alludes to
the fact that Charles V, when he visited Utrecht in August 1540,
stayed in one of these houses, viz. in that of Joannes Vorstius, dean
of St. John's. Since in the Utrecht codex the ode is followed by a
work dealing with events in Utrecht in January 1546, I propose
tentatively to date the ode between the years 1541 and 1545.
The poem sings the praises of the city of Utrecht. Verses 1-84 give
an impression of the vicinity of Utrecht seen from the city walls. With
reminiscences of Hör. Od. I, VII, the city's beautiful site is described
with its lively commerce made possible by the Rhine. To the four
points of the compass we can see hills, forests, fertile fìelds, pastures
with cattle, and rivers. As particular jewels of the "pomerium" the
following monasteries are praised : the Benedictine double cloister
"Oostbroek" (vv. 53-60), the Cistercian convent "Mariéndaal" (vv.
61-68) and the Carthusian monastery "Nieuwlicht" (vv. 69-76), both
situated on the river Vecht, and the Tertiaries' convent "Bethlehem"
(vv. 77-80).
At v. 85 we enter the city itself. From Castle "Vredenburg" (vv. 86-96)
we walk via the "Oudegracht" with its wealthy merchant residences
(vv. 97-120) to the five minsters : the Cathedral (St. Martin's) with its
Tower (vv. 121-140)12, St. Salvator's (vv. 141-152), St. Peter's (vv.
153-164), St. Mary's (vv. 165-172)13 and St. John's (vv. 173-180).
In passing, the monastery of the regulär Canons of St. Augustine
12 The "cymbala maxima" of the Cathedral Tower (v. 137) were cast in 1505 by
Geert van Wou of Kampen. The six largest bells of the set of thirteen are stili in use
today.
13 Among the valuables of the Mariakerk Macropedius mentions in v. 170 three
unicorns (terna cornua monocerontia). These ivory narwhal tusks, over a metre in length,
were even in Macropedius's day stili regarded as having come from the legendary
unicorn that symbolized Mary's purity. Magic powers were attributed to these horns.
They remained extremely valuable into the 17th Century. Those of the Mariakerk are
preserved in the Archiepiscopal Museum in Utrecht and in the Rijksmuseum in
Amsterdam.

A large number of manuscripts and printed books of the library of this church
(vv. 171-172) is preserved in the University Library of Utrecht (cf. J.F. van Someren,
De Utrechtsche Universiteitsbibliotheèk, haar geschiedenis en kunstschatten vóór 1880
(Utrecht 1909), pp. 96-101).

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196 Α. Μ. Μ. DEKK.ER

("Sint-Marie en de Twaalf Aposte


parochial churches (Buurkerk, Jacob
are mentioned (vv. 185-188).
We then witness a procession, as i
from the various convents within th
then the nunneries (vv. 197-228; vv
the following orders : the Benedict
200), the members of the Teutoni
Order of St. John (vv. 205-208), th
(vv. 209-212), the Carmelites and
the Brethren of the Common Life,
a member (vv. 217-228). The nuns f
vatius^ convent (vv. 237-240), the P
the Brigittine nuns and monks (vv.
of the Jerusalem convent and of th
245-248), the Tertiaries of the conv
(vv. 249-252), the sisters of the conv
the Beguines (vv. 253-256).
After citing the charitable activit
where the sick, the infirm and the
Macropedius concludes his poem
municipal government and an ap
inhabitants of Utrecht, in particula
worthy of such a beautiful and piou
In my view, this ode must rank p
city poems 14.

6. Cantile = /na Martiniana apud


scholae ex tempore / scripta & ded
Dei beneficijs, per Geor-/gium M
Busciducis / tertijs à schola ae
Turnhout. [1544]
(see Illustration; text in appendix).
Ex. : Utrecht, Stadsbibliotheek (Gem
S. Muller Fz, Catalogus van de Bibli

14 See in this connection : Helius Eobanus H


Städtegedichte. Herausgegeben von Joseph N
XV. und XVI. Jahrhunderts, 12 (Berlin 1896)

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THREE UNKNOWN "CANTILENAE MARTINIANAE" 197

(Utrecht 1906), sub 1947*/4841* (handwritten addition to the copy in


the Gemeentelijk Archief Utrecht). Provenance : London 1924.
This rare 's-Hertogenbosch edition was also unknown to E. A. B.J.
ten Brink, "Bossche drukken 1541-1600", in: Varia Historica Braban
tica, II ('s-Hertogenbosch 1966), pp. 95-152. The music to this canti
lena was added by hand on printed staves. The poem is an Ode tricolos
tetrastrophos ex duobus Asclepiadaeis, tertio Pherecratio, & quarto
Glyconico, consisting of 41 four-verse stanzas, each followed by the
Repetitio ex tribus Glyconicis, & quarto Pherecratio :
Diuorum atque hominum patri,
Qui nos innumeris libens
Donat muneribus, senes
Ephebique canamus.

Theme : God's great benefits, "De immensis erga nos Dei beneficijs".

7. Sertum Ro/saceum Reveren. D. Ni/colao a Nova terra, Episcopo


He=/bronensi, cu(m) horis Canonicis nun = /cupatum, & pueris
scholasticis / Traiectin(a)e schol(a)e pro canti=/lena Martiniana
diuae / virgini modu = /landum. / [Printer's emblem] / Vltraiecti. /
Harmannus Borculous excudebat. / Anno. 1555.
(see Illustration; text in appendix).
Ex. : UB Utrecht (purchased in 1972 at my Suggestion from an Utrecht
antiquarian dealer)15. The copy is from the library of Mgr. Prof. Dr.
Th. Goossens (1882-1970).
Apart from stylistic evidence and the obvious proof that Macro
pedius as rector in 1555 must have composed this cantilena, his author
ship receives additional confirmation from the fact that in 1556
Macropedius dedicated his last school drama, Jesus scholasticus, to
the same Nicolaus a Nova terra (Nicolaas van Nieuwland, 1510-1580;
in 1559 ordained first bishop of Haarlem) to whom the present ode
is dedicated.
No music has come down to us with this cantilena. The first part
of the poem is composed in the form of a Rosary (Sertum Rosaceum),
Versu dicolo pentastropho, in quo vni Pherecratio 4. Glyconici praepo
nuntur. It consists of five decades of five-verse stanzas. Each stanza is
preceded by the Versus anaphorici qui singulis quinarijs premittendi sunt,
a metrical "Hail Mary" :

15 I wish to thank Dr. D. Grosheide, librarian of the UB Utrecht, for permission


to publish the work here.

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198 Α. Μ. Μ. DEKKER

Virgo salue gratiosa,


Foeta sancto spiritu,
Matribusque praeferenda
Vniuersis cum tuo
Christo Iesu filio, Christo Iesu filio.

Syntactically each stanza is closely linked to this "refrain". Before the


second, third, fourth, and fifth decades an "Our Father" has to be
inserted, indicated in the text by the words "O pater" (this indication
may point to a metrical "Oratio Dominica" by Macropedius known
to his pupils)16. In this "Rosary", a late offshoot of the rosary
booklets of the Devotio Moderna, the entire "History of Salvation" is
dealt with, from the Annunciation to the Assumption and Crowning
of Mary. All the so-called Joyful, Sorrowful and Glorious Mysteries of
the Rosary are found in these stanzas.
The second part of the cantilena deals with Mary's life, in seven
four-verse stanzas, versu Iambico dimetro tetrastropho. Each stanza is
followed by the Repetitio Iambica 17 :
Dignare me laudare te,
Virgo Deo sacrata,
Vt mater esses filij
Altissimi uocata
Et mater esses gratiae
Peccantibus Maria.

16 Thus one could perhaps distil out of lines 604-619 of Macropedius's Jesus scholas
ticus (Utrecht 1556), the following metrical Oratio Dominica' :

Pater superne conditor rerum omnium,


Nomen tuum sanctum innotescat omnibus.
Regnum tuum adueniat repulsis hostibus.
Tua fiat in terris uoluntas, quemadmodum in
Coelestibus.

Έτηοϋσιον panem adde nobis hoc die.


Remitte nobis debita, ut
Nobis remittimus omnibus debentibus.
Ne nos sinas induci in hostiles dolos.
Sed nos a malo omni libera.

Tibi soli enim regnum, potestas, gloria,


Per cuncta in aeuum saeculorum saecula.
Amen.

17 The first two verses of the repetitio are taken from the antiphone to Psalm 96 of
the mattins of the breviary (Dignare me laudare te, Virgo sacrata). See Fr. Probus
van de Griendt O.F.M., Hei Maria-Offìcie (Roermond-Maaseik 1941), p. 45.

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THREE UNKNOWN "CANTILENAE MARTINIANAE" 199

The division into seven groups follows the seven canonical hour
(Septem horae canonicae) : 1. Ad matutinas (mattins) : Conceptio
("Immaculate Conception"), 2. Ad primam (prime) : Natiuitas ("Nativ
ity of the Blessed Virgin"), 3. Ad tertiam (terce) : Annunciano ("Annu
ciation"), 4. Ad sextum (sext) : Visitatio ("Visitation"), 5. Ad nonam
(none) : Purificano ("Candlemas"), 6. Ad vesperas (vespers) : Com
passio ("Seven sorrows") and 7. Ad completorium (compiine) : A
sumptio ("Assumption").
This cantilena is probably the last Macropedius composed for his
school. The originai and fine construction of this song, with it
simple latinity, should justify our speaking of the culmination of h
series of school songs, of which unfortunately some twdnty sti
remain unknown 18.
The following additions to the Utrecht series of carmina are ali
taken from the Diarium (1560-1599) of the already frequently men
tioned Aernout van Bucheil. I cite the autograph, kept in the U
Utrecht (MS. 798), but refer to the page where the passage will be
found in Brom and Van Langeraad's edition19 :

8. p. 36 (Nov. 1574):
Carmen Martinianum a Gymnasiarchà factum, cui tit : paedagogus
siue parenaesis [i/c] ad Timorem Dei humanae vitae paedagogum,
inscriptum Guil. Diemeno J.C. et consiliario Regio.
This entry concerns rector (gymnasiarcha) Hieronymus Joanne
Crommius (rectorate 1574-1575). No copy of the "Paraenesis", which
was dedicated to the jurist and councillor Willem van Diemen, is to
my knowledge extant.

9. p. 43 (Dee. 1576):
Traiecti oden annalem ediderat Theodorus Cornelius Bergius Rector,
cui titulus Belgiae prosopoeia [s7c] ; ad questorem regium Engelbertum
vander Sande.

18 Thus the two following verses, quoted by Macropedius in his Prosoedia (Antwerp
1550), may come from an unknown cantilena :
"lonicum a minore carminum genus ut hoc nostrum :
Nec amaram nec atrocem necis horam,
Sed amicam et pretiosam fore credo, cet."
(see J. Hartelust, De dictione Georgii Macropedii (Utrecht 1902), p. 20).
19 Diarium van Arend van Buchell. Uitgegeven door Dr. G. Brom en Dr. L. A. van
Langeraad. Werken Historisch Genootschap, III 21 (Amsterdam 1907).

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200 A M Μ. DEK.KER

This ode annalis "Prosopopoeia afflic


Bergius (rectorate 1575-1576), dedicate
court, Engelbert vander Sande, may h
Belgia's complaint on the terrible pill
the smaller towns and countryside of
rebels in the summer of 1576 (on
St. Martin's Eve of that year, the Pacifi
I know of no extant copy of Herman
(Utrecht) of the text. Apparently mut
other a copy of the yearly song, as
Haarlem rector Cornelius Schonaeus
Carmen of Bergius20 :
Ad Theodorum Bergium
Accepi Theodore tuum, lectumque pro
Carmen civili quo devastata tumultu,
Et lachrymis perfusa, et conspurcata cr
Defles quam passa est infelix Belgica c
Apta est temporibus talis querimonia n
Pestiferi turbat rabies quibus omnia be
Nos etiam, quando contingunt ocia, cr
Moerenti similes meditamur pectore qu
Atque gravem tristi testamur Carmine

10. p. 49 (Nov. 1577) :


Edidit tum Carmen Martinianum no
militis Christ(iani) ad Aemilium Am
Morus edidit oden annalem pecunia
The second entry concerning Philipp
ode "Triumphus pecuniae", dedicat
St. Peter's, and printed by Conrad
survived, except for its first eigh
Apparently, in that year, for the fi
rector of the Hieronymus school pro
the school had fallen on evil days. M
to Utrecht school circles, witness his
mannus and Bergius21.

20 The epigram will be found in Schonaeus's


pars III of the Terentius Christianus edition, w
21 A comprehensive study of Philippus Moru
plays, is being prepared by Dr. Ρ. Μ. M. Geurt

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THREE UNKNOWN "CANTILENAE MARTINIANAE" 201

The first entry concerns Arnhem, where the ode annalis was also
performed on St. Martin's eve. Buchelius was a pupil at the Arnhem
Latin school of Sydracus Scotus (rectorate 1576-1579) from October
1576 to December 1578. The 1577 carmen ("Carmen Martinianum sive
Militis Christiani querimonia ad Deum Opt. Max.") mentioned by
Buchelius as being by this Scotus, onetime a teacher in Utrecht, has
been preserved in the aforementioned miscellany from Buchelius's
library (UB Utrecht). The text was re-edited by Dr. F. Goslings from
the copy printed at Deventer in an appendix to his article "Een en ander
uit het verleden der Latijnsche school van Arnhem, tot de tweede
helft der zeventiende eeuw", in : Bijdragen en Mededeelingen Gelre,
27 (1924), pp. 1-48. Scotus also composed a carmen in 1576 and 1578 :

1576: "Carmen Martinianum sive Commendatio divini timoris"


(see G. D.J. Schotel, Tilburgsche avondstonden (Amsterdam
1850), p. 51).
1578: See Buchelius, Diarium, ρ. 53 (Sept. 1578): Carmen Martini
anum tum edidit Rector noster Sydracus, cuius initium : "At
tu parens rerum, optume ο Deus, tuam" (Buchelius quotes
six verses).

I know of no extant copies of these two songs.

11. p. 221 (Nov. 1589):


Oden Martinianum [ile] tum edidit Regnerus Sarcerius Rector,
cui tit. : de non quaerenda quiete in rebus externis.
I know of no extant copy of this ode by Rhenerus Sarcerius (rectorate
1578-1586; 1589-1597).
As to the additions from Buchelius's Diarium, I have confined
myself to the years for which no data were hitherto available.
Van Buchell cites some other cantilenae but copies of these, preserved
in the University and Municipal Libraries at Utrecht, were known to
J. F. van Someren.

In conclusion, there follows an up-to-date survey of the known


yearly Utrecht carmina. Where the text has survived, the provenance
is also cited. The preceding discussion will have made it quite clear
that the material left to us by Arnoldus Buchelius — both in his
library and in his Diarium — is our most important guide.

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2U2 Α. Μ. Μ. DEK.KER

SURVEY OF THE UTRECHT CARMINA SCHOLASTICA22

1519: Kameraarsrekening 1519/1520 (ρ. 7r) Gem. Archief Utrec


See n. 4.

1523: Kameraarsrekening 1523/1524 (p. 18v) Gem. Archief Utrecht.


See n. 4.

1539: Georgius Macropedius, Cantilena pro schola Hieronymiana, de


extremo Christi ludicio (Utrecht 1539) KB Den Haag. See
above no. 1.

1540 : Georgius Macropedius, Cantilena Martiniana pro schola D.


Hieronymi Anno quadragesimo, [de Mortis imagine, quem
admodum utriusque fortunae casibus medicatur] (Utrecht 1540)
KB Den Haag. See above no. 2.
s.a. : Georgius Macropedius, Ode (...), De Traiectinae Ciuitatis lau
dibus. See above no. 5.

1544: Georgius Macropedius, Cantilena Martiniana apud D. Hiero


nymum Traiectinae scholae ex tempore scripta & dedicata. De
immensis erga nos Dei beneficijs ('s-Hertogenbosch 1544)
Utrecht, Stadsbibliotheek. See above no. 6.
1551 : Georgius Macropedius, Cantilena Schote Hieronimianae Vltra
iecti pro anno. 51 [De Natali Christiano] (Utrecht 1551) UB
Amsterdam and Houghton Library, Harvard University. See
above no. 3.

1552 : Georgius Macropedius, Cantilena Scholae Hieronimianae Vltra


iecti pro anno. 52 [Ode genethliaca, Christo nato modulanda]
(Utrecht 1552) UB Amsterdam and Houghton Library, Harvard
University. See above no. 4.
1555 : Georgius Macropedius, Sertum Rosaceum (...), cum horis Ca
nonicis (...) pueris scholasticis Traiectinae scholae pro cantilena
Martiniana diuae virgini modulandum (Utrecht 1555) UB
Utrecht. See above no. 7.
1565 : Cornelius Laurimannus, Ode Martiniana scholae Vltraiectinae
concinenda pueris 4°. Idus Nouembris, in corruptos huius saeculi
mores. Anno. M.D.LXV. (Leiden 1565) UB Utrecht.
1566 : Cornelius Laurimannus, Christiana expostulatio, ex psalmo
secundo, auditoribus scholae Vltraiectinae concinenda, pridie D.
Martini. Anno MD. LXVI. ('s-Hertogenbosch 1566) UB Utrecht.

KB = Koninklijke Bibliotheek; UB = Universiteitsbibliotheek.

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THREE UNKNOWN "CANTILENAE MARTINIANAE" 203

1567 : Cornelius Laurimannus, Carmen Martinianum ex gnomis B. Nili


episcopi et martyris scholae Vltraiectinae auditoribus concinen
dum. 4. Idus Nouemb. Anno M.D.LXVII. ('s-Hertogenbosch
1567) UB Utrecht.
1568 : Cornelius Laurimannus : Vanitatum sylva ('s-Hertogenbosch
1568) UB Utrecht.
1569
1570
1571 : Cornelius Laurimannus, Ode Martiniana scholae Hieronymia
nae. [Divini Nominis laudes] ('s-Hertogenbosch 1571) UB
Utrecht and Bodleian Library, Oxford.
1572 : Cornelius Laurimannus, Paraphrasis lyrica psalmi XI. D. Joannis
Episcopi Roffensis, de fiducia in Deum (Amsterdam 1572) UB
Utrecht.

1573 : Hieronymus van Asperen, Carmen Martinianum Scholae Vltra


iectinae auditoribus concinendum 4. Idus Nouem. Anno 1573.
[Poenitentiam et Patientiam saeculo hoc nostro calamitatum
omnium feracissimo, unicuique Christo digne vivere cupienti
oppido esse necessarios] (Amsterdam 1573) UB Utrecht.
1574: Hieronymus Crommius, Carmen Martinianum: Paedagogus
siue paraenesis ad Timorem Dei humanae vitae paedagogum.
Buchelius, Diarium, ρ. 36. See above no. 8.
1575 : Theodorus Cornelius Bergius, Carmen annale, siue ode Mar
tiniana, pubi scholae Hieronimianae apud Vltraiectinos D. Martini
ferijs concinenda [Ode tricolos tetrastrophos in quo paraphra
stice expressus est Dauidis psalmus 102.] (Utrecht [1575)
Utrecht, Stadsbibliotheek.
1576 : Theodorus Cornelius Bergius, Ode annalis : Prosopopoeia affidi
et moribus corrupti Belgii (Utrecht 1576) Buchelius, Diarium,
ρ. 43. See above no. 9.
1577: Philippus Morus, Ode annalis: Triumphus pecuniae (Utrecht
1577) Buchelius, Diarium, ρ. 49. See above no. 10.
1578: ...

1579 : Rhenerus Sarcerius, De amicicia. Ode tricolos tristrophos, ad


Martinalia Hieronymianae Scholae Discipulis praecinenda (U
trecht 1579) UB Utrecht.
1580 : Rhenerus Sarcerius, Ode dicolos distrophos Hieronymian
Scholae Discipulis apud Vltraiectinos ad Martinalia praecinenda
Qua fragili & promiscua humanae vitae breuitate carptim

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Α. Μ. Μ. DEKKER

descripta, Homo, ut erecto sit animo, obiter admonetur (Utrec


1580) UB Utrecht.
Rhenerus Sarcerius, Ode sapphica, quae spongiae quer
Hieronymianae Scholae Discipulis apud Vltraiectinos, ad M
nalia praecinenda (Utrecht 1581) UB Utrecht.
Rhenerus Sarcerius, Elegia scholastica, quae de cruce s
afflictione perferenda (Utrecht 1582) UB Utrecht.
Rhenerus Sarcerius, Carmen scholasticum, quod Ataei
Martinalia discipulis Hieronymianis apud Vltraiectinos prae
dum (Utrecht 1583) UB Utrecht.
Rhenerus Sarcerius, Ode annalis, quae Liberias, in usum sc
Hieronymianae apud Vltraiectinos (Utrecht 1584) UB Utr
and Stadsbibliotheek Utrecht.

Rhenerus Sarcerius, Ode Martiniana : De non quaerenda quiete


in rebus externis. Buchelius, Diarium, ρ. 221. See above no. 11.

Rhenerus Sarcerius, Elegia scholastica, quae Commendatio


laboris, pro gymnasii Hieronymiani discipulis apud Vltraiectinos
(Utrecht 1591) Utrecht, Stadsbibliotheek.
Rhenerus Sarcerius, Hendecasyllabi, quibus, ordine morum
neglecto, decorum parùm bene seruari, notatur. Pro schola Hier.
Vltraiectina (Utrecht 1592) UB Utrecht and Stadsbibliotheek
Utrecht.
Rhenerus Sarcerius, Aurorae laus, qua scholae Vltraiectinae
Iuventus ad Studium matutinum invitatur (Utrecht 1593) UB
Utrecht and Stadsbibliotheek Utrecht.
Rhenerus Sarcerius, Ode ethica, quae docet inferiorem animi
appetitum Rationis imperio cohibendum esse. Pro Scholà pubi,
quae Hieronymiana, apud Vltraiectinos (Utrecht 1594) UB U
trecht and Stadsbibliotheek Utrecht.
Rhenerus Sarcerius, Ode annalis dicolos tetrastrophos, quae
tribus asclepiadeis & gliconico decurrit. Scholae Vltraiectinae
discipulis descripta. [Quemque tum a se tum maxime divinorum
beneficiorum memoria excitari debere, ad coelestia, terrenis
leuiter habitis, suspicienda & quaerenda] (Utrecht 1595) UB
Utrecht.

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THREE UNKNOWN "CANTILENAE MARTINIANAE" 205

1596 : Rhenerus Sarcerius, Prosopopoiia nummi se dilaudantis scholae


pubi, apud Vltraiectinos carptim descripta (Utrecht 1596)
UB Utrecht.
1597 : Joannes Luntius, Ode annalis de rebus humanis fluxis, pravis et
periculosis. Scripta iuventuti Vltraiectinae (Utrecht 1597) UB
Utrecht and Stadsbibliotheek Utrecht.
1598 : Joannes Luntius, Ode annalis secunda, de eo quod nemo laedatur
nisi a seipso. Scripta iuventuti Vltraiectinae (Utrecht 1598)
Utrecht, Stadsbibliotheek.
1599 : Joannes Luntius, Ode annalis tertia, de eo quod moderata durent.
Scripta iuventuti Vltraiectinae (Utrecht 1599) Utrecht, Stads
bibliotheek.

1600: Joannes Luntius, Ode annalis quarta, non oportere ut quisquam


ullorum Dei donorum causa se efferat. Scripta iuventuti Vltraie
ctinae (Utrecht 1600) Utrecht, Stadsbibliotheek.
1601 : Joannes Luntius, Ode annalis quinta. De antiquorum Romanorum
virtute. Scripta iuventuti Vltraiectinae (Utrecht 1601) UB Utrecht.
1602: Joannes Luntius, Ode annalis sexta. Singula suis et certis in
mundo periodis regi. Scripta iuventuti Vltraiectinae (Utrecht
1602) UB Utrecht.
1603 : Joannes Luntius, Ode annalis septima. Impietatem et luxum esse
caussas poenarum divinarum. Scripta iuventuti Vltraiectinae
(Utrecht 1603) UB Utrecht.
1604: Joannes Luntius, [Ode] annalis octava. Status subditorum
pessimus sub tyranno et puero : optimus sub pio et sapiente prin
cipe. Scripta iuventuti Vltraiectinae (Utrecht 1604) UB Utrecht.

TEXTS

Ode Tricolos Tetrastrophos, ex duobus Asclepiadeis,


TERTIO PHERECRATIO, ET QUARTO GLICONICO,
De Traiectinae Ciuitatis laudibus

Traiectum celebret Pieridum chorus,


Traiectum celebrent et pueri et senes,
Laudandae urbis alumni,
Qui cantu aut fidibus valent.

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Α. Μ. Μ. DEKKER

Repetitio :

Quisque Lares patrios cantei propriosque Penates,


Nos Traiectinos laudibus euehimus.

5 Laudarunt veteres irriguam Rhodon,


Arces Rhomulidcon ac Lacedaemona,
Ciaram lege Lycurgi,
Armis atque laboribus.

Nos nostrani patriam laudibus inclytis


io Traiectum efferimus, praeferimus quoque
Sexcentis alijs, re
Claris et populo, urbibus.

Ο gentis Batauae regia splendida,


Quis non suspiciat te atque situm tuum,
15 Intus si spacietur
Aut foris per agros tuos?

Rheni tot tibi dat commoda riuulus,


Portus quot geminus tunc bimari dedit
Insignique Corintho,
20 Cum fiorerei adhuc bonis.

Ditaris ratibus nunc onerarijs,


Cymbis nunc leuibus, quae bona plurima
Et sursum atque deorsum
Ad foenus tibi conuehunt.

25 Quem non exhilarent, moenibus ex tuis


Cursu si videat forte reciproco
Lintres atque celoces
Vndas verrere vitreas?

Rhenus praecipiti gurgite deuehit


30 Et Bacchum et Cererem, ast Oceanus libens
Merces subuehit omnes,
Quas mittunt tibi Sarmatae.

Cinguntur viridi moenia tramite,


Per pomaria apes instrepitant vagae,

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THREE UNKNOWN "CANTILENAE MARTINIANAE" 207

35 Circum moenia blandis


Hiblaeis quoque floribus.

Eois radijs sol ubi promicat,


Montes aèrios et syluas vides,
Gleba agrosque feraci
40 Orbe ab occiduo vides.

Circumflecte oculos quisquis es ad notum,


Pascuntur pecudes prata per herbida, et
Praeter pascua laeta
Secus flumina nil vides.

45 Hinc flecte ad boream lumina perspicax,


Et campos et agros prospicis undique,
Nec passum pedis usquam
Deprehendis inutilem.

Quid syluas memoro, laetaue pascua?


50 Quid montes, pecudes? quid cita flumina?
Cum multo his potiora
Per pomeria se offerant?

Nam qua solis equi naribus expuunt


Primores radios, coenobium geminum
55 Extruxit Benedictus,
Viris, virginibus quoque.

Illud multigena cingitur arbore,


Hoc et conspicuum quercubus arduis,
Vtrumque et pietate
60 Vita ornatur et aspera.

Hinc, Bernarde, sacras virginibus tuis


Aedes constituis gleba et in uberi,
Quas velamina formant
Et monastica regula.

65 Sunt versus boream insuper alterae


Aedes virgineae, quas, pater, optimos
Mores edocuisti, in
Valle Vectis ad alueum.

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208 A M M. DEKKER

Ad vos deuenio, castra Dei sac


70 Arctas excubias militiae sacr
Quis Carthusia gentem
Hanc munit vigilantibus.

Se vestris lachrymis et prece


Confidit populus protegi ab in
75 Diris, haud secus atque
Armis fulmineis Iouis.

Qui te praeteream virgineum gregem,


Qui Bethlemica habes iure suburbia,
Et cunabula Christi
80 Casto amplecteris osculo.
His, Martine, tuam floribus aureis
Ornamus chlamydem, dum tua moenia
Tanta Coenobiorum
Pulchritudine cingimus.
85 Tandem Pierides laeta suburbia
Linquentes, valida Pacis ab Arce cum
Laude intremus ouantes
Turrita altaque moenia.

Arcem dico nouam, turrigeram, quadram,


90 Quae a Quinto validis condita Carolo
Muris, munia munit,
Et nostrae urbis asylon est.

Salue lux patriae, gloria ciuium,


Vrbi insigne decus, terror et hostibus,
95 Quae concordiam in omni
Et clero et populo efficis.

Abs te (dico vale) non satur ad sacras


Aedes transiero ex ordine singulas,
Quo vicos plateasque
100 Contemplari obiter queam. At
Quis dignis obiter laudibus has domos
Ad ripam positas fluminis euehat,
Quis accessus ad amnem
Cryptis atque cuniculis?

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THREE UNKNOWN "CANTILENAE Μ ARTINI AN AE" 209

105 Quarum culmina sunt saxea et ardua,


Et marmor paries, sculptilis aut later,
At fundamenta pluris
Constant cum penuarijs.

Huc, mercator, ades mercibus impiger


110 Eois, geticis, hesperijs, vides
Aedes aere refertas,
Et qui te excipiant cauos.

Traiectine, tuam vende nucem, pyrum,


Malum, cum omnigenis fructibus arborum,
115 Frumentumque tuum, quo
Non praestantius uspiam.
Nec ferto aegro animo, si tua vendites
Hollandis, Frisijsque, id genus accolis,
Quo maiora reportent,
120 Impartire libens tua.
Iam templum aggredimur mirificissimum,
Salue, sacra domus, quam Deus optimus
Vult omnes venerari

Priuata ac prece publica.


125 Hoc templum celebrant aurea scrinia,
Quae diuùm cineres ossaue martyrum,
Thesaurum sacrosanctum,
Conseruant venerantibus.

Hoc templum celebrai maxima dignitas


130 Insignis Cathedrae, Praesul et inclytus
Egmontanus et heros
Dius mente Georgius.
Hoc templum celebrant qui Canonas sacros
Iurarunt domini, tum precibus pijs,
135 Tum cantu moderato,
Tum psallentibus organis.

Ornant praeterea cymbala maxima


In turri aeria, petrina culmina, et
Sculpturae preciosae,
140 Hoc, Martine, tuum decus.

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Α. Μ. Μ. DEKKER

Saluatoris adit Musa libens mea


Aedem nunc humilem, sed venerabilem,
Quae olim te, Gwilibrorde,
Vrbi excepit Apostolum.
145 Tarn sanctus locus hic sanguine martyrum,
Vt nullum capiat terra cadauerum,
(Si sit fabula vera)
Nunc intra gremium suum.
Monstrat Relliquias atque Sebasmata,
150 Vestes purpureas, pietà tapetia, et
Aurum non secus atque
Aedes summa stupentibus.
Iam ter sancte tuis proximus aedibus
Non possum, Petre, quin saepta, loci situm,
155 Et collegium honestum
Paucis versibus efferam.

Ambit riuus aquae cum viridarijs


Hortos irriguos (Iridos ad modum)
Herbis suaue fragrantibus
160 Diuersa arbore consitos.

Quod templum viridi gramine cingitur,


Picturis varijs quod quoque comitur,
Quis non iudicet esse
Ad nostri decus oppidi?

165 Baptistae modicum praeteribo, petam


Iam templum Mariae, Caesareum decus,
Quod miro tabulatu,
Priscam tectonicen probat.
Hoc primum decorat coetus honestior,
170 Terna et cornua dein monocerontia, et
Praestans bibliotheca
Multis et lepidis libris.
Baptiste, repeto te et famulos tuos,
Quorum incaeduus hic lucus et area,
175 Instaurataque tempia
Prima est urbis amoenitas.

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THREE UNKNOWN "CANTILENAE MARTINIANAE" 211

Hortis si aspiciam saepta habitacula,


Quae rerum pretio Caesare digna sint,
Dicam cedere nullis,
180 At certare quibuslibet.

His iam quinque Dei sextum habitaculum


Fratrum consocio, quos Canonas sacros,
Te, Augustine, magistro,
Mitis Regula perdocet.

185 Hinc tempia exhibeant, atque sibi sacros


Mystas ac pueros quaeque paroeciae,
Quae quod quatuor extent,
Haud paruum decus adferunt.

Haec quorsum recito laudibus efferens,


190 Templis digna suis tum loca tum viros?
Ad laudem urbis amoenae, et
Gentis eximium decus.

Si spectes reliquum tum μοναχών gregem,


Tum nonnas variae relligionis et
195 Vestis versicoloris,
Obstupescere cogeris.

Stipatus monachis prodeat optimis


Abbas, cui bifido tempora tegmine
Paulus cum Benedicto

200 Cingenda, unguine consecrant.

Hinc procede prior qui regis armiger


Turmam Teutonicam, quae chlamyde et cruce
Insignita videtur
Christi militiam sequi.

205 Huic succede (licet militia prior)


Insignique tuas et chlamyde et cruce
Turmas, Domne Baliue, et
Baptistae instrue milites.

Qui verbum domini praedicat, et minor


210 Franciscus pariter dissimili grege

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Α. Μ. Μ. DEKKER

Procedant, sacram et ornent


Hanc pompam et venerabilem.

Procedat quoque de vertice candido


Carmeli nitidus grex, socians sibi,
215 Augustine, idiotas
Cellitas, populum tuum.

Ne te praeteream, Diue Hieronyme,


Qui nostrae domui praeses es, et scholae,
Magnis adde pusillum
220 Abiectumque gregem tuum.
Tu nostros refoue et moribus instrue
Fratres unanimes, discipulos quoque
Qui nostrae ferulae nunc
Subdidere manus suas.

225 Ne mores tumidi, voxue sit aspera,


Ne sermo illepidus, neue rapax manus,
Sed sit quisque modestus,
Castus, sobrius, et pius.

Tempus deficeret, si modo persequar


230 Hortos, saepta, domos, tempia, vel atria,
Traiectum quibus illi
Exornant pariter suum.

Iam post multa virùm et pia nomina


Paucis adijciam virgineos choros,
235 Quorum non minus urbem
Sanctimonia praedicat.

Produc prime tuum parthenicon gregem


Seruati, rigida quem tibi regula
Bernardus sacrosancto
240 Sub velamine dedicat.

Hunc furuum niueus prosequitur chorus,


Quas albas dominas vulgus iners vocat,
Quis Birgitta sorores
Et fratres sociat suos.

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THREE UNKNOWN "CANTILENAE MARTINIANAE" 213

245 Succedantque chori tum Solymitidum


Tum cultu simili relligioneque
Quas aedes Abrahami,
Augustine, tibi fouent.

Hinc post Caeciliam postque chorum illius,


250 Addat Nicolecos schemate simplicem
Franciscoque dicatum
Concentu parili suum.

Et ne praeteream, Begga, tuum genus,


Iungam Magdaleis te praeeuntibus,
255 Quo nostrae decoretur
Pompae haec ultima linea.

Nunc si omnes pariter lumine candido


Contemplere acies, num valeas mihi
Tanta relligione
260 Vrbem ostendere praeditam?

Quin omitto sciens multa habitacula


Aegrorum atque senum, xenodochiaque,
Quorum cura probat quod
Vrbs cultrix pietatis est.

265 Iam tandem veniam post sacra munia


Ad plebis proceres, praecipuos viros,
Ad sanctumque Senatum,
Quis respublica praedita est.

Primum iure colam qui sapientia


270 Leges Caesareas iustitia quoque
Exercent, patriamque
A vi fraudeque vindicant.

Hinc urbis proceres, stemmata, consules,


Conscriptosque patres et colo et osculor,
275 Qui absque crimine tractant
Et priua et bona publica.

Rursus mi videor, Rhoma, videre te


Aedilesque tuos, scitaque Consulum,

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214 Α. M M. DEKKER

Praetoresque Tribunosque
280 In nostra urbe nouarier.

Nullus liuor in his, nullus et ambitus,


Sed iustus, sapiens, ac sibi temperans,
Robustusque Senatus
Digne praesidet omnibus.

285 Siue aduersa quidem aut prospera Fors mihi aut


Traiectina tibi plebs sit, in ordine
Conseruabit utrosque
Magistratus hic optimo.
Qui Respublica sit nunc lacera aut mala,
290 In qua Praetor hic ensem atque Senatus hic
Stringunt in sceleratos,
Et probis bene consulunt?
Qui vulgus quòque sit moribus improbis,
Dum sanis videant viuere praesides
295 Ac non tarn sua Semper
Quam optantes bona ciuium ?
Sint ergo pariter moribus approbi,
Vt cultu nitidi ciuis et incola,
Sic praestent quoque vita, ut
300 Cunctis corpore praeminent.

Vt sunt praeualidi robore virium,


Et membris alacres rebus in arduis,
Sic et mente virili
Carnis lubrica supprimant.

305 Sint nostrique greges, nempe Scholastici,


Casti, sintque pij, sint quoque sobrij,
Vt digni reputentur
Tarn pulchro atque pio oppido.

Ergo cum numeris omnibus et locus,


3io Et res, et populus sint lepidissima,
Traiectum absque rubore
Summis laudibus effero.

FINIS

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THREE UNKNOWN "CANTILENAE MARTINIANAE" 215

II

Ode tricolos tetrastrophos ex duobus Asclepiadaeis,


TERTIO PHERECRATIO, ET QUARTO GLYCONICO,
De IMMENSIS ERGA NOS DEI BENEFICIJS

Quantis indicijs conditor omnium


Affectus patrios erga hominum genus
Monstrauit, modulabor.
Vt me gratia iuuerit.

Repetitio ex tribus Glyconicis, et quarto Pherecratio :

Diuorum atque hominum patri,


Qui nos innumeris libens
Donat muneribus, senes
Ephebique canamus.

5 Donorum siquidem mundi ab origine


Tantus fit numerus, tantaque densitas,
Vt nec lingua sonare,
Nec perpendere mens queat.

Qui solus bonus est, ipseque fons boni,


io Coelos atque in eis condidit angelos,
Ne foelix frueretur
Regno solus olympico.

Coelorum varijs orbibus indidit


Stellarum radios, et vaga lumina,
15 Haec ut caeca elementa

Illustrent quoque coelitus.

Nam terram sub aquis, aere, et aethere


Ornauit viridi gramine et arbore,
Diuersosque animantes
20 Telluri atque mari indidit.

Pisces et volucres progenuit mare,


Iumenta atque feras edidit arida, ut
Mundo prorsus amoeno
Plastes plasma suum inferat.

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Α. Μ. Μ. DEKKER

25 Tandem ut Luciferum fastus ad inferos


Mersit, quo superis damna resarciat,
Limo fingit Adamum,
Vita menteque praeditum.

Hinc perpendis homo, quàm tua dignitas


30 Aequetur superis, ad sui imaginem
Quem fecit Deus, atque
Praefecit semel omnibus.

Sit natura licet celsior angelis,


Propter te tarnen hos condidit, ut tibi
35 Consorti usque ministrent,
A discrimine vindicent.

Sol, et luna tibi, sidera et omnia,


Coeli mobilitas, nubila, flamina,
Lux, nox, nix, pluuiae, ros,
40 Cedunt commodo et usui.

At quanquàm varijs dotibus inclytus,


Persuasus tarnen est vipereo dolo,
Vxoris quoque blandae,
Plastae spernere dogmata.

45 Heu pomi vetiti morsibus in necem


Nos secum rapuit iugiter horridam,
In multos quoque vitae
Luctus atque pericula.

Sed plastes miserans plasma miserrimum,


50 Non solatio adhuc destituit suo,
Promisitque salutem
Tandem in semine coniugis.

Haec promissio quo posterioribus


Saeclorum insideat mentibus, entheos
55 Patres atque prophetas
Ipsam misit ut explicent.

Per quos et populum ex gentibus omnibus


Delegit proprium, cui sacra mystica

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THREE UNKNOWN "CANTILENAE MARTINIANAE" 217

Et legem sacrosanctam
60 Insculptam silici dedit.

Hunc post prodigia et post validum manum


Arentes per agros duxit ad oppida,
Expulsis sceleratis
Lacte et melle fluentia.

65 Hunc primum ducibus, postea regibus


Subiectum, varijs cladibus obruit,
Spretam ob relligionem,
Conuersoque misertus est.

Mersit diluuio ferme hominum genus,


70 Extinxit Zodomam sulfure et ignibus,
Aegyptumque rebellem
In terra atque mari rubro.

Nec plagis populum corripuit suum


Peccantem immodicis, sed pius ut pater
75 Clementi bonitate
Furori moderatus est.

Vates interea oracula patribus


Signis atque legis prodita, clarius
Cunctis exposuerunt
80 Salutare inhiantibus.

Haec quorsum? nisi quo significet Deus


Condemnato homini spem reliquam fore,
Vitai atque salutis
Sponsae in semine coniugi.

85 Cum tandem apta forent plaenaque tempora, et


Despondisset homo ferme animum, pater
Immensae pietatis
Euoluit sua viscera.

Ad castos thalamos virginis ex tribù


90 Dauidis Mariae mittitur angelus,
Partum nunciat illi
Virili sine semine.

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Α. Μ. Μ. DEKKER

Ο mira ò nouitas, fit caro sordida,


Fit vermis, fit homo, qui λόγος est patris
95 Aeterni, soboles, lux,
Sacri numine flaminis.

Hoc semen quod Adae, quodque Abrahae, quod et


Dauidi, atque per illos simul omnibus
Promisit Deus olim, et
100 Nobis exhibuit modo.

In praesepe puer vagit, et esurit,


Circunciditur et ceu reus exulat,
Cunctorumque saluti
Sudat mitis humillimusque.

105 An nobis potuit malus et amplius


Praesentare pater pignus amoris, aut
Arrabona salutis
Quàm natum ut daret unicum?

In quem si sceleris conscia mens mali,


HO Foedi, siue grauis creduat, haud perit,
Verum crimine pura
Viuet saecla per omnia.

Ο magnum patrij pectoris indicem,


Maiorem tarnen hoc exhibuit mihi,
115 Cum gnatum mihi natum
In mortem mihi tradidit.

Nam post mira sui numinis acta, post


Vitae dogmata, post paschaque mysticum
Ipsum discruciandum
120 Iudaeis dedit impijs.

Hi post vincla, alapas, sputa, vepres, flagra,


Affixere cruci hunc, pro scelere omnium.
Tali morte perempta
Es, vita atque salus mea.

125 Infans dulcis eras, dulcior at docens,


Sed dulcissimus es vepribus obsitus,

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THREE UNKNOWN "CANTILENAE MARTINIANAE" 219

Totus Christe cruentus,


Et morte in cruce pallidus.

At ne morte tua deficiat fides,


130 Mi Christe, è tumulo te pater excitat.
Viuentem quoque certis
Signis discipulis probat.

Inuectum superis te latus ad suum


Dextrum constituit, nee tarnen orphanos
135 Nos relliquit in orbe,
Quod maiora rependerit.

Nam pastore suo despiciens gregem


Rapto sollicitum, pignus amoris et
Promissum paracletum in
140 Linguis misit et ignibus.

Is Petro ac alijs pectora roborat,


Is solatur adhuc corda gementium,
Oppressorumque labores
Interno unguine mitigat.

145 Liquit μνημόσυνον sacra volumina, et


Sacramenta sui (dum veniat) sacri
Corporis atque cruoris,
Dispensanda fidelibus.

Cum mens saucia te mittit ad inferos,


150 Haec mortem domini tum tibi suggerunt,
Plagis ipsa medentur,
Peccatumque remittitur.

An maiora Dei munera, homo, tibi


Aut lingua exprimere, aut mens queat assequi?
155 An maiora valebit
His (quanquàm volet) addere?

Non quibit, nisi se, totus ut est, tibi


Impendat, quod erit, cum sibi te suo
In regno sociarit,
160 Aeternumque beauerit.

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220 Α. Μ. Μ. DEKKER

Perpende interea, quàm fore te de


Gratum semper ei, qui tibi se ded
Et secum omnia, quo te
Sibi perpetuo obliget.
FINIS

* Obseruet lector in Pherecratijs et Glyconicis s


regione, quem Horatius ut genuinum constanter
Catullum et alios vel Iambum vel Trochaeon admissum.

III

Sertum rosaceum reuerendo domino Nicolao Episcopo


Hebronensi cum horis canonicis nuncupatum, et pueris
SCHOLASTICIS TRAIECTINAE SCHOLAE PRO CANTILENA MARTINIANA
DIUAE VIRGINI MODULANDUM.

Anno a natali Christiano 1555.


Versu dicolo pentastropho, in quo vni Pherecratio
4. Glyconici praeponuntur

Versus anaphorici qui singulis quinarijs premittendi sunt :

Virgo salue gratiosa,


Foeta sancto spiritu,
Matribusque praeferenda
Vniuersis cum tuo
Christo Iesu filio, Christo Iesu filio.

1 Qui te prima ab origine 3 Quem praegnans ad Elizabet


Rerum uirgineam sibi Gestabas, uti πρόδρομον
Matrem perpetua patris In materno utero agnitus
Delegit sapientia. Baptistam sibi inungeret.
Ο pulcherrima uirgo. Ο pulcherrima uirgo.
2 Quem tu, uirgo Dei, sacro 4 Quem castissima corpore
Piena numine spiritus In Bethlem peperisti, et in
Concepisti, ut ab angelo Praesaepe obsita fascijs
Audisti, absque uiri θορω. Ponis membra tenerrima.
Ο pulcherrima uirgo. Ο pulcherrima uirgo.

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THREE UNKNOWN "CANTILENAE MART1NIANAE" 221

5 Quem Hentern lachrimans foues, 8 Cui Magi in gremio tuo


Et lacte uberibus tuis Proni munere susplicant ;
Presso uirgineis nutris. Aurum regi, homini quoque
Pascis qui nutrii omnia. Mirrham, et thura Deo offerunt.
Ο pulcherrima uirgo. Ο pulcherrima uirgo.

6 Quem prodentibus angelis 9 Quem sistis manibus tuis


Verbis, lumine, canticis, Gestum in tempia Deo patri,
In praesaepe reconditum Gestandumque uiro seni
Tu pastoribus exhibes. In ulnis pia porrigis.
Ο pulcherrima uirgo. Ο pulcherrima uirgo.
7 Quem tu sanguineum uidens, io Quem gestum in pharios agros,
Circumcisus ut est, doles. Herodis gladios timens,
Imponisque, uti docta eras, Subduxtique tyrannidi,
Illi nomen Iesuach. Atque in pace reuerteris.
Ο pulcherrima uirgo. Ο pulcherrima uirgo.

Denari us 2

Ο pater.
[Pater noster, qui es in caelis, sanctificetur nomen tuum. Adueniat
regnum tuum. Fiat voluntas tua, sicut in caelo et in terra. Panem
nostrum quotidianum da nobis hodie : et dimitte nobis debita nostra,
sicut et nos dimittimus debitoribus nostris. Et ne nos inducas in
temptationem. Sed libera nos a malo. Amen].

ι Quem cum iam triduo dolens 3 Quem actum flamine numinis


Quesisses, residem inuenis In desertum adijt Sathan,
Inter θεσμοδιδασκάλους, Tentatumque modis tribus
Attentum atque rogantem eos. Victus linquit et effugit.
Ο pulcherrima uirgo. Ο pulcherrima uirgo.
2 Quem baptista tremens aquis 4 Quem cum sollicitas prece,
Iordanis lauat, hinc patris Lympham uertit in optimum
Vocem exaudijt et sacri Vinum, sanctificans eo
Vidit symbola flaminis. Castas munere nuptias.
Ο pulcherrima uirgo. Ο pulcherrima uirgo.

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222 Α. Μ. Μ. DEKKER

5 Cuius numine caelico 8 Qui credentibus in suam


Caecus respicit, audiunt Mortem sanguineam crucis
Surdi, claudus et ambulai, Promisit ueniam suae
Cedit lepraque lurida. Noxae, regna et olympica.
Ο pulcherrima uirgo. Ο pulcherrima uirgo.
6 Qui uirtute Dei patris 9 Cuius Magdala flens pedes
Oppressos genio malo Lauit, crinibus eluit,
Sanauit, nece et obrutos Vnctisque imprimit oscula, et
Vitae reddidit usibus. Noxarum ueniam impetrat.
Ο pulcherrima uirgo. Ο pulcherrima uirgo.
7 Qui castella per omnia, 10 Qui se discipulis tribus
Vrbes, cunctaque compita Transformat patre praeside,
Regni euangelium frequens Seruilem speciem exuens,
Per se perque suos docet. Regni splendidus induit.
Ο pulcherrima uirgo. Ο pulcherrima uirgo.

Denarius 3

Ο pater.

ι Qui post Lazaron a nece 4 Qui coena sua in ultima,


Excitatum, asinae insidens Sub panis specie et meri,
Vt rex frondibus excipi Sese in μνημοσύνην suae
Volebat uenerarier. Mortis discipulis dedit.
Ο pulcherrima uirgo. Ο pulcherrima uirgo.
2 Qui uidens populo impio 5 Qui pauore necis graui
Dira instare pericula, Guttas sanguineas dolens,
Vrbis excidium quoque, Sudauit miserabilis,
Pro ingratis lachrimatus est. Confortandus ab angelo.
Ο pulcherrima uirgo. Ο pulcherrima uirgo.
3 Qui pulsis reprobis uiris 6 Quique a discipulo suo
Ingressus Domini domum, Nocte uenditus impijs,
Sedit quottidie docens lüde proditus osculo,
Et caelestia praedicans. Summo antistiti adactus est.
Ο pulcherrima uirgo. Ο pulcherrima uirgo.

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A

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(Photo Gemeentelijk Archief Utrecht)

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f $•> StRTVirTTT^
S* SERTTM 1
SACEVM REVEREN.
REVEREN. ID.Nt
colao
colao aaNoua
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terra,[Epifcopi
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bronenli,
bronenii,cucu horis Canonicis
horis nun*
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cupatum,8C8ί
cupatum, puerìs
pueris fcholaiì
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VLTRAIECTI. '«
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excuc
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Georgius Macropedius, Cantilena 1555


(Photo Universiteitsbibliotheek, Utrecht)

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THREE UNKNOWN "CANTILENAE MARTINIANAE" 223

7 Qui sannas, alapas, probra, 9 Qui lassus posuit crucem, et


Falso obiectaque crimina Alter ferre coactus est;
Perpessus, reus ut necis Qui potat sitiens χολήν,
Proclamatur ab omnibus. Et ueste expoliatus est.
Ο pulcherrima uirgo. Ο pulcherrima uirgo.
8 Qui flagris laceratus est, 10 Qui portans propriam crucem
Et spinis capite obsito Ad poenam ut latro ductus est,
Vapulauit arundine, Te matre atque alijs pijs
Deridetur ab omnibus. Foemellis lachrimantibus.
Ο pulcherrima uirgo. Ο pulcherrima uirgo.

Denarius 4

Ο pater.

ι Quem sterni illachrimans uides 5 Cuius contuitus necem


Et nudum crucifigier, Indignam obtenebratus est
Clauis innocuas manus Titan, saxaque rupta sunt,
Heu plantasque forarier. Heu non corda adamantina.
Ο maestissima uirgo. Ο laetissima uirgo.
2 Quem pro seque necantibus 6 Qui desertus ab omnibus,
Audisti haud sine lachrimis Visusque a patre deseri,
Supplicare patri, et sua Clamauit miserabilis :
Exauditum reuerentia. Eli lama sabachthani.

Ο laetissima uirgo. Ο maestissima uirgo.

3 Quem latro pius obsecrans 7 Qui compleuit ut omnia


Te coram ueniam impetrai, Quae scripsere prophetici,
Alter cum pereuntibus Submisso capite in manus
Blasphemis reprobatus est. Patris tradidit halitum.
Ο laetissima uirgo. Ο maestissima uirgo.
4 Qui te uirgineo suo 8 Cuius lancea militis
Matrem discipulo dedit, Te spedante aperit latus,
Atque uirgineae tibi Profluxit roseus cruor
Matri discipulum dedit. Largius ac aqua limpida.
Ο laetissima uirgo. Ο maestissima uirgo.

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224 Α. Μ. Μ. DEKK.ER

9 Quem depostus ut est, tuo 10 Qui


Impostum gremio uolunt, Flentibus tumulatus est,
Inuoluit quoque sindoni Et secundum animam suam
Ioseph mundae et aromati. Descendebat ad inferos.
Ο maestissima uirgo. Ο maestissima uirgo.

Denarius 5

Ο pater.

1 Quem post diruta tartara 6 Qui nobis sine te nihil


Inde et patribus erutis, Largitur rogitantibus,
Prima tu reducem uides Quod per te orta salus fuit
Atque a morte resurgere. Cunctis crimine perditis.
Ο laetissima uirgo. Ο laetissima uirgo.

2 Qui post mystica dogmata 7 Qui te pectus et ubera


Argumentaque plurima, Ostendente, patri suo
Tandem ascendit ad aethera, Ostendit sua uulnera,
Et dextrae patris assidet. Ne quo quis pereat modo.
Ο laetissima uirgo. Ο laetissima uirgo.

3 Qui cum discipulis tibi 8 Qui nihil tibi pernegat,


Pneumatis sacra pignora Per blanda oscula si roges,
Est largitus, et omnium Per maternaque uiscera
Linguarum sapientiam. Nostra crimina deluet.
Ο laetissima uirgo. Ο laetissima uirgo.

4 Qui te saepe suauiter 9 Qui te non modo spiritu,


Per se siue per angelos, Verum et corpore nunc beat,
Per sanctum quoque spiritum, Et per secula cum patre
Inuisit uelut exulem. Spirituque beanda eris.
Ο laetissima uirgo. Ο laetissima uirgo.

5 Qui te post lachrimas pias 10 Qui per te sibi nos quoque


Tandem assumpsit ad aethera, Coniugat nece liberos,
Vltraque angelicos choros Eternis quoque gaudijs
Laetam uexit ad ardua. Concedat cito perfrui.
Ο laetissima uirgo. Ο laetissima uirgo.

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THREE UNK.NOWN "CANTILENAE MARTINIANAE" 225

Septem horae canonicae diuae virgini Mariae


A pueris canendae,
VERSU IAMBICO DIMETRO TETRASTROPHO

Ad matutinas : Conceptio

ι Matrem suo quam filio 3 Baptista ut almo spiritu


A saeculo Deus pater Nondum editus repletus est,
Praedestinauit uirginem Ita et hanc decebat caelitus
Dignis colamus laudibus. Dei replere numine.
Repetitio lambica : 4 Tot enim decet matrem Dei
Dignare me laudare te, Oppignerari dotibus,
Virgo Deo sacrata, Quot diuum Ioannem, cui
Vt mater esses filij Lauare eundem contigit.
Altissimi uocata
Et mater esses gratiae
Peccantibus Maria.

2 Annunciante archangelo
Castissimis parentibus,
Concepta uirgo creditur,
Et absque labe originis.

Ad primam : Natiuitas

1 Cui pura erat conceptio, 3 Tum uirga lesse floruit,


Et sancta erat natiuitas, Cum uirgo nata est saeculo,
Ex Abrahami illustrior Paritura fructum qui malum
Dauidis et propagine. Vetitae arboris medicatus est.
2 Haec orta stella ex Israhel, 4 Visa est oriri lux noua,
Quae nubiloso saeculo Non modo pijs Iudaicae
Gnatum perennis luminis, Stirpis, sed et passim omnibus
Solem salutis, edidit. Nobis Deum ignorantibus.

Ad tertiam : Annunciato

ι Tandem absoluto tempore, 2 Foeta, inquit, almo spiritu


Desponsae Ioseph a Deo Paries Maria filium,
Adfert Mariae Gabriel Quem quod salutem conferei
Verae salutis nuncium. Vocato Iesum, perditis.

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226 Α. Μ. Μ. DEKKER

3 Hic magnus erit, et unicus 4 Si


Tuus patrisque filius Thori uirilis nescia,
Altissimi uocabitur, Sic carne uerbum cingitur
Regno Dauidis praesidens. Salute pro mortalium.

Ad sextam : Visitatici

ι Maria piena numine 3 Gestii puer prae gaudio,


Coelesti, Elizabeth suam Sancto repletus spiritu,
Cognatam alacris uisitat, Exclamat atque Elizabeth
Matrem futuram prodromi. Per spiritum propheticum.

2 Virgo salutai mulierem, 4 Vt te tuumque filium,


Pectusque pectori apprimit, Elizabet, uirgo extulit,
Vox excitatque infantulum, Et spiritus tibi gestit in
Et recreat praesentia. Deo salutari tuo.

Ad nonam : Purificato

1 Vt uirgo ter purissima 3 Hinc luce quadragesima,


In Bethlehem gnatum edidit, Tanquam hostijs purganda sit,
Mox inuolutum fascijs Tempio intulit, Deo patri
Reclinat in praesaepio. Sistit, senique porrigit.

2 Lacte enutrit, lauat, fouet, 4 Nil expiandum in te fuit


Cum lachrimante lachrimat, Ο uirgo mater, nec tuo
Ipsum pijs pastoribus In filio, sed exhibes
Magisque adorandum exhibet. Nobis tuam modestiam.

Ad vesperas : Compassici

1 Simonis ex oraculo 3 Dirae cruci affixum dein


Ensis doloris saepius Inter latrones conspicit,
Cor uirginis, sed maxime Et post amara pocula
Sub morte gnati transijt. Amarius multo emori.

2 Post sputa, flagra, opprobria, 4 Quae lingua, mater, explicet,


Quae illata gnato exaudijt, Quanto dolore affecta sis,
Mox duro onustum stipite Cum morte gnatum pallidum
Caluariae adduci uidet. Fodi uideres lancea?

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THREE UNKNOWN "CANTILENAE MARTINIANAE" 227

Ad Completorium : Assumptio

ι Post longa tandem incommoda 3 Quae lingua promat, immo qua


Et crebra post suspiria, Humana mens intelligat,
Matris pater gnati sui Quanto triumpho assumpta sit,
Misertus ipsam uisitat. Ad gloriamque euecta sit?

2 Cum gnato et adsunt angeli, 4 Vitra angelorum omnes choros


Et tota coeli curia, Leuata, gnati ad dexteram
Animamque matris filius Non immemor nostri sedes,
Doloris ex patre excipit. Maria uirgo, in gloria.

FINIS

NL-2501 Utrecht,
Bijlhouwerstraat 2bis.

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Claude-Henri Freches

LA VISION DES INDIENS


DANS LE DE GESTIS MENDI DE SAA 1

Le gouverneur Mem de Saa débarqua à Bahia le 28 décembre 15


C'est en 1558-1559 qu'il organisa les premiers villages indigènes s
territoire brésilien soumis à sa juridiction. La campagne pacific
dura jusqu'en 1560. Le départ des Franqais de Rio de Janeiro s'eff
en mars de la mème année.
Pieux autant que ferme, Mem de Saa mit d'emblée ses forces au
Service de la christianisation des Indiens.
Le poète du De Gestis Mendi de Saa justifie sa fermeté en accentuant
lecaractère feroce des autochtones. Iis étaient sauvages et indomptables :
... quam multis mendacia vana timorem
Intulerant turpem, cum barbarus hostis, atrocem
Exercens iram, naturae sancta parentis
Foedera rumpebat divinaque iussa Tonantis,
Humana insanis absumens corpora molisi2

1 Ρ. Ioseph de Anchieta, De Gestis Mendi de Saa poema epicum. Obras Completas,


1° Volume. Originai acompanhado de introduco, versào e notas pelo P. Armando
Cardoso S.J. (Sào Paulo, 1970). Le poème est extrait d'un ouvrage publié pour la
première fois à Coimbra, en 1563 : Excellen/tissimo, Singularis/ Que Fidei Ac Pietatis/
Viro Mendo de Saa, Aus/tralis, Seu Brasil/licae Indiae Prae/sidi Praestan/tissimo/
(armoiries)/Conimbricae/Apud Ioannem Alvarum Typogra/phum Regium/ MDLXIII,
ff. 2-48. Un exemplaire est conservé à la bibliothèque publique d'Evora.
On lira dans l'édition du Ρ. Armando Cardoso sa démonstration pour attribuer le
DE GESTIS au Fr. Anchieta. Les preuves convergent sur ce jésuite canarien. Il y a lieu
d'admettre tout au moins que l'auteur est un missionnaire de la Compagnie. Cf. Leite
(Serafim), História da Ci" de Jesus no Brasi! (Rio, 1938), v. 2 Ap. A; Viotti (P. Hélio
Abranches), «Anchieta, autor do Poema de Mem de Sà», Verbum, juin 1963; Leite, S.
« Poema de Mem de Sà e a pseudo-autoria do P. José de Anchieta », Broteria, mars
1963.
2 vv. 820-824.

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LES INDIENS ET LE DE GESTIS Μ EN DI DE SAA 229

Les lettres des missionnaires jésuites sont de fait explicites. Nóbrega


signale l'inceste et le cannibalisme : « E asi està agora a terra nestes
termos, que se contarem as casas desta terra, toda acharào cheas de
peccados mortais, cheas de adultérios, fornicagào, y yncestos e
abominagòes, em tanto que me deito a cuidar se tem Christo alguem
limpo nesta terra...» Du reste, non seulement ce cannibalisme est
viscéral, mais les colons poussent les indigènes à la consommation.
Heureuse manière de décimer les populations gènantes : «Nas guerras
passadas que se tiveräo com ο gentio, sempre davam carne humana a
corner nào somente a outros yndios, mas a seus próprios escravos.
Louvào e aprovào ao gentio ο comer-se huns a outros, e jà se achou
christào mastigar carne humana pera dar com isso bom exemplo ac
gentio»3. Les auteurs du XVIème siècle dénoncent unanimement
l'anthropophagie des habitants de Santa Cruz. Ce vice «hors nature»
leur répugne plus que tout autre. Les missionnaires observent toutefois
l'honneur et la gioire dont se parent les amphitryons de ces banquets.
Manger un ètre humain, c'est en effet lui prendre son nom, donc
accroitre sa propre personnalité. A propos d'un adolescent que Fon
put baptiser in extremis et enterrer à l'église, Anchieta note que le
meurtrier conseillé par les vieilles femmes, «determinò de matarle y
tornar su nombre en insignias de honrra»4.
Les Indiens s'enivraient au cours de festins rituels où Fon chantait
la cosmogonie, les ancètres ou d'autres héros pour développer l'instinct
guerrier. Les sorciers (pagès) opéraient sur les corps des patients de
dégoùtantes succions, afin d'en extraire le mal.
Or l'instruction des catéchumènes s'avérait difficile. La persévérance
monnaie rare. Les Jésuites réunissaient les enfants à l'école. On les
instruisait en dialecte indigène, en portugais, parfois en latin. Le soir,
à la veillée, ils répétaient aux parents ce qu'ils avaient appris dans la
journée. Iis participaient au eulte, chantaient et dansaient au cours
des cérémonies. Les bons pères confessaient les futurs chrétiens avant
leur baptème. Iis ondoyaient tous les « innocents » en danger de mort.
De tous les villageois on exigeait qu'ils fussent monogames, de renoncer
à l'ébriété, de ne consulter plus les sorciers et surtout que cessàt
l'anthropophagie. On pratiquait les chàtiments corporels. Le «meirinho »

3 LeiteS.J. (Ρ. Serafini), Monumenta Brasiliae, III (1558-1563), (Roma, 1958), pp. 75-77.
4 Ib., ρ. 259. Il y eut des Colons et des gens d'église pour encourager le cannibalisme.
Voir la lettre de Nóbrega à Tomé de Souza (5-VII-1559).

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230 CL.-H. FRECHES

ou gendarme poursuivait les délinqu


roins», autrement dit la prison5. E
religieusement (casamentos religiöse
ment (casamentos de ley de naturale
dans une agglomération non-chrétie
les pagès dominaient le village. Pou
au cannibalisme, ce qui suppose don
teurs à l'encontre de l'anthropophag
plus aux Offices, c'est aussi qu'ils
n'était guère facile de se procurer
ne cessaient de leur donner le mauv
à l'esclave, ivrognerie. Des moine
cannibalisme. Pour échapper à l'emp
Blanc, les femmes indigènes pratiqu
D'ailleurs les Indiens tuaient l'enfan
Les vieilles femmes prétendaient d
périr les innocente. Les néophytes c
fornication1. De temps à autre surg
santidade — aux pouvoirs magiques
Les colons étaient racistes. Le terme de negro est appliqué aux
Indiens. Celui de pegas aux esclaves. « Chiens » est une injure courante.
La rapacité des Frangais égalait celle des Portugals. Si Monsieur de
Bolès semble un partisan convaincu du calvinisme9, Villegaignon
s'intitule roi du Brésil. Il se procure du bois pour les bateaux dont il a
besoin pour s'allier avec le Ture. Ses compagnons sont chercheurs
d'or 10. Iis fournissent de la chair humaine à leurs alliés locaux, en
échange de bois « brésil » 11.
L'épopée qui relate les événements de 1559-1560 semble bien trouver
une partie de ses sources dans les relations de missionnaires. Il n'est
pas impossible que l'auteur exploite des renseignements de première
main. Il a peut-ètre mème vècu certains épisodes. Car il est le seul à

5 Ib., pp. 313-315.


6 Monumenta, ρ. 72.
7 Ib., pp. 20, 47.
8 Ib., p. 53. D'aucuns se targuent par exemple de pouvoir transformer les personnes
en oiseaux.

9 Ib., p. 179.
10 Ib., p. 244.
11 Ib., p. 330 (Lettre de Rui Pereira, Pernambuco, 6-IV-l561).

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LES INDIENS ET LE DE GESTIS MENDI DE SAA 231

fournir quelques détails sur les expéditions de Mem de Saa. Est-


P. Anchieta? On peut l'affirmer, dans la mesure où il fait p
d'esprit littéraire et manie dextrement le latin, encore que l'oe
souffre de redites. Au début, le poète se pose plus en panégyriste
politique coloniale que de l'évangélisation. Le but est d'adouc
moeurs indiennes. La répression du mal constitue l'arme légitim
civilisateur :

Crimina, mandatis Domini contraria sanctis,


Barbara progenies ullo sine more patrabat12.

Mem de Saa commence donc par extraire le cacique Cururupeba


« crapaud » — de sa cabane :
Ergo illum captum nullo prohibente, manusque
Funibus arctatum et nudos post terga lacertos,
Victores ducunt praetoria ad alta ; — nec illum
Qui modo virtutem verbis jactare superbis
Sueverat, et bellum, caedem morsusque minori
Improbus —; in duras jam traditur ille catenas,
Carceris obscuri foedo squalore situque,
Supplicia expendens veterum poenasque malorum 13.

L'anthropophagie est aussitòt mise hors la loi. Car c'est le vrai


contre nature :

... sanctum

Ne ius naturae superi lexque alma Parentis


Frangatur... 14

Le poète fait siennes toutes les accusations des missionnaires. Certai


Blancs admettaient le cannibalisme et les autres vices des indigène
ce qui, en somme, constituait leur code du plaisir :
Scilicet is diris amor est, ea cura salutis
Gentibus, horrendas Semper committere pugnas,
Irritare hostes bellis? Assuefa propago
Et laniare manu carnes, lacerisque cruentos,
Qualiter Hyrcanae tigres, infigere morsus,
Nunc tandem incipiat dediscere velie furorem,
Et mites gestore animos mansuetaque corda?15

12 vv. 825-826.
13 vv. 882-890.
14 vv. 910-911.
15
vv. 921-927. C'est Nóbrega qui signale le moine partisan du cannibalisme. Cf. note 4.

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232 CL.-H. FRECHES

Autre argument : faute de viande «


ront contre les visages pàles. Quant
rituelle et séculaire :

Desinai ingluviem multo replere Lyaeo,


Et vomere exhaustum, et rursum potare vomendum?16

Le poète semble ici décrire un banquet de la Rome pai'enne, à la fagon


d'un Martial. La culture indienne admettait les relations sexuelles de
groupe, le divorce. Était-il réaliste de vouloir écarter ces facilités? Un
discours sénéquien, semé de αδύνατα prèche les avantages de la liquida
tion des Indiens par eux-mèmes :

... Quanam ratione quod optas


Posse putas fieri? Carnes dediscat amare
Barbarus humanas? Laniatu vivere tigris
Desinai, aut vitulos saevi lacerare leones,
Innocuasve lupi pecudes? Prius aequore in alto
Desierit vastum balena replere barathrum
Piscibus ; in vacuo timidas prius aere Nisus
Cesset aves raptare audax ; leporesque volatu
Tollere, summa petens, pedibus Iovis Armiger uncis,
Quam gens humanas Brasillica mandere carnes 17.

Mais, subtilement, l'auteur montre le substrat raciste et pessimiste


d'un tei discours. Car il s'agit pour ainsi dire d'animaux féroces :
Ne prohibe pugnis sese belloque lacessant
Mutuo, et hostiles immani funere carnes
Discerpant, assent, corrodant more paterno
Morsibus assuetis; celebrent solemnia avorum;
Festa sine, immites ne in nos convertere tentent
Forte manus, penitusque feras crudelibus iras
Exercere velini bellis, nosque ense trucident,
Uxores natosque et multis cladibus urbem
Incestent1S.

Par ce biais recommencera donc la peinture de ces Indiens cruels,


amateurs de rixes et de guerres, affamés de chair humaine. Il semble
bien que le poète a l'expérience directe des moeurs américaines, tellement
il épaissit les traits féroces des indigènes, encore que le champ
16 vv. 933-934.
17 vv. 959-968.
18 vv. 970-979.

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LES INDIENS ET LE DE GESTIS MENDI DE SAA 233

linguistique se calque ici sur l'antiquité romaine. C'est ainsi


peut s'inquiéter de Vense du ν. 977. Car l'épée ne figure guère da
panoplie des armes indiennes, Cesare Ripa représente ΓAmériqu
un are dans la main gauche et une fiòche dans la droite. Ent
jambes de l'allégorie, une tète, également traversée d'une fiòche.
Cependant l'écrivain défend par la bouche de Mem de Saa le p
de vue du missionnaire, qui devient officiellement celui du Por
Dieu ne manquera pas de soutenir la bonne cause et ses fidèle
saints se réjouissent en effet :
Cum ferus humanis assuescere moribus Indus
Coepit, et aeterno cognoscere numina Patris 19.

Aussi bien la conversion au christianisme se confond-elle avec l


tion de mceurs douces et pacifiques.
De fait, la politique du gouverneur préfigure celle du mar
Rondon et des frères Vilas Boas. On arrachera les Indiens aux lieux
sauvages; on les fixera à l'intérieur de villages stables et fortifiés,
enserrant une église,
... oppida quattuor ampio
circuitu 20.

Les nomades deviennent agriculteurs. L'aldée adopte la loi du Christ


qu'inclut le code européen. C'est pourquoi l'anthropophagie sera punie
de mort :

Jam saevis parcant bellis necibusque cruentis ;


Nec crudo lacerent hostilia corpora more
Explentes sitiens humano sanguine guttur,
Mandentesque hominum carnes : id morte piandum
Flagitium sola, dandas cum sanguine poenas 21.

Mem de Saa est donc le vicaire de Dieu. Son ròle providentiel est
d'assujétir les plages du Brésil, d'inspirer la terreur aux oiseaux et aux
bètes terrestres,
Atque in carnifìcespopulos, qui,foedere rupto
Naturae, sine lege necant laniantque ferarum
More homines 22.

19 vv. 1007-1008.
20 vv. 1043-1044.
21 vv. 1074-1078.
22 vv. 1091-1093.

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234 CL.-H. FRECHES

Le cannibalisme entète décidémen


missionnaire jésuite qu'il est. Il a toute
acte contre nature, ceuvrant en ethnolo
religieuse et sacrée. On mange de la
plus d'honneur :
Ergo exempta fames et sanguinolentus ed
Pressus amor ; cupidas liquit sitis improb
Primaque cunctorum radix et causa malo r
In laudes clarumque decus compressa cup
Hostibus a caesis nova sumere nomina hono

Sans doute également le sadisme, voire


leur compte, car les Indiens éprouvent
à saisir avec leurs dents les membres humains 24.
Dans les villages chrétiens règnera la monogamie. Les missionnaires
s'attaquent à la luxure. Notre poète ethnologue, pour la décrire, use
d'un langage réaliste :
Qui coeno immersi turpissima membra jacebant,
Multarum sodata toris, informe, sues ceu ... 25

Le théàtre d'Anchieta signale de son còte l'ivrognerie et la lubricité


des Indiens. Le poème les détaille. Ces beuveries sont rituelles car on se
teint préalablement le corps, on se pare de plumes. On boit du matin
au soir et du soir au matin, deux journées de rang. Les femmes servent
le « cauim » d'une main lascive :

Quos habitus gestusque virum! Quo femina more


Porrigere assuevit lasciva pocula dextra!26

C'est l'orgie romaine, mais plus crapuleuse :


Impletum exonerant stomachum, potata vomentes
Vina ; bibunt iterum pieno de ventre vomendo ;
Hic vomit, ille capit vomitum cratere bibitque 21.

23 vv. 1096-1100. Voir note 4. Que ce renseignement figure à la fois dans la lettre
d'Anchieta et dans le poème plaide en faveur de son attribution au missionnaire
canarien.

24 ν. 1103 : Gaudebant, hominum carpentes dentibus artus.


25 vv. 1105-1106.
26 vv. 1122-1123.

27 vv. 1124-1126. Anchieta signale l'association de l'ivrognerie et du cannibalisme


(LettreauP. Diego Laynes, Sào Vicente, 30-VII-l561 ; Monumenta, p. 370). Voir notrearticle

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LES INDIENS ET LE DE GESTIS MENDI DE SAA 235

L'aspect culturel du banquet n'échappe pas davantage à l'au


Des aèdes y chantaient la geste sauvage des ancètres; le chceur r
nait en hurlant. La dynamique du chant réveillait la soif de gue
l'appétit de chair humaine :
Hic fervere nova incerpendi humana cupido
Membra, novis laceros tradendi vasibus artus
Suppositis flammis, figendi et frusta cruentis
Secta minutatim verubus, mala denique cuncta
Patrandi sopitus amor iamiamque senescens
His expergisci et veluti iuvenescere vinis28.

En face du missionnaire se dressait le sorcier ou le «page»,


mainteneur de la culture indigène. Désormais la loi chrétienne l'ex
communie. On lui retire le droit de soigner les malades. Il lui est
interdit de masser les membres qu'alanguit le rhumatisme, de pratiquer
les succions infames :
... artus

Aut suxisse labris impuris, quos mala vexant


Frigora, vel febris nimio infiammata calore
Viscera, vel podagras lentas tumidosque lienes29.

Les maladies des Indiens se trouvent de ce fait repérées et classées.


Ces populations souffrent de fièvres intestinales, de goutte, d'inflamm
tion de la rate. Mise en scène et procédés magiques trouvent encore
aujourd'hui leur pendant dans les rites des Desana, autant que dans la
sorcellerie africaine30. Le praticien montre au malade la paille ou la
pelote de fil qu'il a, prétend-il, extraite de son corps :
Non posthac paleam multove volumine fdum
Collectum ostendes aegro, falsoque sonabis
Ore : « Vides qualem languenti e corpore morbum

'Le Théàtre du Ρ. Anchieta, contenu et structures', Annali dell' Istituto Universitario


Orientale - Sezione Romanza (Naples, 1961), 47-70.
28 vv. 1130-1135.
" vv. 1144-1147.
30 Anchieta et d'autres missionnaires signalent cette méthode curative dont les
praticiens étaient sévèrement punis. Et aussi le retrait de la «paille» du corps du raalade.
Les Indiens de l'Amazonie connaissent encore cet art de la médecine. Cf. Reichel
Dolmatoff, Desana, Le symbolisme universe! des Indiens Tubano du Vaupès, (Paris,
1973; éd. originale 1968), p. 212. Le pagè était lui-mème surtout le mainteneur de la
culture religieuse et des traditions tribales, l'intermédiaire entre la société et les forces
surnaturelles.

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236 CL.-H. FRECHES

Nunc tibi sugendo extraxi?Confide! Fr


31
Protinus optata, dedit haec quam dextr

La loi prévoit donc le bücher pour


de récidive ou tout au moins sa réclu
Cependant il fallait asseoir la mora
retiennent certes rien de la parure
aucun marbré, aucune pierre de Paros
ni or, ni trésor venu des Indes ne les
constitue leur luxe :

Sed Christi fundata fide, sanctisque Tonantis


Praeceptis ornata micant, ubi caelica Fiamma
Divino incendit Brasillica pectora amore,
Divitiisque animas variis locupletai egenas32.

Le poème brosse alors le tableau de la civilisation chrétienne. On se


réunit à l'église deux fois par jour, à l'aube et au crépuscule. Chacun
prie à voix haute, comme il sait. Puis le missionnaire instruit les
catéchumènes. Un double choeur de gargons et de fillettes chante la
louange de Jesus. Le baptème est administré aux petits enfants en
danger de mort33. Les adultes, mème les pa'iens, se confessent. On
assiste à la messe. La fertilité d'autre part a transformé le paysage.
Partout se développe la culture de la vigne.
De leur coté les colons portugais de Bahia produisent de la canne
à sucre et commercent avec les indigènes.
Soudain se rompt l'idylle. Un commando de sauvages détruit les
récoltes, massacre le bétail, dècime les Blancs, brülent quelques fermes,
fait le siège des autres.
La riposte de Mem de Saa ne le cède en rien à la cruauté de
l'adversaire. Le poète y trouve Poccasion d'un morceau de bravoure
digne de XIliade ou de la Chanson de Roland :
Ηuk rapii elatum nuper caput ensis acutus;
Illi terga secai, vel pinguem perforai alvum ;
Pars cadit hamatis praecordia fixa sagittis ;
Traiicit hasta latus multis, cordique penetrai
Intima ; tela tepent hausto madefacta cruore,

31 vv. 1150-1154.
32 vv. 1196-1199.

33 Monumenta, p. 51. La mortalité infantile était très élevée, à en croire les


missionnaires jésuites.

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LES INDIENS ET LE DE GESTIS MENDI DE SAA 237

Cetera turba fugit noctis protecta tenebris


Atque abdunt silvis sese. Tunc urere tecta,
Victor ovans miles, saevas supponere flammas 34.

L'incendie lui-mème constitue un tableau de genre :


Exsilit astra petens paleis crepitantibus ignis,
Obscurasque atra noctis caligine Silvas
Luminai ; exsuperant flammae; dum cuncta redacta
In cineres, et nigra poli petit astra favilla.
Quattuor exurunt ultricibus oppida flammis,
Donec pulchra diem croceo revehebat amictu
Aurora, et rutila splendebat lampade Phoebus 35.

Le combat porte les signes de la Croisade. Guerre sainte menée contr


des pai'ens voués à l'Enfer :
Corpora dans leto, mentes Stygialibus undis 36.

Car dans ce passage le Styx signifie la damnation, comme «mentes»


désigne l'àme consciente. Une comparaison tirée de la chasse à l'onc
renseigne avec bonheur sur ce divertissement. Un chien servait d'appàt :
Ut cum saeva tigris, quam multa insania edendi
Collecta ex longo subigit, caligine noctis
Fisa, subii cratem obscuram, quam pendere magno
Grandia Ugna gravem reddunt, stat territus ultra
Inclusus septo canis et religatus ad escam 37.

Le fauve pénètre alors dans le réduit. A ce moment-là s'écroule sur l


une masse de troncs. La bète est écrasée.

Aux soldats de Mem de Saa se sont joints des Indiens christianisés.


Iis vont poursuivre l'adversaire jusque dans la mer. Cet épisode est
également relaté par Manuel da Nóbrega38, ce qui permei de le dater.
Le missionnaire confère à l'événement ses justes proportions, tandis

31 vv. 1482-1489.
35 vv. 1490-1496.
36 ν. 1512.
37 vv. 1514-1518.
38 Lettre à Tòmé de Sousa, Bahia, 5-VII-l559, Monumenta, p. 100 : «matarào hum só
os christàos, porque todos se acolherào ao mar, com os quais se langarào tambem os
nossos yndios da Baya, que ο Governador levou, e forào nadando huma grande
legoa e là tiverào huma forte batalha; mas os nossos, ajudando-os ο favor divino
sendo jà alguns deles christàos, amostrarào muyto esforQO e matarào là alguns e outros
trouxerào mal feridos que na praya acabarào de matar ».

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238 CL.-H. FRECHES

que le poète, gràce à la comparaiso


àgrands traits épiques :
Crudeles miscent pugnas, turgentibus
Altaque spumantem jactant ad sidera

Illa graves ictus horrendaque vulnera


Dentibus et cauda ingeminant, imma
Torquet et in siccas vomii unda cada

Le vainqueur achève son ennem


ramène au rivage, en le saisissant
vainqueurs font hommage des cada
Désormais le poète insisterà sur
mais pour le réhabiliter aux yeu
une réputation de mollesse. Dans c
la Sympathie admirative qu'inspir
au contraire, poussé par la nécessit
systématiquement l'autochtone que
libre du Roi :

Distile, qui nondum Brasillis robora gentis


Experti, molles animos et inertia corda
Creditis ipsorum, nec floccipenditis arma;
Discite quae sedeat furiatae audacia menti;
Qua valeant virtute manus, quo robore plantae,
Qui sint, pernici qui non minus aequora cursu
Alta secant, tumido jactantes brachia ponto,
In medioque feras facientes marmore plagas,
Quam possint alii firma dare funera terra*0.

On sait d'ailleurs que l'épopée doit grandir l'ennemi pour hausser


par contre-coup la taille du héros. Mem de Saa acquiert donc la
stature d'un défenseur de la Chrétienté.
Cependant le vaincu à la guerre cesse d'ètre sujet du Roi. Il passe
à l'état d'esclave. C'est pourquoi les rebelles reviennent à l'attaque
contre Bahia pour délivrer les captifs, c'est à dire leurs femmes et leur
progéniture. Les voici tout nus, peints de rouge et de noir, le chef
empenné, des bracelets de plumes autour des jambes et des bras.
A l'épaule pend l'are recourbé. La main gauche porte les flèches.
La droite brandii la massue ornée de plumes :
39 vv. 1551-1552 et 1555-1557.
40 vv. 1565-1575.

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LES INDIENS ET LE DE GESTIS MENDI DE SAA 239

Dextera tigna gerii fabricata atque arte polita,


Diversis circum pennis redimita volucrum
Queis mandenda solent confringere tempora eaptis 41

Les couleurs n'échappent donc pas à la palette de l'auteur. Le


ments de plumes mèlent le blanc au jaune et le rouge au ver
lèvres perforées retiennent des cailloux marbrés ou des pierres v
l'éclat magnifique :
Ipsi etiam picti diversieoloribus omnes
Incedunt pennis ; pexis pars crinibus haeret,
Pars velut armillae validos cinxere lacertos,
Pars caput in speciem circumdat facta coronae
Arte laboratae mira, — pallentibus albae,
Purpureis virides sunt mixtae — forma nitescit
Discolor ; ex labiis pendent aut alba foratis
Mormora, vel virides nitido splendore lapilli42.

Le poète d'Uraguai, José Basilio da Gama, n'ignorait pas ce pa


pittoresque quand il décrivait à son tour les troupes indien
Balda, dans la guerre des réductions.
Magnanime, le héros portugais pardonnera aux rebelles, mais
conditions suivantes :
— abandon de l'anthropophagie.
— observance du code chrétien en général.
— paiement d'un impót à la couronne portugaise.
En quelques vers le poète brosse la réforme de la civilisation
indienne sous la bannière du Christ :

.. .furor omnis et irae


Antiquae fugiunt ; avido procul ore fugatur
Sanguinolenta hominum carnes laniare cupido43.

Ainsi rappelle-t-il indirectement le pacte du Campo de Ourique, c'est à


dire le ròle spécifique et historique du souverain portugais dans la
propagation de la Foi :
... Aeterni cui maxime cura Tonantis
Dogmata inhumanas inter dispergere gentes 44.

41 vv. 1637-1640.
42 vv. 1640-1647.
43 vv. 1694-1696.
44 vv. 1699-1700.

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240 CL.-H. FRECHES

En effet, ce n'est ni le goüt du


précieuses, ni le commerce des ép
du Christ qui ont poussé le Portug
océans jamais explorés45. C'est pou
le Brésil :

Nunc quoque Brasilles populos, imm


Indomitam gentem, satiantem sanguin
Humano fauces, ejus ditione teneri
46
Fecit, et imperium dominosque tremi

L'auteur ne peut qu'ètre un missionnaire. Il affirme la Subordination


du pouvoir temporel au spirituel. La mission du Portugal est toujou
de civiliser et de christianiser les peuples que Dieu lui a confié
De la sorte se justifie son colonialisme. C'est pourquoi le poème
insiste tellement sur le cannibalisme, vice répugnant entre tous. Le rò
d'éducateur et de gendarme de l'occupant est donc mis en lumièr
Au bout du chemin, on apergoit le Ciel. Sur la route, le bonheu
humain dans la paix et la satisfaction naturelle des besoins. Sans dout
les lettres des missionnaires soulignent-elles l'échec et la constante
remise en chantier de l'évangélisation. Toutefois les «apòtres s'efforc
ront de préserver et de protéger la culture indienne. Iis adapteront le
cérémonies chrétiennes à la mentalité des indigènes. La doctrine est
enseignée en tupi-guarani. Seuls les enfants, semble-t-il, sont systém
tiquement initiés au portugais, quelquefois au latin. Enfin le caractèr
des pionniers que sont les Jésuites au XVIe siècle répond à la rusticit
indienne, dont on admire le caractère courageux et indomptable, les
qualités sportives et la spontanéité enfantine. Le missionnaire trans
formera cette endurance en vertu chrétienne. Les chàtiments initiatiques
prendront valeur propitiatoire, lors des flagellations de la Semaine
Sainte. Danse et chant seront mis au service du eulte. Autrefois la
race « orgueilleuse », effrénée, cruelle, atroce, dégouttante du sang versé,
habile à tuer avec ses flèches rapides, dont la cruauté surpasse la
monstruosité des tigres, la voracité des loups, la rage des chiens et la
férocité des lions,
Humanis avidam pascebat carnibus alvum 47.

45 vv. 1701-1709.
46 vv. 1713-1716.
47 ν. 139.

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LES INDIENS ET LE DE GESTIS MENDI DE SAA 241

Gràce à Mem de Saa, à la valeur et à la persévérance portugaises


soutenues par l'épée, la hache et les armes à feu, le peuple de Satan
vient de construire quatre églises, centres de villages : St. Paul, St. Ja
ques, St. Jean, St. Esprit. Aussi bien le programme jésuite tient-il e
deux formules :
— L'Indien est une bète fauve, il faut le christianiser.
— Il est beau et vaillant, il convient de l'adopter, de le protéger,
de l'intégrer.
Le Christ règne désormais sur ces quatre villages. Cependant le
« sertào » demeure insoumis. Des clairières montent d'épaisses fumées.
Parmi les chants continuels et les clameurs qui emplissent le ciel, les
Indiens cuisent leur breuvage écumant. On casse le cräne des prisonniers.
Sous les toits enfumés pendent de la chair humaine ròtie au feu clair.
Sur le pas de la porte sont exposées des tètes scalpées, des squelettes
d'ennemis48. Les sauvages montent des coups de main contre les
populations pacifiques ... Les filles meurent, empalées. Le poète invective
l'indigène sanguinaire :
... quisve dolor crudelia corda tenebat,
Corpora confoderes cum sanguinolentus acutis
Mollia cuspidibus, traheresque sonantia circum
Aequora femineos artus, coramque videres
Humano totum repleri sanguine littus*9.

La civilisation chrétienne est d'autre part menacée par des Indiens


calvinistes. Au sud s'était installée une colonie frangaise, alliée aux
Tamoios. Propageant le protestantisme, elle offrait également aux
Brésiliens des épées, des serpes, des hamegons, des ciseaux ; en échange
les Frangais obtenaient du bois « brésil », du piment, des perroquets et
des singes :
...et rubra reportant
Ligna verecundo quae vestimento colore
Inficimi, atque acre piper pictasque volucres
Humanos et quae referunt ammalia gestus 50.

A Rio, sous le règne d'Henri II, ils avaient dressé une forteresse
jugée imprenable. A la demande des Jésuites, Mem de Saa décide de

48 vv. 2155-2163.
49 vv. 2239-2243.

50 vv. 2317-2320. Les Frangais occupaient une ile dans la baie de Rio.

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242 CL.-H. FRECHES

les déloger. Il monte contre eux une expéd


et indiens proviennent de Sào Vicente. D
courage des nouveaux croisés. Un canon g
endommage les fortifications et la flotte
coté ennemi une bombarde de bronze, m
vaisseaux portugais à gagner le large. L
point d'appui. On creuse des tranchées. D
constituentunparapet. L'artillerie lusitane
lancent une contre-attaque, les uns alourd
une longue lance, menaqant de l'épée o
simplement munis de l'are ou de l'arbalète
Hinc atque inde gemunt nervis stridentibus a
Conflatumque sonai circum cava tempora plu

Le canon portugais paralyse la contre-offen


obligeant les autres à regagner le fort. Ma
aux assaillants. Il faut réembarquer l'artill
l'opération. Or c'est le moment où le
mystérieuse panique, abandonnent l'ile for
Pour expliquer la victoire des Portugais,
associé à l'allégorie. A la prière de Mem
de la Terreur. Les occupants du fort g
montagne et la mer :
... trepidant, gelidusque per artus
It pavor ; accelerantque fugam per saxa, per

Des cordes à noeuds vont leur permettre d


tions. Iis se réfugieront chez leurs sauvage
Cependant les Portugais s'étonnent de la
les Frangais ont abandonnées. Et non moin
ni croix ni statues de saints. En revanche u
oeuvres de Martin Luther, de Jean de Bre
cceur fètide»53. Pire encore, la «venim
Pour affirmer leur foi en la présence réel
une messe. On embarque ensuite l'arti
51 vv. 2693-2694.
52 vv. 2830-2831. Il y avait environ 60 Frangais et
53 v. 2890 : Ve! vomuit petulans foetenti e corde Me
54 vv. 2891-2897.

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LES INDIENS ET LE DE GESTIS MENDI DE SAA 243

fort et les bastions. On incendie les tours. C'en est fait de l'occupa
frangaise et du protestantisme dans la zone de Rio. Le Christ
triomphe.

*
* *

Ainsi donc, pour l'auteur du De Gesti


Frangais a mis en lumière la puissance
Portugal. Car ce dernier fraie tradition
nisme. La pacification débouche néce
silvicoles sont devenus des paroissiens
repas eucharistique :
Qua e rabidis hominum rodebat corpora m
Mitia jam sancto pectora pane cibai ;
Quae saeva humanuni sugebat fauce cruor
Jam divina avida flumina fauce bibit55.

Cependant le goüt du lucre risque tou


Colons. La puissance et l'argent font o
en l'esprit de pauvreté, tout rapporter
Brésil au royaume portugais, c'est pou
de Jésus :

Te cogente, feros Brasillica pectora more


Liquere, et ritus dedidicere suos56.

De la sorte les successeurs du héros de Bahia et de Rio


... ibunt
Indeclinato per tua facta pede57.

Car Satan sera chassé des terres australes. Au nom de Jésus les
missionnaires édifieront un royaume de paix et de justice.

Université de Provence.
Aix-en-Provence.

55 De Gestis, epistola nuncupatoria, vv.9-12.


56 Id., vv. 91-92.
57 Ib., vv. 103-104.

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Jacques Kluyskens

JUSTUS LIPSIUS (1547-1606) AND THE JESUITS


with four unpublished letters*

In his autobiography Justus Lipsius recorded that, while studying at


the Jesuit college at Cologne1, he intended to enter the Society of
Jesus, but was dissuaded by his parents, who sent him to the University
of Louvain : "Sub id tempus pietas pectus meum tangere, et Patribus

* Abbreviations :

ARSIG : Arch. Rom. Soc. Iesu, Germ.


Autobiogr. : P. Bergmans, L'autobiographie de Juste Lipse publiée avec une traduction
frangaise et des notes, Messager des sciences historiques de Belgique, LXIII (Ghent,
1889).
Bronnen : Ρ. C. Molhuysen, Bronnen tot de gesehiedenis der Leidsche universiteit
(1574-7 febr. 1610). I, Rijks Geschiedkundige Publicatién, No. 20, (The Hague, 1913).
P. Burman : Sylloges epistolarum a viris illustribus scriptarum tomi V (Leiden, 1727).
Cent. Mise. : I. Lipsius, Epistolarum selectarum centuria miscellanea prima, secunda, tertia.
Second Edition (Antwerp, 1614).
La Corresp. de Juste Lipse: A. Gerlo-H.D.L. Vervliet-I. Vertessen, La Correspondance
de Juste Lipse conservée au Musèe Plantin-Moretus. lntroduction, Correspondance et
Commentaire, Documents, Bibliographie (Antwerp, 1967).
Jes. Lex. : L. Koch, Jesuiten-Lexikon : Die Gesellschaft Jesu einst und jetzt (Louvain
Heverlee, 1962).
J. Hansen : J. Hansen, Rheinische Akten zur Geschichte des Jesuitenordens 1542-1582
(Bonn, 1896).
Lettres inédites : G.H.M. Delprat, Lettres inédites de Juste Lipse concernant ses
relations avec les hommes d'état des Provinces-Unies des Pays-Bas principalement
pendant les années 1580-1597. Publiées avec une introduetion et des notes au nom de
l'Académie royale des Sciences à Amsterdam (Amsterdam, 1858).
RAUG : Roma, Arch. Pont. Univ. Gregor.
Torrentius, Corresp. : M. Delcourt & J. Hoyoux, Laevinus Torrentius, Correspondance,
(Paris, 1950-1954).

1 Cfr. J. Kuckhoff, Die Geschichte des Gymnasium Tricoronatum, (Cotogne, 1931),


pp. 139-243.

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JUSTUS LIPSIUS AND THE JESUITS 245

ipsis velie accenseri : parentes sciverunt, abduxerunt, et an


sedecim natum Lovanium amandarunt" 2.
On 28 January 1557 the Jesuits had opened the Gymnasium
Tricoronatum, where Lipsius arrived in November 15593. In the spirit
of the founder of the Jesuits, this college was intended to be a
rampart against the forces of the Reformation4.
The intellectually gifted boy attracted the attention of Leonhard
Kessel (1518-1574), rector of the college, who wrote in his annual
report of 1562: "Jodocus Lips Bruxellensis iuvenis magni ingenii,
bonus poeta, orator et grecus; futurus videtur bonus philosophus, ad
conversandum et ad regendum aptus et iuvenis admodum bonus,
fervidus et oboediens" 5.
In a so far unpublished letter of 7 March 1563 — see no. 1 below —
Kessel reports to the Superior-General of the Order, Jacques Laynez
(1502-1565), that Justus Lipsius has taken the vows in the Society of
Jesus, contrary to Lipsius's assertion that his parents made him change
his mind. Moreover in the course of his letter, Kessel mentions the
names of the Cologne novices who had taken the vows; being an
effective member presupposed that the candidate has been previously
accepted into the novitiate6.
A report from Kessel in 1563 leaves no doubt about Lipsius's admis
sion to the novitiate at Cologne in September 1562: "Jodocus Lips
sive Justus Lipsius Bruxellensis admissus ad Societatem 29. Septembris
1562"7. We have also ampie Information that he received his parents'
approvai, as prescribed by the Order8, before entering the Society of

2 Autobiogr., ρ. 144.
3 Cfr. Η. Mennen, "Justus Lipsius auf der Bursa Nova Tricoronata zu Köln", Neue
Jahrbücher für Pädagogie, 17 (1913), 416-421; J. Kluyskens, "Les années passées par
Juste Lipse chez les jésuites à Cologne. Étude critique", Archivum Historicum Societatis
Iesu, 42 (1973), pp. 312-321.
4 Cfr. J. Hansen, p.260.
5 Ibid., p. 451.
6 Cfr. Ignatius de Loyola, Constitutiones Societatis Iesu cum declarationibus, (Rome,
1937), ρ. 42; cfr. E. Olivares, "Los votos de los escolares de la Compania de Jesus.
Su evolución juridica", Bibliotheca Institutihistorici Societatis Iesu, XIX (Rome, 1961), ρ. 51.
7 J. Hansen, p. 781.
8 Ibid., p. 438. Cfr. J. Schröteler, Die Erziehung in den Jesuiteninternaten des
16. Jahrhunderts, dargestellt auf Grund ungedruckter und gedruckter Quellen (Freiburg im
Br., 1940), pp. 192-193; "Monumenta Paedagogica Societatis Iesu (1540-1556)", I,
Monumenta Ηisterica Societatis Iesu, 92 (Rome, 1965), ρ. 203, η. 72.

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246 J. KLUYSKENS

Jesus. First in a letter of Francis


who wrote to Sebastianus Romei, r
on 13 December 1562 : «Sunt, cred
Societatem instant. Flodie quidem
admissus est, nostris Coloniensibus
Judocus Lips, Bruxellensis, puer m
we Find in a letter from Joannes
college, to J. Laynez on 5 Febru
cognatus quidam alius discipulus
rursum alius, civis Bruxellensis fi
patrem suum carnalem sollicitavit,
posset, tandem voti compos factus
Lipsius even showed some eagern
the Society of Jesus by taking the
novitiate, as we learn from a le
General on 13 October 1562 : "Fra
exemplo multos ad contemptum
fratres nobiles ex episcopatu Leodi
civis Bruxellensis, qui acriter insta
A list of pupils of the Tricoro
Lipsius's name among those wh
members of the Society of Jesus, co
"Novitii qui vota dederunt ... Jod
So it can be said that Lipsius int
cerning his admission to the Societ
erase this episode from his early l
linked him with the pioneers of t
on their part, would always have
treason not only to the Jesuit
Reformation and to the catholic church as well.

9 Ibid., ρ. 780.
10 R. Garcia Viiloslada, Storia del Collegio Romano dal suo inizio ( 1551) alla
soppressione della Compania di Gesù (1773) (Rome, 1954), pp. 19-20; Jes. Lex., col.
1557-1558.

11 H. Nadal, Epistolae P. Hieronymi Nadal ab anno 1546-1577, (Madrid, 1899), II,


613-614.
12 ARSIG, 144, f. 177.
13 J. Hansen, ρ. 438.
14 ARSIG, 131, f. 53.

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JUSTUS LIPSIUS AND THE JESUITS 247

Besides the proof in letters of contemporary witnesses, we


learn from Lipsius's own writings. Thus we have a letter of
1591 to Fr. Coster where Lipsius thanks his former master o
for having granted him dispensation from his religious vows
wrote this letter after his return from Leiden to the Jesuit c
Mainz, where he was publicly reconciled with the catholic c
No wonder this letter contains a confession of his longstandin
and a profession of loyalty to his old masters; a profession
find repeatedly in the year of his return to the Southern Net
It was in the same mood that he wrote on 25 May 1591
pro-Spanish Martinus Antonius Delrio (1551-1608), a form
chancellor of Brabant and later a member of the Jesuit Order16:
"Quidni enim pro amore tuo in me et pietate gaudeas, quod fregerim
illos laqueos, et serio ac fortiter me dederim ad bonas partes? Mi pater,
satis, imo nimis diu, vacillavimus, nutavimus, et caussam non iniustam
suspicionum praebuimus viris bonis. Atqui emendabimus, nee solum
labes in meo animo, sed etiam in alieno eluam, Deo tarnen adiuvante...
Quid in reliquum facturus sim, una tecum et cum Patribus videbo,
quos deinceps arbitros et directores facio etiam externae huius vitae.
Monete, iubete, dieta, scripta, facta mea; obsequi volo vobis" 17.
This letter of 14 April 1591 should be critically examined on two
points : first, on the question of its authenticity, secondly on the
question of its sincerity concerning Lipsius's Submission to the Jesuits.
Sofar no publication of Lipsius's correspondence has ever mentioned
this letter. If this letter was forged, the forger could have intended
either to harm or to favour Lipsius and would have given ampie
Publicity to his forgery. But we do not find this letter either in the
writings of his detractors or in the works of his admirers. The
circumstance that the letter was entitled "Epistola apostatica" could
perhaps suggest that the copyist was a catholic, because this term is
usuai in catholic literature.
In favour of its authenticity we could afford a parallel with a letter
Lipsius wrote the same day to Delrio 18. Both letters show a striking
resemblance in the train of thought and in the choice of words, though

La Corresp. de Juste Lipse, pp. 25-26, no. 19.


Cfr. Jes. Lex., col. 383-384.
P. Burman, I, p. 504, No. 478; cfr. also pp. 506-507, No. 480, pp. 513-514, No. 488.
Cfr. La Corresp. de Juste Lipse, pp. 25-26, No. 19.

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248 J. KLUYSKENS

the letter to his friend Delrio 19 h


understandable that he makes no m
only concerns his master of novice
In the years after his return from
anxiety to secure himself against
he find a safer place than with th
from his college years at the T
25 May 1591, he makes mention of
uti spero, sanctae Societatis tuae i
niae valde repperi eos in me pron
in utroque loco egi, et cum mag
priscis et scholasticis amicis"20.
He considered the protection of t
highest importance, well aware
Reformation was still holding him
are uttered in a letter from Lae
afterwards became bishop of Ant
(1532-1599), secretary of Liege, 3
audivi; omnia illi opto prospera, s
nidum servat... Credi vix potest a
malos tarn diu manserint. Et mihi
After he had made up his mind t
torn between the reformers and the catholics, as we notice in his
correspondence, which should therefore be treated with great caution.
On the one hand he assures Cornelis Aerssens (1545-1627), a calvinist,
who was appointed registrar of the States-General because of his dose
connexion with William of Orange, that his absence from Leiden is
only temporary and that he will soon rejoin his friends in the North :
"Mihi decretum est valetudinis caussa in Germaniam proficisci (nam
alia loca mihi clausa) proximo vere. Hoc consilium celare te non debui,
veterem et fidum amicum. Sed profectio illa tarnen temporaria est, et
dumtaxat ut imbecillum hoc corpusculum paullum sive aeris mutatione,
sive fontium potu, sive ipsa motione et itinere firmem"23. He assures

19 Cfr. Autobiogr., ρ. 16; Ρ. Burman, I, ρ. 503, No. 477.


20 Ρ. Burman, I, ρ. 504, No. 478.
21 Cfr. J. Kluyskens, "LaevinusTorrentiusalshumanist, wegwijzer van Justus Lipsius",
Bijdragen tot de Geschiedenes, 55 (Antwerp, 1972), pp. 77-88.
22 Torrentius, Corresp., II, p. 512, No. 612.
23 Lettres inédites, p. 56, No. 29.

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JUSTUS LIPSIUS AND THE JESUITS 249

him on 3 March that he shares the view of his friends in Leiden and
that he will act accordingly : "Quod tibi aliisque viris bonis videbitur,
id faciam, sie tarnen ut sententiam de universa via non mutem : quam
valetudo mea non suadet, sed cogit"24. In his resignation letter of
2 June he expresses his everlasting attachment to the Rector, Thomas
Zoes, and the staff of the University : "Ego me tarnen vobis nunc et
deinceps devinctum obstrictumque fateor, quos bonos faventesque
collegas habui : atque occasio sit publica aut privatim animi mei in
vos declarandi" 25. But in the same period he is writing letters in which
he repudiates his association with the calvinists. In a letter to
Franciscus Bencius (1542-1594), a Jesuit, 21 April 1591, he puts it this
way : "Ah, quamdiu haesimus in tenebris? Quamdiu per vana circum
ducti, negleximus vera illa bona, quae sola faciunt ad salutem? Sed
redimus, redimus tarde quidem sed ad benignum illum Deum, sero
numquam" 26. In another letter to Delrio on 8 June, he rejects unblush
ingly the religious convictions of his former friends, stating that he
cannot find God in their company : "... animum quietum tranquillum
que habere volui, et placatum Deum, quem scio non stare illac"27.
Two years later, on 10 February 1593, he reassures the same Delrio
that he was prepared to trim and emend his works to establish his
reputation as an orthodox catholic and a loyal follower of the Pope :
"Parati ergo sumus (imo hoc iam agimus) depurare, diducere, et in
oculis auribusque omnium defigere nos esse qui sumus, id est, Catho
licos, et supremo Ecclesiae capiti Romano pontifici adhaerentes" 28.
The reliability of these conflicting statements should be treated with
great caution 29. Repeatedly Lipsius tries to humour his correspondents.
In many of his letters and also in his autobiography30 there is a hardly
concealed undertone of self-defence.
In a letter to Coster, published below, the apologetica! note is evident,

24 Ibid., ρ. 61, No. 33.


25 Ibid., ρ. 65, No. 38a.
26 RAUG, ms. 532, f. 12.
27 P. Burman, I, p. 509, No. 484.
28 RAUG, ms. 532, f. 8.
29 H.D. L. Vervliet, Lipsius' jeugd 1547-1578. Analecta voor een kritische Biografìe,
Mededelingen van de Koninklijke Vlaamse Academie voor Wetenschappen, Letteren en
Schone Künsten van Belgié, Klasse der Letteren, XXXI (Brüssels, 1969), 7-8.
30 G. Oestreich, "Justus Lipsius in sua re", in Formen der Selbstdarstellung. Analekten
zu einer Geschichte des literarischen Selbstportraits. Festgabe jur Fritz Neubert, (Berlin,
1956), p. 308.

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250 J. KLUYSKENS

where Lipsius disavows his past and


guidance of the Jesuits. His loyalty
in two letters which we publish her
are written 11 December 1591 and 1
entered the Society in 157031, and w
Antonius Muretus (1526-1585). In
invitation of his friend Bencius t
reason, the love of his country, he r
of Tuscany, Ferdinand I (1549-1609)
In a letter of 3 September 1591 h
C. Aerssens : "Nos, ut nuper quoque
mus hac hieme : etsi varie vocamur
a Duce Etruriae, stipendio mille aure
loca..."32. And in a letter to Bencius
Duke's kindness and generosity : "Ev
est, et salario quod non temere detu
sed valetudo sic vacillat ut vix ausim
viam"33.
From a letter of 7 July 1591 we learn that Lipsius, on the advice of
Delrio, asked the Rector of the Jesuit college at Liege, Joannes a
Campis34, for a certificate attesting his orthodoxy 35, that would undo
ali possible suspicion of heresy from his catholic fellow-citizens :
"Rogare me officiose P. Rectorem uti conficiat, et breve ac simplex
aliquid scribat. Non mea caussa (vita, non testimoniis niti apud bonos
volo) sed aliorum, et pro re praesenti" 36. Bencius intervened on behalf
of Lipsius, because he had always over the years shown a great
concern with his friend's religious convictions. In a letter from Jena,
18 November 1575 Lipsius expresses his gratitude to Bencius in this
way : "Non mentiar, mi Benci : et litteris tuis tarn amanter scriptis,
et memoria veteris amicitiae nostrae sic sum adfectus, ut prope abfuerim
a lacrimis. Tolle manus, et expressa mihi iam confessio est, non solum

31 Cfr. Autobiogr., ρ. 148.


32 Lettres inédites, p. 67, No. 40.
33 RAUG, ms. 532, f. 9.
34 A. Poncelet, Nécrologue des Jésuites de la Province Flandro-Belge, (Wetteren,
1931), 23.
35 Cfr. La Corresp. de Juste Lipse, pp. 255-256, doc. 22.
36 P. Burman, I, p. 520, No. 495.

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JUSTUS LIPSIUS AND THE JESUITS 251

constanter amari me a te, sed etiam fortiter"37. Even during


in Leiden, Lipsius never lost faith in his friend, as we learn
letter of 4 Aprii 1584 : "Tu quaeso me ama, et interdum solar
in his turbis et confusione rerum"38.
Being assured of the support of the Jesuits and protected
friends from the Southern Netherlands, Lipsius no wonder p
to pursue his activities in his native country. Torrentius had
utmost best to convince Lipsius to leave Leiden, as appears
his letters to Lampsonius, 28 Aprii and 28 September 1588
wards he sustained Lipsius's candidacy for a chair at the Un
of Louvain. Lrom a letter of 19 September 1592 to Andreas
(1552-1629), a Jesuit and a friend of Lipsius40, we learn that Tor
worked closely with the Jesuits41.
Lipsius did not therefore take any risks when he returne
South because he managed to have the support of influential
of the clergy. In a letter from Nicolaus Oudaert (t 1608), sec
the Archbishop Mathias Hovius of Mechlin, written 12 Octob
it appears that Lipsius was already assured of his nomin
Louvain : "In eo tantum a te discedit (Reverendissimus Archie
quod, si qua fieri queat non Antverpiae, sed Lovanii clara
Lipsium consistere vellet... De Reverendissimi in te voluntate
securum esse"42.
Covered by the authority of the spiritual leaders he stili needed the
benevolence ofthe temporal leaders as well. Lollowing Delrio's advice, as
we learn from a letter to him of 23 June 1591, Lipsius made a
request to John.Richardot (1540-1609), chairman of the Secret Council,
to obtain a certificate attesting his attachment to the Spanish regime43.
Lipsius considered his attachment to the Spanish Crown of the highest
importance, as we learn from a letter of 8 July 1592 to Embertus
Everardi (t 1604), a theologian from Louvain : "Verba haud dederim;
sed re, spero, testatum faciam, esse me priscae ecclesiae, tranquillae

37 Ms. Vatic. Latinus 8189, f. 39.


38 Cent, mise., I, ρ. 67, ep. 52.
39 Torrentius, Corresp., II, p. 205, No. 403; ρ. 346, No. 502.
40 Cfr. J. Fabri, "Un ami de Juste Lipse: l'humaniste André Schott (1552-1629)",
Les Études Classiques, XXI (1953), pp. 188-208.
41 Torrentius, Corresp., III, p. 392-393, No. 997.
42 Ρ. Burman, I, pp. 278-279, No. 271.
43 Ibid., p. 516, No. 491.

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252 J. KLUYSKENS

reipublicae, et iusti regis mei s


precautions because of his anti-Sp
Leiden. In his inaugurai oration to
had strongly criticized the Spanis
saevissimae tyrannidis, quae vob
fortunis post variam peregrinationem
sum eiectus"45. And during his st
1588 to Adriaan van der Mijle (1
Council : "Classis haec modo Hisp
ad nos animus, et fiducia aliqua
terreat? Vix in priscis Annalibu
Sed Deus viviti"46.
Protected by the Jesuits and by both the spiritual and the politicai
authorities of his country, Lipsius declined Bencius's invitation to come
to Italy, under the pretext of poor health and his wife's aversion to
travel abroad. Whether poor health was the real reason, is difficult
to determine. We know however that Lipsius many times invoked his
physical ills to avoid unpleasant confrontations. So we learn from a letter
of 2 June 1591 to the Rector and the academical staff of Leiden:
"Post diuturnum hunc languorem et valetudinem, quem non medicina
ulla, non haec peregrinatio (to Spa) relevarunt, visum mihi (nisi fallor)
iuste, abdicare me docendi munere quod tredecim annos iam amplius
est cum sustinui in Academia vestra"47. He mentioned his wife's
aversion to travelling abroad not only in the letter of 11 December
1591 but also on 6 January 1592 he wrote to Bencius : "Adde uxorem,
quae non libens ad alienos : etsi liberi non sunt, nec ea sarcina me
gravat"48. But we can assume that Anna van den Calstere's preference
was certainly not the sole reason for him to remain in his native
country, though perhaps she may have influenced Lipsius's decision
to stay away from Italy. In a letter from his spiritual advisor, Delrio
on 28 June 1591, Lipsius was warned not to let his wife persuade him
to go back to Leiden : "Nam suspicor, quod semper, conaturos illos per
Evam Adamo persuadere ut retrobitet. Advigilet ille oportet, et se

44 Ρ. Burman, I, ρ. 614, No. 588.


45 "Lipsius salutem dicit Senatui Academiae Ienensis" in Th. Sagittarius, Lipsius Pro
teus ex antro Neptuni protractus, et claro soli expositus, (Frankfurt, 1614), 16.
46 Lettres inédites, p. 34, No. 3.
47 Bronnen, ρ. 16.
48 RAUG, ms. 532, f. 9.

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JUSTUS LIPSIUS AND THE JESUITS 253

virum meminerit, amorem coniugi, non credulitatem aut se


debere; cum illa aciem hanc mundanam totam, Constantiae et
Sapientiae consiliis, quibus tibi pectus Deus instruxit, et armavit,
dispellendam" 49.
The reasons he gave for remaining in the Southern Netherlands do not
seem good grounds for staying away from Italy, a country that always
had fascinated him, as he said in a letter to Bencius on 6 January
1592: "Ego ceteroquin et Italiani amo, et urbem vestram veneror et
principes viros in ea. Utinam vegetum mihi et alacre illud quod olim,
non diu esset quin beatum illud coelum me videret... Ο Italia, altrix
ingeniorum, felix in tua pace!"50. He liked to remember the early years
he spent in the Service of Cardinal Granvelle in Rome, which he
always considered as the first steps on his road to fame : "Primus hic
mihi aditus ad famam..." 51. He always remained grateful to his early
protectors in Rome52, Latinus Latinius (1513-1593), Fulvius Ursinus
(1529-1600), as we read in a letter of 31 August 1588 to Bencius:
"Amo, amo, primos illos meos ignes, et in iis puriter liquesco. Illustris
simum Sirletum superesse apud vos gaudeo, columen perfectissimum
virtutis et doctrinae. Fulvio Ursino quid sit, quid Latino Latinio optimo
seni, gratum si per te sciero : et si a me eos salutabis"53. Lipsius on
the other hand had also his Roman admirers : Ursinus appreciated
Lipsius's competence in the field of literary criticism, for in his
Notae which were published by Plantin in 1595, closely following his
Fragmenta historicorum, he adopted many of Lipsius's emendations on
Tacitus54.
So we can assume that the reasons for refusing the many invitations
to live in Italy were only pretexts hiding his real motives. Since his
early youth he had feit himself irresistibly drawn to Italy55, where he
had made some lasting friendships based on mutuai esteem. In his
adult life his heart still yearned for Italy, as he told his friend
Peter van Egmond in a letter of 5 March 1584 : "At tu me illuc [Rome]

49 Ρ. Burman, I, ρ. 519, No. 494.


50 RAUG, ms. 532, f. 9.
51 Autobiogr., p. 146.
52 Ibid., p. 148.
53 "Cent, mise.", II, p. 193, ep. 75.
54 J. Ruysschaert, Juste Lipse et les Annales de Tacite. Une méthode de critique
textuelle au XVIe siècle, Humanistica Lovaniensia, 8 (Turnhout, 1949), 153.
55 Cfr. Autobiogr., p. 146.

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254 J. KLUYSKENS

invitas. Qui possim, cum uxore et


haut facile rumpam. Alioquin anim
solo et coelo" 56. Even in the twili
still dreaming of Italy : in the ju
to visit Rome57. The influential d
1611), a Jesuit58, expressed his sa
1599 because he considered that L
confirmation of his recovered rel
tua, dudum est cum certissimus su
et Typographia Vaticana, quo te
testimonium illud reddidi sciens
praestantibus tuis dotibus ab omn
et qui extra Ecclesiam sunt, cum ad
praeter ipsam religionem, mihi
adventu, gaudeo" 59.
To remove the apprehensions of
remain in Italy, Lipsius wrote to a
a letter on 11 March 1599, giving
These fears however were unfoun
for Italy, was firmly resolved, after
his task in the Southern Netherlan
his own country was the result of
his sympathy for the United Prov
where he spent, as he said in a le
pupil Gerard Buytewech, the best ye
concerned about the discord in hi
for concord and unity in the divid
first to contribute to the realizati
Though he had returned to the ca
reconciliation of the two Christian c
doctrine of early Christianity a
Situation. He positively expected t

56 Ρ. Burman, I, ρ. 58, No. 55.


57 Cfr. J. Fabri, "Autour de l'Année Sain
pour l'Année Sainte 1600", Les Études Cla
58 Cfr. Jes. Lex., col. 1459-1461.
59 P. Burman, II, p. 45, No. 758.
60 Cent. Belg., I, P-32, ep.34.
61 P. Burman, I, p. 684, No. 646.

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JUSTUS LIPSIUS AND THE JESUITS 255

common ground. He openly defended this compromise which


would bridge the differences, as he expressed in many letters. T
he wrote 21 April 1591 : "Prisca religio semper mihi pro
C. Aerssens 15 June 1592 : "Nos antiqui sumus, fateor et amp
religionem, quam Patrum habuerunt Patres" 63 ; and finally t
20 August 1593 : "Prima et summa opinio est, nihil hic saper
id quod Ecclesia prisca, id est nostra" 64.
As early as 7 September 1586, Lipsius had already expr
Theodorus van der Leeuw his aversion for the religious qua
he also stressed the need for mutuai respect and understan
religious matters. He shared Tertullian's opinion, referring to
of conscience as the sole answer to the theological prob
polemics : "Turbae nullae patriae a patria me excludent : ho
nisi vis animo infertur, et delibatur interna illa libertas. Q
conatos scio quosdam, nescio an pie, scio quod imprudenter.
pie, quia verissimum illud Tertuliani censeo : "Religionis
religionem cogere" 65".
Only if independence and freedom of thought were safeg
could there be a chance for reconciliation between Christians. Hence
he assured Jan Moretus in a letter of 28 Aprii 1591 that he would
never follow a partisan line : "Cur ultra sim in partibus? Praesertim
cum animus meus (nec tu ignoras) partibus aut factionibus nunquam
fuerit addictus. Magis sapimus'66. Lipsius knew that, when in Rome,
this independence of thought could not be guaranteed. On 30 November
1591, Bencius wrote him in unequivocal terms that his residence in
Rome would bring him honour and benefit the Counter-Reformation :
"Preme etiam atque etiam istud consilium de Italia, atque in primis
de urbe Roma : et quando nihil te movet utilitas, adhibe gloriam :
quae etsi tanta iam tibi est, ut augeri vix possit, accedat vel ille
cumulus, pervulgari multorum sermonibus, tradique posteris, a Justo
Lipsio, principe omnis eruditionis et doctrinae, cum expeteretur a
pluribus Italiae atque adeo Europae principibus, Romanam urbem,
domum virtutis, religionis, sanctitatis, ut prodesset amplius toti orbi

62 RAUG, ms. 532, f. 12.


63 Lettres inédites, ρ. 73, No. 45.
64 Lipsius, Epistolarum selectarum centuria singularis ad Italos et Hispanos. Third edition
(Antwerp, 1613), p. 10, ep. 10.
65 P. Burman, I, p. 43, No. 40 (cfr. Q. Tertullianus, Ad Scapulam, 2.2).
66 La Corresp. de Juste Lipse, pp. 30-31.

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256 J. KLUYSKENS

Christiano, delectam fuisse" 67. Benc


in a letter of 6 March 1592: "...na
tenebris, tamen praestaret esse in loc
et Romae quidem multi praecones si
ingenii tui, sed in his ego mihi p
eruditos, sed apud viros etiam pr
respublica" 68.
Lipsius knew that the Jesuits were su
He learned about their reserve in a
after his return from Leiden, 2 Ma
quae maluissem non edita ; dieta incaut
Their intentions became even more o
Politica were censored and put on t
rather depressed mood he assured Ben
and of his intention of complying w
a letter of 10 February 1593, hopin
Situation : "Quod alacres solemus, tr
A vestra urbe, e «qua scribitur ini
Politica) damnentur et inter improbo
peto, ut, qua potes me iuves, et aut
famam meam tam insigniter commi
fieri possit aut debeat, de Consilio tu
etiam mihi, me mutabo" 70.
Lipsius indeed emended his Politica, and Robertus Bellarminus
(1542-1621) acknowledged the fact in a letter of 31 July 1593 where he
also pledged him his sympathy. "Accepi literas, et correctiones, quas
ad me misisti. Percurri breviter utrumque cum Ρ. Francisco Bencio,
tibi sane addictissimo. Piacent pleraque, sed quoniam ab aliquot
iam mensibus ad congregationem indicis non accessi, ob alias occupa
tiones meas, non existimavi meum esse de his rebus sententiam ferre.
Si qua in re iuvare poterò causam tuam, libenter faciam, ut non
semel feci, ipso Bencio teste : diligo enim ingenium, doctrinam, et
praeter caetera, candorem tuum"71. Caesar Baronius (1538-1607), an

Ρ. Burman, I, ρ. 73, No. 67.


Ibid., ρ. 75, No. 69.
La Corresp. de Juste Lipse, pp. 30-31, No. 21.
RAUG, ms. 532, f. 8.
P. Burman, I, p. 657, No. 619.

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JUSTUS LIPSIUS AND THE JESUITS 257

intimate friend of Bellarminus12, and the officiai censor libr


Rome, considering Lipsius's act of submissiveness, reassured
the same day : "Index vetitorum librorum iam cusus, ipse ne v
vetitus sit, quod multa in eo reperta sint emendatione digna : com
credo volventur menses, antequam discrepantium sententiae i
conveniant. Tu vero, mi Juste, opportune hac bene utere occas
So Lipsius stayed a prisoner of these Roman circles who urg
into Submission to the Church, but at the same time endang
reconciliation program. But he could hardly escape these obl
as we clearly learn from a letter to J. Moretus 30 May
"Peregimus hic [Louvain] de Politicis, et sunt iam corre
facienda sunt, ut Romanis satisfaciat, qui valde hoc urgent"74
If Lipsius had heeded Bencius's advice to stay in Rome, his depen
on the Jesuits would ha ve been greater. But he did not
sacrifice his freedom of thought on the aitar of servility.
In P. Burman's opinion, Lipsius was unconditionally commi
the Jesuits, and he emended his Politica from fear he would
the hands of the Inquisition75. H.F. Bouchery concedes that
strongly influenced by the Jesuits on his return from L
G. Oestreich thinks Lipsius's dependence on the Jesuits
overrat ed77. He certainly acted in an independent way with
whose advice he did not heed.
After his return to the Southern Netherlands, Lipsius set out to
achieve reconciliation by referring to the original beliefs of the
primitive Church. He briefly summed up what he considered his task
in a letter written 14 June 1592 to Franciscus Sweerts (1567-1629), a
publicist : "Ego veterem et palam patrum religionem vita et factis et
verbis colo"78.
The aging Lipsius was determined to bring this task to a good end at
least in his own country. Witnessing the deterioration of literature, he

12 Cfr. J. Brodrick, "Robert Bellarmin, l'Humaniste et le Saint", Museum Lessianum,


Section Historique, XIX (1963), p. 121.
73 P. Burman, I, p. 658, No. 620.
74 La Corresp. de Juste Lipse, p. 45, No. 27.
75 P. Burman, I, p. 79-80.
76 H. F. Bouchery, Waarom Justus Lipsius gevierd?, Mededelingen van de Koninklijke
Vlaamse Academie voor Wetenschappen, Letteren en Schone Künsten van Belgiè, XI,
No. 8, (Brüssels, 1949), ρ. 68-69, η. 187.
77 G. Oestreich, Justus Lipsius in sua re (cf. η. 30), ρ. 308, η. 36.
78 Leiden, Universiteitsbibl., Codices Lipsiani, ms. 3 (II), f. 9v.

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258 J. KLUYSKENS

pledged himself to its revival. He


of 4 September 1592, that he woul
at his old Alma Mater of Louvain
adventuque meo ipsi Lovanio, et om
Deus vota audiat atque etiam adiu
auxilio mihi Lovanium iacet, aete
promo. Collapsa aut dilapsa omni
caput non est, qui serio restituta
dicam? Nihil, nisi una cum reliqu
Belgicam nostram, et imperium, opes
The hope of accomplishing his main
was a long cherished dream. In a le
1589) to A. Schott, as early as 26 A
the intention of leaving the Univer
printer, in another letter of 16 Se
Benito Arias Montano (1527-1598) th
his presence in Leiden81. Lipsius h
friend Jan van der Does (1545-1604
Leiden, that he considered his lecturi
to teli van der Does, in the second
hatching escape plans and would settle
him, as we learn from a letter wr
another letter to the same correspond
it was with reluctance that he had
Leiden83. So, for a long time he h
to his resignation : 'Ego ad vos non
hoc subiti consilii? Non subiti, mi amice, sed iam diu in animo
obfirmati et decreti..." 84.
Lipsius prepared his return by carefully planning the future. As to his
demonstrations of loyalty to the Jesuits, he deemed support necessary,
as in the following excerpt of a letter to Bencius 6 January 1592 where

79 Ρ. Burman, I, ρ. 283, No. 274.


80 Μ. Rooses & J. Denucé, Correspondance de Chr. Plantin, (Antwerp, 1918), Vili &
IX, 283, No. 1295.
81 Ibid., ρ. 295, No. 1303.
82 J. Lipsius, Epistolarum (quae in Centuriis non extant) decades XIIX (Harderwijk,
1621), pp. vi-vii.
83 Ibid., pp. xviii-xix.
84 Ibid., ρ. XIX.

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JUSTUS LIPSIUS AND THE JESUITS 259

he pretende to belong to the Society : "Salutai te Pate


Antonius Delrio collega Societatis vestrae, imo nostrae..."8
to this policy of prudence, as appears in a letter of 29 Nov
to the German Jesuit, Mathias Rader (1561-1634)86 : "A
toti Societati vestrae esse, quidni profitear? Quae prima l
aliisque me imbuit, quae salutarla in omnem vitam praece
praeivit. Amo hoc corpus, amo et membra..."87. On 23 Ja
Lipsius wrote to the Jesuit Jacobus Pontanus (1542-16
institutionem vestram olim mihi utilem ! Inhaeret ea et inh
illa Pallas fuit, quae inter tempestates, imo naufragia, ser
Ulyssem. Eadem iudicium et sensum istum ad virtutes for
utinam sic indipisci, ut sequi, detur!"89.
After his return to the catholic camp, Lipsius took the
of obtaining the protection of the Jesuits. In a letter of 21
he even asked Delrio to help him persevere : "Plura nunc no
me ama, et si amas, fac ut preeibus tuis et Sanctae Societat
in bona via confirmer" 90.
Strong with the support of the Jesuits, Lipsius feit safe to p
his ideas in the South. He had set his mind upon the iren
a mixture of Stoicism and Christian dogma, as he briefly s
Manuductionis ad Stoicam Philosophiam libri tres, L. Anna
aliisque scriptoribus illustrandis : "Stoici nostro dogmati
concordant. Concordant? Ita : et quod sequitur, occulte ad
dogma et ad pietatem dueunt"92.
The wisdom of the ancient authors was the most suitable
for the renewed ideology, advocated by Lipsius, and accep
opinion, to the Humanists of both Reformation and Counter
Reformation, who no longer were interested in the irrevelant polemics
of the theologians. But the Jesuits were fully engaged in the cause of

85 RAUG, ms. 532, f. 9.


86 Jes. Lex., col. 1490-1491.
87 Cent, mise., III, p.29, ep. 30.
88 Jes. Lex., col. 1453-1454.
89 Cent, mise., III, p. 32, ep. 33.
90 RAUG, ms. 532, f. 12.
91 J. Kluyskens, "Justus Lipsius' levenskeuze : het irenisme", Bijdragen en Mede
delingen betreffende de Geschiedenis der Nederlanden, 87 (1973), pp. 19-37.
92 Opera omnia, IV (Antwerp, 1637), 453b.

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260 J. KLUYSKENS

the Counter-Reformation 93. Lipsi


and though he praised the Order a
know, he had some hard words fo
where he had to produce the test
John-William, DukeofSaxe-Weima
apud Iesuitas homines natos ad p
vixi; apud eos honorem hunc acce
testimonium petere debeam, qu
suspectus sum, quid periculi for
intelligere"94. About Bencius h
quaerere quanto gaudio et solatio m
cogitatione amicitiae nostrae et affec
made him scornfully write about h
tember 1570, to Muret : "De Plaut
nescio cuius litteris. Quae si vera s
These conflicting Statements pro
himself to the changing circumstanc
dictated by hidden motives. So
would have meant a greater depen
him. In exchange he would certain
So he preferred to stay in his ow
mission of reconciliation. In 1589 he wrote in his Politica : "Tu iterum
iterumque vide, an non convivere interdum melius, quam "intempestivis
remediis, delieta accendere" 97. And tili the end of his life he remained
faithful to his irenic ideal98, when he wrote in 1604, in his Physio
logiae Stoicorum libri tres, L. Annaeo Senecae aliisque scriptoribus
illustrandis : "Omnes unius urbis cives sumus"99.
He did not attain his end without a struggle which however did not

93 Cfr. Afleeldinghe van d'eerste Eeuwe der Societeyt Iesu voor ooghen ghestelt door
de Duyts-Nederlantsche Provincie der selver Societeyt, (Antwerp, 1640), 75-80.
94 Weimar, Landeshauptarch., A. 6600, edited by S. Sué, "Nogmaals Lipsius en
Jena", Handelingen XXVI der Koninklijke Zuidnederlandse Maatschappij voor Taal- en
Letterkunde en Geschiedenis (Brüssels, 1972), p. 384.
95 RAUG, ms. 532, f. 12.
96 Ms. Vatic. Latinus 11590, f. 374-375v (cfr. Homer, Odyss., 9.350).
97 J. Lipsius, Opera Omnia, Volume IV, Politicorum sive civilis doctrinae libri sex, qui
ad principatum maxime spectant, p.47b (cfr. Tacitus, Annales, XII, 54).
98 J. Kluyskens, "Twee Zestiende-Eeuwse werken, één verreikende strekking : Cas
sander en Lipsius", De Gulden Passer, L (1972), pp. 1-10.
99 Opera Omnia, IV, ρ. 575b.

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JUSTUS LIPSIUS AND THE JESUITS 261

deflect him from his course. So he wrote 10 February 1593 t


rather plaintively : "Deus bone, quam undique quatior? Vale
calumniis, infamia" 10°. Nevertheless he assured him : "Nulla res
me labefaciet, per Dei quidem opem : quam imploro, et ut tu pro
me, mi frater, rogo"101. In a letter of 28 June 1592 to Otho Hartius
(t 1622), member of the Great Council of Mechlin and councillor in
fiscal affairs, Lipsius exposed his reasons why he preferred to stay in
his own country and to complete his task at Louvain : "Gratulatio
tua mihi cara, sicut tu ipse; veni Lovanium, nec nisi Deo duce, quia
humana commoda aut res externas, si in oculis habuissem, alia me
terra habuisset. Iactare abest, et absit ab hoc animo, tarnen varii
principes insolito stipendio nos appetierunt, cui praeferimus patriam,
utinam in nos gratam : nec ego gratitudinem a modo aut magnitudine
salariorum aestimo : ament me, et bona fide, quae offerunt, suggerant,
nihil desideramus. Quies mihi et aliqua valetudo sit, spero nos nec sine
fama hie futuros, nec sine fruetu. Ipsum tarnen Lovanium, mi Harti,
mirifice iacet : et si unquam mente concepì, quid sit labi et senescere
urbes, oculis et sensibus nunc usurpo" 102.
Lipsius tried to be the messenger of peace and reconciliation not
only where religion was concerned but in the politicai field as well.
He marked his preference for compromise and agreement against all
party-considerations. He detested the use of coercion to influence one's
religious convictions : "Fides suadenda est, non imperanda" 103, he
wrote in his Politica. And also in politicai affairs he proposed that
the spirit of compromise should prevali over the spirit of confrontation
and conflict. "Finitur civilis discordia dupliciter, Pactione aut Victoria.
Illam eligo. Et omnino melius, "Sapientia id potius extingui, quam
armis et ferro rem in discrimen adducere" 104.
In these words Lipsius gave a summary of what he longed to realize
in his lifetime, an ideal that was not shared by the Jesuits who tried
to deflect him from that course. In his old age, Lipsius still hoped
that peace and concord would return to the divided Christian world 105.

100 RAUG, ms. 532, f. 8.


101 Ibid.
102 P. Burman, I, p. 168, No. 466.
103 Opera Omnia, IV, ρ. 48a.
104 Opera Omnia, IV, ρ. 115b (cfr. Cicero, In M. Antonium Philippica quinta, 14).
105 J. Kluyskens, "Een bijdrage tot de benadering van een zelfde optiek : Erasmus en
Lipsius over Christendom en verdraagzaamheid", Handelingen XXVII der Koninklijke

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262 J. K.LUYSK.ENS

In the preamble of his De Vesta et


dedicateci to M. Hovius in 1603, Lips
irenic ideal : "Neque semper profect
quo "redeat Concordia, Virtus, cu
vagetur". Deus cito donet..." 106.

*
* *

1.

LEONHARD KESSEL TO JACQUES LAYNEZ

Cologne, 7 March 1563.

Kessel requests the advice of his Superior-General about the opportuneness


of Publishing apologetic tracts in answer to the attacks of Hendrik Artopeus and
of a Lutheran Theologian, Martin Chemnitz (1522-1586). Cheerful prospects for
the college with Jacobus van Asten, dean of St. Steven's of Nijmegen, joining
the Society. The Rector has come into contact with Bishop Johan von Hoya of
Osnabrück. Johannes Gapanus and the gifted Iodocus Lips have taken the vows.

Ad Patrem Generalem.

1. Statum huius Collegii Reverenda Paternitas Vestra intelliget ex


literis mensis februarii : sed ut id assequatur commodius paucula ista
addenda putavimus. Quedam in defensionem censurae1 a patribus
nostris compositae contra Artopaeum et Chemnitium nunc ad Reveren
dum Patrem Canisium2 mittimus : ut usui sint, si cui serio adversus
istos scribere provinciam Reverenda Paternitas Vestra committat aut

Zuidnederlandse Maatschappij voor Taal- en Letterkunde en Geschiedenis, (Brüssels, 1973),


pp. 181-206.
106 Opera Omnia, III, ρ. 600 (cfr. Claudianus, In Rufinum, 1.53).
1 In 1562 Johann Monheim (1509-1564) had published his Theologiae Jesuitarum
praecipua capita ex quadam censura, quae Coloniae a. 1560 edita est, in reply to the
Censura et docta explicatio errorum catechismi Joh. Monhemii per deputatos a s. theol.
facultate univ. Colon. (Cotogne, 1560). In 1563 the Jesuits of Cotogne were about to
publish Censura locupletata (J. Hansen, ρ. 442, η. 1).
2 Petrus Canisius (1521-1597) was Superior-Provincial of the Provincia Germania
Superior in 1563. He contributed a great deal to the defense of the Catholic doctrine

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JUSTUS LIPSIUS AND THE JESUITS 263

commiserit. Rogamus autem ubi Paternitas Vestra illa videri


significare velit, num patres nostri ad eum modum in com
progredì debeant. Ipsi vero sic progredientur donec a R
Paternitate Vestra responsum super hac re recipiamus. 2
Noviomagensis, de quo in literis mensis, hodie ipso die Sanct
de Aquino suapte sponte voto se Societati astrinxit ; cras est prof
Noviomagum ut omnia sua componat, reversurus post pa
Totus accensus est, et alios accendit. 3. Scripsimus ad Rev
Archiepiscopum Osnaburgensem, et hodie iterum, atque libru
dam Staphyli3 recenter aeditum gratiae ipsius misimus, et r
ab eo indies expectamus : forte nondum recepii ex Urbe dispe
super eo loco quem Societati applicari decreverat. 4. Quando
Henricus eo debet ire, Decanus Neomagensis poterit Rethio
apud Sanctam Ursulam quia pollet dono linguae, et apud
conciones eius omnibus gratissimae fuerunt et ipse notus m
Coloniae, et suo exemplo multos permovebit, ut etiam de
vita cogitent. 5. Amicum cuiusdam canonici hic apud S
Gereonem, Sacrae Theologiae Licenciati et pretoris publici eg
iam videtur aliquantulum concussisse. Arcta est enim in
amicitia. Cum enim Licenciatus ille his diebus a quodam interr
num etiam ad novos episcopatus aspiraret in Flandria, re
"potius inclinor ut possim aliquando fieri Societatis nomini
Putamus ipsum pro hoc tempore nusquam posse esse me
Coloniae, propter exemplum et etiam ut abeunti Domin
Osnaburgum in conclone apud Sanctam Ursulam succeda
Magister Petrus Busaeus non est satis progressus in Theolog
exercitatus in concionibus, et gravatus aliis lectionibus,
magnam vocem. Et ad utramque concionem multi conveniun
auditorium expediret conservare. 6. Habemus nunc in

against the attacks of the Reformation in Germany as well as in the N


Cfr. O. Braunsberger, Leven van de zaligen Petrus Canisius (Bussum, 1918),
3 Frederick Staphylus (1512-1564) was entrusted with a professorship in
the newly erected university of Königsberg in 1564. After his conversion
tantism to catholicism in 1552, he became a professor at the university o
in 1560. His main work still is, Theologiae M. Lutheri trimembris epitom
1558). Cfr. Lexikon für Theologie und Kirche, herausgegeben von M. B
(Freiburg im Br., 1930-1937), IX, col. 774.

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264 J. KLUYSKENS

spiritualibus4 alium quemdam p


proficit. Nomina eorum, quos in li
sunt Ioannes Gapanus6 physicus v
summi ingenii adolescens, et postrem
Totum Collegium commendamu
patrum ac fratrum precibus et san
anno 1563.

Ms. : Köln, Historisches Archiv der Stadt Köln, Jes. Abt., nr. 20, f. 167-167v.

JUSTUS LIPSIUS TO FRANCISCUS COSTERUS

Mainz, 14 April 1591.

Lipsius has succeeded in withdrawing from Leiden. Long before he was gra
dispensation from his religious vows, he wanted to be reconciled with the ca
church. He asks Coster to forgive him his past errors and to pledge him
support for the future. He requests that nothing should become known abou
return to Catholicism, because his wife had not yet left Holland and his belong
had not yet been removed to the South.

Epistola Lipsii Apostatica.

1. Reverende Pater. Tremo cum ad te scribo. Ego ille tuus f


discipulusque, in quem tarn multa tarn benigne contulisti, tot a

4 Cfr. Constitutiones Societatis Iesu cum declarationibus, ρ. 21 : "Antequam quis


in Dornum vel Collegium ingrediatur, vel postquam ingressus fuerit, sex experim
praecipua requiruntur. ... Primum est in Spiritualibus Exercitiis mensem unum
minus versari".

5 Stephanus Weber, an old pupil of the Tricoronatum, became bishop of Mainz


(J. Hansen, ρ. 466, η. 2).
6 In his annual report Kessel wrote 20 December 1562: "Joannes Gapanus habet
bonam gratiam regendi iuventutem, aptus ad conversandum et ad tractanda externa
negotia, futurus bonus concionator et lector et rector" (ibid., p. 451).
7 Lipsius is indeed listed with the "Logici", as appears from a list drawn up by
Kessel in 1563 (ibid., p. 781). This is confirmed by the Catalogus Palrum et Fratrum
Societatis Iesu Collegii Coloniensis, Anno MD LX11I (ARSIG, 133, f. 41).
8 Autobiogr., p. 144: "...atque ibi et alibi antea (non per iactantiam dico) Semper
ductorem et principem meae classis".

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JUSTUS LIPSIUS AND THE JESUITS 265

erravi avius a salutari via. Tandem visum clementi Deo m


Deserui illas paludes, et in Germaniam me contuli atque illi
repperi apud meos illos patres. Culpas meas (quae grand
fuerunt, Mi Pater) ante omnia expiavi, nec aliter te ausus
compellare. Ο quoties optavi ut illas in tuum sinum deponere, e
meis possem abluere! 2. Ego hoc nunc quoque affectu faci
ο mi pater, uti me in viam meliorem ingressum precibus
Deum et Beatam Virginem iuves1. Tu mihi post Deum auc
qui iacentem et diffidentem erexisti, oblata remissione vo
ligabat2. Ex eo tempore agitavi, quae nunc per Dei gratiam
iuva amplius, mi pater; iuva, et novellam hanc arborem f
tibi pro summo beneficio gratias habeo, nec aliud habeo q
dam, quam ut me tuis et patrum salutaribus consiliis totum
et vitam, actiones, scripta dirigam ad arbitrium vestrum.
promitto me facturum nec excidisse mihi ostendam tot s
admonitiones tuas, qui bus iuventutem imbuisti4.
3. Reverende Pater, suscipe me in veterem gratiam, et co
quid peccavi, oro te, per filium Dei Unigenitum et Beatis
Matrem. Haec scripsi apud Patres in Collegio Moguntino,
ostendi et aperui, etsi adhuc celari Consilia mea opus est ob
et res meas quas in Batavia reliqui. Sed paulatim evocabo e

1 Perhaps Lipsius thought it advisable to mention this devotion, taking


Coster's veneration of the Virgin Mary, expressed in many of his public
et laudibus Deiparae Mariae Virginis, meditationes quinquaginta, (Antw
cantico Salve Regina Septem meditationes, (Antwerp, 1587); In hynnum A
meditationes, (Antwerp, 1589).
2 A candidate was bound in conscience by these vows, though they were
the end of the novitiate (cfr. E. Olivarez [Introduction, n. 6], p. 51).
3 Cfr. Cicero, De finibus bonorum et malorum, V. 14 : "Itaque et viv
mori dicimus; arboremque et novellam, et vetulam, et vivere, et senescere"
4 In 1562 Coster received explicit Instructions from H. Nadal concerning
of studente and novices in the Jesuit House at Cotogne. They should be
firm hand in Catholic doctrine in order to resist the attacks of the Ref
"Archivum Romanum Societatis Iesu : H. Natalis instructiones et monit
Germaniae", ff. 299v-302, Monumenta Paedagogica Societatis Iesu, quae prim
Studiorum anno 1586 praecessere (Madrid, 1901), pp. 762-763).
s We are informed of the exact date of her arrivai in a letter fr
L. Torrentius, of 29 September 1591 : "Leodici III Kai. Octobr. (postri
venerat) CI3I3XCI" (P. Burman, I, p. 478, No. 453).

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266 J. KLUYSKENS

Tuis precibus et prudentiis me co


atque utinam canos tuos possim
olim tuus filius et nunc
quoque affectu
Justus Lipsius.

Ms. : Zürich, Zentralbibliothek, ms. F. 60.325.

3.

JUSTUS LIPSIUS TO FRANCISCUS BENCIUS

Liege, 11 December 1591.

Lipsius's gratitude for some Service. He never called on the Jesuits in vain
owes them his salvation. He will not leave the country, because he is conv
that God wants him there for a special mission. No peace in sight in the Ne
lands. His letters should be sent to Delrio, his confidant, who will forward
to their destination. They should send him some religious objects.

Reverende in Christo Pater,

1. Vidi epistolam quam ad Patrem Rectorem in hac urbe scrips


non solum amoris in me plenam sed etiam de me curae. Anx
solicite me amas. Respondebo ipse, et libens ad ea quae quaeris. Prim
omnium ego etiamnunc sum in hac urbe, nec ex quo ingressus su
pedem ex ea movi, migrandi quidem caussa. Creber sum apud vest
illos medicos et instauratores meae salutis. Nec aliud sane magno o
est quod me hic delectet. Nam nostrae artes hic iacent nec fa
artificem ament aut aestiment qui non ipsas.
2. In Italiani me vocaverat magnus Etruriae Dux nuper, id
honorario ampio et praeter morem huius aevi. Tarnen abnuimus, n
quia regio aut vos animo meo non grati, sed quia valetudo infirm
quam ut ausim iterum trans montes. Longa via est, molesta etiam
uxore, familia, impedimentis. Ergo Deo et nobis hic vivimus, et ο
felicem, si imprimis illi. Quo serius coepimus, hoc magis festina
satagere debemus in bona hac via ; in qua salebras et obiices reperi
me non nego, (quando aliter!) sed quae superamus aut reiicimus o
divina. Bella apud nos nihil remittunt : nisi quod nunc specula al

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JUSTUS LIPSIUS AND THE JESUITS 267

pacis, per adventum Imperialium Legatorum 1. Sed mera sp


quae meo iudicio ibit in ventos.
3. Pervicaces et refractarii nimis nostri hostes 2. Vos in alta pac
servet, et te, mi Pater, in diligentia hac nostri. Fulvium Ur
saluto, epistola id facturus ad ipsum, si resciero id fore gra
in Italia vestra alibi Robertus Titius4, qui scripsit Controver
Locorum libros. Velim scire, ubi et qua forte agat. Causs
quaeram5. Vale Leodii. III. Idus Decembr. MI3XCI.
4. Cum ad me aliquid voles, tuto et commodo miseris ad
Martinum Antonium Delrio e Societate vestra, qui hic ag
amicus meus6 et nunc animae meae curator7 et quasi p
ubicumque ero ad me transmittet.
J. Lipsius frater tuus.

1 Before starting his campaign against France, Alexander Farnese received t


of the German Emperor Rudolf 11 (1576-1612) who tried to mediate betwee
and the South in search of a compromise to reestablish peace between t
factions. Philip II gave his support to the initiative of the Emperor, becaus
freedom of movement in his campaign against France. But the negotiations br
cfr. L. Van der Essen, Alexandre Farnese, Prince de Parme, Gouverneur Gé
Pays-Bas (1545-1592), (Brüssels, 1937), V, 332-336.
2 Lipsius had every reason to fear the army of Prince Maurice, whose ch
victory were great, because of the withdrawal of the troops of Farnese : cf
Tien jaren uit den Tachtigjarigen Oorlog (1588-1598), (The Hague, 1924), pp
3 Lipsius was allowed to use Orsini's exceptional collection of rare volume
library ranked everi higher than the Vatican's : cfr. P. De Nolhac, La Bibl
Fulvio Orsini, Bibliothèque de l'École des Flautes Études. Sciences philo
historiques LXXIV (Paris, 1887), pp. 1-36.
4 Robertus Titius (1551-1609) lectured at Padua and at Pisa. His work
Controversorum libri X was published at Florence in 1583: cfr. Short-Titl
of Books printed in Italy (London, 1958), p.647. His criticisms of Er
Angelo Poliziano drew an appropriate counter-attack from Justus Scaliger
Cosenza, Biographical and Bibliographical Dictionary of the Italian Human
World of Classical Scholarship in Italy (1300-1800), (Boston, 1962), IV, 341.
5 Cfr. Lipsius's letter of 16 Aprii 1592, p. 270, §7.
6 When Brabant was ravaged by the Spanish soldiery, Lipsius's books
through the Intervention of Delrio. On 3 September 1578 he expressed his
of the support of the Vice-Chancellor of Brabant : cfr. L. Maes, "Lett
d'André Schott", Le Muséon, N.S., 7 (Louvain, 1906), p. 38.
7 Probably Lipsius's spiritual father rather than his confessor. Cfr. K
Leonardus Lessius (1554-1623), (Wetteren, 1923), ρ. 164.

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268 J. KLUYSKENS

Rogo te, mi Pater, siquid commodo


aliquid de coraliis Ecclesiae, Agnos-d
Vos abundatis, et ad capita fluminis e

Ms. : Roma, Arch. Pont. Univ. Greg., ms. 5

4.

JUSTUS LIPSIUS TO FRANCISCUS BENCIUS

Liège, 16 April 1592.

Lipsius sticks to his decision not to leave his country for Italy, though i
to him as the cradle of classical literature. He intends to spend some ti
to recover from his illness. There he will take some important decisions co
his future. He raises some questions of textual criticism. He solemnl
that literary studies should be focused on the Divine, source of all goo

Iustus Lipsius Francisco Bencio Salutem Dicit.

1. Diu exspectavimus tuas litteras, accepimus tandem eo gr


quia paene desperatas. Nec de tua voluntate nec diligentia ambi
sed verebamur (quod his temporibus crebrum) necubi aut ami
rae tuae aut interceptae1. Nunc navigamus in portu. 2. Suade
epistolae2, ut etiam atque etiam considerem de Italia. Fac
Benci, nec mutabo quod dixi. Arno illam, siquam aliam re
paene supra meam genitalem3 : et quomodo non, qui amamus
veteres. illam earum matrem? Sed caussas non adeundae viae illius

8 The Agnus-Dei was a lamb embossed in a medal of wax, blessed by the Pope.
This devotion goes back as far as the IXth Century : cfr. A. Vacant-E. Mangenot,
Dictionnaire de Théologie Catholique (Paris, 1909), I, col. 605-613.
1 He expressed the same fear in a letter to Bencius on 6 January 1592 : "Ter omnino
ab excessu e Batavis ad te scripsi, nec pluries arbitror a te recepisse. Dedi eas singillatim
ipsis Patribus collegis tuis, et curam fidemque iis fuisse in mittendis non ambigimus :
quid possumus, si communi hodie sorte, aut amissae eae alibi aut interceptae? Nam
fraudes quoque interveniunt et nos experimur" (RAUG, ms. 532, f. 9).
2 Bencius's letter of March, 6, 1592 (P. Burman, I, pp. 74-75, No. 69).
3 Lipsius's judgement was frequently biased by his mood or by the objective he had
in mind at the moment. In his advice to Philippe de Lannoy, who was planning to leave
for Italy, he was rather reticent, as is revealed in a letter of Aprii 3, 1578 (Cent, mise., I,
pp. 24-29, ep. 22).

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JUSTUS LIPSIUS AND THE JESUITS 269

dixi, graves, veras : atque eae etiamnunc manent. Illa de val


sontica est : quid sine ea boni aut laudabilis apud vos poss
fama 4 veniam (et par esse fortasse possim, si valeam), amitte
illa est dum in studio fatiscam, et ilia, ut poèta ait, in cursu
Ergo ne ultra preme, donec Deo visum diiudicare hoc ancep
sanitatis in alterutram partem. 3. Imus iam brevi ad Acidos f
recurandae : tum denique de sede et studiis etiam aliquid
modo illa firma. Aliter, non inducar ut scribam. Malo desin
deficere, contra quam Cassius censebat6. 4. En quod in
suggessisti7, gratum, et dignum nota: de Latinio, illa quoqu
etsi sunt quibus firmiter possim respondere : excipio de loco
quo etiamnunc fateor me fluctuare. Quis iuvat? Illud de mutilo, i
Calpurnii8 : censeo, mutulum velie dicere, et sane acutu
probum fortasse est : tarnen de Rutula sive Rotula auctores
editi etiam libri. Nec sententia refellit. Sed quantula ista? M
utinam non gravius alibi labori Utinam solus labori Sed h
4 In his request to be discharged, Lipsius pointed out to the Burgomaster
that his chair could no longer bring him either repute or credit (cfr. Bronne
No. 158).
5 Cfr. Horace, Epist., 1.1.8-9.
6 Unlike Cassius Longinus (ca. 85-42 B.C.), a philosopher belonging to th
Epicurus, and a man, who as a conspirator, estimated he could be unfaithf
Lipsius wanted to be faithful to his principles, to uphold his name, and to
engagements.
7 In a letter of March 6, 1592, Bencius proposed an emendatioft in the Ann
of Tacitus, which Latini thought an improvement (P. Burman, I, p. 75, No.
sixteenth Century we notice a certain change in literary taste : in the wak
scholars started to prefer Tacitus's concise, asyndetical, disharmonious and
style : cfr. J. IJsewijn, "Enkele bemerkingen betreffende het 16e-eeuwse Latijn
Classica Gandensia, 8 (Ghent, 1968), ρ. 72; E. Norden, Die antike Kunst
VI. Jahrhundert v. Chr. bis in die Zeit der Renaissance, (Leipzig-Berlin, 1923),
L. Brouwers, Brieven van Carolus Scribani (1561-1629), (Antwerp, 1972), p
Rhetoric and Rhythm. Essays by M.W. Croll, edited by J. Max Patrick e.a.
1966), who underlines the even greater influence of Seneca (pp. 28-29).
8 TitusCalpurniusSiculus (cfr. A. Cartault, La Poésie Latine, (Paris, 1922), pp.
Lipsius quotes the 5Ist verse of the Seventh Eclogue : "stemitur adiunctis e
bile truncis et coit in rotilum..." (C. Giarratano, Calpurnii et Nemesian
(Torino, 1924), ρ. 31). Lipsius comments the verse of Calpurnius in his De A
Uber in quo forma ipsa expressa, et ratio spectandi. Cum aeneis ßguris, Op
III, 567b.
9 "In rutulum", is supported by Salmasius, Ad Hist. Aug., p. 437 (cfr. C.
p. 78). Lipsius, however, was not sure how this verse should be read
theatro, Opera Omnia, III, 568a).

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270 J. KLUYSKENS

quod moneri non solum possum e


me Deus amet) gratiam optimo se
notatione. Nam haec sine illa no
in aula olim Granvelani mei Regis
probum et gravem illum vultum
gratiam de Epigrammate habe,
idem, quem Notas misisse ad Latin
simili aliqua cura11. Sed alia vil
Aemulatio : et alioqui vereri didic
illos veteranos. Sane Fulvius felix et vetus iam est eiusmodi laborum.
7. De Titio, aliorsum ego quaesieram : nec ut carperem, sed quia in
epistola aliqua mea nescio quid de eo liberius, ut per te offerrem
satisfactionem. Quid ita? Quia decere arbitror : et quia religio mihi est
dissidere cum eo qui eorumdem salsorum. Qualia haec sunt, ob quae
litigamus? Pudet : et miseriam malitiamque humanam, cum aliis ex
rebus, tum hinc quoque disco. Parum ingeniosi nobis videmur, nisi per
nos minus ahi : nec doctrina nostra satis in alto, nisi depressum
inspicimus alienum. Ah turpe, emendemus. 8. Quid haec omnia litte
rarum ornamenta, nisi animus per illa melior?12. Vanitates, et quae
nocere et abducere a Felicitate possunt, adeo non iuvare. Iamdiu vidi,
et hoc fine me recolligo, et ad purum illum Deum verto; certus haec
quoque, etsi ascendere videntur, fumos esse et vapores e terrena face.
Sol ille cum splenduit, dissipat haec et consumit. 9. Ego te, mi frater
(libenter sic appello, quia olim soleo) rogo, uti serio intercessor concilia
torque apud Deum mihi sis : a quo fonte omnia bona, et ad quem
nisi nostra et nos referimus, quidquid brachia iactamus13, vergimur
in hoc mari. Promissa tua exspecto in rebus sacris14. 10. P. Delrius
ad te scribit, vir quem utinam noris! Vale, et siquid a te, fac quaeso
videamus : hac lege, ut tu et mea. Leodici XVI Kai. Maias MIDXCII.
Ms. : Roma, Arch. Pont. Univ. Greg., ms. 532, f. 6.

B-2200 Borgerhout (Belgium).


Collegelaan 36.

10 L. Latini at this time was seventy-nine. He died in 1593.


11 Lipsius harboured a great design, the "Fax Historica", a vast study on Roman
and Greek institutions (cfr. De militia romana libri V : Commentarius ad Polybium,
Opera Omnia, III, 9).
12 He shared this view with Erasmus : cfr. P. S. Allen, Opus epistolarum Des. Erasmi
Roterodami (Oxford, 1906), I, p. 375, ep. 164, 11.40-45.
13 Cfr. Virgil, Aeneis, V.375-377.
14 Bencius responded favourably to Lipsius's request (P. Burman, I, p. 76, No. 69).

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Μ. A. NAUWELjAERTS

LA CORRESPONDANCE DE SIMON VEREPAEUS


(1522-1598)

Le nom de Simon Verepaeus s'écrit de bien des manières différentes :


Vereept, Verrept et Verreept, en néerlandais; Verepaeus, Verrepaeus,
Verepeius et Verrepeus, en latin; parfois Vérépée ou Verrepé en
frangais 1. Né à Dommelen, près de Valkenswaard, dans le Brabant
Septentrional actuel, Simon fit ses études latines à Bois-le-Duc et ses
études universitaires à Louvain. La matricule de lTJniversité braban
gonne lejnentionne comme Simon Verrept de Dommelen, à la date du
30 aoüt 1542, parmi les «Porcenses divites»2; il fit donc ses études de
Philosophie au Collège du Pore, mais il suivit aussi les cours du
Collegium Trilingue3; en 1545, il fut promu maitre ès arts4. On le
rencontre une deuxième fois comme étudiant à Louvain, vingt ans plus
tard5, sans doute suivit-il alors des cours dans la faculté de théologie,
puisqu'il est nommé, en 1589 : «teologo assai dotto». Vérépée a été
professeur à Fècole du chapitre Saint-Pierre-aux-Liens à Hilvaren
beek, directeur des sceurs du Mont Thabor à Malines, professeur
(en 1583) et recteur (en 1589) de Fècole latine du chapitre de Saint
Jean à Bois-le-Duc et en mème temps, à partir de la fin de 1590
ou du début de 1591, chanoine titulaire de ce chapitre. Il mourut
à Bois-le-Duc, le 10 novembre 1598 6.

1 Voir sur Simon Verepaeus : M.A. Nauwelaerts, Latijnse Schoo! en Onderwijs te


's-Hertogenbosch tot 1629, Bijdragen tot de geschiedenis van het zuiden van Nederland,
XXX (Tilburg, 1974), pp. 166-179 et la littérature citée p. 166, n. 253.
2 A. Schillings, Matricule de l'Université de Louvain, t. IV (Bruxelles, 1961), p. 249,
n° 186.

3 H. de Vocht, Coli. Tri!., I, 213 et IV, 406.


4 II obtint la 20e place sur 136 concurrents; cfr. Analectes pour servir à l'histoire
ecclésiastique de la Belgique, 3 (1867), p. 23.
5 A. Schillings, o.e., ρ. 703, n° 83 :'« Magister Symon Verrept, reintitulatus », le
23 novembre 1565.

6 Fr. Sweertius, Monumenta sepulchralia et Inscriptiones publicae privataeque Ducatus

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272 Μ. A. NAUWELAERTS

Yerepaeus est renommé comme grammairi


ascétique7. Valerius Andreas dit, en 1643, qu
maire de Vérépée «hodie in Scholis Belgicis
obtinent » 8. Un siècleplus tard, le bibliograp
que dans les Pays-Bas catholiques on n'emplo
jésuite Emmanuel Alvarez et celle de Simon V
latine en cinq parties de Verepaeus conn
refondue, chez Verdussen à Anvers, de 17
édition remaniée connue vit le jour à Berge
autres ouvrages les plus appréciés de Verepa
piarum Enchiridion, de 1565, les Precatione
grand ouvrage de pédagogie scolaire, Institut
tres, paru en 1573, le traité le plus complet
chrétienne publié dans les Pays-Bas dans la
siècle.
Nous avons réuni ci-après les vingt-six lettres
connaissance, le restant d'une correspondan
importante, compte tenu des nombreux ouvr
humaniste. Certaines de ces lettres ont d
Correspondance de Christophe Plantin ou
De gülden Passer. Elles ont été reprises ic
«corpus epistolarum» complet de Verepa
toutes les lettres les notes explicatives, biograph
qu'elles réclament en vue d'une meilleure com
Quant au mode de publication, nous avons
vieux livre en question. Nous avons redressé

Brabantiae (Antverpiae, 1613), pp. 331-332; C. F.X. Smits,


Sinl Janskerk van 's-Herlogenbosch ('s-Hertogenbosch,
7 Cfr. notre Bibliogr. S. V., établie d'après l'annexe à l
8 Val. Andreas, Bibliotheca Belgica, 2e éd. (Lovanii, 16
9 J.-N. Paquot, Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire littér
Pays-Bas (Louvain, 1763-1770), éd. in-fol. (en 4 vols.), 1
II, 62-70.
10 Lors de la vente du stock de la maison d'édition de
le 10 juillet 1752, il restait de cette grammaire : 1644 exe
de la Grammatica (ou Etymologia), 334 ex. de la Synt
664 ex. de la Rhetarica (ou Supplementum); cfr. L. L
N.S., 10 (1932), 182.
11 Cfr. Bibìiogr. S. V., p.79.

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LA CORRESPONDANCE DE SIMON VEREPAEUS 273

et ajusté la ponctuation. Nous avons en outre uniformisé la graphie


des i et j et des u et ν d'après l'usage moderne.

*
* *

Sigles et abbréviations employées dans les not


ADB : Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie.
BNB : Biographie nationale de Belgique.
DHGE : Dictionnaire d'Histoire et de Geographi
NDB : Neue Deutsche Biographie.
NK : W. Nijhoff-M. E. Kronenberg, Nederlan
3 vols ('s Gravenhage, 1923-1971),
Bibliogr. S. V. : M. A. Nauwelaerts, « Bijdrage tot
De gülden Passer, 25 (1947), 52-90.
Buisson : F. Buisson, Répertoire des ouvrages p
H. de Vocht, Coli. Tril. : H. de Vocht, History
Collegium Trilingue Lovaniense 1517-1550, 4
Foppens : J.F. Foppens, Bibliotheca Belgica, 2 v
Schutjes : L. H. C. Schutjes, Geschiedenis van
(St.-Michiels-Gestel, 1870-1876).
Sommervogel : C. Sommervogel, Bibliothèque de
Paris, 1890-1900).

Leuven, Katholieke Universiteit.

1.

SIMON VEREPAEUS À GERARD DE GROESBEEK

Hilvarenbeek, aoüt 1567.

Préface d'une réédition d'un manuel de prières, Precationum piarum Enchiridion,


publié en vue de combattre l'influence des manuels protestants. Dans cet ouvrage
on ne trouvera que des prières puisées aux meilleures sources catholiques. La
première édition de ce manuel a été répandue surtout dans le diocèse de Liège.

1. Reverendissimo in Christo Patri et illustriss(imo) Principi ac


Domino, D. Gerardo a Groesbeek1, Episcopo Leodiensi, Duci Bullo
nensi, Corniti Lossensi, Simon Verrepeus S(alutem) D(icit) P(lurimam).
1 Gérard de Groesbeek (1517-1580) devint prince-évèque de Liège en 1564 et fut
créé cardinal en 1578. Cfr. A. Le Roy, dans BNB, Vili, col.329-342; H. de Vocht,
Coli. Tri!., IV, 168-169.

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274 Μ. A. NAUWELAERTS

2. Peroportune visum est mihi accidisse, Re


Princeps Illustrissime, ut quo tempore nu
nomine cum orthodoxae fidei et ecclesiae catholicae inimicis bellum
gereretur, eodem tunc ipse spiritualia arma, quae in belli subsidium
mitterentur, praepararem. Erat enim id temporis in manibus nostris
istud Precationum piarum Enchiridion, quod hic ante biennium ex
cusum typis, ut iam tertio iisdem committeretur ex Catholicorum
scriptis locupletabam, singulaque congruentiori ordine disponens accu
ratissime conabar restituere, ut huius labori supremam, quod aiunt,
manum, quoad id beeret, imponerem.
3. Haec autem eo ferventius agebam ut perniciosi illi precationum
libelli3 (quos videbam quotannis fere prodire novos, magnis laudum
encomiis, styli ac dictionis ornatu, plerosque etiam elegantis picturae
lenociniis magnifice quidem commendatos; sed pestilentes alioqui et
fabricatoris doctrinam luculenter prae se ferentes) simplicium lectorum
manibus paulatim hac ratione ac modo excuterentur atque in eorum
locum catholici, pii ac salutares succederent.
4. Deinde permovebant me pene innumera mala et incommoda,
quibus turbulento et afflictissimo hoc nostro saeculo Christianos
affici, premi et assidue conflictari videbam : seditiones, bella, pestes,
tempestates, diluvia, naufragia, sterilitates, annonae Caritas et
quis speciatim enumerare queat omnia? Quae licet vel sola ut ad
Dominum cum piis ac devotis precibus confugiamus non tam ad
moneant, quam vehementer nos urgeant ac impellant, tarnen his
omnibus etiam atrocius est malum et nocentius, quod non corpus
tantum impetit atque invadit, ut fere superiora, sed ipsum una cum
anima in abyssum praecipitat Inferni, aeternis gehennae ignibus
excruciandum : sacrilega nimirum et nefanda haeresis, ab extremis
Inferiorum sedibus daemonum studio et levissimorum hominum opera
in hunc orbem nostrum invecta.

5. Quae manifesto declarat gravissima nos laborare ira praepotentis

2 Sans doute une allusion à la répression de l'iconoclasme à Liège; cfr. BNB, Vili,
col. 331.

3 Les Precationes bibìicae d'Otto Brunsfels furent souvent imprimées à Anvers;


cfr. NK, I, n°501; II, n"5 2571-2572; III, n°4204; en traduction néerlandaise : id., I,
η" 503-504; II, η°" 2573-2576; en traduction franpaise : id., II, η052577-2578. Sur les
ordonnances et les placards contre les écrits des hérétiques, cfr. M. E. Kronenberg,
Verboden boeken en opstandige drukkers in de Hervormingstijd (Amsterdam, 1948),
pp. 9-27.

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LA CORRESPONDANCE DE SIMON VEREPAEUS 275

Dei, ut qui nullo atrociore supplicii genere in hominum maleficia et


effrenatam peccandi libidinem animadvertere solitus sit, quam cum
Veritatis suae luce privatos in errores inextricabiles sinit prolabi. Qua
cum ita sint, ut ea Apostolus ad Rom(anos) et alia S. Scripturae loca 4
vera esse confirmant, quid reliquum est, nisi ut eo utamur remedio,
quod solum et unicum omnia haec mala facile a nobis profligarit, ut
scilicet causam, quae nobis adscivit haec omnia, curemus statim sub
movendam?

6. Quod fiet si anteactam vitam ex animo detestantes, peccatum


et eius occasiones funditus exscindamus et exstirpemus, atque tum
demum ad ipsum Misericordiae fontem Servatorem nostrum Iesum
Christum cum vera fiducia poenitentiae operibus confugientes, pul
semus ipsum ferventibus et assiduis precibus, ut nos gratiae, a qua
iniquitate nostra excidimus, benigne restituat, ecclesiam suam et uni
versam Remp(ublicam) Christianam ad pristinum suum gradum ac
ordinem reducat eandemque in bono confirmet ac immotam conservet.
7. Quapropter ne ad haec omnia accommodatae desint precationes,
summa diligentia hunc nuper libellum recognovi, et ex SS. et Catho
licis Ecclesiae Scriptoribus vetustis et recentibus multis in locis sic
adauxi, ut sive pro se vel proximo suo velit quis boni quippiam a Deo
petere, seu mala a se vel aliis deprecari, seu denique laudare Deum,
et ipsi gratias agere, nulli omnino defuturam arbitrer aptam ad haec
omnia congruentem precationem.
8. Hunc igitur laborem meum, Antistes Reverendissime et Illustris
sime Princeps, ut R(everendae) T(uae) C(elsitudini) offerre sim ausus
duae me causae permoverunt. Una, quod maxime decere existimarem,
ut quod ex monumentis SS. Patrum et Ecclesiasticorum Praesulum,
qui fortiter pro fide et religione catholica in terris olirn dimicarunt,
mutuatum foret, ecclesiastico quoque praesuli dedicaretur, qui de re
Catholica quam optime meritus, ingentem suae Pietatis ac defensae
Religionis gloriam iam nuper consecutus sit.
9. Altera, quod mihi narraverit huius operis typographus, Ioannes
Bellerus5, Leodiensi cive Leodii natus, vita et animi candore et huma
nitate praestans tuaeque Celsitudinis observantissimus, libellum hunc
cum ante biennium typis primum commissus foret, nusquam apud
4 Cfr. Rom., 1.24-32; Eph., 4.17-22.
5 Le liégeois Jean Bellóre se fixa vers 1550 comme imprimeur à Anvers et y mourut
en 1595. Cfr. F. Néve, dans BNB, II, col. 133-136; Am. Dermul et H.F. Bouchery,
Bibliographie betreffende de Antwerpsche drukkers (Antwerpen, 1938), ρ. 56.

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276 M A. NAUWELAERTS

Belgas plures et avidiores invenisse empto


dienses. Ut non dubitem affirmare, quo t
aris et focis6 bellum felici Marte gereretur,
exstitisse, qui una in praelium egressi, telis s
hoc armario depromptis, cum hoste fortissi
ad deditionem et fugam statim coegerint, ut
iure in palatii tui aedibus deponenda conserv
quod, ut C(elsitudinis) T(uae) favore et gratia
precor et obtestor.
10. Dominus noster Iesus Christus te, ve
decus, dignetur in multos annos ad Ecclesi
servare incolumem. Datum Hilvarenbecae,
15677, Mense Augusto. R(everendae) T(uae)
tissimus cliens.
Simon Verrepaeus.

Source : S. Verrepaeus, Precationum piarum Enchiridion (Antverpiae, Joannes Bellerus,


1576), fol. 16r-17r.

SIMON VEREPAEUS A PHILIPPE DE BIE

Hilvarenbeek, le 1er décembre 1571.

Dédicace des Progymnasmata de Verepaeus à son parent et élève qui ve


se faire instruire à Fècole du chapitre de Hilvarenbeek. Conseils en vu
l'emploi de ce manuel.

1. Simon Verrepaeus liberali indole et spe summa puero Philip


de Bie Antverpiano, cognato suo percaro, S(alutem).
2. Cum primum parentes tui, Philippe cognate suavissime, te h
litterarum studiis excolendum misissent, coepi statim cogitare,
nam Latinae linguae tirocinia tibi una cum grammatices La
elementis proponerentur ; et excussis perspectisque diligenter omn

6 «Pro aris et focis»; cfr. Cicéron, De Natura deorum. III, 40, 94.
7 D'après H. de Vocht, Coli. Tri!., IV, p.409, il faudrait lire 1576 au lieu de
Cependant il y a eu plusieurs éditions de ΓEnchiridion avant 1574 ou 1576; cfr. Bi
S. V., p. 61.

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LA CORRESPONDANCE DE SIMON VEREPAEUS 277

cum in aliis aliud displiceret, nihil aetati tuae accommodatius, nihil


studiis tuis feliciter statim inchoandis utilius invenimus, quam haec,
quae ante biennium nostris dictanda collegeramus, Latinae linguae
progymnasmata, sive prima exercitamenta, quod ea ad primae aetatis
barbariem corrigendam, et ad quotidianam pure et emendate loquendi
consuetudinem, momenti non parum allatura viderentur.
3. Quam ob rem, Philippe cognate, qui mihi non tantum coniunc
tione sanguinis, sed etiam observantia erga me singulari multisque
praeterea et maximis parentum tuorum meritis es longe carissimus,
ut te et ceteros scholae D. Decani nostri1 discipulos molesto scribendi
labore liberarem, egi statim cum amico nostro Tilenio2, ut haec
omnia primo quoque tempore prelo curaret subiicienda; quibus
equidem cum tuis potissimum studiis consultum voluerim, tibi haec
eadem, puero nimirum puerilia, donanda quoque existimavi.
4. Tui nunc igitur muneris est, quae prioribus libellis3 continentur,
hoc anno praesenti diligenter legere, saepe repetere et, quod hic prae
cipuum est, ad quotidianum Latini sermonis usum diligenti studio
convertere. Quae vero posterioribus libellis sunt comprehensa, licebit
differre, donec Rudimento Grammaticae et Etymologiam4 iam penitus
cognoris, et maturius his de rebus una cum aetate accesserit iudi
cium. Vale feliciter, et me tui studiosissimum amore solito fac pro

1 Nicolaus Busius, ou Buys, doyen du chapitre de Saint-Pierre-aux-Liens de


Hilvarenbeek, avait réorganisé l'école latine du chapitre et Verepaeus y avait débuté
dans renseignement sous sa direction. Cfr. Foppens, II, 903; Schutjes, IV, p.610;
H. de Vocht, Coli. Tri!., IV, 406-407.
2 Antonius Tilenius Brechtanus, ou Antoine Thielen van Brecht, imprimeur à
Anvers, avait publié un recueil de lettres latines de Vivès, éditées par Verepaeus, et
des lettres de Cicéron, réunies par ce mème grammairien. Nous n'en avons plus
retrouvé d'exemplaires dans les bibliothèques.
3 L'ouvrage contient cinq chapitres : l°un choix de raots latins; 2° des dialogues
en latin: Familiarium colloquiorum elegantiorum Formulae', 3° des phrases latines
pour se familiariser avec le bon usage de la langue; 4° des mots et des proverbes latins;
5° des extraits de Laurent Valla et d'autres auteurs : Vocabulorum aliquot differentiae.
Cfr. Bibliogr. S. V., pp. 83-84.
4 Rudimento et Etymologia sont les titres des deux premières parties de la gram
maire latine de Verepaeus dont une réédition venait de paraitre chez Christophe
Plantin à Anvers. La première édition, sous le titre de Grammatica Despauteriana,
avait été publiée par Tilenius, mais on n'en connait plus d'exemplaires. Cfr. Bibliogr.
S. V., p. 67.

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278 Μ. A. NAUWELAERTS

sequare. Hylvarenbecae, Anno Christiana


lendis Decemb(ribus).

Source : S. Verrepaeus, Latinae linguae progymnasmat


verpiae, Ant. Tilenius Brechtanus, 1572), fol.Aijr"v

3.

SIMON VEREPAEUS À MAXIMILIEN MORILLON

Malines, le 31 octobre 1573.

Lettre-préface des Institutionum scholasticarum libri tres. Thème de l'ouvrage :


la formation littéraire doit aller de pair avec l'éducation religieuse. Le Concile
de Trente a mis l'accent sur la formation dans les séminaires. Dans ce mème
esprit, le présent ouvrage s'adresse aux maìtres pour leur servir de manuel et
de guide dans leur tàche pédagogique. Puisse Morillon persévérer dans son zèle
pour l'enseignement humaniste !

1. Ornatiss(imo) praestantissimoque viro D. Maximiliano Moril


lonio E Metropolitanae Ecelesiae Mechliniensis Archidiacono et Illus
trissimi) D. Cardinalis Granvellani Vicario generali, S(alutem) D(ico)
P(lurimam).
2. Si, quod tribus his libris scribere instituimus, pari dexteritate
perficere et absolvere possemus atque ipsa requirit instituti operis
utilitas, magnopere nobis sperare liceret nos rei litterariae studiosis,
atque per hos omnium hominum tum privatis tum publicis commodi
tatibus adiumentum longe maximum allaturos. Nam si recte rem
ipsam aestimare velimus, quid est in tota rerum universitate, quod
ad firmam et salutarem rerum seu privatarum, seu publicarum
constitutionem emolumenti plus afferat quam recta puerorum edu
catio, sedulaque ac legitima illius primae aetatis disciplina? Haec
etenim fons est, haec origo humanae felicitatis et civilis concordiae,
ex qua omnis honestas promanai. Nec ulla est Resp(ublica) tam firme
constituta, quae neglectis litteris, aut salva consistere, aut suam tueri
dignitatem diu possit.

1 Maximilien Morillon, archidiacre de Malines, vicaire général du cardinal de


Granvelle, devint en 1583 évèque de Tournai et mourut en 1586. Cfr. Ch. Piot, dans
BNB, XV, col.267-272; H. de Vocht, Coli. Tri!., III, pp. 345-350.

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LA CORRESPONDANCE DE SIMON VEREPAEUS 279

3. In scholis siquidem una cum litterarum institutione etiam pie


tatis et virtutum praecepta proponuntur, ad quae pueri rudibus an
assuefacti, paulatim ad rectum rationis usum et morum honestate
perducuntur, ut aetate dehinc maturiori, ad quodcumque vitae ge
assumantur, recte suum faciant officium. Quin vel experientia ip
discimus, nihil perinde conferre, ad depravatos hominum mores co
gendos, quam ipsa litterarum studia, quae primam aetatem sua
sponte lubricam ab intemperantia coercent, motus animi componun
omnisque ignorantiae tenebras discutiunt.
4. Quae res cum non omnibus ubique gentium potuerit facile pe
suaderi, maximum Reip(ublicae) Christianae detrimentum et c
mitatem attulit. Hinc nati sunt multis in locis maximi errores et pe
ciosae rerum mutationes ; hinc bonae leges labefactatae, iudicia neglecta
religio concussa et diminuta; hinc intestinis odiis bellisque civilibu
divina pariter et humana ad ruinam incumbunt. Atque ut in pauc
multa conferam, mala paene omnia, quibus humana vita est obnox
ex studiorum et puerilis disciplinae neglectu crassaque hominu
ignorantia proficiscuntur.
5. Quod cum perspicerent sanctissimi prudentissimique Tridentin
Synodi Patres, multa praeclare et recte statuerunt de instauran
scholis, de novis erigendis seminariis deque puerorum studiis in om
genere disciplinarum quam plurimum provehendis 2.
6. Quorum decreta ut executioni demandentur, cum R(everentia
T(ua) diligentissimam navet operam, studeatque impensius puer
litterarum studia in hac dioecesi promovere, ipse mihi cogitandum
quoque existimavi, qua ratione hunc ipsum scholarum profect
possem non nihil adiuvare, visusque sum mihi operaeprecium
turus et rem non ingratam novis potissimum et inexercitatis sch
larum magistris, si hos Institutionum Scholasticarum libros sub c
berrimi tui nominis auspiciis in lucem proferam, ut qui Illustriss(i
et Ampliss(imi) Cardinalis Granvellani3 nomine hoc negocium sch

2 Concile de Trente, Session 23, chap. 18 De reformatione. Cfr. J.A. O'Donoh


Tridentine Seminary Legislation. Its Sources and its Formation (Louvain, 1957).
3 Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle (1517-1586), premier archevèque de Malines (15
1584). Cfr. P. Ciaessens, Histoire des archevèques de Malines, I (Louvain, 18
pp.87-174; H. de Vocht, Coli. Tril., III, pp.350-355; M. van Durme, Antoon Perre
bisschop van Atrecht, kardinaal van Granvelle ... (Brüssel, 1953) et l'édition espagn
de cet ouvrage : El cardenal Granvela (1517-1586). Imperio y revolución bajo Carlos
y Felipe II (Barcelona, 1957).

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280 Μ. A. NAUWELAERTS

larum inter alia quam plurima suscepisti


hic liber donetur, quo litterarii ludi recte aper
commonstramus, aut, ut verius dicam, com
sumus; si vero successus non ubique resp
his libris inesse non diffidimus, quae tu
discipulis non parum fructus ac voluptatis s
7. Prodeat itaque felicibus auspiciis sub tu
rentiae) T(uae) hic foetus noster; quam e
velim ac obsecratam, ut hoc quidquid est m
a cliente sibi addictissimo benigne suscipia
larum negocium4 qua coepit benevolent
prosequi porro non gravetur. Quo officio n
magis sibi demerebitur, nec publicae civita
consulet, nec aliunde maiorem verioremqu
sequetur.
8. Deum Opt(imum) Max(imum) precor
D. Archidiacone, quam diutissime Eccle
incolumem conservet et pios conatus tuo
maxime necessarios dignetur feliciter prospe
9. Mechlinia, ex calamitoso Monasterio n
R(everentiae) T(uae) patrocinio plurimum c
salutis per Christum restitutae, millesimo q
tertio, pridie Kal(endas) Novembres.
R(everentiae) T(uae) Observan
cliens Simon Verrepaeus.

Source : S. Verepaeus, lnstitutionum scholasticarum li


lerus, 1573), fol.2r-5v.

4 Le premier synode provincial, tenu à Malines en


tions concernant les petites écoles, les écoles latine
séminaires. Cfr, P. F. X. de Ram, Synodicon Belgicu
Ι 24.

5 Le couvent des religieuses du Mont Thabor se trouvait à l'ouest des remparts


de la ville de Malines. Vérépée y fut «pater» ou directeur; en 1566 il quitta Malines à
la suite de l'iconoclasme; il retourna bientòt au Mont Thabor, mais le couvent fut
démoli par les calvinistes en 1572, puis reconstruit, et enftn réduit en cendres en 1578.
Cfr. notre article : «S. Verepaeus en Mechelen», Handelingen van de Kon. Kring voor
Oudheidkunde ... Mechelen, 52 (1948), 89-97 (pp.91-94).

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LA CORRESPONDANCE DE SIMON VEREPAEUS 281

4.

JOHANN VON REIDT (RHETIUS) À SIMON VEREPAEUS

Cologne, le 3 janvier 1574.

Verepaeus a envoyé un exemplaire de ses Institutiones à Rhetius, régent du


collège des jésuites à Cologne. Le révérend pére le remercie de l'envoi de cet
hommage d'auteur; il lui demande des explications sur certains passages et
donne quelques indications en vue d'une nouvelle édition. Rhetius salue des
amis malinois et transmet les compliments de la part des amis de Verepaeus
à Cologne.

1. Venerabili Domino Simoni Verrepaeo, Mechliniam ad monas


terium Thaborinum.

2. Tres libros scholasticarum institutionum per te elaboratos, optime


Verrepaee, perlegi1 cum appendicibus, et gratias ago tibi, imprimisque
Deo, qui gratiam largitus est ut velles ac posses studiosae iuventuti
rectum iter demonstrare ad virtutes et eruditionem, atque paedonomis
et scholarium magistris saluberrima Consilia dare. Faxit idem cle
mentissimus Deus ut libenter monita tua amplectantur. Certe in coelo
pro exantlato labore perennem mercedem consequeris. Quae spes
excitet quaeso ingenium tuum ut alacriter de scholis et ecclesia bene
mereri pergas.
3. Scribis in praefatione ad benevolum lectorem : "Age obsequar
efflagitantium votis; sed tarnen hac lege cum ludimagistris caeterisque
lectoribus, si qui tarnen erunt, paciscar ut, si laborem hunc nostrum
non ut inutilem abiecerint, sed tarnen (quod in tanta iudiciorum
varietate intelligens nunc mirabitur) nonnulla in eo mutanda, omit
tenda, vel adiicienda iudicarint vel quoquo modo corrigenda, de iis
inquam omnibus vel me vel huius primae editionis Antverpiae ad
signum Aquilae typographum Ioannem Bellerum2 liberrime curent
admonendum". Paucis igitur aperiam, quae inter legendum annotavi.
4. Libro primo, pagina 13. Addendum putarem de fidei catholicae

1 Johann von Reidt, ou Johannes Rhetius (1532-1574), jésuite (1550), régent du


«Tricoronatum» à Cologne. Cfr. J. Kuckhoff, Johannes Rhetius, der Organisator
des katholischen Schulwesens in Deutschland im 16. Jahrhundert (Düsseldorf, 1929);
H. Keussen, Die Matrikel der Universität Köln, 3 vols (Bonn, 1892-1931) (le 1" vol.
en 2' éd. : 1919), II, n° 626.139.
2 Cfr. lettre 1, n. 5.

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282 Μ. A. NAUWELAERTS

professione iuxta formulam a Pio P.P.


Iacobus Gueras, et quos libros edidit, cuiu
5. Ubi sanctos Patres Ecclesiae vel alios
et alibi, ad marginem librum et caput, un
est, asscribas velim.
6. Pag. 54 et 55. Apposite loqueris de di
illic expediat paucula asscribere ex Hiero
copi Sylvensis octo libris de regis institut
7. Libro 2. pag. 62. Eaque doctrina peti
morum peculiariter conscriptis. Istiusmo
beres, quem loco civilitatis morum Erasm
legerent!
8. Pag. 64. Satius forte esset pauca haec verba (quas, ut quaedam
refert historia, etiam ipse diabolus abominatur) praetermittere, ne
quidam obiiciant, bonum videri quod diabolus abominatur.
9. Pagina 81. In classe quinta haec scripta initiationis in librorum
indice proponis : Quotidiani sermonis formulas, Lib. 2 et 3. tuorum
Progymnasmatum 6, Selectiores elegantias ex Terent(io) vel Cic(erone)7,
Colloquia Corn(elii) Croci8 per Valerium recognita, vel Dialoges

3 Le pape Pie IV prescrivit, le 13 novembre 1564, la profession de foi dite Professio


fìdei Piana, suite aux décrets du Concile de Trente. Le texte dans H. Denzinger et
CI. Bannwart, Enchiridion symbolorum (Friburgi-Brisg., 321962), n05 994-1000. Le synode
provincial de Malines imposa, en 1570, l'obligation aux «iudimagistri» d'émettre cette
profession de foi lors de leur entrée en fonctions; cfr. P. F.X. de Ram, Synodicum
Belgicum, I, p. 120.
4 Hieronymus Osorius, De regis instilutione et disciplina, Olyssipone, 1571. L'huma
niste portugais Osorio (1506-1580) devint évèque de Silves en Algarve, en 1564. Cfr.
Elisabeth Feist Hirsch, Damiäo de Gois (The Hague, 1967), pp. 181-185.
5 D. Erasmus, De civilitate morum puerilium, édition anversoise de 1530; NK,
II, n°2860.
6 S. Verepaeus, Latinae linguae progymnasmata (Antverpiae, Tilenius, 1572); cfr.
lettre 2 ci-dessus et Bibliogr. S. V., pp. 83-84.
7 Cfr. lettre 5, n. 22.
8 C. Crocus, Colloquiorum puerilium formulae (Antverpiae, 1536); NK, I, n°643.
Ii existe encore des éditions anversoises de 1546, 1553 et 1561, mais une édition revue
par Cornelius Valerius ne semble pas avoir paru; elle n'est pas mentionnée par H. de
Vocht, C. Valerli ab Auwater Epistolae et Carmina (Louvain, 1957), ni par A. J. Kölker,
Alardus Aemstelredamus en Cornelius Crocus, twee Amsterdamse priester-humanisten
(Nijmegen/Utrecht, 1963).

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LA CORRESPONDANCE DE SIMON VEREPAEUS 283

Ioan(nis) Lodovici Vivis9, Selectìores epistolas a te digestas 10, au


potius Epistolas selectas Virorum Illustrium per te collectas 11, Lege
morales per Evaldum Gallum12 et Fabulas Aesopi elegantius con
versas13. Velim scire, ubi et per quem haec impressa sint. Scire etiam
desidero, an liber S. Ephraim De armatura spirituali, ex cuius octavo
capite precatiunculam ante sacram lectionem vel concionem dicendam
transtulisti in tuum Enchiridion piarum precationum 14, excusus alicubi
extet, vel an manuscripto codice usus sis, an in qua bibliotheca ille
delitescat. Neque enim hactenus quicquam vidi B. Ephraim cum tali
titulo. Quod ut rescribas idcirco peto, quia omnia opera divini istius
patris (quae quidem latine habere potuit) typis excudere statuii Ma
ternus Cholinus15, notus, ut existimo, tibi typographus. Sed redeo
ad Institutiones scholasticas.
10. Libro 2. pag. 97. Recte suades Ciceronem potissimum legen
dum : qua de re copiosius te egisse ais libro 2. De conscribendis epis
tolis16; qui libri utinam cognoscerem ubinam prostent. Laudo te
quod variis scriptis adolescentum studia adiuvare contendis; quod
facis, ut assidue facias moneo, hortor atque oro. Optime enim sic
mereberis de Christiana Republica.
11. Eadem pagina cum legerem haec verba : "Hoc igitur prae
ceptoris sit, admonere subinde, quid cuiusque classis discipulo legen
dum sit domi", etc., optabam provectioribus discipulis commendari
Ioachimi Perionii17, Libros de vita rebusque gestis Iesu Christi generis

9 J.L. Vives, Exercitatio linguae Latinae (Basileae, 1538); nombreuses rééditions.


Cfr. C.G. Norena, Juan Luis Vives (The Hague, 1970), pp. 302-304; cependant l'édition
de Breda 1538 qui y est mentionnée, n'existe pas.
10 Edition parue à Anvers, en 1571, mais introuvable; cfr. Bibliogr. S.V., p.88,
n°XVII.

11 Cfr. Bibliogr. S.V., p.88, n°XVI. On n'a pas pu retrouver l'édition imprimée
par Bellóre à Anvers; la première édition connue est celle de Dillingen, 1573.
12 Cfr. lettre 5, n. 20.
13 Plusieurs éditions des Fables d'Ésope en traduction latine ont paru aux Pays-Bas
entre 1500 et 1540; cfr. NK, I, n™25-39; II, n062241-2248. L'édition Plantinienne de
1567, Aesopi Phrygis et aliorum Fabulae, était bilingue, grecque et latine.
11 S. Verepaeus, Precationum piarum Enchiridion (Antverpiae, 1576), p.48.
15 Maternus Cholinus; cfr. lettre 9, η. 1.
16 S. Verepaeus, De epistolis Latine conscribendis (Antverpiae, Tilenius, 1571);
plusieurs rééditions. Cfr. Bibliogr. S. V., pp. 86-87.
17 Joachim Perionius (1499-1559), bénédictin. Quelques ouvrages de cet auteur
sont mentionnés par NK, I, n°1377, et dans Buisson, pp. 499-500, mais pas ceux dont
parie Rhetius.

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284 Μ. A. NAUWELAERTS

hominum conservatoris, et Beatissimae Ma


Baptistae ac praecursoris; item De rebus ge
sanctorumque virorum, qui Patriarchae ab
eiusdem De vitis rebusque gestis prophe
mulierum veteris testamenti libros\ praeter
Manutii18 : et Rerum a Socie tate Iesu in O
Ioannis Petri Maffeii19, quod Roma alla
proximo elapso anno Coloniae impressit
scriptores orationem Ciceronis rebus in
Christianae accommodarunt.
12. Pag. 100. Classi quartae assignas Selectas M.T. Ciceronis
epistolas scholiis tuis illustratas20, et Dialogos morales Laurentii
Campestrii21. Nec hos videre hactenus contigit : gratum foret intel
ligere ubi venales reperiantur.
13. Valde placuit p. 102 annotatio tua de poetis, qui de stupris
virginum loquuntur et amoribus meretricum : a quorum scriptis nisi
iuventus abstineat periclitabitur eorum pudicitia.
14. Pagina 104. remittis discipulos ad Calepini lexicon22. Quid si
adiungas : "Additamentis Pauli Manutii emendatum atque locuple
tatum", ne forte emant auctum per Conradum Gesnerum, vel alium
haereticum.
15. Pag. 116. et 117. in tertia classe vis praelegi libellum de tropis

18 Ρ. Manutius, Epistolae, éditées par S. Verepaeus chez Caspar Bellerus, à Anvers


(s.a.), d'après J.-N. Paquot, o.e. (lettre 1, n.9), II, p.70, mais cette édition est introu
vable. Sur Paul Manuce, cfr. M.E. Cosenza, Biographical and Bibliographical Dic
tionary of the Italian Humanists (Boston, 21962), pp. 1089-1090.
19 Le jésuite italien J.-P. Maffei èdita en 1571, à Dillingen, une nouvelle traduction
latine des Epistolae Indicae sous le titre de : Rerum a Societate Iesu in Oriente gestarum
... commentarius. Accessere de Iaponicis rebus Epistolarum libri IIII. L'édition de
Cologne 1574 ne mentionne pas le nom du pére Maffei au titre. Cfr. Sommervogel,
V, col. 294-295.
20 S. Verepaeus, Selectiores Epistolae Ciceronis (Antverpiae, Tilenius, s.a.).
21 Cfr. lettre 5, n. 30.
22 Ambrogio de Calepino, ou Calepinus Bergomensis (1435-1511), publia un Lexicon
ou Dictionarium Latinae linguae, à Reggio en 1502; rééditions Venise, 1506, etc. Dans
des éditions postérieures l'ouvrage se rencontre sous le titre de Dictionarium triglotton,
tetraglotton et mème enneaglotton. L'adaptation de Conrad Gesner (1516-1565) parut
en 1537, 1545, etc. Cfr. F.A. Eckstein, Nomenclator philologorum (Leipzig, 1871),
pp. 76 et 190-191; Buisson, pp. 104-109, 321-322; E. Drerup, Die Schulaussprache des
Griechischen von der Renaissance bis zur Gegenwart, I (Paderborn, 1930), p. 305, n.3;
M. E. Cosenza, o.e., V, ρ. 375.

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LA CORRESPONDANCE DE SIMON VEREPAEUS 285

et verborum rerumque ornamentis, item Compendium aliquod Copiae


verborum. Utinam tales libros23 in usum scholarum catholicarum
componeres, ne in illis vel Mosellanus De figuris24, vel Erasmus De
Copia25 amplius locum obtineant. Extant quidem piae memoriae
Andreae Frusii26, quondam Ronjae praeceptoris mei, Coloniae atque
Antverpiae excusa praecepta de utraque copia una cum exemplis,
sed Carmine comprehensa.
16. Pagina 120 : "Vel selectiores aliquot Odae Horatianae". Dilingae
Sebaldus Mayer impressit Horatium ab omni obscoenitate purgatum27.
17. Pag. 125: "Christoph. Longolii, Pauli Manutii"28. Epistolas
Q. Marii Corradi29 et Iulii Gabrielli30 iudico adnumerandas.

23 Ces ouvrages ont été édités par S. Verepaeus; cfr. lettre 5 et Bibliogr. S. V.,
pp. 85-86.
24 Les Figurae dictionis de Petrus Mosellanus (Peter Schade, 1493-1524) se ren
contrent dans deux éditions d'Érasme, De oclo orationis partium constructione (Anvers,
1536 et 1538); NK, li, n05 2905-2906. On connait aussi des éditions anversoises des
Tabulae de schematibus et tropis de Mosellanus; id., Il, n™ 3551-3554; une édition
gantoise de 1546 de ce mème ouvrage a été publiée dans un volume avec la Copia
d'Érasme : E. Cockx-lndestege et G. Glorieux, Belgica typographica 1541-1600, I
(Nieuwkoop, 1968), n°2166.
25 Éditions de la Copia d'Érasme: NK, I, n°810 et II, n™2908-2920; E. Cockx
lndestege et G. Glorieux, o.e., n™ 1041-1042; Bibliotheca Erasmiana, I (Gand, 1893),
pp. 68-69.
26 Andreas Frusius, De utraque Copia verborum et rerum Praecepta (Coloniae,
M. Cholinus, 1558; Antverpiae, C. Plantinus, 1568 et 1574). Cfr. C. Sommervogel,
III, col. 1046-1047. André des Freux, né à Chartres, devint jésuite en 1541; il mourut
à Rome, le 25 aoùt 1556.
27 Cette édition (1571) est la première de ce genre. Cf. E. Stemplinger, Hora: im
Urteil der Jahrhunderte (Leipzig, 1921), ρ. 55 et ρ. 201, η. 51.
28 S. Verepaeus, Selectiores epistolae clarorum virorum (Antverpiae, Bellerus, s.a.).
Le recueil comprend des lettres latines de Petrus Bembus (1470-1547), de Jacobus
Sadoletus (1477-1547), de Christophorus Longolius (1488-1522) et de Paulus Manutius
(1511-1574). Pour les éditions de cet ouvrage, cfr. Bibliogr. S. V., p.88. Les lettres de
Chr. de Longueil étaient lues dans plusieurs écoles latines au XVIe siècle; cfr. Th.
Simar, Christophe de Longueil, humaniste (Louvain, 1911).
29 On connait de Marius Corradus (Quinto Mario Corrado, 1508-1575) les Episto
larum libri VIII, les De lingua Latina libri XII, et les De copia Latini sermonis libri V.
Cfr. Buisson, p. 178; C. G. Jöcher, Allgemeines Gelehrten-Lexicon, 4 vols (Leipzig,
1750-1751), I, col.2112-2113; Μ.E. Cosenza, o.e., V, ρ.556.
30 Julius Gabrielius Eugubinus (Giulio Gabrielli), humaniste italien, mort en 1579;
cfr. F. A. Eckstein, o.e. (η.22), ρ. 177; Μ. E. Cosenza, o.e. (η. 18), V, ρ. 759.

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286 Μ. A. NAUWELAERTS

18. Pag. 131. Epithetis Ioannis Ravisii31


Ciceronis collecta a P. Ioanne Nunnesio32, e
19. Pag. 157 : "Tertio vel quarto quoqu
declamandum". In schola nostra omnibus fe
quibus a lectionibus cessatur, a diversis disc
latina, graeca, et Carmen; atque observatum
profectum in literis atque virtutibus confer
enim accommodatum esse debebit pietati ac
20. Pagina 158 : "Iam illud etiam ad inve
nebit, si palinodiis exerceantur, ut quod
dissuadeant". Cavendum tarnen ne discant l
virtutes, malum dicere bonum, vel bonum m
21. Pag. 161 : "Paulus Apostolus". Et alii, qui pie transacto
mortalis vitae curriculo, feliciter nunc regnant cum Christo in coelo.
22. Pag. 162: "Item apud Val. Maximum33 et Baptistam Fulgo
sium"34. His asscribas quaeso exemplorum libros Nicolai Hanapi35,
M. Antonii Coccii Sabellici36, Ioannis Baptistae Egnatii37, Andreae
Eborensis et praecipue Mar. Maruli Spalatensis 38.
31 Joannes Ravisius Textor, Epithetorum epitome (Antverpiae, Plantinus, 1574);
autres éditions : Buisson, pp. 549-550.
32 Parmi les ouvrages de Petrus Joannes Nunnesius, ou Pedro Juan Nunez (Valence
vers 1520-Barcelone vers 1600), Buisson, pp. 481-482, ne mentionne pas les Epitheta;
E. Sandys, A History of Classical Scholarship (Cambridge, 1908), II, 159-160, ne les
connait pas non plus.
33 Valerius Maximus, Dictorum factorumque memorabilium Exempla (Antverpiae,
1535): NK, I, n°2095; éditions incomplètes : ib., I, n°2094 et II, n°4002. Gräce à
Stephanus Pighius Campensis (Pigghe, van Campen), trois éditions parurent chez
Plantin, à Anvers, en 1567, 1574 et 1585; cfr. L. Degeorge, La Maison Plantin à Anvers
(Paris, 31886), pp. 149, 168 et 201; E. Cockx-Indestege et G. Glorieux, o.e., I, nos4592
4594.

34 Buisson, p. 303, ne mentionne pas les Exempla parmi les ouvrages de Baptista
Fulgosius (Frégose).
35 Nicolaus Hanapus, Virtutum vitiorumque Exempla (Antverpiae, 1534 et 1535);
NK, I, n°" 1594-1595. Pour les autres publications du dominicain De Hanapis, cfr.
Buisson, p. 349.
36 Nous n'avons pas trouvé l'édition des Exemplorum libri X de M. Antonius Coc
cius Sabellicus (1436-1506). Cfr. F.A. Eckstein, o.e. (n.22), p.489. Les Carmina de
Β. V. Maria de cet auteur furent imprimés dans les Pays-Bas en 1510 et 1520; cfr.
NK, I, n08 1841-1842.
37 Joannes Baptista Egnatius (G.B. Cipelli Egnazio), humaniste italien, 1473-1553.
Son édition de Γ Eneide de Virgile parut à diverses reprises dans les Pays-Bas; cfr.
NK, I, n™ 2122, 2124, 2126-2133; II, n054021-4022, 4024, 4028, 4031, 4034-4038.
38 Andreas Eborensis, Sententiae et exempla ex probatissimis quibusque scriptoribus

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LA CORRESPONDANCE DE SIMON VEREPAEUS 287

23. Pag. 164 : "Cicerone an Erasmus rectius styl um institue


Existimarem istam quaestionem non disputandam in utramqu
tem; sed constituendum extra omnem controversiam, multo r
imo rectissime omnium stylum formare latinae eloquentiae par
M. Tullium Ciceronem; ac tutum non esse coram improvida iuv
Erasmum effere laudibus, ne curiositate ducti, aut Erasmianae
tiae amore capti illa legant, quae religioni aut moribus Chr
officiant39.
24. Libro 3. pagina 218 : "Quilibet in templum afferai Precat
libellum, veluti Hortulum artimae"40, etc. Vel H. Susonis Offic
aeterna Sapientia*1. < Ut > discipuli crescant in timore Domini
precium foret ipsos, festivis praesertim diebus nonnunquam
libellum aliquem de quatuor novissimis42. Profuerit etiam
breves tractatus S. Ephraem, Petro Francisco Zino interprete, e
Dilingae43 ; vel saltem insigniores inde selectas sententias de vir
et vitiis. Quid si quoque D(ivi) Ioannis Damasceni Historiam de
et rebus gestis Sanctorum Barlaam et Iosaphat Regis Indorum, trad
in latinum sermonem per Georgium Trapezuntium, et tuo
adornatam marginali scholio ex Aloisio Lippomano Veronen

collecta, éditions de Lyon, 1557, etc.; cfr. Buisson, pp.28-29. Le De institu


bene vivendi per exempla Sanetorum du Croate Marcus Marulus (1450-1524) a
Venise en 1506, et sous le titre De institutione bene beateque vivendi libri sex
en 1530. Voir des extraits dans V. Gortan-V. Vratovic, Hrvatski Latinisti - Cr
auctores qui latine scripserunt (Zagreb, 1969), I, 238-249.
39 Les ouvrages d'Érasme étaient réprouvés par l'Université de Louvain
et mis à l'Index en 1564; cfr. Érasme et la Belgique (Catalogue), (Bruxelles, Bib
Royale, 1969), pp. 61-64.
40 Edition latine de l'Hortulus animae : Anvers, 1564; E. Cockx-Indestege e
rieux, o.e., n" 1507; éditions néerlandaises : o.e., n05 1508-1514 (elles datent d
1596).
41 L'Officium de aeterna Sapientia est sans doute VHorologium Sapientiae de Henricus
Suso. Une édition latine des oeuvres du dominicain Heinrich Seuse (+1366) avait paru
à Cologne en 1555, gràce à Laurentius Surius. Cfr. Ph. Strauch, dans ADB, XXXVI,
pp. 169-170; K. Bihlmeyer, dans Lexikon fìir Theologie und Kirche, IV (Freiburg-Br.,
1932), col. 934-936.
42 Libellus de quatuor novissimis est le titre d'un écrit de Denys le Chartreux (Dio
nysius Carthusianus, ou de Rijkel), dont le pére Madur S.J. a fait paraitre une édition
en 1591 ; c'est aussi le titre d'un ouvrage de deux jésuites, les pères Franciscus Costerus
(Frans de Coster) et Joannes de Polanco; cfr. Sommervogel, V, col.279; II, col. 1518;
VI, col. 944. II s'agira ici du Libellus du pére Polanco.
43 Nous n'avons pas retrouvé cette édition.

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288 Μ. A. NAUWELAERTS

copo44, sacris diebus aliquoties legant? Lect


Libellus vero, utpote forma duodecima,
Bellerum impressus, parvo aere comparabi
dum ambulatum eunt, accommodus. Porro F. Petrus Bacherius45
Dominicanus Gandensis, qui eum evulgavit, amat te, et zelum tuum
magni aestimat, ut testatur ipsius praefatio ad D. Gabrielem Bar
quaeum ordinis D. Benedicti apud Aldenardum Coenobiarcham46.
Edidit autem hic Bacherius, doctus et eloquens S. Theologiae Lovanii
professor, ante annos propemodum duos, Homilias in omnes epistolas
quadragesimales. Rogo, suade illi amico tuo ut conscribat quoque
sermones in Evangelia Quadragesimae47. Nam ut arbitror facile
persuadebis, quum ille de te magnifice sentiat, et tua propterea
exhortatio apud ipsum plurimum ponderis habitura sit. Caeterum eo
revertatur oratio unde digressa est.
25. Pagina 243 : "Caeterum cum in Dominica passione varia exer
citationum genera a piis viris conscripta sint, mihi probatur illud,
ut pueris maxime conveniens, quod Antverpienses adiunxerunt parvo
D. Canisii Catechismo"48, etc. Si illud exercitium Dominicae passionis
intelligis, quod prius Coloniae apud Maternum Cholinum, et postea
Antverpiae in officina Christophori Plantini excusum est cum parvo
Catechismo Canisii, et precibus horariis de aeterna sapientia, inscrip
tum Meditationes quotidianae iuxta ordinem dierum hebdomadae, cuius
praefationis initium "Inter omnia pietatis verae exercitia", illud
composuerunt R.P. Franciscus Costerus49 (cum adhuc Coloniae in

44 Le volume parut chez Bellóre, à Anvers, en 1568; cfr. Bibliogr. S. V., p.89.
45 Petrus de Backer (Bacherius, 1517-1601), dominicain, inquisiteur (1560), pro
fesseur à l'Université de Louvain (1561), prédicateur et écrivain renommé, publia entre
autres des Homiliae in omnes epistolas (1578), des livres de prières, tels que la Tabula
sacrorum carminum piarumque precum enchiridion (1579) et le Hortulus precationum
(1569), et des ouvrages de piété. Cfr. la bibliographie de Bacherius par St. Axters O.P.,
dans Ons geestelijk Erf 7 (1933), 145-154; voir aussi A. van der Meersch, dans BNB,
IV, col. 741-744; L. Charlier, DHGE, VI, col. 75-76.
46 Abbé de l'abbaye bénédictine d'Ename lez Audenarde.
47 Effectivement le pére Bacherius a édité, à Louvain, en 1576, des Homiliae in
evangelio dominicalia ab Adventu usque ad Pascha.
48 Cfr. J. Tesser, «Nam de H. Petrus Canisius Luther's Katechismus tot model?»,
Studien, 113 (1930), 419-437, avec un relevé des éditions de catéchismes de Canisius.
49 Francois de Coster (1532-1619), provincial de la province flamande des jésuites,
èdita un manuel à l'usage des congrégations de Marie : Piarum et christianarum insti
tutionum libri tres. Cfr. BNB, V. col. 12-16 (E. Neeffs); Sommervogel, II, col. 1510

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LA CORRESPONDANCE DE SIMON VEREPAEUS 289

collegio nostro profiteretur, post in Belgica Provincialis) et cum eo


nonnulli alii Societatis nostrae.
26. Pagina 249 : "Aliquid Cypriani50, Lactantii". Lactantius studio
Michaelis Thomasii emendatus, cum notis eiusdem, Antverpiae ex
officina Christophori Plantini51.
27. Pag. 265: "Aut Confessio Polonica"52. Exprimatur nomen
optimi et doctissimi Cardinalis Stanislai Hosii, qui illius Confessionis
author est. His puerilium institutionum libris, velut congiarii loco,
subiungis varias leges scholasticas. Rogo adiicias etiam peculiarem
tractatum de regimine convictorum. Extat Michaelis Thomasii Dis
putano de variis collegiis ad utilitatem publicam constituendis53,
< quae > usui esse poterit. Titulis autem asscribas numerum capitum ;
et ubi distracta fuerint exemplaria, admone obsecro typographum ut
advigilet ne operariorum incuria altera editio mendis deformetur.
28. Pagina 330. subnectis brevem instructionem ad rite confitendum,
et communicandum tum spiritualiter, tum sacramentaliter pro disci
pulis grandioribus. Scripsit quoque D. Petrus Canisius compendiariam
institutionem confitentium et communicantium. Ea impressa est Di
lingae cum Catechismo, et precibus Canisianis germanice; quae
conversa in linguam latinam54 utiliter cum instructione tua pae
donomis ac puerorum institutoribus, ipsisque pueris legenda exhibe
retur.

29. Spero minime mihi vitio vertendum, praesertim apud te, huma
nissime Verrepaee, quod libere scribo, quae in mentem veniunt et ad
rem pertinere videntur, quum libertas eiusmodi inter amicos probari
soleat. De toto autem opere unum hoc dico : optare me, ut omnes
Episcopi, non solum Belgicae et Germaniae, sed aliarum quoque
nationum, singulis scholarum rectoribus dent exemplar harum tuarum
institutionum et simul eos moneant, ut secundum illas iuventutem
sibi commissam erudiant.

1534; R. Hardeman, Franciscus Costerus (1532-1619). Een Vlaamsche apostel en


volksredenaar (Alken, 1933).
50 Éditions des oeuvres de S. Cyprien, parues dans les Pays-Bas : NK, I, nM 672-674;
II, n° 2743.
51 Éditions plantiniennes des ceuvres de Lactance, en 1570 et 1587; cfr. L. De
george, o.e. (n. 33), pp. 157 et 205.
52 La Confessio catholicae fìdei du cardinal polonais Stanislas Hosius; cfr. ADB,
XIII, pp. 180-184; J. Lortz, Kardinal Stanislaus Hosius (Braunsberg, 1931).
53 Cette édition nous est inconnue.
54 Cfr. lettre 12, η. 1.

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290 M A. NAUWELAERTS

30. Caeterum pergratum foret cognoscere


liniae Dominus Henricus Luytenius55, E
nonicus, et F. Arnoldus Mermannius M
quinam ahi viri literati, qui scribendo
maxime S. Theologiae studiosos, et cath
possint ac velini.
31. Salutant te officiose et amanter D
L. Ioannes Hasius58, M. Alardus Frank
Rector D. Leonardus Kesselius60, qui p
aliquid utilitatis spiritualis tibi attulisse c
victores Societatis Iesu Coloniae. Christus
fortunet labores tuos, praemiaque < tri > b
Coloniae, Anno 1574. die 3. Ianuarii.
R(everentiae) T(uae) servus in
Ioannes Rethius.

Source : Cotogne, Stadt-Archiv, n°977, fol.21 lr-216r.

55 Henri Luytens, chanoine de Saint-Rombaut à Malines (1562), mourut en 1593;


il publia une De nativitate D.N.I.C. ex secundo capite D. Lucae evangelii docta et pia
Explicatio, chez Plantin, à Anvers, en 1565; la mème année parut chez le mème éditeur
un recueil d'homélies : Enarrationes evangeliorum. Cfr. Foppens, I, 456; BNB, XII,
col. 629; L. Degeorge, o.e. (n. 33), p. 144.
56 Le récollet Arnoldus Mermannius, ou Meersman, mourut à Louvain, en 1578;
il était l'auteur du Theatrum conversionis gentium (Antverpiae, Plantinus, 1572). Cfr.
BNB, XIV, col. 528-529; A. van den Eerenbeemt, De missieactie in Nederland (+ 1600
1940), (Nijmegen, 1945), p. 10.
57 Arnold Hävens, né à Bois-le-Duc, était chapelain de l'église Saint-Jean de sa
ville natale quand il entra chez les jésuites en 1559, à Cologne; il y devint régent du
«Tricoronatum»; il se fit chartreux en 1584 et mourut à Gand en 1611. Cfr. L.H.C.
Schutjes, IV, pp. 552-554; J. Kuckhoff, Die Geschichte des Gymnasium Tricoronatum
(Köln, 1931), pp. 189, 233, 273; Nieuw Nederlandsch biographisch Woordenboek, VI,
col. 729.

58 Jan de Haes, natif de Bois-le-Duc, devint jésuite à Cologne, en 1562; il a été


provincial de la province rhénane de 1595 à 1598, puis recteur à Emmerik; il mourut
en 1624. Cfr. Foppens, II, 654; Schutjes, IV, 552; J. Kuckhoff, o.e. (n.57), pp.223 et
276.

59 Alard Francken, de Bois-le-Duc, élève du «Tricoronatum» à Cologne, devint


jésuite; il a été pendant trente ans professeur à ce collège; il mourut en 1603. Cfr.
J. Kuckhoff, o.e. (n.57), p.273.
60 Léonard Kessel, de Liège, était en 1574 recteur des jésuites à Cologne. Cfr.
H. Keussen, o.e. (η. 1), II, n° 620.57; J. Kuckhoff, o.e. (n. 57), pp. 88-92.

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LA CORRESPONDANCE DE SIMON VEREPAEUS 291

5.

SIMON VEREPAEUS À JOHANN VON REIDT (RHETIUS)

Malines, le 25 janvier (1574).

Réponse à la lettre précédente. Remerciements pour les remarques concernant


les Institutiones. Eclaircissements à propos de certains passages. Nouvelles
concernant des amis et des collègues. Quelques mots sur la guerre aux Pays-Bas.
Salutations aux amis de Cologne.

1. S(alutem) P(lurimam), R(everen)de in Christo Pater. Reddita est


mihi a R(everentia) T(ua) epistola1, quae mihi multis nominibus,
sed duobus praecipue gratissima fuit. Primum quod tarn amanter,
benevole ae prolixe nobiseum colloqui non piguerit, quem ego scio
multis et gravissimis occupationibus quotidie istic distineri. Deinde
quod negocium puerilium studiorum tantae tibi esse intelligam, ut
illorum gratia non recusaris tam sincere et amice de iis me admonere
de quibus ego doctorum sententiam audire vehementer gestiebam.
Quo nomine Reverentiae tuae immortales ago gratias, voloque et
ipsi, et vestrae isti Societati debere quam plurimum.
2. Quamobrem ut officium beneficiorum vestrorum et benevolentiae
in me non immemoris expleam, respondebo si non ordine ad singula,
tarnen ad praecipua litterarum vestrarum capita, idque eo libentius,
quod quidquid in nostris Institutionibus est vel minima laude dignum,
id Deo omnipotenti in primis debeatur, ac deinde vestrae potissimum
Societati acceptum referre cogar, a qua multa didici cum istic vobiscum
suavissime viverem, et non exiguam partem hausi ex chartis Societatis,
cum ex aliis, tum iis, quas istic in vestra coenatione affixas saepe
legebam, ut mihi hunc librum scribenti in mentem frequenter venerit
corniculae illius Horatianae2.
3. Institutionum porro librum tertium, non tam concinnavi, quam
tumultuarie congessi, per ocium, ut sperabam, expoliturus, ex R(eve
rendlorum P(atrum) D. Canisii Catechismo 3. Directorio D. Polanci4.

1 La lettre 4 ci-dessus, du 3 janvier 1574.


2 Cfr. Horace, Épitres, I. 3. 19-20: «Moveat cornicula risum / furtivis nudata
coloribus ... ».
3 Cfr. lettre 4, n.48.
4 Le pére Jean Polanco (t env. 1577; cfr. lettre 4, n.42) écrivit un Breve direc
lorium ad confessarli ac conßtentis munus rite obeundum ; éditions : Rome, 1554;
Louvain, 1554; Anvers, 1556, etc. Cfr. Sommervogel, VI, col. 939.

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292 Μ. A. NAUWELAERTS

et ex libello de frequenti Communione D.


perspecta non esset Societatis vestrae sin
benevolentia et ardens benemerendi de om
ab ea controversiam mihi timere posse
aguntur gratiae.
4. Sed ab Ecclesiae Catholicae adversariis scio mihi litem fore
paratam, quam cum Dei gratia, ubi ipsius, et salutis animarum
negocium agatur, silentio ulciscar et patientia, praestantissimis scilicet
iniuriarum remediis. Sed nunc ad R(everentiae) T(uae) optatissimas
et suavissimas litteras.

5. Primum hoc longe gratissimum fuit, quod de multis me ad


monere dignatus sis, quae recte suis quaeque locis adiici possint.
Adieci pleraque eodem statim die, plura adiecturus, ubi librorum,
quorum meministi, nactus ero copiam. Locum unum aut alterum
castigavi, Erasmi nomen expunxi6, expuncturus etiam si non memi
nisses. Nam dolui plurimum, cum primum a typographo librum
accepissem, praesertim cum in aliis nostris omnibus diligenter cavissem
semper ne nomen ipsius usquam expressum a nobis apparerei, ut
etiam in una aut altera Lod. Vivis epistolarum7 ad Erasmum hoc
nomen expunctum in amicum commutarim.
6. Libellos nostros 4. proximis annis in gratiam puerilium studiorum
in lucem editos, excudit Antverpiae ad signum Struthionis Antonius
Tilenius8, videlicet : Lib(rum) Progymnasmatum Linguae Latinae ; De
conscribendis epistolis; Selectiores aliquot Lod. Vivis epistolas; et
Selectiores Ciceronis Scholiis per nos illustratas9. Scripsi Tilenio ut
ex singulis vobis exemplar mittat.
7. Scripsi adhaec Ioanni Bellero10, et docto, bene Catholico, et
Societati vestrae addictissimo (ad quam meo Consilio misit Duacum
instituendum fìlium suum natu maximum), ut ad vos mittat Libellum

5 Christophorus Madridius, Libellus de frequenti usu Sacramenti Eucharistiae (Nea


poli, 1556; Dilingae, 1577, etc.). Cet ouvrage fut souvent publié dans un mème
volume avec le Directorium du pére Polanco; p. ex. Cologne. 1560; Anvers, 1564,
1571, 1575, 1581, etc. Cfr. Sommervogel, V, col.278; VI, col.940-941.
6 Cfr. lettre 4, n. 39.
7 Verepaeus publia un recueil de lettres latines de J. L. Vivès; cfr. Bibliogr. S. V.,
p. 88.
8 Cfr. lettre 2, n. 2.
9 Cfr. Bibliogr. S. V., pp. 83-84, 86-88.
10 Cfr. lettre 1, n. 5.

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LA CORRESPONDANCE DE SIMON VEREPAEUS 293

precum liturgicarum 11, quem eius sumptu et opera diebus proxim


evulgavimus. Eundem nunc denuo excudit typis paulo minutioribu
pro pueris.
8. Eidem Ioan(ni) Bellero misi excudendas Selectiores clarorum
virorum epistolas12, collectas a nobis in usum Scholarum ex Sadoleto,
Bembo, Christophoro Longolio et Paulo Manutio, studiosis Cicero
nianae phraseos aemulatoribus et bene catholicis. Si quis vestrum
in libellis superioribus invenerit vel minimum quod lima egeat aut
spongea, magnam a nobis initurus est in gratiam, si nos dignabitur
admonere, atque id quo citius, eo futurum gratius, quod huiusmodi
scholastica ad typographiam frequenter revocentur.
9. Quod R(everentia) T(ua) nos adhortetur, ut aliquid commen
temur de tropis et schematibus, quod itidem alii nos rogarunt, et de
utraque Copia, hic iuxta proverbium monuisset memorem, si mihi
a quotidianis negociis daretur tantullum vacui temporis13. Sed credi
vix potest, quot ac quantis post monasterii nostri incendium 14, post
bonorum direptionem summamque rerum omnium necessariarum
egestatem hic nunc premar curis et occupationibus, ut nostras alioqui
segregandas et dispergendas ex bonorum prudentumque virorum
Consilio hic contineamus et sustentemus; et valetudine sumus parum
prospera. Videbo tarnen quid ocii ac melioris spei dies verni ac
longiores nobis afferent.
10. De Utraque Copia scripsit libellum Joan(nes) Rivius15 adiunc
tum suae Grammaticae, quem Dilingani suppresso auctoris nomine
per erotemata ac quaestiunculas digestum adiunxerunt arti epistolicae
Georg(ii) Macropedii16, quem nostris aliquando praelegendum curavi.
11 S. Verepaeus, Preces lilurgicae (Antverpiae, Bellerus, 1574); plusieurs rééditions;
cfr. Bibliogr. S. V.. pp. 59-61.
12 S. Verepaeus, Selectiores epistolae clarorum virorum\ cfr. lettre 4, n. 28, et
Bibliogr. S. V., p. 88.
13 Verepaeus a édité plus tard les manuels De tropis et schematibus (1590) et
De verborum et rerum Copia (1582); cfr. Bibliogr. S. V., pp. 85-86.
14 Le couvent du Mont Thabor à Malines; cfr. lettre 3, n. 5.
15 Ioannes Rivius, In copiam verborum ac rerum Epitome (Lovanii, Barth. Gravius,
1546); cfr. Buisson, p. 567. Cet Epitome parut dans le mème volume que Georgius
Macropedius, Methodus de conscribendis epistolis (Dillingae, 1564); cfr. Bibliotheca
Belgica. 2' S., Μ 87.
16 Georges van Lanckveldt, dit Macropedius (1486-1558), membre de la Maison des
Frères de la Vie Commune à Bois-le-Duc, professeur de latin et de grec aux écoles
latines de Bois-le-Duc, de Liège et d'Utrecht; cfr. M.A. Nauwelaerts, dans Bossche
Bijdragen, 24 (1958), pp. 143-161 (édition de sa correspondance); R.C. Engelberts,

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294 Μ. A. NAUWELAERTS

11. Admones praeterea ut Legibus Scholast


tractatum aliquem de Regimine convictorum
praecipua huius Regiminis capita. Sed ist
professorem multo rectius perfici posset. I
cui par esse queam, detractaverim, si mo
nitantur, mittantur ad me fundamenta, aut
capita. Proxima harum Institutionum editio
ante futuram aestatem17, ut interea de mu
moneri.

12. Gratissimum quod admones18 de Mic


tione de variis collegiis ad utilitatem pub
de regis institutione et disciplina Hieron(ym
Perionii libellis oblivione a nobis praeteritis,
in Oriente gestarum P. Pet(ri) Maffei, et po
institutione confltentium et communicantium R.P. Domini Canisii.
13. Inquiris de libellis quibusdam vobis istic adhuc ignotis. Primum
lacobus Gueras numquam lectus est, sed eam partem descripsi ex lib(ro)
Officiorum Scholasticorum Jac(obi) Middendorpii19, vestratis Theo
logi.
14. Leges morales Ewaldi Galli20 excudit octo pagellis, Ant(ver
piae) Thilenius anno 1569, ex Erasmo fere collectas. Eas ipse, sed
alio fortassis indutas habitu puerili aetati congruenti, constitui adiicere
suppresso cuiusquam nomine libellis nostris Progymnasmatum21.
15. Selectiores elegantiae ex Terentio et Cicerone extant cum inter
pretatione vernacula, collectae per Georg(ium) Fabricium22, per

G.M., Bassarus (Tilburg, 1968), pp. 7-21 (biographie); 23-34 (oeuvre); A.M.M. Dekker
dans Humanistica Lovaniensia, XXIII (1974), pp. 188-227.
17 On ne connait pas de deuxième édition des Institutiones.
18 Cfr. lettre 4, n.53, 4, 17, 18, 19, 48.
19 Iacobus Middendorpius (+1611), Officiorum scholasticorum libri II (Coloniae,
M. Cholinus, 1570). Cfr. J. Hartzheim, Bibliotheca Coloniensis (Coloniae, 1747),
pp. 150-151; ADB, XXI, p. 711 (J. Merlo); Buisson, p.445.
20 Ewaldus Gallus, Leges morales (Silvae Ducis, G. van der Hatart, 1536); NK,
I, n°951. La réédition de 1569 nous est inconnue.
21 Nous n'avons pas retrouvé d'exemplaire de. la réédition de 1577, mentionnée
par J. Clessius, Unius saeculi ... Nundinarum Autumnalium ... Elenchus consumma
tissimus librorum (Francofurti, 1602), p. 511.
22 Georgius Fabricius, Elegantiarum puerilium ex Ciceronis epistulis libri III (Lip
siae, 1548 et Coloniae, 1562); Elegantiarum ex Plauto et Terentio libri II (Basileae, 1555);
cfr. Buisson, pp. 278-279 (mais pas d'édition Plantinienne). Sur Georg Goldschmidt,

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LA CORRESPONDANCE DE SIMON VEREPAEUS 295

missae tamen a prohibitorum librorum catalogo. Easdem excudit


Plantinus, haud scio an suppresso, quod expediret, auctoris nomine.
16. Extant Flores et Frondes Terentianae, collecti, illi a Cor(nelio)
Grapheo23, hae a quodam Wilsio Brabantio24, excusae cum inter
pretatione vernacula Antverpiae apud Guil(ielmum) Silvium.
17. Aesopi fabulae elegantiori stylo conversae sunt a Joach(imo)
Camerario25, admissae apud nos a Catalogo. Ex his Ludimagister
quidam Mechlinianus26 cupit seligere puerili aetati convenientiores,
suppresso auctoris nomine, quas pueris cupiebam commendari.
18. Colloquia Corn(elii) Croci27 exhibuit mihi aliquando Corn(elius)
Valerius28, Eloquentiae professor apud Lovanienses, a se recognita,
quae prae multis aliis Colloquiorum libellis ipse commendabat. Sed
intellexi hae nondum esse evulgata, nec evulganda fortassis, quod
gravioribus impediatur, nisi quis urgeat ipsum et extimulet, quod
fieri optarem ab aliquo Societatis professore.
19. Idem castigavit Antonii Silvii Dunckercani in Flandria Collo
quia29, anno superiori Lovanii per Io(annem) Bogardum typis excusa,

ou Fabricius (1516-1571), cfr. F. A. Eckstein, o.e. (1. 4, n. 22), p. 149; ADB, VI, pp. 510
514 (Kämmel).
23 Cornelius Grapheus, Colloquiorum Formulae e Terentii Comoediis, Antverpiae,
1530, etc.; cfr. NK, I, n™ 1021-1026; II, n1* 3122-3123. Cornelis de Schrijver (Scribonius
ou Grapheus), né à Alost, en 1482, était secrétaire de la ville d'Anvers; il mourut
en 1558. Cfr. Foppens, I, col. 201-202; J. Prinsen, CoUectanea van Gerardus Gelden
hauer (Amsterdam, 1901), p.47, avec indications bibliographiques.
24 Augustinus Wilsius, Terentii Frondes, seu Phrases (Antverpiae, Silvius, 1566).
Sur Wils, cfr. A. Roersch, dans BNB, XXVII, col. 343.
25 Joachim Camerarius (ou Kammermeister), né à Bamberg en 1500, professeur
de grec à l'Université de Leipzig (1541), mort en 1574. Cfr. C. G. Jöcher, o.e., 1,
col. 1593-1594; Buisson, pp. 110-114; NDB, III, pp. 104-105.
26 Lambert-Thomas Schenckels, recteur des écoles latines ou « Grootschool » de
Malines; cfr. lettre 16, η. 1.
27 Cornelius Crocus (env. 1500-1550), prètre et «rector scholae» à Amsterdam,
publia des Colloquiorum puerilium Formulae (Antverpiae, 1536), et d'autres ouvrages;
cfr. NK, I, nM643-646; II, n™2727-2729; Buisson, pp. 184-185; J.F.M. Sterck, Onder
Amsterdamsche humanisten (Hilversum/Amsterdam, 1934), pp. 53-75; H. de Vocht,
Coli. Tri!., II, pp. 202-208; A.J. Kölker, o.e. (1. 4, η. 8), avec la bibliographie des
Oeuvres de Crocus, pp. 302-332.
28 Les Colloquia de Valerius n'ont pas paru. Sur Cornelius Valerius (Wouters,
van Oudewater, ab Auwater, 1512-1578), cfr. FI. de Vocht, Colt. Tril., III, 270-281;
IV, 294-297, 454-472; Id., C. Valerli ab Auwater Epistolae et Carmina (Louvain, 1957).
29 Antonius Sylvius Dunckercanus, Puerilium colloquiorum Formulae cum Gallica
et Teutonica interpretatione (Lovanii, Joannes Bogardus, 1573); rééditions : Anvers,

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296 M A. NAUWELAERTS

adiunctis illis, ut intelligo, puerilibus a


auctoris omisso nomine.
20. Dialogi ethici Laurentii Campestrii30, piane morales, et ad
Ciceronis dictionem accommodati, superioribus annis conscripti sunt
Lovanii, ibidem (nisi quid fallor, nam ipse eos iam non habeo) excusi
typis.
21. Precationem B. Ephraeim unde descripserim meminisse nequeo,
quod in iis describendis saepenumero sim usus variis aliorum libris.
Ego iam nihil ipsius habeo, praeter tractatus 6 brevissimos ipsi
inscriptos, 1. De Compunctione cordis, 2. De Iudicio Dei et resurrec
tione etc., 3. De Beatitudine animae, 4. De Poenitentia, 5. De Lucta
mine spirituali, 6. De Die Iudicii; est libellus vetustus minutis charac
teribus, editionis suae locum, auctorem nusquam exprimens, excusus
cum Rhetorica Divina Guil(ielmi) Parisiensis31. Tractatulus de lucta
mine spirituali habet solum 3 capita. In iis nihil est huiusmodi
precationis.
21. F. Petrum Bacherium32 Dominicanum de Concionibus Evan
gelicis Quadragesimae, litteris iam scriptis, necdum datis, admonui,
et qua est facilitate, acquiescet spero studiosorum petitioni.
22. Habes R(everen)de Pater ad omnia fere raptim et vellicatim,
ut id nostra nunc requirit festinatio. Adiiciam tamen his paucula.
Editio nostrarum Institutionum nostram piane vicit opinionem, ut
quas etiam R(everendissi)mus Iprensium Episcopus Martinus Rytho
vius33 scripserit esse dignas, quae auctoritate publica scholis imponan
tur. Quod ego sic interpretor ut iis verbis mihi calcar additum esse velit,
ad easdem maiori cura ac studio editione proxima expoliendas, ut

Plantin, 1580 et 1589; Anvers, J. Trognaesius (avec des traductions néerlandaises


seulement), 1595. Silvius était maitre d'école à Vilvorde. Cfr. Foppens, I, 92; L. De
george, o.e. (lettre 4, note 33), pp. 185 et 211; E. Cockx-Indestege et G. Glorieux,
o.e., I, n0* 4353-4354.
30 L. Campestrius Diestensis, Dialogi ethici sive morales (Lovanii, 1551 et 1552);
plusieurs rééditions. Cfr. Buisson, pp. 118-119; E. Cockx-Indestege et G. Glorieux,
o.e., I, n" 543-544.
31 Guilelmus ou Guillermus Parisiensis ou Alvernus, professeur de théologie à Paris,
mort en 1249. Cfr. A. Landgraf, dans Lexikon fiir Theologie und Kirche, X, col. 890
891 ; F. Vernet, dans Dictionnaire de Théologie catholique, VI, col. 1967-1976.
32 Cfr. lettre 4, n. 45 et n. 47.
33 Martin Bouwensz. van Riethoven, évèque d'Ypres, mort en 1583. Sur lui, cfr.
Nederlands Archief voor Kerkgeschiedenis, 33 (1941-1942), 193; H. de Vocht, Coli. Tril.,
IV, 158-162.

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LA CORRESPONDANCE DE SIMON VEREPAEUS 297

ex quibus tum magnus studiosorum fructus sperari posset; quod


cupio quidem, si maior librorum copia, et temporis ocium suppetat.
23. Cum istic agerem annis superioribus, nactus forte eram apud
bibliopolam Scholam Coelii Secundi34, quae in hoc argumento sic
mihi tum arridebat ut legendo vix possem exatiari, donec in locum
haereseos suspectum incidissem, qui me coegit libellum statim dilace
rare, cuius necdum poenitet. Sed optarem eundem per Inquisitorem
aliquem ad me mitti repurgatum, suppressoque auctoris sui nomine
ut qui in hac materia magno posset esse mihi adiumento et usui.
24. Vidi quoque ante multos annos cum de nostra lucubratione
nihil etiamnum cogitarem, Guil(ielmum) Budaeum de formando stu
dio2,5, Erasmum de pueris liberaliter instituendis36, Othonem Brun
felsium de educatione puerorum31, De aperiendis ludis Joan(nem)
Sturmium38, Eiusdem Nobilitatem litteratam ad fratres Werneros.
Hi sunt fortassis aut plures alii, quos Basiieae Jo(annem) Oporinum
in uno volumine edidisse intelligo ex prohibitorum lib(rorum) cata
logo39. Quos utinam emaculatos liceret no bis legere. Atque de
Institutionibus hactenus.

25. Cum ante annos octo vel novem Christianas ac pias precandi

34 Caelius Secundus Curio (t 1569), Schola, sive de perfecto grammatico libri VI


(Basileae, 1555); cfr. Buisson, pp. 187-188; M. E. Cosenza, o.e. (lettre 4, n. 18), V, 586.
35 Guillelmus Budaeus, De formando studio (ou : De studio litterarum rede ac
commode instituendo), Paris, 1527 etc. Cfr. L. Delaruelle, Guillaume Bude. Les angines,
les débuts, les idées maitresses (Paris, 1907); Id., Repertoire analytique et chrono
logique de la correspondance de G. Budé (Paris, 1907); J. Plattard, G. Budé et les origines
de l'humanisme franfais (Paris, 1966). Pour les éditions du De formando studio et d'autres
ouvrages de Budé, cfr. Buisson, pp. 94-98. Une édition anastatique des traités De
Philologia et De Studio (1532) avec introduetion d'A. Buck a paru à Stuttgart en 1964.
36 Erasme, De pueris statim ac liberaliter instituendis (Basileae, 1529); édition
critique, avec traduetion et commentaire, par J.-Cl. Margolin, Genève, 1966, pp. 199
222, bibliographie des éditions. Nouvelle édition par le mème dans Erasmi Opera
omnia I 2 (Amsterdam, 1971), pp. 3-78.
37 Otto Brunsfels (env. 1488-1534), De disciplina et institutione puerorum paraenesis
(Argentinae, 1525); Buisson, pp. 90-91; éditions anversoises, en 1529 et 1530: NK, II,
nw 2568-2569. Cfr. C.G. Jöcher, I, col. 1420-1421.
38 Johannes Sturmius, De litterarum ludis rede aperiendis Uber (1537); Ad Werneros
fratres, Nobihtas literata sive via et ratio studiorum (1549); Buisson, pp.612-613. Sur
J. Sturm (1507-1589), cfr. J. Rott (Éd.), Jean Sturm. Classicae epislolae sive Scholae
Argentinenses restitutae (Paris/Strasbourg, 1938); H. de Vocht, Coli. Tri!., II, pp.579
590; P. Mesnard, «The Pedagogy of J. Sturm», Studies in the Renaissance, 13 (1966),
pp. 200-219.
39 L'édition n'est pas mentionnée dans la Bibliotheca Erasmiana.

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298 M A. NAUWELAERTS

formulas undiquaque colligerem40, nih


norum, odarum, aut precum adieci me
maiorem libelli molem, constituissem h
separatim ex veterum et recentium ca
collectum in lucem emittere; quod ut
tum in primis Bacherius41, me multum
scriptis instruxerat.
26. Sed huius libelli capitum inscript
quenter tum in mentem venit parum
turum, quod hac scilicet occasione excut
precum libelli ad recte orandum accom
soluta Constant, in quibus non (ut pos
monis puritas, lepor et suavitas, sed res i
27. Itaque hoc metu perculsus resilii
elucubraram abieci non resumpturus,
in primis ab aliquo vestrae Societatis
parere stat animus, hoc, ut perficiam, co
28. Inter hos poetas, quos non paucos
agentes nisi fallor Coloniae, Henricus
libello Moralium apud Horstium excuso
in lib(ro) Precationum apud eundem H
essent ignoti nobis, quamquam placeren
ausus desumere, nisi istinc edoctus priu
aliorum auctoribus ut nobis magis notis,
29. Est hic Canonicus quidam Licenti
nuper legisset dictata D. Petri Busaei4

40 La première édition du Precationum piarum E


elle semble perdue. Cfr. Bibliogr. S. V., p. 61.
41 Cfr. lettre 4, n. 45.
42 Henricus Aquilius Arnemiensis, Moralium
phrasin Orationis Dominicae complectitur (Colonia
«A Guelders chronicler of the sixteenth Century, Η.Α.Α.», dans Studia biblio
graphica ... H. de la Fontaine Verwey (Amsterdam, 1967), pp. 144-154.
43 Matthias Agritius (1545-1613), Libellus precationum (Coloniae, Horstius, 1569);
cfr. J. Hartzheim, o.e. (η. 19), ρ.239; L. Keil, «Der Dichter und Humanist Matthias
Agricius von Wittlich», Trierer Zeitschrift, 2 (1927), 141-155.
44 Petrus Busaeus, ou Buys, de Nimègue (1540-1587), jésuite, professeur à Vienne,
a publié une édition de la Summa doctrinae christianae de S. Pierre Canisius, pourvue
de toutes les « auctoritates » ; cet ouvrage porte aussi le titre de Opus catecheticum ;
éditions de Cologne, 1569 et 1577. Cfr. Sommervogel, II, col. 439-442; Vili, col. 1951;

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LA CORRESPONDANCE DE SIMON VEREPAEUS 299

egit mecum ut ea typis mandari curarem. Respondi, quamquam ip


quoque vehementer optarem ea typis excusa legere, me id tar
nequaquam ausum facere, nec scire an id auctori gratum foret
typis committi vellet. Quod si auctor non maturet ut divulgentur,
fortassis qui ipsum praevertet; nam haec omnibus mire piac
videntur.

30. M. Augustinus Viscavius45 Mechlinianus, cognatus Docto


Hunnaei46, meus olirn istic contubernalis et cubiculi sodalis, n
docet Antverpiae in Seminario novo Reverendissimi47.
31. Agit adhuc nobiscum D. Henricus Lutenius Canonicus48. S
post exortum apud nos Geusismum nihil emisit in lucem.
32. F. Arnoldus Mamermannus49 agit nunc Antverpiae; ante bie
nium edidit libellum inscriptum Theatrum conversionis omnium gentiu
totius orbis, Plantini typis excusum.
33. Apud Mechlinienses unicus nunc est Theologus Doctor, C
melitarum prior50, Licentiati Pastores tres, Canonici tres, et unu
Carmelita, Baccalaurei complures. Sed nullus est quem quidqua
sciam scribere praeter Guardianum Franciscanorum F. Matthi
Felisium51, qui scribit commentaria in Magistrum Sententiaru

J. Bruckner, dans le Dici, de Theo/, cath., II, col. 1265-1266; A. de Bil, dans DG
X, col. 1414-1415.
45 Augustinus Viscavius, ou Vischavens, de Malines, séjourna avec Verepa
dans la maison des jésuites à Cologne, en 1566.
46 Augustinus Hun(n)aeus (Hoens, ou Huens), de Malines (1521-1578), professe
à Louvain; cfr. BNB, IX, col. 711-719 (E. H J. Reusens); H. de Vocht, Col!. Tril.,
152-157.

47 La fondation du séminaire diocésain d'Anvers avait été projetée par Leveque


Franciscus Sonnius, mais ne fut réalisée qu'au début du XVIIe siècle; les synodes de
1571 et 1576 n'en parlent pas. Cfr. V. Sempels, «Het Antwerpsch seminarle», Collec
tanea Mechliniensia. 7 (1933), 519-520.
48 Henri Luytens; cfr. lettre 4, n.55. L'expression «exorsus Geusismus» peut se
rapporter à l'iconoclasme d'aoüt 1566 ou à la prise de Malines par les troupes de
Guillaume d'Orange, en 1572.
49 Mamermannus, ou Mermannius, ou Meersman; cfr. lettre 4, n. 56.
50 En 1574 Petrus Lupus (ou Wolf) était prieur des carmes à Malines. Cfr. H. van
der Linden, dans BNB, XII, col. 576-581 ; E. de Moreau, Histoire de l'Église en Belgique,
V (Bruxelles, 1952), pp. 201-203.
51 Matthias Felisius, Catholica elucidano decalogi (Antverpiae, Plantinus, 1573;
rééditions sous un autre titre, en 1575 et 1576); Institutionis christianae catholica et
erudita elucidatio, secundum methodum a Magistro in Secundam Sententiarum obser
vatam (ib., 1575); cfr. L. Degeorge, o.e. (lettre 4, note 33), pp. 165, 170, 173. Sur le

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300 M A. NAUWELAERTS

ediditque anno superiori Commentarium


Praecepta, excusa Lovanii sed sumptu Pian t
34. Lovanii S. Theol(ogiae) Doctor Jo
superiori denuo auxit Usuardi Martyrologiu
35. Nihil hic est novi, aut bonae spei de
nobis haec scribentibus, rumor hic spar
expulso a se Geusiorum praesidio, nostr
Heri et hodie hic Mechliniae ab universo
catum pro classe regia, quae ut putamus, h
milite Hispano solvit hinc Middelburgensib
36. Mechlinienses a calamitosa rerum suar
dem sed tarnen nonnihil respirant54. Bona
licorum adhuc exulat, quod rebus apud
milite Principis, eius partibus nonnihil favisse
37. Bene vale, colendissime Domine. Commendo me cum nostro
conventu tuis, ac R(everen)di Patris Leonardi55 precibus, ipsumque
una cum venerandis Dominis Havensio 56, Hasio 57, Frankenio 58,
Boleno59, et Paulo olim fratris mei60 famulo, istic, opinor, laico

récollet Felisius ou Cats (env. 1532-1576), cfr. B. de Troeyer, « Bio-bibliografie van


de Minderbroeders in de Nederlanden », Franciscana, 22 (1967), 64-70.
52 Joannes Molanus, ou Jan van der Molen ou Vermeulen (1" 1588), professeur à
Louvain, èdita le Martyroìogium Usuardi (Lovanii, 1568). Cfr. H. de Vocht, Coli. Tri!.,
IV, 6.
53 Sous Requesens les villes de Gouda et de Middelbourg passèrent sous la
domination des provinces du Nord.
54 Lors de la prise de la ville de Malines par les troupes du due d'Albe eut lieu
la Furie espagnole; cfr. J. Laenen, Histoire de leglise métropolitaine de Saint-Rombaut
à Malines, 1 (Malines, 1919), ρ. 256.
55 Léonard Kessels; cfr. lettre 4, η. 60.
56 Cfr. lettre 4, n. 57.
57 Cfr. lettre 4, n. 58.
58 Cfr. lettre 4, n. 59.
59 Ce personnage nous est inconnu.
60 Henricus Verepaeus étudia à Louvain, y fut promu maitre ès arts en 1546,
devint «legens» au Collège du Pore, en 1547, et y fut régent de 1559 à 1562; devenu
doyen de Hilvarenbeek, en 1564, il mourut en 1580. Cfr. Analectes pour servir à
l'histoire ecelésiaslique de la Belgique, 4 (1867-1868), 232, 238, 245; Schutjes, IV,
610-611. Le texte du testament de Henri Verepaeus, du 5 aoüt 1580, contenant des
fondations de bourses, a été publié par A. van der Does de Willebois, Studiebeurzen.
Beurzenstichtingen voor de Stad en de voormalige Meijerij van 's-Hertogenbosch, 4 vols.
('s-Hertogenbosch, 1904-1906), Ili, pp.279-283.

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LA CORRESPONDANCE DE SIMON VEREPAEUS 301

ex me officiose ut resalutes cupio. Mechliniae in Thabor, 25 ianuarii


R(everentiae) T(uae) addictiss(imus) cliens
Simon Verrepaeus.

38. Praestanti eruditione et singulari vitae (in)tegritate ornatissimo


S. Theologiae Professori, D(omin)o Ioanni Rethio, In Collegio Soci
tatis N(ominis) Iesu Coloniae.

39. (main de J. Rethius) Recepì Cai. Februarii anno 1574.

40. (autre main) Den bode zwe wispenninck.

Source : Cologne, Stadt-Archiv, n°978, fol. 277r-279v.

6.

JOHANN VON REIDT (RHETIUS) À SIMON VEREPAEUS

Cologne, le 25 février 1574.

Rhetius recommande à Verepaeus de s'occuper de sa santé. Le pére Madri


dius est mort. Salutations aux amis communs. Une réponse ultérieure suivra;
les routes ne sont pas süres et les Gueux embauchent des troupes dans les pays
Rhénans.

Simoni Verrepaeo, Mechliniam.


Si me amas, optime Verrepaee, curam habe valetudinis tuae,
ut possis diu scribere; nec putes perire tempus, quod studiis literarum
detractum, impendis conservandis sustentandisque sacris virginibus 1.
2. Christopherus Madridius2, cuius libello de frequenti communione
usum te scribis in concinnando tertio tuarum Institutionum, extre
mum vitae diem obiit : rogo ut animam eius Deo commendes.
3. Reverenter et officiose meis verbis saluta eruditione praestantes
viros, Petrum Bacherium3, Arnoldum Mermannium4, Matthiam Feli
sium5, atque Henricum Lutenium6, quos quidem non de facie, sed
Au couvent du Mont Thabor, à Malines; cfr. lettre 3, n.5.
Madridius mourut à Rome, le 13 aoüt 1573. Cfr. lettre 5, n. 5.
Cfr. lettre 4, n.45.
Cfr. lettre 4, n. 56.
Cfr. lettre 5, n. 51.
Cfr. lettre 4, n. 55.

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302 M A. NAUWELAERTS

ex scriptis novi, et idcirco amo plurimum,


tradita, elucubrando aliquid quod Ecclesiae p
ut venienti Domino cum foenore restituant. 4. Ubi a Bellero7 et
Tilenio 8 tractatus tuos recepero, libenter legam. Mittam autem alias,
quando viae tutae ab hostibus erunt, paucula de convictorum regimine,
et respondebo ad caeteras epistolae tuae partes9. Nunc Geusei, nescio
in quam partem terrarum regis vestri, ex Germania magnas copias
ducunt10. Precabimur Deum pro vobis : sed et vos orate pro nobis.
Coloniae, anno 1574, die 25. Februarii.

5. R(everentiae) T(uae) addictissimus in


Christo servus Ioannes Rethius.

Source : Cologne, Stadt-Archiv n°977, ff. 256v-257r.

7.

SIMON VEREPAEUS AU CARDINAL DE GRANVELLE

Malines, 1574.

Dédicace d'un nouveau manuel de prières : Precationes liturgicae. Le


bles des Pays-Bas ont fourni l'occasion à Verepaeus de Compiler ce liv
prières.

1. Ad amplissimum S(anctae) R(omanae) E(cclesiae) Cardinalem


Regnique Neapolitani Proregem, D(ominum) Antonium Perrenotum,
Granvellanum', Archiepiscopum Mechliniensem. 2. Cum Reip(u
blicae) Christianae statum anno superiori apud nos Beigas pene ubique
locorum perturbar!2, convelli et labefactari cernerem, Reverendissime

7 Cfr. lettre 1, η. 5.
8 Cfr. lettre 2, n. 2.
9 Cette lettre n'existe plus, semble-t-il.
10 Les troupes qui se rassemblaient à la frontière ouest des Pays-Bas devaient faire
partie de l'armée de Louis de Nassau; cfr. J.C.H. de Pater, De Tachtigjarige Oorlog
(Amsterdam, 1936), p.204.
1 Cfr. lettre 3, n. 3.
2 Suite aux difficultés croissantes, le due d'Albe fut rappelé en 1573 et remplacé
par Requesens comme gouverneur des Pays-Bas.

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LA CORRESPONDANCE DE SIMON VEREPAEUS 303

in Christo Pater et amplis(sime) D. Cardinalis, nec ad ipsum c


servandum sat felices successus pro votis multorum tunc appareren
venit in mentem saepenumero verborum regis Iudaicae gentis
phat : "Cum ignoremus, inquit, quid agere debeamus, hoc solu
habemus residui, ut oculos nostros dirigamus ad te"3. 3. Quibus il
Deum compellans, nos admonet et erudit ut in rebus afflictis
dubiis oculos nostros dirigamus ad Deum Patrem nostrum caeleste
ab eoque spem, opem et liberationem petamus et expectemus;
cum omnipotens sit, ut Scripturae nos docent4 et in fidei symbol
protestamur5, credamus oportet ipsum posse praestare et elargiri
quod ab ipso petitur. 4. Cum vero idem Pater noster 6 et esse et d
voluerit, consequitur quoque eundem vere paterno affectu nos pr
qui; paterni autem affectus est, velie suis liberis in afflictionibus s
venire, ferre opem et liberare. 5. Haec et alia id genus, cum ment
subinde reputarem, vehementer et saepe exoptans pias ac Christia
aliquas precandi formulas in lucem proferri, quibus hac trag
prorsus tempestate, et alias ingruentibus nonnunquam afflictarum
rerum procellis, Christiani pie et utiliter uti possent, cum vero p
multum temporis intervallum expectationi nostrae non satisfiere
amici quidam non vulgares nos ad easdem colligendas urgere co
runt. 6. Quod cum ab officio nostro et fide, qua Christi eccle
devincti sumus, non alienum videretur, acquievimus tandem
flagitantium voluntati, et studiose collegimus undequaque huiusm
potissimum sanctissimorum Patrum precationes, quae ad aeterni D
laudem et gloriam celebrandam, ad plorandam eiusdem offensam,
sedandas Reip(ublicae) tempestates, et Christianae Religionis incre
mentum, ad ecclesiae catholicae pacem, populique ac principum
christianorum concordiam tuendam et conservandam congruere c
primis viderentur. 7. Qua quidem in re me integra mente versatu
esse spero, iudiciumque catholicae et apostolicae ecclesiae Dei li
tissime defero. Has igitur preces ordine conveniente digestas, iam
lucem emissurus, ad T(uam) R(everendam) C(elsitudinem), amplissi
D. Cardinalis, cuius nomini inscriberentur, duabus de causis mihi
confugiendum existimavi. 8. Primum quod in ecclesiastica Rep(u

3 2 Parai., 20. 12.


4 Cfr. Gen., 17. 1.
5 Cfr. le Symbolum Nicaeno-Constantinopolitanum de 381, repris dans la profession
de foi de Pie IV; Denzinger-Bannwart, o.e. (lettre 4, n. 3), n°994.
6 Cfr. Matth., 6, 9.

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304 ivi. A. NAUWELAERTS

blica) et politica ad hunc tarn sublimem digni


ad superiora omnia promovenda, momenti
auctoritate tua qua summe polles, afferre po
tui spei nostrae sacram, quod aiunt7, anchor
mur. 9. Deinde cum priorum quorundam c
persuasus, sperarem has preces christianae
futuras, existimabam easdem non paulo com
avidius, ferventius et a pluribus lectum iri,
praesidis et principis nomen praeluceret; quo
C(elsitudinis) T(uae) animi candore et in om
fidebam nulli denegandum de Rep(ublica) C
cupido. 10. Sed fortasse quis dixerit exiguum
et Ill(ustrissima) C(elsitudine) T(ua) nimis ind
si libelli quis spectet quantitatem; sed idem e
heroicum, si quis rem ipsam aestimet quam co
est huiusmodi, ut a magnis scriptoribus sum
et ab ipso Christo Domino sit nobis et verbo e
admodum commendata8. Quae adhaec a regib
Davide, Salomone, Ezechia, Moyse et a patr
et apostolis 9, et universo denique mortalium
exercitata, et in summo precio semper hab
rum omnes omnium seculorum et nationum h
aliam humano generi maiori vel ornament
pia et supplex deprecatio. Quod multis hoc loc
facile doceri queat, si epistolaris angustia nos
sulat igitur aequi boni, Ill(ustrissima) et R
tudo) hunc quantulumcunque precationum lib
patrocinio in publicum proferri sibique, cui
consecrari; praesertim quod in hac Eccles
miserabili et deploranda afflictione10, et mo

7 Cfr. Hébr., 6, 19.


8 Recommandations de la prière : Matth., 6. 5-15 et 7.
Jean, 14. 13-14.
9 Prière des Patriarches : Gen., 13. 4 et 20. 17 (A
32. 9-12 (Jacob); de Moi'se : Exod., 32. 11-14; de David :
3 Rois, 8. 12-61; d'Ezéchias : Is., 38. 1-22; 4 Rois, 20. 1
32. 16-25; 3 Rois, 18. 42; des Apòtres : 1 Cor., 14. 15; Ep
5. 14-15.

10 Cfr. J. Laenen, o.e. (lettre 5, n. 54), I, pp. 255-257.

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LA CORRESPONDANCE DE SIMON VEREPAEUS 305

in Thabor11, calamitoso incendio12, provinciae tuae indigenam, et


Mechliniensis civitatis incolam, alio confugere parum decorum habe
retur, quam ad totius provinciae suae mystagogum, spiritalem paren
tem, et afflictorum patronum, quem clero suo Mechliniano, nostroque
in eo sacratarum Virginum monasterio, favore et patrocinio non
defuturum, vel eo magis confidimus, quod Reip(ublicae) atque totius
populi interesse non parum existimemus, ut monasteria passim sarta
tecta, atque in bona disciplina utriusque magistratus, cura et opera
conserventur ; quod illa nimirum sint in regnis et provinciis excur
sionibus hostium expositis, quod arces (ut verbis hic utar Provincialis
Concilii Mechliniensis) militum praesidio bene instructa. 13. Deum
Opt(imum) Max(imum) demissa ac supplici mente precor, ut R(eve
rendam) T(uam) C(elsitudinem) in ter hos tantos eccles(iae) et reip(u
blicae) fluctus benigne ac diu servet incolumem. Datum Mechliniae,
Anno 1574.
R(everendae) T(uae) C(elsitudini) deditissimus
Simon Verepaeus.
Source : S. Verepaeus, Precaliones liturgicae (Antverpiae, Vidua Belleri, 1597), fol.
2r-5r.

SIMON VEREPAEUS A PAULUS HUBEN

Bree, le 28 avril 1582.

Dédicace du De ingenuis scholasticorum moribus. Verepaeus y a rassem


les données de sa propre expérience et de celle des autres. Huben est resp
sable du bon ordre dans les écoles de Liege, il est aussi l'ami qui a off
l'hospitalité à Verepaeus et il a donc droit à cette forme de reconnaissan

1. Ornatiss(imo) Humanissimoque viro M. Paulo Hubenio 1 ad


Dionysii apud Leodienses Canonico et Scholastico, Simon Verrepaeu

11 Cfr. lettre 3, η. 5.
1 Maitre Paul Huben(s), de Bree (Limbourg belge), chanoine et écolàtre de Sa
Denys à Liège, fonda par testament du 17 aoüt 1617 le Collège de Saint-Mich
Louvain; il mourut le 22 aoüt 1618; la fondation fut réalisée par son neveu et héri
Laurent Zoenen, en 1650. Cfr. E. H.J. Reusens, dans Analectes pour servir à l'histo
ecclésiastique de la Belgique, 19 (1883), 329; H. de Vocht, Inventaire des Archiv
de l'Université de Louvain, 1426-1797, aux Archives générales du Royaume à Bruxe
(Louvain, 1927), n05 3995-3996, 4091, 4114.

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306 M A. NAUWELAERTS

S(alutem) P(urimam) D(icit). 2. In puer


riendis id plurimum conferre, tum ad
ad pietatis et litterarum Studium quo id
dum, multa nos docuit, (quae rerum mag
si scholasticae iuventuti, quae ad otia et
pronior est, quam ad ullos labores et hon
praescribantur recte vivendi studendique leges, quibus tamquam
praesenti fidelique paedagogia quadam insolentes, pervicaces et prae
fracti a malefactis coerceantur, probi vero morigerique in melioris
vitae disciplina earum monitu contineantur. 3. Hoc certe cum dudum
animadverterem et huiusmodi leges apud varios conquisitas, non
nullas tandem invenissem, nec in omnibus tarnen optatis illae nostris
responderent, desumptis hinc inde nonnullis, adieci his ipse, quae
deesse desiderarique videbantur, congessique libellum hunc brevem
et pusillum, sed tamen qui longe maxima utilitate brevitatem facile
compensaverit, immo quem omnino brevem esse convenit, ut a par
vulis possit et saepius evolvi, et fideli memoria facilius contineri.
4. Qui si iisdem proponatur, eiusque praescriptae leges a primis
studiorum annis accurate quotidie inculcentur, quantum hinc iidem
commoditatis compendiique ad maiores litterarum virtutumque pro
gressus statim faciendos accepturi sint, cum id verbis consequi non
facile sane queam, nolim ea in re calamum nostrum fatigare; sed
quicumque eius ad pauculos menses periculum fecerit, nullam is huius
probationem a me requisierit. 5. Hic igitur cum a nonnullis ad
editionem iam evocaretur, ne tenello3 et parvulo deesset patronus,
non immerito eum tibi, ornatissime D. Scholastice, quantumvis exiguum
offerendum esse existimavi, quod scilicet decere id crederem, ut quod
in puerilium scholarum usum foret elucubratum, id illi offerretur,
cui per probos, diligentes et eruditos institutores, Scholas recte ape
riendi cura et officium commissum esset. 6. Accedit huc, quod ea
sit tua tuorumque propinquorum in me benevolentia et humanitas,
mihi iam inde perspecta, cum primum ex Brabantia in Leodiensem
hanc terram profugiens a Theodoro Cryaero4 affine tuo, singularis
in me humanitatis viro, tum paulo post abs te quoque Leodii exceptus

2 Cfr. Cicéron, Tuscul., 5. 2. 5 : «Philosophia ... magistra morum et disciplinae»;


De Orai., 2. 9. 36 : «Historia, magistra vitae».
3 Dans l'originai : temello.
4 Theodorus Cryaerus s'appelait sans doute Dirk van der Vorst; cfr. Κρύος =
froid, gelée (en néerlandais : koude, vorst). Nous n'avons pas pu identifier ce personnage.

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LA CORRESPONDANCE DE SIMON VEREPAEUS 307

sic essem, ut vobis iam non alienus, sed aut frater aut sanguine
coniunctissimus videri potuerim. Quo certe nomine, a me vobis
vicissim omnia humanitatis et gratitudinis officia deberi libentissime
agnosco. 7. Sed quid ego haec commemorem? cum in isto horrendo
Belgii incendio, Bredae Lossensium5 in aedibus tuis, apud hunc tuum
adhuc agam affinem, et in ipsius, aut verius tua, haec cudantur offi
cina, an alium me deceat quaerere huius scripti patronum, quam eum,
cui et ex officio scholastico et hospitii iure, hoc quidquid est operis
debeatur? 8. Si gratitudinis id lege prohibetur, nolim alias afferre,
cur id faciam, rationes, sed te potius rogatum velim, magnifice
D. Scholastice, ut quod in scholarum usum tuis ex aedibus ad te
mittitur, in gratam tuorum in me beneficiorum memoriam libenter
benigneque suscipias, et in eo non tarn muneris quantitatem, quam
animum expendas offerentis. 9. Vale felix et faustus, humanissime et
integerrime Domine. Tuis ex aedibus et solo natali Breda Comitatus
Lossensis, et Eburonum civitate non ignobili, Anno virginei partus.
CID 13 LXXXII. IUI. Kalendas Maias.

Source : S. Verepaeus, De ingenuis Scholasticorum moribus (Antverpiae, Joann


lerus, 1582), pp. 3-6 6.

9.

SIMON VEREPAEUS À MATERNUS CHOLINUS

Bois-le-Duc, le 29 décembre 1586.

Lettre-préface du De epistolis Latine conscrìbendis. Les éditions antérieures


parurent à Anvers, mais Cholinus avait demandò d'en publier une nouvelle
édition; Verepaeus a donc revu et amélioré l'ouvrage.

1. Simon Verepaeus Ornatiss(imo) Prudentissimoque viro, Materno


Cholino Urbis Coloniensis civi et Senatori, S(alutem) D(icit).

5 Bree, dans l'ancien comté de Looz (Province du Limbourg belge).


6 Cfr. Bibliogr. S. V., pp. 81-82.
1 Maternus Cholinus (1524-1588), imprimeur à Cologne. Cfr. ADB, IV, p. 136
(Ennen); H. Schrörs, «Der Kölner Buchdrucker Maternus Cholinus», Annalen des
Historischen Vereins fiir den Niederrhein, 85 (1908), 147-165.

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308 M A. NAUWELAERTS

2. Quamvis scirem, Materne Choline, vir


rime, multos praestanti eruditione viros,
seculo, sedulam in hoc navasse operam, ut
rarum adolescentibus viam aliquam facil
strarent, qua epistolas Latine politeque scr
consequi, nihil tarnen caussae video, qua
plures adeo absterrere debeat.
3. Etenim, qui vel praecipui fuere huius a
omnes eo parum spectasse videntur, (quod
liter et recte praescribendis primum ac
scholarum usibus elaborantur, duabus his r
tate videlicet et perspicuitate : quarum S
quantumvis elaborate scripsisse videantu
toribus magis quam discipulis probari volui
4. Aut si ea trivialibus quoque scholis,
voluerint, fatendum tarnen, quae iusto
cubrarmi, parum convenire imperitis adhuc
natu tantum grandioribus, et in humanitati
nec publicis scholarum praelectionibus esse
brevitatem requirunt cum summa luce con
vatae doctorum lectioni.
5. Haec ego pridem mecum reputans, dum scholasticum hoc saxum
adhuc volverem2, summopere tum quidem exoptabam, huiusmodi
methodum aliquam divulgari, quae necessarias artis epistolicae prae
ceptiones breviter et aperte complecteretur.
6. Sed diuturna expectatione fatigatus, omnique iam spe destitutus,
coepi ipse tandem huius rei facere periculum, et ex elaboratis doctorum
elucubrationibus, quae huc magis apta videbantur, studiose hinc
inde collegi, et in methodum redegi tyronum aetati maxime con
venientem : eoque spectat, quod tres primos libellos, dialogi in morem
(quae docendi ratio rudiorum captui valde congruens videtur) per
quaestiunculas digestos explicavi.
7. Hanc igitur methodum iam absolutam dum Antverpiensium
typographus semel aut iterum praelo subiecisset3, et brevi distractis
exemplaribus, a scholis etiam plura requirerentur, ilio cessante, tu

2 Cfr. Térence, Eun., 1085; Érasme, Adagia, n°1340.


3 Première édition (Libri IV), chez A. Tilenius, à Anvers, en 1571; deuxième
édition, ib.. en 1574. Cfr. Buisson, p.663; J. Clessius, o.e., p.510; Bibliogr. S.V.,
p. 86.

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LA CORRESPONDANCE DE SIMON VEREPAEUS 309

cupidis studiosorum votis satisfactum volens, expetisti a me ut huiu


elucubrationis nostrae exemplar ad te mitterem castigatius, tuis isti
typis excudendum 4.
8. Qua equidem in re ita libenter postulationi tuae acquievi, ut
etiam plurimum gavisus fuerim abs te amico nostri cum primis
studioso occasionem offerri, qua propensissimae tuae erga me volun
tati mutuo aliquo gratitudinis officio possem ex parte respondere
Conduplicasti interim hoc mihi gaudium, dum nuperrime significares
editionem eiusdem libelli iam denuo parare te alteram5, mitteremque
proinde, si quid ad eum expoliendum adiectum cuperem.
9. Ego vero, optime et amicissime Choline, ut tibi morem gererem,
ut simul puerilium studiorum commodis inservirem, sic ad incudem
et limam hos libellos revocavi, ut si cum prioribus conferantur, facil
a quovis possit intelligi mihi in ea re nec Studium, nec diligentiam
defuisse.
10. Quaedam mutavi aut expolivi, paucisque aliquando sublatis,
plura eorum loco substitui; multa schematismis et scholiis elucidavi;
nonnulla in methodum redegi, puerilibus annis et studiis magi
congruentem; et in his omnibus praecipuam operam dedi ut huiu
modi praeceptiones grata aliqua tum brevitate, tum perspicuitate
puerilium scholarum studiis, quoad res ipsa pateretur, attemperarem
quas ubi tirones usu et exercitatione iam satis trivissent, tum demum
illos qui haec fusius tractarunt, Brandolinum6, Pilottium7, Macr
pedium8, vel alios, si videbitur expedire, utiliter legent, quos tum
lectione privata, vel absque doctoris opera facillime assequentur.
11. Tibi vero, optime Choline, novam hanc libri formam et acces
sionem denuo inscriptam ac dedicatam offero, ut sit perpetuum

4 Cette édition parut en 1586; cfr. Buisson, p. 662; Bibliogr. S. V., p.86.
5 J. Clessius, o.e. (lettre 5, n.21), p. 511, Signale une édition de Cologne, M. Cho
linus, en 1581. Nous n'en connaissons pas d'exemplaire.
6 Aurelio Brandolini, dit Lippi, de l'ordre des Augustins (vers 1440-1497/98)
Il publia entre autres ouvrages, les Historiae Sanctorum, des Carmina et un De ration
scribendi epistolas. Cfr. Buisson, p.88; M.-Th. Disdier, dans DHGE, X, col.421-423
M. E. Cosenza, o.e. (lettre 4, n. 18), V, 337.
7 S'agit-il plutòt de Perottus? Niccolò Perotto (1430-1480) publia la première
grammaire latine moderne (1468) et la Cornucopia qui inspira le dictionnaire d
Calepino. Cfr. M.E. Cosenza, o.e., V, 1364-1366.
8 Une Epistolica de Georgius Macropedius (cfr. lettre 5, n. 16) parut à Anvers,
chez M. Hillen, en 1546 et 1554.

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310 M A. NAUWELAERTS

benevolentiae erga me tuae et singularis nost


monumentimi.

12. Tu vero sa tage, ut haec eadem puerilium scholarum usibus sic


adornes et commendes tum industria tua, tum operarum tuarum
accurata diligentia, ut hinc quam uberrimos fructus consequantur
huius artis studiosi. Bene vale, et Verepaeum tibi addictissimum,
amore tuo prosequi, quod facis, perge. Silvae-ducis. Quarto Kalendas
Ianuarii, anni partae salutis CI0.I3.LXXXVI.

Source : S. Verepaeus, De epistolis Latine conscribendis libri V (Antverpiae, Chr. Plan


tinus, 1588), pp. 3-5.

10.

CHRISTOPHE PLANTIN À SIMON VEREPAEUS

Anvers, le 14 avril 1587.

Lettre accompagnant l'envoi de quelques livres, entre autres la réédition


de la grammaire latine de Verepaeus. Cette nouvelle édition ne comporte pas
encore les corrections de Verepaeus qui arrivèrent trop tard; elles seront
reprises dans une édition ultérieure. La vente des grammaires éditées à Cologne,
à Liège et ailleurs porte préjudice à Plantin. Il attend l'arrivée du papier qui
sera très eher. À la demande de Verepaeus, Plantin publiera les ceuvres de
Louis de Grenade, dès qu'il sera en possession d'un texte correct.

1. Doctissimo pientissimoque viro Domino Simoni Verrepaeo Cano


nico Buscoducensi.
2. Primo aspectu litterarum tuarum valde fui exhilaratus, vir doc
tissime, quod tui Plantini1 non inmemorem esse legerem. Quae habeo
nova mitto ; quae si tibique non ingrata fuisse cognovero gratissimum
erit. Mitto una Grammatices tuae <exemplaria> nostrae iteratae
impressionis2, absolutae priusquam ad manus nostras pervenisset
postrema recognitio tua cum praefationibus seu dedicatoriis novis,
quae omnia speramus brevi excudere, nempe ubi papyrum ad hoc

1 Sur Christophe Plantin (env. 1514-1598), cfr. Μ. Rooses, BNB, XVII, col. 740-759.
2 Plantin imprima une édition de la grammaire de Verepaeus sous le titre de
Grammatica Despauteriana, en 1571-1572; plusieurs rééditions suivirent; cfr. Bibliogr.
S. V., pp. 67-68. Dans la phrase il manque <exemplaria ... >. Voir lettre 12.4.

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LA CORRESPONDANCE DE SIMON VEREPAEUS 311

evocatum receperimus et reliqua exemplaria, quae pauca nobis restant,


distraxerimus.

3. Tarn lente hoc calamitosissimo tempore distracta sunt e'xemplaria,


postquam a Mylio et aliis Coloniae3, Leodii4 et nonnullis in locis
Germaniae5 impressa est tua haec Grammatica, quo mittere sole
bamus. Hinc etiam fit ut quae vellemus et utilia reipub(licae) Chris
tianae scimus, imprimere nequeamus.
4. Papyri siquidem sola vectura tanti nunc constat quanti ohm
huc advectam emebamus; alioqui iamdiu Conciones Granatae in folio
aggressi fuissemus et alia permulta, quae inopia coacti non possumus.
5. Adde quod numquam imitari volui quae ab aliis in his regionibus
prius evulgata sunt, etiam si plurimi sint qui hactenus nostris insidiati,
statim quae prius edideram plerumque misere sint imitati. Alioqui
eos pios libellos Granatae6 quos indicas imprimerem, maxime si
exemplaria nancisci possem correctiora quam quae vidi, vel aliquis
a mendis typographicis repurgatos mihi suppeditaret, quod te suo
tempore facile posse non dubito, modo ab aliis negociis (fortasse non
tam reipub(licae) Christianae utilibus) otium impetrare posses. Ad
quod Dominus Deus te, virum doctissimum et quod pluris facio
piissimum, te conservare dignetur. Raptim Antverpiae, 14. Aprilis
1587.

Source : Anvers, Archief Museum Plantin-Moretus, n° 10, fol. 142r.


Edition : Μ. Rooses et J. Denucé, Correspondance de Christophe Plantin. VII1-IX
(Anvers, 1920), pp. 204-205, n°1244.

11.

CHRISTOPHE PLANTIN À SIMON VEREPAEUS

Anvers, entre le 20 et le 23 nov. 1587.


Lettre accompagnant l'envoi des deux premiers volumes de la Grammatica
de Verepaeus et des épreuves du 3C volume. Plantin imprimerà prochainement
3 J. Kuckhoff, Tricoronatum (cf. lettre 4, n. 57), p. 195, n. 13, dit de mème :
« in Köln oft aufgelegt ». Personnellement nous n'en avons pas vu d'exemplaire.
4 Édition liégeoise de 1582; cfr. Bibliogr. S. V., pp.68 et 75.
5 J. Kuckhoff, o.e., I.e., parie d'une édition de Wurzbourg, en 1580.
6 Les Coneiones du dominicain Luis de Granada (1505-1588) parurent en six
volumes, chez Plantin à Anvers, à partir de 1577; une réédition date de 1588. Cfr.
L. Degeorge, o.e. (lettre 4, note 33), pp. 174, 184, 186, 190, 197, 208; M.H. Lavocat,
dans le Dici, de Théol. eath., IX, col. 953-959; P. Pourrat, La Spiritualité chrétienne,
(Paris, 1933) III, 143-153.

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312 Μ.A. NAUWELAERTS

un ouvrage de Christophe Vladeraccus. À la de


Omer, il publiera une réédition du De epistolis
si l'auteur et le précédent éditeur, Tilenius, marq

1. Venerando doctissimoque viro D. Si


tuas 29. Octobris Silvaeducis datas1 redd
aiebat et se hac reddeundo (sicì) nostrum
turum pollicebatur; quod cum hucusque ill
diutius mihi non faciendum iudicavi. 3. En
venerande, Grammatices tuae libros pri
dationem2 recusos mitto cum excusis fo
Domino ad ftnem usque prosequemur, e
rum, quot pro amicis praeterea velis, mitt
Vladeraci librum5 illieo subiecturi proel
librorum eiusdem 6. 5. Tuae Grammatices
tionis satis multa nobis restant cum ali
quorum tarnen impressionem amplius d
Patres Societatis Jesu (qui libenter utuntur
a me impressis) urgerent ut tuum librum
excudere velim ad exemplar, quod ad m
lenses7, in quo nihil additum, detractum
pressione facta sub nomine Antonii Tile
facturum nisi cum tua primum et Tilen
1 Lettre perdue.
2 Ms : emendationes.
3 Ms : folis.
4 L'envoi comporte donc les volumes des Rudimento et de VEtymologia ainsi que
les feuilles déjà imprimées de la Syntaxis.
5 Ms : Uber.

6 Chr. Vladeraccus, Polyonyma Ciceroniana (Antverpiae, Plantinus, 1588). Cfr.


M.A. Nauwelaerts, «La correspondance de Christopherus Vladeraccus», Humanistica
Lovaniensia, 21 (1972), 240.
7 En 1566 les jésuites avaient fondé un collège à Saint-Omer; cfr. A. Poncelet S.J.,
Histoire de la Compagnie de Jésus dans les anciens Pays-Bas, 1 (Bruxelles, 1926),
pp. 164-173.
8 S. Verepaeus, De epistolis Latine conscribendis (Antverpiae, A. Tilenius, 1571);
cfr. Bibliogr. S. V., pp. 86-87. La lettre 9 traite d'une réédition de ce mème ouvrage
par M. Cholinus à Cologne.
9 Verepaeus doit avoir autorisé Plantin à réimprimer ce manuel ; en effet, le 3 mars
1588 (lettre 12), Plantin enverra déjà les premières épreuves, et l'édition paraitra
la mème année. Antonius Tilenius (cfr. lettre 2, n. 2) n'édita plus d'ouvrages latins
à la fin de sa vie, du moins à notre connaissance.

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LA CORRESPONDANCE DE SIMON VEREPAEUS 313

itaque rogo voluntatem aperi, qua intellecta vel illorum petitionem


admittam vel recusabo prorsus. Si quid desideras quod in nostra
situm sit facultate, indica; satisfacere conabimur. Interea ... 10.

Source : Anvers, Archief Museum Plantin-Moretus, n° 10, fol.212v.


Edition : Correspondance de C. Plantin, VIII-IX, pp. 325-326, n° 1325,

12.

JEAN MORETUS À SIMON VEREPAEUS

Anvers, le 3 mars 1588.

Plantin, malade pour le moment, s'occuperà d'une édition illustrée du


Manuale. Il envoie les premières pages de l'ouvrage de Verepaeus sur la corres
pondance latine. Les Polyonyma de Vladeraccus s'imprimeront bientòt après.

l.S.P. Simoni Verepeo. 2. Excusabis, Vir Doctissime, socerum


meum; valetudo infirmior non permisit <ut> tuis responsum daret.
Significo igitur nos Manuale1 nobis a te missum recepisse, quod
prima oportunitate excudetur. Interea figuras praeparabimus neces
sarias eo ordine quo designatas misisti. 3. Accipe simul primum
folium Epistolicarum tuarum2. Prosequemur Deo duce ad finem.
Succedent Vladeraci Polyonyma3, quod intelligat velimus, quando
quidem ad ipsum nunc literas dare non poterimus. 4. Fasciculum
in quo Grammatices tuae exemplaria aliquot misimus4 accepisse te
speramus. Vale, Vir doctissime. Antverpiae III Martii 1588.

Source : Anvers, Archief Museum Plantin-Moretus, n° 10, fol. 189v.


Edition : Correspondance de C. Plantin, VII1-IX, p. 365, n° 1352.

10 Ce brouillon de lettre est resté inachevé.


1 P. Canisius, Manuale catholicorum in usum pie precandi collectum (Ingolstadt,
1587); réimpression par Chr. Plantin : Anvers, 1588. Cfr. L. Degeorge, o.e. (lettre 4,
note 33), p.208. Dans cette édition se rencontrent les 24 gravures exécutées par
Peter van der Borcht.

2 S. Verepaeus, De epistolis Latine conscribendis Libri V. Denuo ... aucti (Antverpiae,


Plantinus, 1588); cfr. lettre 13 et Bibliogr. S. V., pp. 86-87.
3 Cfr. lettre 11, n. 6.
4 Ms ; misisimus.

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314 Μ. A. NAUWELAERTS

13.

CHRISTOPHE PLANTIN À SIMON VEREPAEUS

Anvers, le 31 aoüt 1588.

Envoi de quelques exemplaires du Manuale de Pierre Canisius et d'autres


ouvrages. Demande de formuler des desiderata en vue d'une prochaine réédition.

1. Reverendo doctissimoque D.D. Simoni Verepaeo S(alutem) dicit.


2. Post multas dificultates in figuris ab artificibus extorquendis
tandem Manualis Catholicorum Rdi. admodum Patris Canisii1 im
pressionem absolvimus. Cuius exemplaria cum figuris aeneis et toti
dem ligneis amicis tuis donanda mittimus et alia quaedam recenter
a nobis impressa. Utinam hoc nostrum officiolum tibi gratum esse
queat.
3. Te autem vehementer rogo ut tua cum oportunitate mihi significes
num quid adhuc in dicti Manualis2 impressione desideres; aliam
etenim editionem3 meditor minori forma oblonga, etiam cum figuris;
in quibus si quid videas mutandum, addendum, detrahendum, quaeso,
significa; et indica, si quid sit in quo tibi officium praestare queam.
Postrema Aug(usti) 1588.

Source : Anvers, Archief Museum Plantin-Moretus, n° 10, foi.210r.


Edition : Correspondance de C. Plantin, V1II-1X, pp. 431-432, n° 1400.

14.

JEAN MORETUS À SIMON VEREPAEUS

Anvers, aoüt 1589.

La lettre de Verepaeus est arrivée mais sans les corrections pdur une nouvelle
édition des Rudimenta\ que l'auteur communique dono ses corrections sans
cependant modifier trop le texte.

1 Cfr. lettre 12, η. 1.


2 Ms : Manuali.

3 Cette édition parut en 1589, de mème que la traduction frangaise par Gabriel
Chappuys; cfr. L. Degeorge, o.e. (lettre 4, note 33), p. 210.

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LA CORRESPONDANCE DE SIMON VEREPAEUS 315

1. Domino Simoni Verepeo. S.


2. Reverende admodum Domine, gratissimae tuae 1 traditae fuere
in taberna nostra, me absente. Cum easdem aperuissem2 dolui,
quandoquidem Rudimentorum3 Grammaticae tuae mentionem fa
cerent, nec quis cum accipiat ...A, ubi hospitaretur intellexisset; quod
me tangit praecipue quia novam Rudimentorum editionem parare
cogitamus et festinandum nobis est quia exemplaria brevi deficient.
3. Si quid in reliquis partibus observaveris, significabis aut mittes
aliquando commodius recudendis exemplaria in quibus notata quae
corrigenda erunt; sequemur in omnibus ordinem tuum. Hoc tarnen
dicam : si toties mutetur librorum grammaticalium ordo. pueris con
fusionem nonnunquam parari, cum libros quibus utuntur non convenire
dicant.

Source : Anvers, Archief Museum Plantin-Moretus, n" 10, fol.252v.


Edition : De gülden Passer, 36 (1958), 49.

15.

JEAN MORETUS À SIMON VEREPAEUS

Anvers, décembre 1589.

Accusé de réception d'une lettre et d'un exemplaire—sans doute corrigé—


de VEtymoIogia et de la Syntaxis de Verepaeus.

1. Domino Simoni Verepaeo 1 S.


2. Accepi tuas2, vir Reverende, quas mihi Dominus Vligerus3
tradidit simul cum Etymologia et Syntaxi.

1 Lettre non retroùvée.

2 Ms : aperissem.
3 Rudimento : titre du premier volume de la grammaire latine de Verepaeus.
4 La phrase n'est pas claire dans ce brouillon.
1 Ms : Verepaeus.
2 Lettre perdue.
3 Aegidius de Vliegere était secrétaire d'Adolf van Cortenbach, seigneur de Hel
mond. 11 écrivit une poésie latine pour recommander les Primae studiorum exercita
tiones de S. Verepaeus, Bois-le-Duc, 1585 (fol. 2v.). Vligerus fut promu maitre ès arts
à Louvain, en 1565; il a été sous-maitre à l'école du chapitre de Saint-Donatien à

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316 M A. NAUWELAERTS

3. Dolui cum de incommoda tua valetudin


tarnen omnes tam infirmo quam firmi
precor ut optimam et salutarem tibi conced

Source : Anvers, Archief Museum Plantin-Moretus, n° 10, fol. 265r.


Edition : De gülden Passer, 36 (1958), 49.

16.

SIMON VEREPAEUS À LAMBERT SCHENCKELS

Bois-le-Duc, janvier 1590.

Dédicace des Praeceptiones de fìguris. Verepaeus a remarqué que beaucoup


de manuels scolaires ont l'inconvénient de contenir des théories hérétiques.
Maintenant qu'il est à la tète des écoles latines de Bois-le-Duc, il a rédigé ce
livre pour remédier à cet inconvénient.

1. Doctissimo et integerrimo viro, M. Lamberto Scenckelio Ducis


silvio, amico incomparabili apud Antverpienses Paedagogo, S(alutem)
P(lurimam) D(ico).
2. Quod fieri videmus, Scenckeli1 amicorum candidissime, in rui

Bruges, de septembre 1566 à décembre 1567. Cfr. Analectes pour servir à l'histoire
ecclésiastique de la Belgique, 4 (1867-68), 453; A.C. de Schrevel, Histoire du Séminaire
de Bruges, I (Bruges, 1895), pp. 80, 82, 100 n.2, 233. On peut supposer qu'il se cache
sous le nom d'Egidius Velater (= Volator?). Suijtdorpiensis, immatriculé à Louvain,
parmi les «Porcenses divites», au mois d'aoüt 1562; cfr. A. Schillings, o.e. (Intro
duction, n.2), IV, 642, n°308.
1 Lambertus Thomas Schenckels, de Bois-le-Duc (1547-vers 1624), a été maitre
d'école à Anvers, puis recteur de la « Grootschool » de Malines (1574), de nouveau
professeur de latin à Anvers (1580), puis maitre itinérant. à partir de 1585, il passa
par la France, par les villes de Malines, Anvers et Liège et enfin par l'Allemagne et
l'Europe orientale, prèchant partout son système mnémonique pour apprendre les
langues dans un minimum de temps. Cfr. Buisson, pp. 590-591; NNBW, V, col.
687; BNB, XXI, col. 686-691 (A. Roersch); E. Steenackers, « L. Th. Schenckels
de Bois-le-Duc, recteur de la Grande Ecole à Malines», Handelingen van de Kon.
Kring voor Oudheidkunde ... Mechelen, 36 (1931), 110-154; F.G.C. Beterams, « L. Th.
Schenckels en zijn Tabula Publicae Scholae Mechliniensis. Bijdrage tot de Studie van
het Humanisme», ib., 52 (1948), 98-155 (texte de la Tabula : pp. 118-155); H.L.V. de
Groote, «De zestiende-eeuwse Antwerpse schoolmeesters», Bijdragen tot de Geschie
denis, 3C S„ 19 (1967), 184-185, 300, 308; 20 (1968), 12, 29-30; R. Hoven, «L.-Th.

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LA CORRESPONDANCE DE SIMON VEREPAEUS 317

nosis instaurandis castris, aliisve vetustate collapsis aedificiis, ut


omnium primum reparentur ipsorum fundamenta (quae nisi firma
consistant, futurum est ut quidquid his ipsis superstruitur, brevi id
tempore prorsus corruat) sic in religione nostra Christiana, (quam
intra annos sexaginta plus minus2, multis, ο dolor, locis, iam paene
collapsam, aut certe in gravem sui ruinam cernimus inclinari) non
aliunde rectius instaurationem eius auspicabimur, quam a primis
ipsius fundamentis, hoc est, a recta et orthodoxa institutione scho
lasticae iuventutis, quae fundamentum est, non tantum ministrorum
ecclesiae, sed ipsorum etiam magistratuum, et omnium, qui consiliis
suis Respublicas gubernant.
3. Ea proinde recta et sincera iuventutis institutio, si qua forte
magistratus incuria negligatur, oportebit hinc ecclesias ipsas et magis
tratum, una cum republica universa, tamquam structuram ruinoso
nitentem fundamento, statim periclitari.
4. Summa igitur diligentia advigilandum est magistratui, ne in
ecclesiam fortassis irruant, qui ipsius haec fundamenta, si non palam,
certe clam et dolose demoliantur ac diruant.
5. Ceterum, ut rem propius attingamus, et de hoc laborantis
ecclesiae periculo loquamur paulo explicatius, multi nunc passim
studiosorum manibus teruntur libri3, qui ad seducendam in pravas
de fide opiniones iuventutem scholasticam conscripti videantur, quales
praeter multorum libellos catechisticos, et Locos Communes, sunt
quorundam etiam Grammaticae, Dialecticae, Rhetoricaeque Institu
tiones, et elucubrationes nonnullae de Tropis et Schematibus.
6. In quibus eorum scriptores non veriti sunt multa inserere ex
haereticorum dogmatibus depromta, ut simplices et rudiores adhuc
tyrones una cum artium praeceptis haereticorum venena4 imbiberent,
priusquam quid ipsa sit haeresis, per aetatem queant intelligere.
7. Et cum tenacissime haereant quae his primis adolescentiae
annis imbibuntur, fit plerunque ut haec prima pravaque in Christiana

Schenckels, son séjour à Liège et ses publications liégeoises», Bulletin de la Soc. d'Art
et d'Histoire du Diocèse de Liège, 50 (1970), pp. 1-13.
2 L'influence du luthéranisme s'était fait sentir dans les Pays-Bas dès environ 1520.
3 L'Université de Louvain avait fait rédiger un catalogue de bons et de mauvais
livres scolaires; cfr. F. H. Reusch, Die Indices librorum prohibitorum des XVI. Jahr
hunderts (Tübingen, 1886), pp. 27-72.
4 Dans le texte : veuena.

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318 Μ.A. NAUWELAERTS

religione institutio in maximos fidei erro


cipitet.
8. Haec cum secum reputaret et summe doleret scholae cuiusdam
apud Ubios moderator5, litteris me huc impulit ut de Tropis et
Schematibus in trivialium, quas vocant, scholarum usum scribere
non nihil meditarer.
9. Ego vero cum a Pontificio nostro Canonicorum Collegio sub
lectus nuper essem in scholae maioris 6 moderatorem, et otio prorsus
non abundarem, ut tarnen honestae amicorum efflagitationi morem
gererem, tum etiam ut meum qualecunque talentum et pertenuem
industriam in puerilium scholarum usum pro mea virili parte con
verterem, praeter opinionem nactus ad hoc pauxillum otii, provinciam
suscepi; congestisque multorum id genus scriptis, hinc inde decerpsi
et in hanc methodum collegi quaecunque studiosis adolescentibus in
figurarum cognitione comparanda necessaria aut utilia videbantur.
10. Hos autem qualescunque labores nostros, tuo nomini, amicissime
Scenckeli, dedicatos volui, ut sint mutuae illius necessitudinis nostrae
testimonium, quae Mechliniae quondam rebus melioribus arctissime
coniuncti viximus, tu scholae maioris gymnasiarcha, ego sacrae aedis
Thaborinae praefectus7. Ex quo usque tempore, me singulari quadam
observantia semper coluisti et amicissime prosecutus es.
11. Et si huius nihil foret, cupio tarnen hoc scriptum, quod mihi
temporis inopia vix satis elimatum excidit, tua hominis doctissimi
et acerrimi iudicii lima, magis, ut niteat, perpoliri. Te, inquam,
mihi Aristarchum postulo, ut quaecunque voles serves, quaeque voles,
damnes ac iugules. Quo genere officii Verepaeo tuo rem praestiteris
longe gratissimam, eumque iam pridem tibi devinctissimum, reddideris
hac opera tibi multo etiam devinctiorem.
12. Feliciter vale, doctissime Scenckeli, et Verepaeum tuum, quem
amas, amare pergito. Ex Patria tua Ducis-silva anno assertae Salutis
CI3.I3.XC, iam ineunte, quem proinde precor tibi prosperum, felicem
ac salutarem, mense Ianuario.
Scenckelii sui studiosissimus

Simon Verepaeus.
Source : S. Verepaeus, Praeceptiones de figuris (Coloniae, Gervinus Calenius et heredes
Quentel», 1590), pp. 3-6.

5 Johannes Rhetius; cfr. lettre 4, n.23.


6 Les écoles latines de Bois-le-Duc.
7 Cfr. M.A. Nauwelaerts, dans Handelingen ... Mechelen, 52 (1948), 89-97.

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LA CORRESPONDANCE DE SIMON VEREPAEUS 319

17.

SIMON VEREPAEUS À BERNARD HAECK

Bois-le-Duc, le Ier février 1590.

Lettre-préface des Praescriptiones de verborum et rerum copia, dédicacées à


un ancien collègue. Considérations générales sur la chrétienté déchirée et sur
l'importance de l'école chrétienne.

1. Insigni eruditione et eloquentia praestanti viro, M. Bernhardo


Haeckio Coloniensi, Celebris apud Lyranos Ludi Gymnasiarchae,
S(alutem) P(lurimam) D(ico). 2. Duo sunt, Bernharde 1 candidissime
et amicissime, quae in maxima fere Europae parte Christiani non
iniuria vehementer et dolent et graviter deplorant, universum hunc
orbem Belgicum et alias ei finitimas regiones tot iam annos funestis
et exitiabilibus bellis conflictari, nec iisdem sedandis ac sopiendis,
qua fide, studio, viribus ac animi zelo deberet, sedulam dari operam.
3. Alterum, quod etiam exitialius ac nocentius est, dum magistratus
his bellorum motibus distinetur, sectae et perniciosae haereses, nullo
vel paucis obsistentibus, paulatim se latius undiquaque spargunt.
4. Quibus cum merito foret ab omnibus, qui Christiano cupiunt
appellari nomine, coniunctis viribus obsistendum, tres tarnen sunt
praecipui hominum ordines, (ut ad nostrum institutum propius acce
damus) qui adiutrices huc manus admovere deberent, ludimagistri
nimirum, ecclesiarum pastores et magistratus civilis2 : per quos, si
suo quisque munere recte fungeretur, pristinae suae dignitati non
difficulter restituì possent omnia, quae nunc, ο dolor, in prodigiosos
errores degenerare quotidie cernimus. 5. Ut enim ludimagistrorum
est iacere primum christianae vitae et religionis fundamentum, sic
pastorum est hoc ipsum, tum sacris ad populum concionibus, tum
confessionibus audiendis, privatis adhaec et crebris admonitionibus,
perftcere et una cum ipso magistratu sartum tectum conservare".

1 Bernard Haeck, natif de Cologne, avait été professeur de latin à Fècole du


chapitre de Hilvarenbeek en mème temps que Verepaeus, puis professeur à Bergen-op
Zoom, recteur à Breda (1581-1585) et enfin professeur à Lierre. Cfr. M.A. Nauwe
laerts, De oude Latijnse School van Breda ('s-Hertogenbosch, 1945), pp. 21-31.
2 Cfr. S. Verepaeus, Institutionum scholasticarum libri tres (Antverpiae, 1573),
pp. 5-6.

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320 M A. NAUWELAERTS

6. Quae ut sunt officia summi laboris mul


sie eadem in illa die, cum singulis sua m
libéralissimo bonorum operum remunera
mercede compensabuntur. 7. Inter haec v
liberaliter, pie et Christiane erudire et inf
et diligentia aetatem illam puerilem, sic i
quoque inter haec tria ac praestantissimu
quod plerunque videamus totius vitae dec
primam ita sequi, ut aegerrime in poster
institutione peccatum neglectumque fu
dianam experientiam, testatur etiam prae
diendae iuventutis artifex Quintiiianus, c
quam corrigas, quae in pravum induru
et illa Sapientis Hebraei Sententia (Prover
viam suam, etiam cum senuerit, non re
ita sint, quis hinc non recte colligat tanti
Christianae, qua fide, quaque industria, stu
moribus ac vitae institutis haec aetas su
ac velut in bivio Virtutum Vitiorumque co
statim annis informetur, ut affirmare n
blicam tarn firme esse constitutam, quae
dignitatem suam diu tueri possit. 11. E
necesse est, tarn honestum ac vere Christ
fideliter iuventutem, quae reip(ublicae) C
seges est, ut in nullam aetatem colloce
uberior aliunde expectetur laboris et in
vero, ut quod sentio, ingenue dicam, cum
consideratione ad elueubrandum aliquid in
studia proveherentur, ne in hac vinea Do
multis naviter ac sedulo laborantibus,
otiosus, imitatus Diogenem5 illum Corin
cum videret Corinthiorum cives in urbis
sum cursitare et in summa trepidatione o
dolium illud suum in omnem versare p
communi urbis malo nihil commoveri v
3 Cfr. Quintilien, Institution oratoire, I. 3. 12. On
dans S. Verepaeus, o.e., p. 22.
4 Prov., 22. 6.
5 Diogène de Sinope, philosophe de l'École cynique

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LA CORRESPONDANCE DE SIMON VEREPAEUS 321

provocatus, et simul huc impulsus cohortatione eximii cuiusdam viri6,


eruditione multa et auctoritate praestantis, qui ubi cognovisset, nos
praeter Grammaticarum Praeceptionum libros7, a Societatis Ger
maniae professoribus primum approbatos, et in diversis tum Ger
maniae, tum Beigli Academiis in Scholas receptos, huc induci me
passus sum (propter certas rationes, quas ille scribebat, ego, ne quis
offendatur, subticendas potius existimo) ut de Tropis et Schematibus8
libellum, et alterum de utraque Verborum et Rerum Copia9, antea
quidem semel editos, nunc ad incudem et limam denuo revocatos,
accuratius paulo expolirem. 14. Quorum priorem Coloniae a Quente
lianis aut coeptum excudi10 aut iam excusum opinor, alterumque
propediem eorundem prelo subiiciendum, utrumque pusillum quidem
et exiguum, fateor; sed tale esse conveniebat quidquid puerilium
studiorum scholis praeparatur. Unde etiam ea, quae vel optima sunt,
nisi conpendii gratia iuventur, longitudinis fastidio facile laborant.
14. Admonerem hoc loco de incredibili Copiae Verborum ac Rerum
utilitate, sed ne quem longior haec offenderei epistola, ad sequentem
haec reiecimus praefationem ; quo etiam loco plures afferimus rationes,
quae nos post tam multos et celebres istius argumenti scriptores 11,
ad haec meditanda impulerunt. 15. Te vero, Bernharde amicorum
integerrime, delegi, cui has vigilias et elucubrationes hibernas dedi
carem ac inscriberem, ut qui sermone copiosus, promtus et perpolitus,
de huiusmodi praeceptorum utilitate, aut necessitate potius, optime
possis iudicare, eandemque discipulis studiosis commendare. 16. Spero
te vero, illius vetustae ac mutuae necessitudinis memorem, quae inter
nos erat, cum apud Becanos, olim tu pastoris 12 alumnos et disci
pulos, ego vero illius eximii D(omini) Decani Nic(olai) Busii Gertrudi
montii13 informaremus, huius elucubrationis patrocinium non gravate
suscepturum, ut maledicam Zoilorum insolentiam erudita facundia et
auctoritate tua coerceas. 17. Quo genere ofTicii Verepaeum tuum,
tui, ut scis, studiosissimum, arctissimo necessitudinis vinculo, perpetuo

Johannes Rhetius; cfr. lettre 4, η. 23.


Sur les éditions de la Grammatica de S. Verepaeus, cfr. Bibliogr. S. V., pp. 66-79.
On ne connait plus cette première édition du De tropis.
Première édition inconnue.
0 Cfr. lettre 16.
1 Surtout Érasme, dans son De Copia (1512).
2 Petrus Simonis, ou Sijmons; cfr. Schutjes, IV, 600-601.
3 Nicolas Buys; cfr. lettre 2, η. 1.

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322 Μ. A. NAUWELAERTS

tibi devinxeris. Valetudinem tuam scholarum utilitate diu fac serves


incolumem. Silvae Ducis, anno partae salutis CID ID XC. Ipsis Ka
lendis Februarii.
Addictiss(imus) et deditissimus tibi
Simon Verepaeus.

Source : S. Verepaeus, Praeceptiones de verborum et rerum copia (Coloniae, Gervinus


Calenius, 1590), pp. 2-8.

18.

JEAN MORETUS À SIMON VEREPAEUS

Anvers, le 11 juillet 1590.

Moretus est dispose à imprimer, pour le compte de Jean Scheffer à Bois-le-Duc,


la grammaire latine de Verepaeus, mais sans engagement pour un temps dé
terminé. Il vient de recevoir les corrections du cinquième volume de la gram
maire.

1. Domino S(imoni) Verepaeo. S(alutem) den llen Julij.

2. Eerweerdigh Heere,
Voor antwoorde op uwen brief zoo laete ick uwe E(erweerdigheyt)
weten hoe dat ick Jan Scheffer wel geschreuen hebbe \ dat als ick sijn
exemplar soude hebben, dat ick tselfste soude drucken zoo haest alst
mij eenichsins soude mogelicken wesen, maer noyt aen sekeren tijt
verbinden, ende dat ter oorsaken dat op onse persse sijn veel boecken
begost, die teghen de merckt2 uijt moeten wesen, zoo ick hem hebbe
gescreuen, zoo dat ick dencke hij onse schaden oock niet en soude
begheren, ende zal beginnen soo haest mij mogelijken zal wesen,
want ick oock het papier niet en hebben willen aanveerden voor dat
ick gereet en waer te beghinnen, het welck ick ter liefden van uwe
E(erweerdigheyt) als oock om sijnen twille zal doen, zoo haest alst
mij eenichsins mogelijcken zal wesen, hopende dat het corts wesen

Cfr. la lettre 19.


La foire des livres à Francfort.

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LA CORRESPONDANCE DE SIMON VEREPAEUS 323

zal. Supplementum hebbe ick ontfanghen ende zal dienen tot de eerste
editie3.

Source : Anvers, Archief Museum Plantin-Moretus, n° 10, fol. 277r.


Edition : De gülden Passer, 36 (1958), 49-50.

19.

SIMON VEREPAEUS À JEAN MORETUS

Bois-le-Duc, les 21 et 22 septembre 1590.

Réponse à la lettre précédente. Les épreuves du volume II de la grammaire


ne comportent pas les nouvelles corrections demandées par l'auteur; il faudrait
veiller à ce qu'elles soient reprises dans une édition ultérieure. Il vaut mieux
ne pas imprimer les traductions néerlandaises de certains mots latins; puisque
des exemplaires se vendent aussi en Fiandre franqaise, il faudrait y ajouter des
traductions franqaises. Si les corrections apportées ne sont pas suffisamment
claires, Verepaéus recommencera son travail, car cette dernière édition doit
ètre correcte et définitive. Langecruys demande si son manuscrit a été remis
à Moretus. Remerciements pour les exemplaires en hommage. Au post
scriptum : la lettre adressée à Scheffer vient d'arriver ; on est d'accord avec
la proposition de Moretus. Quelques dernières corrections à insérer dans le
texte.

1. S(alutem) P(lurimam), Optime Morete. Nuper cum primos tres


Etymologiae quaterniones Scoeffero misisses 1, admonui te secutum
non esse postremam nostram recognitionem. Quae res quamvis nos
male haberet, idque eo magis quod in libri fronte addi curavimus,
huic editioni summam nunc additam esse manum2, quod procul
abest a vero et falsitatis nos arguit. Interim cum id quod factum
est infectum fieri nequeat, qui possit hic error corrigi certa aliqua
ineunda ratio. 2. Sic igitur facias velim ut absoluta hac editione
3 Le Musée Plantin-Moretus à Anvers possède toujours l'exemplaire avec les
corrections de Verepaeus (n°R 13.29); la préface se termine par la date manuscrite :
Silve-Ducis Anno parte salutis CIO IO LXXXX, 7 Idus Iunias (Bois-le-Duc, le 7 juin
1590).
1 Les épreuves du deuxième volume (Etymologia) de la grammaire de Verepaeus,
'en format in-4°, pour le compte de rimprimeur-éditeur Jan Scheffer de Bois-le-Duc
(cfr. lettre 18). Sur Scheffer, cfr. lettre 23, n.2.
2 Les dernières éditions de la grammaire de Verepaeus portent toutes sur la page
du titre : cui summa addita manus.

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324 Μ. A. NÀUWELAERTS

pro Scoeffero, tu pro scholis aliis denuo excud


sequaris, quam istuc misi recognitionem, om
vocabulis3; nam ea ego non adieci nec adi
unus id fecit huius nostrae scholae praeceptor
suis, qui in priori Despauterio 5 per multos
significationes explanare consueverunt. 3. Et
tantum Teutonice aut Flandrice id fieri deb
Nam iam brevi litteras accepi ex Casleto
Capitulo Societatis Tornaci celebrato, decr
Grammatica nostra in omnibus collegiis to
retur7. 4. Quamobrem velim modis omnib
mam fore quam perfectissimam, quam talem
sperabam. Quae huius erroris caussa extiterit
fero, cum postremos mitteres quaterniones.
esse redditas; dicebat enim nuncius, eas li
comitum habere, qui easdem vel eo ipso d
sequenti. Sed nihil allatum, nec venit quis
litterae igitur denuo describendae. 5. Iam
Si fortasse videar in postrema hac recogniti
operae satis mentem nostram assequantur, a
denuo ineipias. Remittes ad me semel om
tremam hanc editionem pertinere videan
Etymologiae exemplari scribam in eo omnia
nihil relinquatur loci. Idque si ita velis vel int
tunc occurrente nuncio, ad te remittam nec tuam hic fidem, aut
expectationem nullo modo fallam. Mea certe interest, nec ad minus
tua, ut editio haec postrema, cui summa scribitur addita manus, sit
quam politissima.
6. Praepositus Casletensis Fangecrucius8 scripsit ad me se misisse

3 Les vocabula sont les traductions en néerlandais de certains mots latins.


4 Peut-ètre Christophe Vladeraccus, déjà mentionné; cfr. lettre 11, n.6 et lettre 12.
5 La première édition de la grammaire de Verepaeus était intitulée Grammatica
Despauteriana: cfr. lettre 23, n. 3.
6 Le correspondant de Cassel était Langecruys; cfr. ci-dessous, n. 8.
7 Les jésuites ont pendant un certain temps employé dans leurs collèges la gram
maire latine du pére Emmanuel Alvarez; en 1586 ils ont adopté la grammaire de
S. Verepaeus; enfin, en 1593, Jean Moretus a publié une nouvelle édition d'Alvarez
que le pére provincial Olivier Manare a imposée comme manuel de latin. Cfr. A. Pon
celet S.J., o.e. (lettre 11, n. 7), II, pp.46 et 49.
8 Jan Langecruys, ou Joannes Langecrucius, ou De longa Cruce, natif de Hilvaren

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LA CORRESPONDANCE DE SIMON VEREPAEUS 325

tibi Quadragesima superiori librum quendam abs te excudendum et


se nihil abs te accepisse litterarum ex quibus intelligere posset, quid
de hoc libro egisses, immo an librum hunc etiam accepisses, metuens
ne casu forte quopiam liber interierit. Velim igitur ut per primum
huc venientem tabellarium ad me scriba«, quid eo de libro actum.
Tum etiam ad ea quae nunc et alias de Grammatica scripsi. 7. De
nuper missis Vitis Sanctorum Francisci Haraei9 ingentes et immor
tales ago gratias10, relaturus si liceat vivere gratiam suo tempore.
8. Nunc iterum conflictor catarrho morbo mihi admodum familiari.
Bene vale, candidissime Morete, ex nostro Museo, festo S. Matthaei.
Tuus ex asse totus

Simon Verepaeus
9. Domi me continui dies aliquot afflictus catarrho, qui in maximum
incidens, intolerabili cruciatu mihi denuo affligit. Is nunc < >,
nunc paulo est mitior. Has igitur litteras cum domi scripsissem et
adolescentem quendam expectarem, qui istuc perferret, ecce hac hora
accurrit ad me Scoefferus, et tuas ad se et me afferens litteras, quibus
lectis, exilii gaudio <cum> intelligerem te etiam alteram meditari
editionem in 8° atque.in ea te postremam nostram aeditionem per
omnia se<cuturum>. Istud sane est quod volebam et superioribus
his litteris scripsi. 10. Unum est quod huic postremae recognitioni
adhuc add<am>, fol. 159, versu 7, pro hoc versu Vm Quarto,
reliquis V casibus optai Iesus. Hunc versum delebis et eius loco hunc
substitues : Iesvs ut Vm Quarto, Reliquis sic casibus V dal11. Et infra

beek, étudia à Louvain, devint sous-régent au Collegium Porci, puis, en 1566, professor
iuris, enfin, en 1568, prévòt du chapitre de Saint-Pierre à Cassel; il y mourut en 1604.
Nous ignorons si Plantin a publié un ouvrage de cet auteur. Cfr. Schutjes, II, 237;
IV, 599; BNB, XI, col.278-279 (E. van Arenbergh); M. Delcourt et J. Hoyoux,"
Laevinus Torrentius. Correspondance (Paris/Liège, 1954), III, 450-451, 480, 517, 533.
9 Franciscus Haraeus, De vilis Sanctorum, ex Laurentii Surii tomis VII Com
pendium (Antverpiae, Officina Plantiniana, 1591). Francois Verhaer était chanoine de la
cathédrale Saint-Jean à Bois-le-Duc, de 1596 à 1604; il mourut en 1632. Cfr. Schutjes,
IV, 274-275; B. A. Vermaseren, De katholieke Geschiedschrijving in de XVlde en XVIIde
eeuw over den Opstand (Maastricht, 1941), pp. 223-246 (avec bibliographie). Les Vitae
Sanctorum de Haraeus ont été publiées par la maison Plantin en 1588, puis rééditées
en 1590 et en 1594; cfr. Correspondance de C. Plantin, VIII-IX, pp. 347-348.
10 D'après une note du Grand Livre de Jean Moretus (Archives du Musée
Plantin-Moretus, n°21, fol. 116), il fut envoyé à S. Verepaeus, le 10 novembre 1590:
1 Panis quotidianus, 1 Vitae Sanctorum Haraei, 12 Verrep(aei) Etymologia nova.
Peut-ètre y a-t-il erreur de date.
11 La correction a été effectivement apportée dans Yeditio ultima de YEtymohgia.

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326 Μ. A. NAUWELAERTS

ρ. 9, versus XI, ubi Iesus declinatur, sic s


morum sententia dictio est disyllaba potius q
producit syllabam.
Iterum vale, mi Morete, 22 S

(Adresse) : — Amico sincero et percaro J


Plantiniana Bibliopolae. In die cam
uerpen.
francq.
— (autre main :) Verrepaeus den 29" Nouemb. 90.

Source : Anvers, Archief Museum Plantin-Moretus, n°94, fol. 301-303.


Edition : De gülden Passer, 36 (1958), 50-52.

20.

SIMON VEREPAEUS À JEAN MORETUS

Bois-le-Duc, le 9 avril (1591 ?).

Remerciements pour l'envoi d'un bréviaire à grands caractères. Verepaeus


souffre des yeux et vient de se remettre des suites d'une chute. Prière d'envoyer
le catalogue de la dernière foire aux livres de Francfort.

1. S(alutem) P(lurimam). Recte et amice fecisti, mi Morete, qui


ad Verepeum Breviarium 1 maioris litterae misisti. Etenim illius oculi
incipiunt caligare, et vel prorsus illi caecum fiendum, vel huiusmodi
occurrendum remediis. Quamobrem magnum hic tuum agnosco bene
ficium, Deumque precor ut tibi istuc remuneretur donis suis caeles
tibus. 2. Convalui iam fere ex vulnere tibiae2, quam initio Quadra
gesimae ex levissimo casu ita afflixeram, ut ferme ad Pascha usque
lecto mihi fuerit decumbendum. Sed Dei magna gratia et opera
optimi chirurgi sum restitutus, ut templum denuo adeam aliquando.
3. Haec, mi Morete, quod tarn diu ad te literarum nihil. Ubi ex Frane

1 Plantin avait imprimé un Breviarium Romanum in-8°, en 1588; cfr. L. Degeorge,


o.e. (lettre 4, n. 33), p.207.
2 Ms : tibj.

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LA CORRESPONDANCE DE SIMON VEREPAEUS 327

forto novorum librorum catalogum acceperis, accipiam rogo e


exemplar unum. His bene vale, optime Morete. Silvaeducis, 9 Apri
H(umanitatis) T(uae) deditissimus
S. Yerepaeus.

(Adresse) : Eersamen ende vorsienighen Jehan Moretus


boeckvercoper Inden Pesser Tot Antuerpen.

Source : Anvers, Archief Museum Plantin-Moretus, n°94, fol. 287.


Edition : De gülden Passer, 36 (1958), 52-53.

21.

SIMON VEREPAEUS À JEAN MORETUS

Bois-le-Duc, le 19 juin (1591 ou 1592).

Verepaeus à été souffrant et n'a pas pu répondre plus tòt à la lettre de Moretus.
Pendant sa maladie il a lu le Manuale de Pierre Canisius ; il y a remarqué quelques
coquilles; de mème dans sa propre grammaire. Suggestions en vue de l'illustra
tion du Manuale.

1. S(alutem) P(lurimam), Optime et integerrime Morete. Quod tam


diuturno temporis intervallo, ad te nihil litterarum miserim, non
oblivioni tui1, aut id nostrae tribuendum negligentiae, cum tui nostra
memoria ob oculos paene semper nobis obversetur, sed in iis menses
amplius quinque iam vixi miseriis, ut ex dolore dextri cruris fere
extrema timerem ; usus sum doctore medico ad menses duos, chirurgis
vero, fere semper duobus, interdum tribus, etiam foris uno aut
altero interdum accersito. Lecto decubui toto hoc fere tempore.
Caro nunc fere restituta, et cutis non nihil subducen < da > ; per
domum quo libet obambulo, die ut spero D. Ioannis2 ad templum
etiam egressurus. Deo sit gratia, cuius me virga et baculus sunt con
solata3. 2. Saepe in hoc morbo Canisi tui sum usus precibus4, aut
easdem per alium mihi praelegi curavi easque perspexi esse tales,

1 Ms : obliuituj.
2 À la Saint-Jean (24 juin), lete de la cathédrale de Bois-le-Duc.
3 Cfr. Ps. 22. 4.
4 Le Manuale catholicorum de S. Pierre Canisius; cfr. lettres 12 et 13.

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328 M A. NAUWELAERTS

quae ferent aetatem nec aliorum eas fa


et doctae nec aequo fere prolixiores, quo
sed alioqui selectae ipsius Granatensis5,
praestantiam et eruditionem ubique re
tamur, ut quod coepisti in iisdem exornan
in iis errorem unum, aut fortassis alte
restituantur. Pagina 283, versu 17, loco C
dictio restituenda, sed neglexi notare locum
Praeterea pagella 10, an ibi erratum sit al
ubi usum ostendis epactarum, quae ibi
respondere sequenti ibi tabulae tempor
Dominicali, de festis mobilibus, Paschae,
ut oculi in hoc morbo mihi caligarint,
caligent; si quid huiusmodi fortasse fu
absterget spero. 4. In ipsa etiam Gramm
currit unum aut alterum, quod citra cuiu
tuetur. 5. In Rudimentis7, Pagina 27,
Mensa, ut alias emendavi et valde id p
mologia9, pag. 99, versu 3, loco Arbor,
versu 10, lege disyllabum-, pag. 118, vers
pag. 177, versu paenultimo malim Potiun
prima habet editio et versus 23 paginae 1
plicia expungatur. Plura non notavi, et ha
maticam Emmanuelis Alvari10, quam viden
Societatis 11. Sed mirabor. Legi proxim
novorum librorum catalogum ex proximis

5 Ms : Gratensis. Sur Luis de Granada, cfr. lettre 1


6 Cfr, Cicéron, In Catil., I. 5. 10 : «Perge quo coep
7 Rudimenta : le premier volume de la Grammatica
pp. 67-71.
8 Nicodemus Frischlinus (1547-1590) publia une Grammatica Latina compendiose
scripta et in octo libros distributa (Francofurti, 1586); Buisson, pp.299-300. Cet
auteur est surtout connu pour ses drames scolaires; cfr. NDB, V, pp. 620-621.
9 Etymologia : le deuxième volume de la Grammatica de Verepaeus; cfr. Bibliogr.
S. V., pp. 71-73.
10 Emmanuel Alvarez, jésuite, auteur d'une Grammatica Latina qui servit de manuel
de latin dans beaucoup de collèges de l'Ordre jusqu'au XIX® siècle; Buisson, pp. 27-28;
DHGE, II, col. 867 (E. M. Rivière); E. Springhetti, «Storia e fortuna della Grammatica
di E. Alvarez, S.J. », Humanitas, 13-14 (Co'imbra 1961-62), 283-304.
11 Cfr. lettre 19, n.7.

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LA CORRESPONDANCE DE SIMON VEREPAEUS 329

et in eo reperi, apud Nicolaum Bassaeum opinor, Grammaticam


Latinam ex recentioribus rei grammaticae scriptoribus methodo paulo
accuratiore pro Casselana et inferioris Hassiae scholis12. Eam si mihi
semel inspiciendam posses mittere, magni id benefici loco ducerem,
ut quid in nostra desideret aliquis, ex illa perspicerem.
7. Aliquid succurrit ad ornandum Manuale. Habet Bellerus in
fronte nostri Enchiridii precationum Bona est oratio, cum Ieiunio et
Eleemosyna, quae ibi tribus includuntur circulis13. Quid si tu in
fronte Manualis14 ita includas tribus circulis haec 3 verba : Emen
demus, Oremus et Vincemus, quae et praesenti conveniunt tempori,
et gratiam haberent si elegantioribus includerentur circulis; quod
fecit Bellerus pag. 46 Enchiridii, qui crassius sunt depicti quam sunt,
qui in fronte eius libri. 8. Praeterea posses curare depingendum
unum illum ante Crucifixi imaginem, quem habet Bellerus pagina 70,
sed una cum uxore et liberis. Ne huiusmodi adiiciam plura, charta,
ut vides, admonet. Valebis igitur; ex lecto 19 Iunii.
Tuus S. Verepaeus.

(Adresse) : (Eersam)en gheleerden en voersienigen (Ioanni) Moreto


Inden pesser (Boeck)vercoper Tot Antuerpen 15.

Source : Anvers, Archief Museum Plantin-Moretus, n°94, fol.295.


Edition : De gülden Passer, 36 (1958), 53-55.

22.

SIMON VEREPAEUS À JEAN MORETUS

Bois-le-Duc, le 8 aoùt (1592 ?).

Remerciements pour la lettre et les ouvrages qu'il vient de recevoir de la part


de Moretus.

12 Cette Grammatica n'est pas mentionnée dans le répertoire de J. Clessius, o.e.


(lettre 5, n. 21 ).
13 Les pages de titre de YEnchiridion de Verepaeus portent toujours cette xylo
gravure. Elle est reproduite dans notre article : Het Boek, 30 (1951), 357-363.
14 Le Manuale de Canisius; cfr. ci-dessus, n.4.
15 Une partie de l'adresse manque, le papier étant déchiré.

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330 Μ. A. NAUWELAERTS

1. S(alutem) P(lurimam) Humanissime D. Morete. Postremas tuas


accepi cum magnifico munere, tomo scilicet 3 Sorani1, et Precibus
Costeri2. Quo nomine non habeo quod digne rependam, nisi meipsum
accipias totum; quo, cum usus inciderit, pro tuo utaris arbitratu, et
mihi si vires suppetent et se remiserit non nihil haec temporis malignitas
conspiciemus aliquid, spero, quo nos gratos exhibebimus.
2. Haec raptissime cum audissem affuturum tabellarium, qui an
venturus adhuc incertum. Bene vale, optime Morete, et Verepaeum
quod facis amare pergito. Ex musaeolo nostro, 8 Augusti.
Tui Cupidissimus
S. Verepaeus

(Adresse) : Eersamen en voersienighen Joannes Moretus


Boeckvercoper Inden pesser.
francq.

Source : Anvers, Archief Museum Plantin-Moretus, n°94, fol.297.


Edition : De gülden Passer, 36 (1958), 55.

23.

SIMON VEREPAEUS A JEAN MORETUS

Bois-le-Duc, le 7 octobre (1592 ?).

On se plaint à Bois-le-Duc du fait que certains volumes de la Grammatica


de Verepaeus ne sont plus disponibles dans une édition in-4°. Les écoles de
Bois-le-Duc et d'autres écoles de la Campine préféreront une autre grammaire,
si on ne leur accorde pas ce qu'ils demandent : une édition complète in-4°.
À Cologne, les jésuites ont aussi adopté un autre manuel.

1. S(alutem) P(lurimam) Humanissime Morete. Silentii nostri tam


diuturni caussa fuit tabellariorum solito numero rarior òportunitas,
qui vel Beca 1 huc excurrere vix ausi fuere. Sed nunc denuo incipiunt

1 Le cardinal César Baronius (Sora 1538-Rome 1607). Cfr. H. Moretus, L'édition


plantinienne des Annales ecclesiastici du cardinal Baronius (Extrait du Musée du Livre,
s.a.); bibliographie dans : Nederlands Archief voor Kerkgeschiedenis, 33 (1942), 197-198.
2 Francois de Coster S.J.; cfr. lettre 4, n.49.
1 Hilvarenbeek.

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LA CORRESPONDANCE DE SIMON VEREPAEUS 331

sperare melius, viamque propediem fore paulo tutiorem. 2. Nunc


ad scribendum me impulerunt querelae potissimum nostrae scholae.
Multi ita queruntur : Grammaticam non excudi in 4to, praesertim
Rudimenta et Syntaxim, ut sic cum Etymologia Scoefferi in 4'° 2 com
pingi possint; ut nisi sic illa excudantur, ut minentur bibliopegi se
Despauterii Grammaticam3 denuo administraturos, idemque et prae
ceptoribus ferme persuaserunt ; quod si fiat, etiam aliae Campiniae
et Taxandriae scholae4 horum exemplum sequentur. Huiusmodi mul
tòrum motus sopieris, si priores Grammaticae nostrae libros scholis
multis in 4'° excuderis, quemadmodum Despauterius a nonnullis
in 8™, ab aliis in 4to vendi consuevit. 3. Quamobrem si citra tuum
incommodum magnum fieri posset, rogarem ut hac in re scholis certe
multis gratificeris. Quod ad Societatis Scholas attinet, sparsit hic
institor quidam Coloniae, loco nostrae, praelegi nunc aliam5. Id si
verum sit scire velim, et quis sit, eiusque primo quoque tempore
unum mitti exemplar mihi, ut gustem. 4. Si verum narravit ille,
suspicor esse compendium Emmanuelis Alvari Societatis in Lusi
tania6, quod tarnen compendium nondum vidi. Sed ipsa eius Gram

2 L'édition in-4° du volume II (Elymologia) de la Grammatica Latina imprimée par


l'atelier de Plantin et éditée par Jan Scheffer, n'est pas mentionnée dans l'ouvrage de
Ch. C. V. Verreyt, Het Geslacht Schoeffer, later Scheffer en Scheffers, te 's-Hertogenbosch
van 1541-1796, in betrekking tot de boekdrukkunst (Den Haag, 1888), ni dans l'étude
bibliographique de E.A.B.J. ten Brink, «Bossche drukken 1541-1600. Een bijdrage
tot de Noordnederlandse bibliografie», dans Varia historica Brabantica, II ('s-Hertogen
bosch, 1966), pp. 95-152.
3 Une édition in-4° parut chez Plantin à Anvers, en 1571-1572, sous le titre de
Grammaticae Despauterianae recens in epitomen et commodiorem ordinem redactae ...
libri quattuor : cfr. Bibliogr. S. V., p. 67.
4 Des écoles latines étaient établies à Brecht, Breda, Diest, Eindhoven, Hilvaren
beek, Hoogstraten, Lierre, Meerhout, Oirschot, Turnhout. Sur les écoles latines de la
Campine anversoise, cfr. Humanisme en Latijnse Scholen in de Kempen (Brecht, 1954).
5 Les jésuites de Cologne considéraient la grammaire latine de Verepaeus comme
trop détaillée; ils protestèrent, en 1595, auprès de la Faculté des Arts et exigèrent
l'adoption d'un autre auteur; cfr. J. Kuckhoff, Tricoronatum (cf. lettre 4, n.57),
pp. 195-196 et 354. La grammaire d'Alvarez parut à Cologne en 1596; cfr. Sommer
vogel, I, 223-224.
6 Le De constructione octo partium orationis (Venetiis, 1571), est un abrégé de la
grammaire d'Alvarez; cfr. Sommervogel, I, 224.

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332 Μ. A. NAUWELAERTS

matica et longior est et difficilior quam ut par


scholis; pervelim eius videre compendium7. Vale
Tuus ex animo
S. Verepaeus

(Adresse) : Viro doctissimo humanissimoque Iohanni Moreto In offi


cina Plantiniana Antverpiae.

Source : Anvers, Archief Museum Plantin-Moretus, n°94, fol.299.


Edition : De gülden Passer, 36 (1958), 56.

24.

SIMON VEREPAEUS A JEAN MORETUS

Bois-le-Duc, le 18 septembre 1593.

Remerciements pour certains ouvrages des presses plantiniennes, re?us par


Verepaeus. Envoi d'un exemplaire de la Sciagraphia en vue d'une nouvelle
édition. En annexe, la liste de tous les ouvrages de Verepaeus, édités ou en
manuscrit.

1. Humanissime Domine Morete, nescio quas tibi gratias agam


pro tam ingenti librorum fasciculo1, a quorum lectione vix queo
tantisper avelli, ut debitam gratiarum actionem tibi perscribam. Interim
praestat tibi animus quam potest gratissimam omnium beneficiorum
tuorum memoriam, vultque tibi debere quam plurimum. 2. Mitto
tibi nostram Sciagraphiam2, cum vacabis a gravioribus denuo excu
dendam, vel in annum proximum, quo ut confidimus scholae denuo
aperientur et instaurabuntur3. 3. Adieci illi libellorum <no>stro

1 Le 3 septembre 1593, Jean Moretus envoya un exemplaire de son édition de la


grammaire d'Alvarez qu'il venait de lancer; cfr. Archives du Musée Plantin-Moretus,
n°21, fol. 116.

1 Cfr. lettre 23, n. 7.


2 La Sciagraphia de Verepaeus est un résumé de ses Institutionum scholasticarum
libri tres, de 1573; elle parut chez Plantin, en 1588; on n'en connaìt pas de nouvelle
édition; cfr. Bibliogr. S. V., p.81.
3 L'école du chapitre de Bois-le-Duc avait été fermée à cause de la lutte des Espagnols
contre les troupes de Maurice de Nassau, dont parlent les comptes de la ville, en 1593;
cfr. R.A. van Zuijlen, Inventaris der Archieven van de stad 's-Hertogenbosch ... Stads

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LA CORRESPONDANCE DE SIMON VEREPAEUS 333

rum catalogum4, quod nonnullos conquestos audierim ubi eorum


non <iam> venales habeantur. Hunc si videbitur licebit addere
Sciagraphiae, <sed> haec omnia arbitratui tuo commissa sunto.
4. Haec raptissime, quod aurigae discessum metuam. Bene vale, cha
rissime Morete. Ex aedibus nostris, 18. Septem bris 93.
Addictissimus vestrae humanitati
S. Verepaeus

(Adresse) : Spectatissimo humanissimoque viro Johanni Moreto ad


signum Circini Bibliopolae Antverpiae.
franq.

Source : Anvers, Archief Museum Plantin-Moretus, n°94, fol.289.


Edition : De gülden Passer, 36 (1958), 57.

(Annexe de cette lettre)

Catalogus Librorum in pueril ium potissimum studiorum usum a


Simone Verepaeo conscriptorum, cum nominibus eorum qui excu
derunt.

(1) Brevissima Christianae Religionis Rudimento, In quibus etiam cito


et expedite legendi modus traditur, parvulis legere primum inci
pientibus utilissimus. Ioan. Scoefferus Busciducis Latine et Teu
tonice excudit.

(2) Precationes Scholasticae, Ioan. Bellerus Antverpiae ad Signum


Aquilae.
(3) Precationes Liturgicae, Latine, Teutonice, et Gallice excusae
frequenter a Bellero.
(4) Precationum piarum Enchiridion, Latine, Teutonice, et Gallice,
annis fere singulis excusum a Bellero.
(5) Grammatices Latinae libri quinque, Singuli seorsim excusi.
In Belgio in Officina Plantiniana,
In Germania ab Henrico Aquense Herbipoli in Franconia.

Rekeningen van het jaar 1399-1800, 3 vol. ('s-Hertogenbosch, 1863-1876); II, 1097
1102.

4 Cette liste des écrits de Verepaeus nous a servi pour dresser la bibliographie de
Verepaeus, dans De gülden Passer, 25 (1947), 52-90.

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334 M A. NAUWELAERTS

(I) Rudimenta ^
Latinae
< (III)Gram-
Syntaxis > TTJ, . Etymologia I
matices ι |et Herbipoli.
I (IV) Prosodia I
(V) Supplementa J
(6) Institutionum Scholasticarum Lib. Hi, In quibus ostenditur quae
sit optima christianae iuventutis instituendae ratio, in litteris, et
profanis, et sacris, a doctis magnopere commendati, et recens
recogniti. Antverpiae, Io. Bellerus.
(7) Scholae Latinae ac Graecae Sciagraphia, Seu rudis quaedam
delineatio, Quae est libri superioris brevissimum compendium.
In offic(ina) Plant(iniana).
(8) Libellus de ingenuis Puerorum moribus, Ioan. Bellerus Antverpiae.
Matern(us) Cholinus Coloniae.
(9) 12 Legum Scholasticarum Tabulae, estque Epitome libri praece
dentis. In offic(ina) Plant(iniana).
(10) Latinae Linguae Progymnasmata, Antverpiae Ant. Thilenius. Bus
ciducis Io. Scoefferus. Coloniae NN.
(11) Latinae Linguae Exercitationum libri iii, Joan. Scoefferus Busci
ducis.
(12) Praeceptiones de Tropis et Schematibus, Coloniae excudit Ger
vinus Calenius.
(13) Praeceptiones de Verborum et Rerum Copia, Idem Gervinus
Calenius.

(14) De Epistolis Latine scribendis et rescribendis, Coloniae Matern(us)


Cholinus. Antverpiae in Offic(ina) Plant(iniana).
(15) Selectiores Epistolae Ciceronis, Verepaei Scholiis illustratae, Ant
verpiae, Thilenius.
(16) Selectiores Epistolae clarorum Virorum, Antverpiae, Bellerus.
Coloniae Horstius. Ingolstadii NN.
(17) Selectiores Epistolae Lod. Vivis, Ant. Thilenius.

Libri Verepaei opera in lucem revocati


Vel scholiis per ipsum illustrati.

(18) Η istoria Barlaam et Iosaphat, Verepaei opera separatim edita,


cum Scholiis R.D. Aloysii Lipomani Episcopi Veronensis. Io. Bel
lerus.

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LA CORRESPONDANCE DE SIMON VEREPAEUS 335

(19) Libellus de salutari Peccatorum Poenitentia, Claudii Viexmont


Parisiensis. Adiunctis per Verepaeum scholiis R.D. Ioannis Loei
Praepositi Eversamensis, in Flandria. Bellerus.

Libri aliquot Verepaei in Typographorum manibus


etiamnum detenti.

(20) Thesaurus selectissimarum Precationum, Apud Bellerum diu asser


vatur.

(21) Selectiores Epistolae Paulli Manutii, Quibus nullae recentis scrip


toris elegantiores.
(22) Selectiores Latini Sermonis Phrases, a R.D. Nicolao Busio in
signis Eloquentiae viro collectae, sed Verepaei studio in classes
10 digestae.
Iam multos annos a Thilenio conservantur.

Hi lucem videbunt cum eo voluntas accesserit typographorum,


conquerentium de chartae inopia eiusdemque ingenti caritate, tum
etiam de operarum defectu.

Source : Anvers, Archief Museum Plantin-Moretus, n°94, fol. 291-293.

25.

SIMON VEREPAEUS AU MAITRE D'ÉCOLE

Bois-le-Duc, le 21 juillet 1596.

Lettre-préface de l'édition définitive de ΓEtymologia. Recommandations con


cernant l'emploi de cet ouvrage scolaire. Mention de quelques ouvrages dont
on peut se servir après l'étude de la grammaire.

1. De summa huius libri commoditate ad ludimagistrum praefatio.


2. Cum Institutiones hae Grammaticae superioribus annis, ob rapi
dum Martis furorem atrocissime tunc temporis in Belgio nostro
saevientis, parum adhuc tum expolitae in lucem prodiissentl, et tarnen

1 Les quatre premiers traités de la Grammatica Latina de Verepaeus furent réédités


en un seul volume par l'Officina Plantiniana. en 1592; cfr. Bibliogr. S. V., p. 68, n°8.

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336 M A NAUWELAERTS

intelligerem easdem non multo post in c


et academias iam esse receptas, atque eti
enarrari2, hoc multorum iudicio incit
existimavi, ut easdem elimatiores paulo in
3. In idoneis liberalium artium praecep
debent in primis elucere ut commenden
cuitate, et recta Artis methodo. 4. Brevitas id efficit, ut huiusmodi
praecepta sine molestia saepe queant a parvulis repeti, brevique
temporis intervallo eorum animis instillari ac imprimi; ne parvulos
diutius quam par est, ab imitatione scriptis remorentur. 5. Perspi
cuitas hoc affert commodi ut minimo labore a rudibus ac tardis
citra taedium ac nauseam queant omnia percipi, et bene percepta ac
intellecta tenacissime haereant parvulorum mentibus.
6. Quibus si accesserit recta tradendi Methodus, utramque virtutem
sic illustrabit ut cum iis coniuncta perficiat quod promittitur.
7. Ut igitur Praeceptiones nostrae ornamentis huiuscemodi, brevitate
in primis ac perspicuitate commendarentur, ex Etymologia versus
plures, opinor, quinquaginta sustuli; obscuriores interdum modica
luce illustravi; duriusculos in plausibiliores ac molliores converti,
quaeque visa sunt minus necessaria, nonnulla succidi, quaedam ad
Libri V. Parai ipomena3 seu Supplementa remisi. Quae retinenda
quidem, sed parvulorum aetati nondum scitu necessaria. De iis insti
tutorem admoneo, ut prima libri praelectione ea transiliat, differatque
in puerorum aetatem maturiorem.
8. Quid multis? Sic haec omnia puerorum captui attemperare conatus
sum, ut polliceri non dubitem expoliciorem hanc editionem illorum
oculis facile blandituram, quibus prior illa informis adhuc non dis
plicuerit. 9. Caeterum, ut ip his tirunculi maiores studiorum pro
gressi faciant, id curet didascalus, ut, ubi has Etymologicae Prae
ceptiones semel absolverit, his statim adiungat aliqua, in quibus
Praeceptiones statim ad usum accomodentur ; cuiusmodi fuerint Pro
gymnasmatum nostrorum Latinae Linguae Liber II. et III.4. Tum
Leges nostrae Scholasticae5 utraque lingua Latina ac vernacula expli

1 Cfr. lettres 23 et 24.


3 Dans l'édition originale on lit « Pluralipomena ».
4 S. Verepaeus, Latinae linguae Progymnasmata, l'c éd., 1572; cfr. Bibliogr. S. V.,
pp. 83-84.
5 Le De ingenuis scholasticorum moribus libellus de Verepaeus, ou le résumé de cet
ouvrage; cfr. o.e., pp. 81 et 83.

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LA CORRESPONDANCE DE SIMON VEREPAEUS 337

candae. Accedat his Summa Catechismi Petri Canisii6. De qui


egimus in Scholasticis nostris institutionibus7, et rursus in Schol
Latinae ac Christianae Sciagraphia, excusa nuper in Officina P
tiniana8. Vale feliciter.
10. Silvae Ducis, CIO.ID XCVI. 12. Kal(endas) Augusti.
Simon Verepaeus, Collegii Pontificii
Silvae Ducensis Canonicus.

Source : Simon Verepaeus, Latinae Grammatices Etymologia, (Antverpiae, Officina


Plantiniana, 1598), introduction.

26.

SIMON VEREPAEUS À JEAN GOOSSENS

Bois-le-Duc, le 23 janvier 1597.

Lettre-préface des Selectiores sermonis Latini Phrases de Busius, éditées par


Verepaeus. Celui-ci remet en mémoire leurs travaux communs, à Verepaeus et
Goossens, à fècole de Hilvarenbeek, et leurs séjours à Louvain, Turnhout et
Bois-le-Duc.

1. Simon Verepaeus Insigni eruditione, multoque rerum usu praes


tanti Domino M. Ioanni Goessenio1, Hilvarenbecensis Collegii Cano
nico S(alutem) P(lurimam) D(icit).
2. Ad Latine, pure et emendate loquendum, nihil compendiosius
esse vel fingi potest, quam ut tirones politioris litteraturae studiosi
in optimis quibusque veterum auctorum scriptis accuratissime ob
servent, quibus utantur rerum vocabulis, quibus Latine loquendi
6 Le catéchisme de P. Canisius : Summa doctrinae christianae (Antverpiae, Plan
tinus, 1587); cfr. Degeorge, o.e. (lettre 4, n.33), p. 204.
1 S. Verepaeus, Institutionum scholasticarum libri tres (Antverpiae, Bellerus, 1573);
cfr. Bibliogr. S. V., pp. 79-81.
8 S. Verepaeus, Scholae Latinae ac christianae Sciagraphia, Antverpiae, Plantinus,
1588); la réédition, dont parie la lettre 24, n'a peut-ètre pas paru; cfr. o.e., p. 81.
1 Jan Goossens, ou Goessens, fut promu maitres ès-arts, à Louvain, en 1551; cfr.
Anaìeetes pour servir à l'histoire eccìésiastique de la Belgique, 3 (1867), 350. Il offrit
l'hospitalité à Verepaeus à Bois-le-Duc, d'après un document de mai 1583 conservé dans
les Archives de Bois-le-Duc : Oud-archief van de Stad 's-Hertogenbosch, portefeuille
1583.

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338 Μ. A. NAUWELAERTS

phrasibus ac formulis. 3. Quam rem unam


riarum scriptorem C. Iulium Caesarem tanti
hanc vocum et sententiarum diligentem obse
eloquentiae fontem et originem esse statuerit
ille post Μ. Τ. Ciceronem Latinae linguae a
quentiae est delectus et observatio vocabuloru
4. Auream vere esse dixerim hanc C. Caesaris
prorsus, quae in scholis omnibus ac musaeis,
litteris, Latini sermonis candidatis versetur se
atque quid in optimorum scriptorum lectione
maxime necessarium. 5. Quin etiam hanc
tissimis suis in lucem emissis elucubration
comprobarunt Nizolius3, Riccius4, doctissimi
filius Aldus Manutius iunior5. 6. Apud nos
praeteream, non exiguam in hoc scripti ge
Ioannes Godscalcus6 et Petrus Apherdianus1

2 Cicéron, Brutus, 72. 253.


3 Mario Nizzoli, humaniste italien (1498-1566). Son d
Ciceronianus, parut à Venise en 1576. Cfr. Buisson, pp
(lettre 4, n.18), V, 1260.
* Bartolomeo Ricci (1489/90-1569), professeur à Ferrar
L.atinae loculionis (Venetiis, 1533); De imitatione libri III (V
pp. 562-563; Enciclopedia biografica e bibliografica 'It
gisti ed educatori (Milano, 1939), pp. 357-358; M. E. C
5 Aldus Manutius Sr. (1449-1515); cfr. M.E. Cosenza
(1547-1597); cfr. ibid., 1089. Ouvrages dans Buisson, pp.
Sr. furent imprimés dans les Pays-Bas : NK, I, n°66
graphiae ratio d'Aldus Jr. fut imprimée par Plantin, en 156
et G. Glorieux, o.e. (lettre 4, n.24), I, n°" 2038-2039.
6 Joannes Godscalcus, ou Jan Godschalck (env. 1508-
à Anvers, vers 1531; cfr. H.L. V. de Groote, o.e. (lettre 1
259; 20 (1968), 21. Il a remanié le De sermone Latino et m
de Castello e Corneto, ou Hadrianus Cardinalis (env. 1
de Latini sermonis observationes. La première édition an
(NK, I, n° 1015); la deuxième, parue en 1536, comporte l
collectore {ibid., n°1016). On signale plusieurs réédit
Cologne, en 1540, et à Venise, en 1550. Cfr. E.H. Reusens
Buisson, pp. 329-330. Augustinus Wilsius èdita une nouv
chez A. Tilenius, à Anvers, en 1581 ; cfr. BNB, XXVII, c
7 Petrus Apherdianus, né à Wageningen, publia entre a
linguae, 1545; Institutio puerorum, 1560; Similia Erasm
Maria E. De Graaf, Petrus Apherdianus ludimagister, ca.

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LA CORRESPONDANCE DE SIMON VEREPAEUS 339

larum usum elegantissimas huiusmodi formularum Latinae linguae


observationes et loquendi formulas ex doctorum libris diligenti studio
magnoque delectu collegerunt. 7. Horum vestigia non multo post
tempore insecutus eximius ille communis utriusque nostrum patronus
M. Nicolaus Busius Gertrudimontanus8, vir et singulari eruditione
et ea praeditus eloquentia, ut inter doctos etiam excelleret, qui Lovanii
primum9, postea in Galliis, postremo etiam dum apud Becanos
Canonicorum praeesset collegio Decanus, ad extremum usque vitae
suae annum non destitit nobilem, quam domi alebat, iuventutem
Latinas docere litteras; atque ut ea, priusquam vel in aulas principum
aut in exteras avocaretur regiones, paucissimis annis quidvis posset
pure et emendate Latinis verbis eloqui, curabat ipsi in scholis a me
praelegi has ex doctissimorum scriptis selectas a se et brevissimis
scholiis illustratas Latini sermonis phrases; quas cum ille, longissima
dignus vita morte interceptus, typis excusas non evulgasset, rem
puerorum studiis utilem et praeceptoribus gratam facturum me existi
mavi, si has elegantissimas Latine loquendi scribendique phrases in
lucem et vulgus proferrem. 8. Quae ut lectorum oculis et animis
magis blandirentur, id ita futurum existimavi, si has in classes aliquot
redigerem, atque aequales aequalibus ita coniungerem ut a brevioribus
ad longiores paulatim ascensus fieret, sic etiam futurum ut parvulorum
tenellae minus lassarentur vires, et scripturo inventio et expeditior usus.
9. Has vero selectissimas Phrases ut tibi, carissime Goesseni, dedi
carem, quam plurimae sane existunt caussae. Prima, quod olim ado
lescentes una viximus Lovanii in celeberrimo Porcensi Collegio10,
illinc priorem me demigrantem tu Becam ad Collegii Decanum et
Belgicae Nobilitatis tum paedonomum non multo post consecutus
sis; illinc hostium metu profugientes una exulavimus Turnhouti11

8 Cfr. lettre 2, η. 1.
9 En juin 1526, «Dominus Nicolaus Buys de Monte Sancte Gertrudis» prèta le
serment lors de l'inscription de deux étudiants mineurs à Louvain; Α. Schillings, o.e.
(Introd., η. 2), III, 760, n°76. La strueture grammaticale de la phrase entière n'est pas
très correcte.

10 Les deux se firent inserire parmi les «Porcenses divites»; Verepaeus, en 1542,
et Goossens (Joannes Goeswini de Beka), en 1548; cfr. A. Schillings, o.e., IV, 249,
n° 186 et 359, n°124.
11 On ne saurait préciser la date. Peut-ètre faut-il trouver ici l'explication du titre
assez curieux attribué à Verepaeus : «Rektor zu Turnhaut bei Herzogenbusch», dans
E. Μ. Roloff, Lexikon der Pädagogik, II (Freiburg-Br., 1913), ρ. 873. Par ailleurs on
ne rencontre pas le nom de Verepaeus ni celui de Goossens parmi les recteurs et les

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340 M A. NAUWELAERTS

primum, et postea Silvaeducis12 ; postre


aliquando dicerem, me tibi libelli aliquid
ilico, hoc tibi non ingratum futurum. 10.
ab hoc promisso hac epistola nostra dedica
petoque abs te maiorem in modum ut part
nostri tam sinceri ac candidi in communem tutelam una mecum
suscipias. Quare me tibi devinctissimum reddideris etiam multo devinc
tiorem. 11. Bene vale in Christo Domino. Silvaeducis, ex musaeo
nostro. Anno humanae salutis M.D.XCVII. 10. Kalend(as) Februarii.

Tibi addictissimus
Simon Verepaeus.

Source : S. Verepaeus, Selectiores sermonis Latini phrases (Antverpiae, Officina Plan


tiniana, 1597), pp. 3-6.

professeurs des écoles latines de Turnhout, dans L. Ceyssens, Het onderwijs te Turnhout
voor 1830 (Turnhout, 1934).
12 Au printemps de 1583; cfr. η. 1 ci-dessus.

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Harry C. Schnur

BEMERKUNGEN ZUR LECHIAS


DES CLEMENS ZEBRACENUS

Starnawski und IJsewijn haben durch Herausgabe der Lec


(Hum. Lov., 21, 1972, 281-384) unsere Kenntnis lateinischer Po
des Barock in verdienstlicher Weise bereichert. Das Werk zeig
Tugenden und die Fehler seiner Zeit : vollendete Beherrschung
Yersifikation einerseits, Schwulst und Übertreibung andererseit
folgende Bemerkungen beschäftigen sich im wesentlichen mit P
und Wortwahl sowie mit einigen Addenda und Corrigenda.

1. Addendum zu den Noten.

Die »unbekannten« Flüsse in 4.393 (Pegnessi Iaxtique sinus, Coch


rumque Nabinque) sind nicht Nebenflüsse des Rheins, sondern
a) die Pegnitz : fliesst durch Nürnberg, verbindet sich mit der Reg
und mündet in den Main;
b) die Jaxt : mündet in der Neckar;
c) die Kocher, welche gleichfalls in den Neckar mündet; und
d) die Nab, ein Nebenfluss der Donau.

2. Corrigenda.

Folgende Druckfehler sind zu berichtigen, wie mir IJsewijn


tigt hat :
— In 1.607 ist durch Haplographie einmal dabimus ausgefallen. Das
Vers lautet richtig : Virtuti id dabimus, dabimus tot fortibus actis.
— In 2.175 ist pectora zu lesen statt pectore.
— In 4.178 ist hausit ocellos zu lesen statt hausti ocellos.

3. Prosodie und Metrum.

Im allgemeinen von bemerkenswerter Korrektheit. Fehlerhafte Qu


titäten sind temere (1.498 und 3.190), was allerdings gebräuchl

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342 H.C. SCHNUR

war und noch in Gradus des 19. Jhdts. erscheint. Einsicht in den
Thesaurus Linguae Latinae hat uns gezeigt, dass die letzte Silbe im
daktylischen Vers immer elidiert wird, also kurz sein muss.
3.23 ductor ubi reserat, matrona repente seipsam (sic). Für Kürzung
von se konnten wir keinen Beleg finden.
3.344 und 4.464 séquior aetas. Von secus, dessen erste Silbe kurz
sein muss; schwebte ihm setius vor?
3.600 Axénos, dagegen 4.480 Victor ad Axenias. Die 2. Silbe von
Axenos muss kurz sein, dagegen gibt es die Länge Axinus.
3.601 Tanais : letzte Silbe lang, doch muss sie kurz sein.
4.15 non pol imbellibus. Pol ist kurz.
4.493 arboris in quatuor felici sorte propagai. Die erste Silbe von
quat{t)uor MUSS lang sein.
4.755 quum vir audacior addit. Vir ist kurz : mas brächte Abhilfe.

Abweichungen, doch nicht ohne Vorgang :

4.238 smaragdos als Anapaest; so einmal bei Martial.


4.503 Colle Nicer et rostra rigai : Nicér, verlängert in caesura.
Gradivus : erste Silbe lang 3.435; kurz 3.557; 3.621 ; 4.819.

Hiatus.

3.269 dubiae ceu alea sortis.


Verbales -o kurz: 1.73 reddò', 1.91 concedilo', 1.351 horrescö',
4.623 subducitö', 4.871 ignoscitö', aber im selben Vers (1.147) dubitò
und pallesco. 2.671 labendö.
Nominal-o kurz: 1.187 natiö', 1.434 praedö; 3.150 caligò', 3.494
professiò', aber 1.552 ambitiö', 3.142 superstitiö', 1,589 ratio. Scipio
als Daktyl in 1.567.
Durchweg, dem Brauch der Zeit entsprechend, ac = atque', aber
1.344 atque cadaveribus; 3.278 noctes atque dies.
Selten bzw. ungebräuchlich : 1.592 meliori luce nitentes; 3.198 Pom
pe ius ... Caesare victus (statt a Caes.); 4.33 serö; 3.740 fiamma ...
herois praecordia cinxit (statt heroidis)', 4.380 Procustae statt Pro
crustae', 4.314 duritiem miti proceres ast arte revellunt. Ast an 4. Stelle
ist ungewöhnlich; tarnen wäre besser gewesen.
ZÄSUR (fehlend oder unschön) : 1.424 prima rudimento argumenta
que prima daturus', 2.155 docta Ioves venerari, regum iussa vereri', 4.220
posteritas audaci protestabitur ore.

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BEMERKUNGEN ZUR LEICHIAS DES CL. ZEBRACENUS 343

Ein versus spondiacus : 4.441 tot rerum in tela deducitur argumentum.


Unschöne Elision : 2.364 inter se certant, mas officio, obsequio
uxor.

TMESIS : 2.467 distorti disque sipati4, 1.479f. quos Euro


orbis Cunque colit proceres.
Unschöne Postposition im selben Vers: 1.230 et love cum
divos epulari dicitur inter.
VERB IM PL. STATT SING. : 2.549f. sic quisque sua regnator in
... lustrant.
Wortspiele, z.T. recht abgeschmackt : 2.220 precio preciosius
1.359 Germanique viri germano sanguine terram ... foedant; 3.4
humor sufficiens cui suffìcitur; 3.487 pignoribus thalami sie vir pin
opimis ; 4.933 In curvum ineurvus conflabitur ensis aratrum.
Wortspiele mit Allitteration : 2.45 bellaque de bellis orian
turbine turbae4, 3.275 principe permutans proculum monachumq
narcha; 1.208 seeptraque stipitibus, fasces et falcibus aequat;
coniungens manibusque manus ac (atque) artubus artus; 1.292 pl
progresso pruinis; 1.402 et fugiat fugienda, memor facienda sequ
2.81 praevia praecedit Pietas, et alia multa.
Binnenreim : 2.79 tota decens et tota placens, puleerrima
2.87 verrit humum, caput aureolum sedpilleus ambit.
ARCHAISMEN : 1.583 catus\ 4.28 triseclisenex (Naevius); 4.687
4.725 ipsus Apollo.
Schwer verständlich : 4.710 eierat, von eiero (eiuro) entsa
ablehnen, gibt aber wenig Sinn. 4.747 pleno bibit ore favillas :
für Asche (gewöhnlich Flugasche des Scheiterhaufens) schluckt
4.730 natürlich ist paetis zu verstehen (paeta Venus). Der D
schreibt poetis.

4. Stil.

Er »borgt« so vieles, dass man stellenweise einen Cento vor sich hat
Die meisten dieser »Anleihen« hat IJsewijn bereits festgestellt. Wir
verzichten auf Stellennachweis dieser jedermann bekannten We
dungen.
Verlegenheitsfüllsel : 4.374 quo vix praestantior alter.
Furta : 2.21 suasere cadentia sidera somnos4, 2.25 sero medicina
paratur; 2.172 correpta virüm tot scuta sub imoIvortice, tot galeas
Polvus, tot corpora volvit4, 2.367 f. fieri tuus esto; quod optas/explorare

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344 H.C. SCHNUR

lahor, me iussa capessere fas est


portae; 3.444 bella, horrida bella'
volebat/natus, at umbra manus per
volucrique simillima somno\ 3.62
Graii', 3.769 i, nullis succumbe m
invenient', 3.795ff. eine cornea p
4.180 vivit sub pectore vulnus',
tannos', 4.437 ut varios discat me
iungit stabili ... exigat ut fatis t
modo rumpe moras; 4.723 quadr
campum', 4.762 Venus, divumque
silentia noctis', et alia multa.
Es ist schwierig zu begreifen, w
solche offensichtliche furta bege
der Zeit auffallen mussten. Da
gutgebaut, mit wechselnden Rhy
ihm gelegentlich gute »goldene«
metitur pollice fusum', 4.395 ebr
Hypermetrische Verse sind nic
versucht, kommt meist Plattes o
so die profunde Erkenntnis (4.665
aber Zukünftiges wissen : Seimus q
at haec, quae nempe futura trahunt
et nil credere velie. Allzu oft eli
versteht es mit Geschick, die
zusammenzustellen, was, zumal b
(1.291 ff.), nicht leicht ist. Auch
2.265 ff. ut Stent fata, quies, pa
regni, maiestas, laudis et ardor /
gebraucht er mit Eleganz die H
ist er vorsichtig : 2.647 secula vix s
Sein Wortschatz ist ungemein reich
Naevius, Plautus bis Martianu
recht glücklich sind — hat IJsew

5. De gustibus ...

Nach heutigen Begriffen wimmelt es von Geschmacklosigkeiten


Die masslose Lodhudelei des Königs Ladislaus und seiner Brau

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BEMERKUNGEN ZUR LEICHIAS DES CL. ZEBRACENUS 345

wobei der ganze Olymp sowie alle Helden der Vergangenheit herhalten
müssen, ist heute schwer verdaulich. Auch den Vergleichen fehlt
dichterischer Schwung; manchmal sind sie ungewollt komisch, wie
wenn der Fürst, dem sich Polen als Gattin anbietet (wofür sie 287
Verse braucht) in geradezu sinnlicher Liebe entbrennt (2.404-2.416);
sie tauschen Küsse, Umarmungen, sein Herz steht in Flammen »nicht
anders als ein Jungstier, der zum ersten Mal einer Kuh gewahr wird«.
In 3.731 verurteilt er die ehebrecherische Liebschaft von Mars und
Venus, was ihn nicht hindert (4.851 f.), die Liebe zwischen Ladislaus
und Elisabeth wie folgt zu vergleichen : Sic Mavors tetrici rediens e
turbine belli / gaudet in amplexu Veneris deponere curas (was er übrigens
Lucrez entnimmt). — Ein Olivenbaum (diese sind von mässiger
Höhe) : extendunt sese super aethera rami (3.484). Ganz abscheulich
ist die Wendung (er will sagen, »mit der Braut erscheint der Bräu
tigam«, 4.685 f) adventatque simul pars dimidiata futuri / coniugii.
Pleonastisch ist die Wendung (4.799) Iunge virum Nymphae, nympham
quoque iunge marito.
Das Epithalamium beginnt (4.778 ff.) mit einem gewaltigen Sauf
gelage : Orbis et in gyrum bibitur : seteria quisque / pocula pro regis
vacuai sponsaeque salute ; / lingua madens sponsos, sponsos mens concinit
uda, / et gens illa quidem sumptis non tarda culullis. Danach folgt,
dem Zeitgeschmack entsprechend, das eigentliche Epithalamium voller
Derbheit, die der Phantasie wenig überlässt : Pande sinus igitur, fortuna
tissima virgo / extremum est, virgo, quo te nunc invoco nomen ... mutua
connexis feri oscula foemina Unguis, / oscula dat recipitque, os et maris
inserii ori. Der Knabe, der dieser Ehe entspriessen soll (und ein
Goldenes Zeitalter bringen wird) wird ermahnt (4.872 f.) ne sancta
graveris / ilia, neve uterum aut languentia viscera laedas. Hoffen wir,
dass der Foetus diese Ermahnung beherzigt hat!
Über den Aufbau des ganzen Gedichtes, das völlig derivativ ist,
wird bei anderer Gelegenheit zu berichten sein.

Sankt Gallen.

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Leo Μ. Kaiser

THIRTEEN EARLY AMERICAN LATIN ELEGIES:


A CRITICAL EDITION

In this study our primary purpose is to present the first critica


editions 1 of all the early American Latin funerary elegy2 down t
and including the first manifestation of it in the South, namely t
elegy on Sir John Randolph of Virginia3. In the case of every eleg
we have examined the oldest form of the text (which, it must be c
fessed, is not always free from error), as well as any later form of t
text exhibiting textual changes by the poet or others and even on
occasion mere typographical error. A secondary purpose is to provid
in the annotation, along with purely textual comment, Informatio
on classical reminiscence in the poems4. A number of importa
matters like the lost American Latin elegy; other Latin or English
poems by the writers; the relationship of American Latin funerar
elegy to its contemporary British counterpart; the relationship of t
American Latin elegies to each other and to American elegy in the
vernacular; and the actual literary excellence of the thirteen poem
we refrain from examining chiefly for reasons of space, but in som
part at least from a consciousness of our inadequacies.
The texts below are presented in chronological order. We have n
hesitated on a number of occasions to print emendations and to corr
obvious error. Capitalization, whatever the sources exhibit, has gene

1 These have not hitherto been undertaken except for a few by the writer, a
some of them were only preliminary.
2 In recent articles and in anthologies scholars continue to study American elegy
A bibliography of such investigations, however, cannot be included here.
3 John Wilson's poems on John Harvard and Thomas Shepard, listed by Haro
Jantz, The First Century of New England Verse (1943; rpt. New York, 1962), pp.27
280, are not funerary elegies, and John Bishop's fourteen lines on Richard Math
(Jantz, p. 181) constitute an epitaph.
4 Some of these classical reminiscences surely have escaped us. Most of the tim
in the annotation we have not included matter proper to a school edition of the poe

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THIRTEEN EARLY AMERICAN LATIN ELEGIES 347

ally been reserved for proper nouns and the initial words of sentences
Italics are not reproduced, nor, in general, are parentheses. Abbre
viations have been silently expanded. There will be some who wil
quarrel with this indifference to the usage of the sources, but that
usage is often second hand, unclear, inconsistent, and once in a while
patently erroneous. For similar reasons we have not bound ourselve
to the punctuation of sources. Spellings, however, have been retained
except where clear mistakes or typographical error occur5. Titles,
if any, are reproduced from the sources. The indentation of th
poems in the elegiac meter is that of the poets and conforms to long
established practice6.

1. CORLET ON HOOKER

Cotton Mather has preserved in his Magnalia Christi Americana


what is apparently the earliest extant American funerary elegy in
Latin, that by Elijah Corlet (c. 1610-1687), the "memorable old
school-master in Cambridge", on New England's great preacher
Thomas Hooker (1586-1647) of Cambridge, Mass. and Hartford7.
In preparing our edition of Corlet's poem 8 we have consulted the
text in the first edition of the Magnalia 9, in the first American edition 10,
which is practically identical with the preceding, and in the second
American edition, which went through three issues identical textually 11.
5 These matters are referred to in the annotations.
6 Deepest thanks are owed the following institutions for many courtesies, inciuding
in the case of manuscript materials permission to publish: Boston Public Library, John
Carter Brown Library, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, Harvard University
Library, Henry E. Huntington Library, The Library of Congress, Newberry Library,
New-York Historical Society, and Yale University Library.
A grant from the Committee on Research of Loyola University of Chicago has
permitted acquisition of many materials.
I am indebted to an editorial scrutiny that has both corrected a number of "lapsus
mentis" and advanced attractive emendations.
7 Cf. Jantz, pp. 192-193, and p. 35, where Jantz calls the Hooker piece "one of the
finest of the early Latin elegies". Jantz located all the elegies edited here except Chauncy's
two elegies on Davenport, the elegy on Bridge, Logan's elegy on his daughter, the
Norris elegy, and the Randolph elegy.
8 And of those by Bulkeley and Eleazar.
9 London, 1702, Bk. iii, p. 68.
10 I (Hartford, 1820), p. 319.
11 Cf. Thomas James Holmes, Cotton Mather: A Bibliography of His Works, 3 vols.
(Cambridge, Mass., 1940), II, 579. One of these issues (vol. 1, Hartford, 1855?;

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348 L. Μ. KAISER

In the case of the first edition, it


prepared a two-page list of errata
list was attached to a number of
the first edition was "depraved wi
and he adds, "Tho' the Errata are
few but what an Intelligent and
without any Direction from the
to offer a collection of them, omi
more numerous" 13.
From an examination of the list
to be added to Mather's: first, Ma
errata; second, he seems at tim
afforded by the list to revise his
of whole lines 14. It is notable, howe
for Corlet's elegy on Hooker 15 ;
he missed, together with errata p
sidered here.
The text of Corlet's poem in the second American edition differs
at only one really important point, lines 13-14, from the London
edition. Whether the change somehow goes back to Mather, or was
derived from some manuscript of Corlet's poem 16, or was made by
Editor Thomas Robbins, we have not been able to determine.

vol. 2, Hartford, 1853) is now generally available in the Photographie reproduction


published by Russell and Russell, New York, 1967. The issue, edited by Thomas
Robbins (1777-1856), contains free English verse translations of all the foreign
language verse by Lucius F. Robinson (1824-1861).
12 Holmes, II, 574.
13 From the list of errata in The Newberry Library folio copy of the first edition.
14 On interference with Mather's text as it was being printed in London, cf.
Holmes, II, 574, and Kenneth Silverman, Selecied Letters of Cotton Mather, (Baton
Rouge, 1971), p. 58.
15 Nor for Bulkeley's elegy on Cotton. A single erratum in Eleazar's elegy on
Thacher is noted.

16 William R. Manierre, following a line of enquiry by Kenneth Β. Murdock, has


revealed how frequently Mather made changes in his sources for parts of the Magnolia:
cf. "Some Characteristic Mather Redactions", New England Quarterly, 31 (1958),
496-505.

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THIRTEEN EARLY AMERICAN LATIN ELEGIES 349

Si mea cum vestris valuissent vota, Nov-Angli,


Hookerus tardo viserat astra gradu.
Te, reverende senex, sic te dileximus omnes,
ipsa invisa forent ut tibi jura poli.
5 Morte tua infandum cogor renovare dolorem,
quippe tua videat terra Nov-Angla suam.
Dignus eras, aquilae similis, renovasse juventam
et fato in terris candidiore fruì.
Tu.Domus Emanuel, soror augustissima, mater
io mille prophetarum, tu mihi testis eris;
te testem appello, quondam Chelmsfordia caelis
proxima : te praeco sustulit ille tuus.
Non tulit haec Chalcas, arcis Phoebique sacerdos,
nam populo sperni sic sua sacra videt.
15 Vidit et ex rostris genti praedicere vatem
bella, quod in Christum tota rebellis erat.
Quem patria exegit ferus hostis episcopus ; hostis

V. 2 Cf. Ovid, Metamorphoses XI .357 : "pars gradibus tardis illuc errabat et illuc",
and Vergil, Aeneid IX.641 : "sic itur ad astra".
V. 4 Cf. Seneca, Oclavia 396: "tenente regna Saturno poli".
V. 5 Cf. Vergil, Aeneid II.3: "infandum, regina, iubes renovare dolorem".
V. 6 "for in fact in your death New England may see her own".
V. 7 Cf. Psalms 103,5: "Renovabitur ut aquilae juventus tua".
V. 8 Cf. Ovid, Tristia III.4.34: "dignus es et fato candidiore fruì". // var.: "condi
diore" (1855).
V. 11 "apello" (1820) // "quandam" (1820).
V. 12 Hooker was a very effective lecturer at Chelmsford; cf. David D. Hall, The
Faithful Shepherd: A History of the New England Ministry in the Seventeenth Century
(Chapel Hill, 1972), p.77.
Period after "tuus" (1702).
V. 13 Cf. Vergil, Aeneid 11.319: "arcis Phoebique sacerdos".
V. 13-14 The 1702 text was changed as follows in 1855: "non tu hunc : Chalcas, arcis
Phoebique sacerdos, / non populo sperni sic sua sacra videt". This last Version of V. 13
is metrically impossible. On Calchas (the correct spelling), cf. Homer, Iliad 1.68 ff. ;
11.300.
V. 15 The subject of "vidit" is probably "Chelmsfordia".
V. 15-16 Cf. Cicero, De Haruspicum Responsis 18: "[bellum] non obscure nobis
paulo ante praedixerint [haruspices]".
V. 16 On Hooker's last sermon on an erring people, cf. Hall, p.77.
V. 17 The "episcopus" is Archbishop William Laud, whose Opposition forced
Hooker to flee to Holland about 1630.

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350 L. Μ. KAISER

hunc minus in Batavis vexat amara febris.


Post varios casus, quassata Nov-Anglia, tandem
20 ramifera inde tibi diva columba venit.
Ille tuos coetus ornat pascitque fìdeles,
laudibus innumeris addit et ille tuis.
Dulcis amicus erat pastorque insignis et altus
dotibus, eloquio, moribus, ingenio.
25 Proh pudor ! ereptum te vivi vidimus, et non
excessurae animae struximus insidias —
insidias precibus lacrymisque perennibus, unde
semita caelestis sic tibi clausa foret.
Sed frustra haec meditor !
30 Lustra per Hookerus ter quinque viator erat, jam
caelestem patriam possidet ille suam.

2. Chauncy on Hooker and Winthrop

In an autograph manuscript in the Boston Public Library1


brief elegy by Charles Chauncy (1592-1672) entitled Novae Ang
Lamentatio on the deaths of the great religious and temporal lea
Thomas Hooker and John Winthrop (1588-1649). The poem is si
in abbreviated fashion by Chauncy, and the date 1649 placed be
Appended is a single couplet, signed with the name of Chauncy

V. 18 The Thesaurus Linguae Latinae lists the expression "amarus morbus"


occurring in the Muìomedicina Chironis 198.
V. 19 Cf. Vergil, Aeneid 1.204-206: "per varios casus, per tot discrimina re
tendimus in Latinum, sedes ubi fata quietas / ostendunt". // "various" (1820).
V. 20 The editions read "ramifer' ". This compound adjective is not found in cl
and medieval dictionaries. It is listed in William T. Stearn, Botanical Latin (L
1966).
V. 21 "caetus" (1702); "caetas" (1820).
V. 22 "By the countless praises of him, he added to yours".
V. 23 Cf. Horace, Sermones 1.3.69-70: "amicus dulcis, ut aequom est, / cum mea
conpensat vitiis bona".
V. 25 "prob" (1820).
V. 26 Cf. Ovid, Metamorphoses 1.198: "struxit insidias ... Lycaon".
V. 27 Cf. Ovid, Fasti 11.820: "fluant lacrimae more perennis aquae".
"perrennibus" (1820).
V. 29 A "half-line" in the common Vergilian manner Of the Aeneid.

Cotton Papers, vol. 3, ρ. 11.

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THIRTEEN EARLY AMERICAN LATIN ELEGIES 351

Isaac (1632-1712), though the couplet and signature are in the h


of the father. Both pieces were first published thirty years ag
Harold Jantz18, who characterized the Lamentatio as "care
wrought"19.
We have edited the elegy from a Photographie copy of the manuscript.

Novae Angliae Lamentatio

Heu, me nunc caecam quis ducet filius, orbam


luminibus binis quae mihi nuper erant?
Hookerum extinctum deflens Ecclesia vidit, July 7, 1647
Winthropum Res nunc Publica lapsa videt. March 26, 1649
5 Hic velut alter erat Moses, ille alter ut Aaron :
hic Zarubbabel, Jesus ut ille fuit.
Non me Naomi, sed nunc me dicite Maram,
nam dedit Omnipotens pocula amara mihi.
Nam quae Pandorae pixis, quae Lerna malorum,
io quae nobis properat durius alter equus?

18 Jantz, ρ. 116; cf. also pp. 188-189.


19 Jantz, ρ. 17.

V. 1 Cf. Ovid, Metamorphoses XIV.189-190: "luminis orbus / rupibus incursat".


The comma in the Ms and Jantz after "caecam" is better placed after "filius".
V. 2 Jantz inadvertently printed "luminibusque".
V. 4 Cf. Cicero, Philippics 2.21.51 : "cum labentem et prope cadentem rem publicam
fulcire cuperetis".
V. 5 In the Ms "erat" is inserted above the line.

V. 6 Jantz follows the Ms in reading "his", an impossible usage here which does
not balance "ille".

"Jesus" refers to Joshua here (Jantz).


V. 7 Cf. Ruth eh. 1 on Naomi and Mara (Jantz).
V. 8 Cf. Ovid, Ars Amatoria 11.335-336: "nec amari pocula suci / porrige"; Rufinus,
Origenis Commentarius in Exodum Hom. 7.1: "amarum satis et peramarum est huius
modi poculum legis"; and Augustine, Sermones 142.5: "bibat contra tumorem poculum
amarum sed salubre".

V. 9-10 These two lines appear in the Ms after line 12. Chauncy indicated by
marks that they should be inserted after line 8.
"Quae" in ali three occurrences is object of "properat" and controls "malorum".
V. 10 "Durius" (or "durateus") is an adjective meaning "wooden": "durius equus"
is the Trojan horse: cf. Lucretius 1.476-477.
We have supplied the question mark.

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352 L. Μ. KAISER

Vere independens iam nunc Neo-


non est spes terris pendeat unde
1649 Charl. Chanc.

Abstulit una dies, qualem nec multa tulerunt


secula, nec (vereor) secula multa dabunt.
Isaack Chanc.

3. Bulkeley on Cotton

Only a single couplet has survived of the Latin elegy by Peter Bulk
(1583-1659) on Thomas Shepard (d. 1649), viz.:
Nominis officiique fuit concordia dulcis;
Officio pastor, nomine Pastor erat20.
Of the lines spoken by him over the grave of John Cotton
1652)21 Mather preserved only twelve in the Magnolia, eno
however, to constitute something of an elegiac entity.
For the text below we have again consulted the first editi
and the first23 and second 24 American editions.

Dives eras donis etiamque fidelis in usu,


lucratus Domino multa talenta tuo.

Multus eras studiis multusque laboribus : uno


te fora, tempia, domus, te cupiere fruì.
5 Multa laborabas scribendo, multa docendo,
invigilans operi nocte dieque Dei.
V. 13 Cf. Ovid, Epistulae ex Ponto 1.2.4: "non omnis Fabios abstulit una dies".
V. 14 The parentheses are those of the Ms.
20 Cf. Jantz, ρ. 185.
21 Jantz, ibid.
22 Bk. III, ρ. 29.
23 I. 256.
24 I. 282.

V. 1 Cf. Livy 45.28: "templum ... donis dives".


V. 2 Cf. Matthew 25.16: "Abiit autem qui quinque talenta acceperat et operatus
est in eis; et lucratus est alia quinque".
V. 3 Cf. Sallust, Jugurtha 96.3: "in agmine atque ad vigilias multus adesse". //
"una" (1855).
V. 5 "laboribus" (1855).
V. 5-6 Cf. Cicero, Paradoxa 2.17: "quid ego laboravi, aut quid egi, aut in quo
evigilaverunt curae et cogitationes meae".
V. 6 Cf. Cicero, Philippics 14.19: "me ... ad hanc horam invigilasse rei publicae".

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THIRTEEN EARLY AMERICAN LATIN ELEGIES 353

Multa laborabas scribendo, multa ferendo,


quae nisi Cottono vix subeunda forent.
Tu non unus eras, sed multi; multus in uno,
10 multorum donis praeditus unus eras.
Uno te amisso, multos amisimus in te,
sed neque per multos restituendus eris.

4. Wilson on Norton

The elegy by John Wilson (c. 1588-1667) on John Norton (


1663)25 first appeared prefixed to the latter's posthumously publi
Three Choice and Profitable Sermons26. Kenneth Β. Murdock reca
it to scholarly view in printing it without change in Handkerch
from Paul21.
We have edited the poem from the Harvard copy of Norton's
book. Its frequent use of parentheses we have disregarded.

Johannes Nortonus

Anagr. : Nonne is honoratus

Nonne is honoratus? Deus ipse coronai honore


servum, cum periit, non pereunte suum.
Abstulit Enochum translatio mira, sed ejus
in coelis decorat pulchra corona caput.

V. 7 "laboribus" (1855).
V. 9-12 The extended word-play in these lines is essentially Ovidian, but here has
some similarity to Lucretius 11.159: "suis e partibus unum", and Appendix Vergiliana,
Moretum 102: "color est e pluribus unus". Bulkeley had engaged in similar word-play
in his two-line fragment on Shepard.

25 Cf. Jantz, ρ. 280.


26 Boston, 1664.
27 Cambridge, Mass., 1927, pp. 89-90.

V. 1 Cf. Psalms 8.6: "gloria et honore coronasti eum", and line 29 of the elegy.
V. 1-2 Cf. "honore ... non pereunte" with "in pace ... non pereunte" in line 18.
V. 3 Cf. Genesis 5.24; Ecclesiasticus 44.6; 49.15; and Jubilees 4.23.
V. 4 Cf. Plautus, Trinummus 39: "Larem corona nostrum decorari volo".

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354 L. Μ. KAISER

5 Qui nobis subito raptus miser


forsitan ignaris, vivit at usque
Vivit, et in coelis cumulatus ho
regnat in aeternum, sic ait ip
Mors inopina potest Jobi cito p
io sors quibus in superis invio
Multa prius passi Moses Aaron
tempus et ante suum jussus ut
Quid si non licuit Canaanem v
celsior in coelis cessit utrique
15 Curribus ignitis Elias raptus;
ad summi vehitur culmina sum
Esto. Sit in bello Josias victus e
mortuus in pace est non pereu
Funera non unquam mage lam
20 Josiae nunquam gloria maj
Quem deflent homines, Deus op
his dolor, ast illi gloria summa
Si caput amisit gladio resecante
ejus honor Christo judice quan
25 Sit Stephanus lapidum licet o
V. 7 Cf. Cicero, De Provinciis Consularibus 27: "ampliorem honorem alteri tri
buebat"; and Tacitus, Historiae 3.37: "honoribus cumulatus".
V. 8 Cf. Luke 1.32: "et regnabit in domo lacob in aeternum".
V. 9 Cf. the reading of a minor Ms of Ovid, Epistulae ex Ponto 1.8.15: "inopina
morte"; Vergil, Aeneid VIII.476: "fors inopina"; and Job 1.18-19. Cf. also William
Adams' Elegy on Urian Oakes, line 2 below: "mors inopina".
V. 10 Cf. Silius Italicus XIII.874-875: "non vita sequetur / inviolata virum".
V. 11-13 Cf. Deuteronomy 34.4-8; Numbers 20.23-29.
V. 15 Cf. 4Kings 2.11-12.
V. 16 Cf. Vergil, Aeneid 11.458: "evado ad summi fastigia culminis"; Ovid, Mela
morphoses V.291 : "e summae culmine turris".
V. 17 Cf. 4 Kings 23.29-30.
Even Cicero was guilty of the type of word play in "victus et ictus".
V. 19 The 1664 text reads "Mage", but the word is an adverb, the equivalent of
"magis" ("more").
V. 21 Cf. Cicero, Philippics 9.15: "augeatur isto honore is vir".
V. 23 Cf. Matthew 14.8-12.

In the 1664 text "Iohannes" here and in line 31 is spelled with "I" in contrast to
"Jobi" (line 9) and "Josias" (line 17).
V. 25 Cf. Acts 7.54-60.

Cf. Vergi!, Aeneid 11.410-411 : "telis / nostrorum obruimur".

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THIRTEEN EARLY AMERICAN LATIN ELEGIES 355

Christus in amplexus traxerat inde suos.


Christus et ipse fuit quam dira morte peremptus,
at sequitur tantam gloria quanta crucem !
Sic Deus ut Christum, sic Christus honore coronai
30 eximio, quibus est gloria chara Dei.
Qualis erat noster syncero corde Iohannes
cui, nisi quae Christi, chara fuere nihil.
Hoc scio nemo negat, nisi veri testis et aequi
non velit esse; bonos consule sive malos.
35 Pro Samuele olirn contestabantur et omneis,
hunc qui pro meritis vix coluere suis;
vel siquis forsan magis invidet ejus honori,
hinc cumulus crescet major honoris ei.

5 & 6. Chauncy on Davenport

In the Yale manuscript of the Poetical Works of Edward Tay


are two Latin elegies by Charles Chauncy on the death of John D
port (1597-1670)28. Taylor likely was shown the poems by Chaun
himself, and copied the two pieces in his manuscript while at Harv
The leaves of the manuscripts containing the elegies are ba
stained and eroded, particularly for the second poem. A number
lacunae exist, and because of them and the conjectural quality of
good many readings, what is offered here is a fairly tentative te
the second elegy.

V. 26 Cf. Vergil, Aeneid VI.698: "teque amplexu ne subtrahe nostro"".


V. 27 Cf. Vergil, Aeneid VI. 163: "crudeli morte peremptus", and Seneca, Oc
322: "mors ante oculos dira vagatur".
V. 29 An understood "eos" is the object of "coronat".
V. 30 Cf. Cicero, De Republica 2Al: "eximia virtutis gloria".
V. 31 Cf. Augustine, Letters 33.1 : "me sincero corde agere".
V. 32 "Nihil" is used adverbially here.
V. 35 Cf. 1 Kings 12.1-5.
V. 37 Cf. Cicero, Philippics 6.9: "non invidebit huic meae gloriae".
V. 38 Cf. Suetonius, Tiberius 17: "cui gloriae amplior adhuc ... cumulus acce

28 A criticai text of Chauncy's Davenport elegies — once thought to be by Ta


on Chauncy himself—together with introductory comment and a literal transla
but without any extensive literary annotation, appeared in Leo M. Kaiser and Do
E. Stanford, "The Latin Poems of'Edward Taylor'", Yale University Library Ga
40 (1965), 75-81. The present edition of the poems exhibits a different typog
and several different Latin readings.

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356 L. Μ. KAISER

The texts below have been derive


Taylor manuscript made in 1949 b
script, a process which incidental
and from a positive photostat m
of the elegies apparently has been

Parce, Deus, populique tui misere


parce ministerio, si miserere greg
Dispergentur oves pastores percu
Pastorum Pastor, respice, Christ
5 Oh quantum graviterque accens
verbi si Domini sit malasuada farnesi
Oh quam terribiles Deus exardescit in iras,
cum Davenportum sustulit ex medio!
Quam validam templi modo diruit ille columnam!
10 Tecta ruunt, cecidit cum Jachin atque Boaz.
Scripturae interpres fidus fuit atque peritus :
linguarum sensum calluit et criticen.
Quique juventutis ductor doctorque probatus,
fundamenta docens indubitata probe.
15 Preco Boanerges, Hollandia et Anglia novit
ut quoque et ex scriptis fama solennis erit.
Et bonus ex fructu cognoscitur usque propheta :
mirum est quot natos protulit ille Deo.

29 Mary Μ. Meehan of the Harvard University Archives indicates in a letter


that no manuscript copy exists there.

At least, two lines of a title were present on the badly crumbled top of the page.
V. 3 Cf. Zacharias 13.7: "Percute pastorem et dispergentur oves".
V. 6 The spelling "malasuada" (for "malesuada") is not listed in the lexicons.
Cf. Vergil, Aeneid VI.276: "et metus et malesuada fames et turpis egestas".
V. 7 Ms: "quantum".
Cf. Vergil, Aeneid VI 1.445: "talibus Alecto dictis exarsit in iras".
V. 8 Cf. Cicero, Pro Roscio Amerino 7: "hominem ... de medio tolli posse".
V. 9 Ms: "columbam".
Cf. Apocalypse 3.12: "faciam illum columnam in tempio Dei".
V. 10 Cf. 1 Kings 7.21.
V. 12 Ms: "longuarum". — The editions read "critice".
V. 15 On "Boanerges" cf. Mark 3.17.
V. 17 Cf. Matthew 12.33: "siquidem ex fructu arbor agnoscitur".

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THIRTEEN EARLY AMERICAN LATIN ELEGIES 357

Ο nos indignos, qui tanta luce fruamur !


20 Inque sinus lachrymae fluminis instar eunt.

Aliter

Quantum vult Dominus nos observare tremen < dum >


ejus opus, tabulis et celebrare novis?
Tres soles medioque die dare quoque visi,
in mediaque nuper tympana nocte sonant.
5 Unus erat tantum verus sol : hypocritaeque
sunt alii et solis nomen habere volunt.
Non plus lumen habent, sed sunt meteora ven < usta >
quae subito et longe a sole remota cadunt.
Hypocritas nunquid designant m ρ—a-.. ?
io Sol verus tegitur nubibus et tenebris?
Tympana quid nocturna sonant? Bella horcrida fient>.
Atque parelia quid? Sidera magna caden<t>.
Non cecidit Davenportus, sed ad alta migra <vit> :
perpetuum nobis nomen habere potest.
15 Iustus es (oh Iudex justissime), pessima lingu<a>,
atque a venturis vox prior ista malis.

V. 19 Cf. Cicero, Pro Roscio Amerino 45: "lucem qua fruimur ... a deo nobis dari".
V. 20 Cf. Ovid, Heroides VIII.62: "perque sinum lacrimae fluminis instar eunt".

V. 1 Ms: "non".

Ms: "tremen ...". (In the succeeding annotations, a Suspension point indicates a
letter missing through manuscript damage; a dash indicates a letter that cannot be read).
V. 2 Cicero and others use the phrase "novae tabulae" to mean new account books
which cancel the old debts.

V. 3 In Naturales Quaestiones 1.11.1-3, Seneca teils how two or three parhelions or


false suns are sometimes seen.
V. 7 "Meteora" is a postclassical transliteration of a classical Greek term. Medieval
Latin dictionaries fail to list it.
Ms: "ven

V. 9 An earlier conjecture, "multiplicatas", we have relinquished.


V. 11 Ms: "hor ". Cf. Vergil, Aeneid VI.86-87: "horrida bella, / et Thybrim
multo spumantem sanguine cerno".
V. 12 Ms: "caden.".

V. 13 Ms: "migra...". Cf. Plautus, Amphitryon 1143: "ego in caelum migro".


V. 15 Parentheses are those of the Ms. Cf. Cicero, Pro Piando 32: "plurimarum
rerum sanctissimus et iustissimus iudex".

Ms: "lingu.".

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358 L. Μ. KAISER

Sancte Deus, populoque tuo jus


sed tibi de servis paenituisse p
Ο si non nostri, divini nominis
20 tu miserere tui foederis at
Restituas nobis pastores : lin
ne pereat Sodomae ρ .
divinus Homerus
has -ama- et h< ic> noster Homerus erit.
25 Egregium videri putet hic coetus et alter
quod Davenportum sic retinere student.
Quid Davenportus? Portus Novus esto relictus :
attamen ad Portum navigai ille Novum.
Appulit ad Portumque Novum caelestia scandens.
30 Ipse etiam in Portu navigat inque Novo.
Da veniam, Bostone, tuam : dimissio nulla est :
quando negare voles, non retinere vales.

Deflevit Carolus Chauncaeus. P.

7. Eleazar on Thacher

Cotton Mather has preserved in the Magnolia the elegy on


Thacher (1620-1678) by Eleazar, an Indian student at Harvard
Class of 167930. For the text we have examined the three editions of
the Magnolia31 referred to earlier. They show only minor dis
crepancies. It may very well be, however, that Eleazar's own fmished
copy which seems not to have survived exhibited some error32.

V. 17 Cf. Cicero, De Provinciis Consularibus 7: "ius in liberos populos dicere".


V. 19 The reading "ultor" is uncertain.
V. 22 Ms: "periat".
In the microfilm copy of the Ms the word after "Sodomae" resembles "perdi
det...—em".
V. 23 The reading "divinus Homerus" is uncertain.
V. 25 The first three words are quite uncertain.
V. 30 We have changed to "inque" the Ms reading "isque".
Cf. Terence, Andria 480: "ego in portu navigo", meaning to be in safety.

30 He did not graduate, however; see Samuel E. Morison, Harvard College in t


Seventeenth Century, 2 vols. (Cambridge, Mass., 1936), I. 357 and 196. Cf. Jantz, p.2
31 London, 1702, Bk. III, ρ. 153; Hartford, 1820, I. 448; Hartford, 1855, I. 496
32 No manuscript of the poem exists in the Harvard University Archives.

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THIRTEEN EARLY AMERICAN LATIN ELEGIES 359

Eleazar appended to his Latin elegy a four-line Greek epitaph33,


which need not concern us here. Its text also is uncertain in places 34
A verse translation of the Latin poem by "Philo Muses" in 174335
is too free to provide textual help. It does, however, refer to a "golden
scepter" instead of iron (line 20), and it does not translate lines 17-18

In obitum Viri vere Reverendi


D. Thomae Thacheri

Qui ad
Dom. ex hac Vita migravit, 18.8.1678

Tentabo illustrem tristi memorare dolore,


quem lacrymis repetunt tempora nostra, virum.
Memnona sic mater, mater ploravit Achillem,
justis cum lacrymis cumque dolore gravi.
5 Mens stupet, ora silent, justum nunc palma recusat
officium. Quid? Opem tristis Apollo negat?
Ast, Thachere, tuos conabor dicere laudes,
laudes virtutis, quae super astra volat.
Consultis rerum dominis gentique togatae
io nota fuit virtus ac tua sancta fides.
Vivis post funus, faelix post fata ; jaces tu,
sed Stellas inter gloria nempe jaces.

33 An edition of the Greek and a translation is printed in Morison, I, 196-197.


34 No editor has yet corrected the error konin (for konis).
35 The American Magazine and Historical Chronicle (Boston, December, 1743),
pp. 166-167.

V. 1 Cf. Vergil, Aeneid VI.382-383: "pulsusque parumper / corde dolor tristi".


V. 3 Cf. Ovid, Amores III.9.1: "Memnona si mater, mater ploravit Achillem".
V. 4 Cf. Ovid, Heroides XI.115: "non mihi te licuit lacrimis perfundere iustis".
V. 5 "palmo" (1702).
V. 6 Cf. Ovid, Remedium Amoris 767: "nisi dux operis vatem frustratur Apollo".
V. 7 "tuus" (1702).
Cf. Ovid, Epistulae ex Ponto IV. 13.23: "laudes de Caesare dixi".
V. 9 Cf. Vergil, Aeneid 1.281-282: "[Juno] fovebit / Romanos, rerum dominos,
gentemque togatam".
V. 10 Cf. Livy 8.37: "nec indutiarum sancta fides fuit".
V. 11 Cf. the common Latin sentiment, "Vivit post funera virtus", an adaptation
of Euripides, Fragment 734.

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360 L. Μ. KAISER

Mens tua jam caelos repetit, Vi


jam tuus est Christus, quod m
15 Hic finis crucis, magnorum
ulterius non quo progrediatur
Crux jam cassa manet ; requies
mors moritur; vitae vita beata
Quum tuba per densas sonitum
20 cum Domino rediens ferrea s
Caelos tum scandes, ubi patria
praevius hanc patriam nunc ti
Illic vera quies, illic sine fine v
gaudia et humanis non refere

8. Adams onOakes

When President Urian Oakes of Harvard died in 1681, William


Adams (1650-1685; A.B. Harvard, 1671), who had lived in Oakes's
house from September to November, 1671, composed a Latin elegy36
in dactylic hexameter and inscribed it on the fly leaf of his copy of
Oakes's The Sovereign Effìcacy of Divine Providence31.

V. 13 The use of "mens" for "animus" has occasionai justification already in Cicero.
"caelum" (1855).
V. 13-14 These two lines seem not to be reflected in Robinson's translation.
V. 14 "quod meruitque tuum": "and what Christ merited (salvation) is yours".
V. 15 Cf. Vergil, Aeneid III.714: "hic labor extremus. longarum haec meta viarum".
V. 17 "manes" is the reading of the 1702, 1820, and 1855 editions.
Cf. Ovid, Amores 111.9.67: "ossa quieta, precor, tuta requiescite in urna".
V. 18 A British Latin couplet sometimes appeared on American tombstones: "Mors
mortis morti mortem nisi morte dedisset, / aeternae vitae janua clausa foret", where
Christ is to be understood as the "Mors mortis"; cf. Leo M. Kaiser, "Death De
clined", The Classical Outlook, 42 (1964), 45.
V. 19 Cf. Thomas of Celano, Dies Irae 7-8: "Tuba mirum sparget sonum / per
sepulcra regionum".
Cf. Ovid, Metamorphoses 111.36-37: "postquam ... / urna dedit sonitum".
Cf. Ovid, Metamorphoses XV.537: "densas obiecit Cynthia nubes".
V. 20 Cf. Psalms 2.9: "Reges eos in virga ferrea".
V. 21 "caelos" the correction of Mather in his list of errata; "caeles" (1702);
"caelum" (1855).

36 Jantz, ρ. 179.
37 Boston, 1682. The book is now in the John Carter Brown Library. Dactylic
hexameter was occasionally employed in ancient Greek times in sepulchral epitaph.

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THIRTEEN EARLY AMERICAN LATIN ELEGIES 361

A first edition of the poem appeared in Neo-Latin News38 with


literary annotation. The text below derives from a fresh examin
of a photograph of the fly-leaf text.

Carmen funebre in obitum viri plurimis nominibus venerandi U


Oakesii doctissimi Gymnasiarchae, necnon Ecclesiae Cantabrigien
Pastoris fidelissimi, qui postquam in utroque munere sedulam n
set operam, placide tandem quievit in Iesu. Iulii 25, 1681

Tristia narrantur, miris ferit ictibus aures


mors inopina meas, totos pavor occupat artus,
attonitum reddens animum. Sed nonne fefellit
vox aures? Aures animum? Num dicere vera
5 fama potest? Heu, vera potest ac dira profari !
Mortuus est Praeses; tremor ima per ossa cucurrit.
Proh Cantabrigiae, proh musis lethifer annus !
Nigrescunt, Harvarde, tuae prae luctibus aedes;
flebile vox aulae, campanae flebile lingua
io murmurat exanimis, respondent flebile muri.
Quis cohibere potest lachrymas? Cui lumina sicca?
Laesi ferventem plangamus Numinis iram.
Quale poema potest satis exornare sepulchrum,
Oakesi venerande, tuum? Componere Carmen
15 Quis nostrum poterit defuncto Praeside dignum?

38 11 (1965), pp. 63-64. The edition contains several obvious typographical errors,
and was inadvertently printed in four-line stanzas.

V. 1 Cf. Seneca, Hercules Oeiaeus 1944-45: "unde sonus trepidas aures / ferit?".
V. 2 Cf. John Wilson's Elegy on Norton, line 9 above: "Mors inopina potest Jobi
cito perdere natos" and the accompanying note.
Cf. Vergib Aeneid VII.446: "subito tremor occupai artus".
V. 3 Cf. Vergil, Aeneid V.529 : "attonitis haesere animis".
V. 5 Cf. Vergi!, Aeneid IV.190: "[Fama] pariter facta atque infecta canebat".
The Ms reads pretty clearly "potest as", and in our earlier edition we printed
"potestas". But "potest ac" now seems preferable as preserving unity of subject.
V. 6 Cf. Vergil, Aeneid II.120-121: "gelidusque per ima cucurrit / ossa tremor".
V. 7 Cf. Vergil, Aeneid III.138-139: "miserandaque venit / arboribusque satisque
lues et letifer annus".

V. 9-10 Cf. Ovid, Metamorphoses XI.52-53: "flebile nescio quid queritur lyra,
flebile lingua / murmurat exanimis, respondent flebile ripae".
V. 11 Cf. Seneca, Agamemnon 659: "cohibete lacrimas".
Cf. Propertius 1.7.11 : "ocelli sicci".

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362 L. Μ. KAISER

Obscurant raras exilia carmina


hoc munus super fateor captum
angelicis par haec calamis prov
Huic ego Rectori praeconia deb
20 non sum solvendo; in magnis
Marmoreis condì tumulis insign
marmoreis tabulis inscribi nom
ornine faelici data nomina, non data casu :
caelestis praeco, quem recte Uranius audit,
25 caelesti sermone potens, ciet ille procellas
peccantis cordi velut alter aquosus Orion.
Huic fulsere Urim, Urijah benedictus, et iste
mirus flagranti radiabat lumine doctor.
Ac veluti quercus pollebat robore firmo,
30 robustis precibus vincens hominesque Deumque.
Et multi placide sub ramo ac tegmine quercus
sese oblectabant recubantes carpere fructus

V. 16 Adams first wrote "eximia", then crossed it out and wrote "exilia" following.
Cf. Cicero, De Oratore 2.159: "genus sermonis ... exile".
V. 18 Cf. Terence, Phormio 72-73: "provinciam / cepisti duram".
V. 20 Cf. Cicero, Philippics 2.4: "tu nec solvendo eras". The sense here is "I am
not able to pay due tribute to this learned Rector".
Cf. Propertius 11.10.4: "in magnis voluisse sat est".
V. 23 Adams illustrates his point by adducing in lines 24, 26, 27, and 29 the classical
and Biblical homonyms or equivalents of his subject's name ("Urianus Oakesius").
This is much in Oakes's own manner: cf. Oakes's Oration of 1672, eh. 3 (Leo M. Kaiser,
"Tercentenary of an Oration: The 1672 Commencement Address of Urian Oakes",
Harvard Library Bulletin 21 (1973), 79); and his Oration of 1675, eh. 10 (Leo M. Kaiser,
"The Unpublished Oratio Secunda of Urian Oakes, Harvard, 1675", Humanistica
Lovaniensia 21 (1972), 388).
V. 24 The sense of "quem recte Uranius audit" is "which Uranius rightly means".
V. 25 Cf. Vergil, Aeneid 11.419: "imo Nereus ciet aequora fundo".
V. 26 Cf. Vergil, Aeneid IV.52: "aquosus Orion".
V. 27 On "Urim" see Exodus 28.30.

On "Urijah" see lEsdras 8.4.


V. 28 Cf. Ovid, Metamorphoses 11.4 : "argenti bifores radiabant lumine valvae".
V. 29 Cf. Vergil, Georgics 111.332-333: "sicubi magna lovis antiquo robore quercus /
ingentis tendat ramos".
V. 31-32 Cf. Vergil, Eclogues 1.1 : "patulae recubans sub tegmine fagi".
V. 32 Adams places a colon after "recubantes". We have omitted any punctuation,
preferring to regard "carpere" as an infinitive after "oblectabant", even though this
is not ordinary usage, rather than to regard "carpere" as an historical infinitive.

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THIRTEEN EARLY AMERICAN LATIN ELEGIES 363

quos tulit illa frequens, distillans roscida mella.


Iam percussa jacet, divina excisa securi ;
35 robur cum patulis ramis, cum tegmine fructus
fugerunt. Hominis (nec opus sit ut amplius addas)
nascitur et moritur, piena est historia vitae.
Heu, quam vanus homo ! Memor esto tu brevis aevi :
pallida pcae foribus Mors est. Resipisce repente,
40 vive hodie, ne sera nimis sit crastina vita.

9. CORLET ON HULL

John Hull died at Boston on October 1, 1683, and on October 7


Samuel Willard (1640-1707) preached his funeral sermon, later publish
ed as The High Esteem Which God Hath of the Death of His Saints39.
Occupying the last two pages of the slender volume is a dactylic
hexameter elegy on Hull by Elijah Corlet, only the second poem we
ha ve of the Cambridge schoolmaster 40.
We have edited the elegy from the very clear copy of the Willard
book in Harvard University Library. Its punctuation, however, is
extremely unreliable.

39 Boston, 1683.
40 Jantz, pp. 192-193.

V. 33 Cf. Vergil, Eclogues IV.30: "et durae quercus sudabunt roscida mella".
Adams certainly was aware of Oakes's punning adaptation of the Vergilian line in his
Oration of 1675, ch. 28 (Humanistica Lovaniensia 21 (1972), 411).
V. 34 Cf. Silius Italicus X.166-167: "quercus / cum fumat percussa Iovi".
V. 35 Cf. Cicero, De Oratore 1.7.28: "Platanus ad opacandum locum patulis diffusa
ramis".

V. 36-37 The parentheses are Adams'. Though the word order is somewhat forced,
the sense of the lines is quite clear: " 'He is born and he dies'—this is a complete history
of man. You need add nothing more". On the sentiment, cf. Seneca, De Consolatione
ad Polybium 1: "Quidquid coepit, et desinit"; Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria 5.10:
"Deficit omne quod nascitur"; and Manilius, Ästronomicon IV. 16: "nascentes morimur
finisque ab origine pendet".
V. 38 Cf. Horace, Sermones II .6.97 : "Vive memor quam sis aevi brevis". Early
American gravestones sometimes exhibited the sentiment "Memor esto brevis aevi".
V. 39 Cf. Horace, Carmina 1.4.13-14: "pallida Mors aequo pulsat pede pauperum
tabernas / regumque turres".
V. 40 Cf. Martial 1.15.11-12: "Non est, crede mihi, sapientis dicere 'Vivam'; / sera
nimis vita est crastina : vive hodie!".

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364 L. Μ. KAISER

In Obitum Luctuosissimum Viri Vere


Generosi, Pii, Plurimisque Aliis Nominibus Honorandi
Johannis Hull Armigeri,
Cum dignitate pari degentis in summo dynastarum
Nov-Anglorum ordine. Dum vixit, pius.

Nec ver perpetuum voluit Deus esse, perennem


noluit aestatem, sed et autumni quoque tempus
cedere, qui jussit ver aestatemque coronam,
flores et fruges deponere, cumque nivali
5 vinclo ut tristis hyems constringeret omnia ; quo me
fert animus vereor ne tu quoque, terra Nov-Angla,
experiare vices anni, cui praeteriere
floribus ornatum ver et tua frugibus aestas.
Quamque diu autumni nobis inimica fuere
io tempora, dum proceres divos sanctosque prophetas
innumerosque pios, messem nec adhuc satis amplam
ipse Deus reputans, demessuit ; unde Nov-Angli
nostratem hunc procerum comitem sociumque fidelem
lugent, quem Deus hinc jam nunc subduxit in altum.
15 Aethera conclamant : "Merito lugendus es, Hulli".
Unus de fulcris ad propugnacula fixis
fixus eras ; populi suffragia demeruisti ;

V. 1 Cf. Ovid, Metamorphoses V.391 : "perpetuum ver est". The first live lines
are much in the spirit and sentiment of Horace, Carmina IV.7.1-12.
V. 2 Cf. Ovid, Ibis 37: "et ver autumno, brumae miscebitur aestas".
V. 3 The reading "quo" of the 1683 edition cannot fit the context.
Cf. Ovid, Metamorphoses 11.27: "verque novum stabat cinctum fiorente corona".
V. 4 Cf. Appendix Vergiliana: Ciris 95-96: "foribusque hyacinthi / deponunt flores".
V. 4-5 Cf. Horace, Epistulae 1.3.3: "Hebrusque nivali compede vinctus".
V. 5 Cf. Vergil, Georgics IV.135-136: "cum tristis hiems etiamnum frigore saxa /
rumperet".
V. 5-6 The passage "quo me fert animus, vereor" means "I am inclined to fear".
V. 7 Cf. Columella, De Re Rustica II.9.4: "vicibus annorum".
V. 9 Cf. Juvenal IV.56-57: "letifero ... autumno".

V. 13 Possibly "procerum" ("tali") should be emended to "procerem" ("noble")


in view of line 10.
Cf. Livy 44.18.4: "fideles nobis socii".
V. 15 Cf. Vergil, Aeneid V.668: "plangoribus resonat aether", and Ovid, Ars
Amatoria III.375: "resonat clamoribus aether".

V. 17 Cf. Horace, Epistulae II.2.103: "supplex populi suffragia capto".

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THIRTEEN EARLY AMERICAN LATIN ELEGIES 365

tot tantisque tuis virtutibus emicuisti.


Moribus a puero ingenuis te novimus omnes ;
20 signa dedit pubes jam tum virtutis adultae,
cumque annis succrevit et hinc praelusit honori.
Gratus honos populi, sed longe gratior ilio
est virtutis honos : hoc te celebravit honore
plebs pia, quem norunt vitiorum labe carentem,
25 correptumque sacrae studii virtutis amore,
sollicitum, siquis, fidei populique salutis.
Sed quid ego, quod iners ausim sine divite vena
ingenii, et cedo? Sed non sine crimine cedam
ingratae mentis, sua si praeconia laudis
30 supprimo, cum mihi per quasi ter duo lustra fuisset
dulcis amicus et hinc rerum tutela mearum,
quique bonos alios mihi conciliavit amicos ;
vestibus et nummis animum relevavit egentis,
sic cymbam prohibens tenuem mihi mergier undis.
35 Sed tarnen ingratus, mihi dulcis amice, videbor,
si tua in angusto rerum benefacta mearum
limite concludam : tua facta benigna fuere
pauperibus, viduis, charisque parentibus orbis

V. 19 Cf. Ovid, Epistulae ex Ponto II.9.47: "adde, quod ingenuas didicisse fideliter
artes / emollit mores".
V. 23 Cf. Ovid, Metamorphoses Vili.387: "et [putatur] 'meritum' dixisse 'feres
virtutis honorem' ".

V. 24 Cf. Ovid, Tristia IV.2.15: "plebs pia cumque pia laetetur plebe senatus".
Cf. Ovid, Amores III.5.44: "adulterii labe carere".
V. 25 Cf. Ovid, Fasti III.681 : "correptus amore Minervae".
V. 26 Cf. Cicero, Epistulae ad Familiäres VII.3.1: "sollicitum autem te habebat
cogitatio tum officii, tum etiam periculi mei".
V. 27 Cf. Horace, Ars Poetica 408 : "Studium sine divite vena".
V. 28 The 1683 edition reads "etc" (our "et").
We have placed after "cedo" the question mark following "ego" in the 1683
edition.

Cf. Cicero, Epistulae ad Atticum IX.2a,2: "ingrati animi crimen horreo".


V. 29 Cf. Ovid, Epistulae ex Ponto IV.8.45: "carmina vestrarum peragunt praeconia
laudum". Cf. Adams' Elegy on Oakes, line 19 above.
V. 31 Cf. Ovid, Tristia V.14(15).15: "ut rerum sola es tutela mearum".
V. 36-37 Cf. Juvenal X.169: "aestuat infelix angusto limite mundi".

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366 L. Μ. KAISER

subsidio ingenti. Ah, quanto r


40 mulctatur ! quantis haec trist
rebus in angustis mulctantur,
nostris infensus vitiis hunc sustu
hunc justumque piumque piis C
ut sit in aeternum cum sanctis incola coeli.
45 Sic fuit autumni facies tibi, terra Nov-Angla;
ο si non nobis concrescant frigore brumae
res sacrae et celebres, sed nobis gratia Christi
perpetuo servet sanas atque inviolatas !

Elijah Corlet

10. Anonymous on Bridge

In an unsigned broadside at the Boston Athenaeum is an eleg


on Thomas Bridge (1657-1715)41, Governor of the Bermudas an
minister of Boston. The elegy is printed as ten quatrains. The bro
side provides a good example of how the earliest known text o
poem may be quite defective in punctuation, capitalization, a
spelling.
In luctuosissimum obitum

doctissimi reverendissimique magistri


Thomae Bridge,
Ecclesiae de Bostonia Pastoris fidelissimi, pie ac placide
in Domino defuncti, 26 Septrs 1715. Aetatis 59.

Siccine jam lachrymas justum sed flebile munus


pendimus ecce rogo, vir honorande, tuo?

V. 39-41 Cf. Cicero, De Oratore 1.194: "cum vitia hominum atque fraudes damnis,
ignominiis, vinclis, verberibus, exsiliis, morte multantur".
V. 41 Cf. Horace, Carmina 11.10.20: "rebus angustis animosus".
V. 46 Cf. Lucretius VI.845-846: "frigore cum premitur porro omnis terra coitque /
et quasi concrescit"; Ovid, Tristia 111.10(11).25: "ut vincti concrescant frigore rivi".

41 See Clifford Κ. Shipton, Sibley's Harvard Graduates: Biographicat Sketches of


Those Who Attended Harvard College in the Classes 1701-1712, V (Boston: Massachusetts
Historical Society), 17-25, who reproduces the broadside opposite p. 17.

V. 1 The broadside reads "siccinne" here and in line 3, an error for "siccine" or
"sicine".
"Munus" can mean both a "tribute" and "funeral obsequies".
Cf. Ovid, Metamorphoses XIII.525-526: "tibi munera matris / contingent fletus".

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THIRTEEN EARLY AMERICAN LATIN ELEGIES 367

Siccine, quo me fata trahunt, comes esse dolori


cogor, et in funus esse poeta tuum?
5 Hei mihi, quid dicam? quo Carmine funera plangam?
Cura levis loquitur, quae gravis, illa stupet.
Hei mihi quas oculis lachrymas, quas ore querelas
fundam? quis elegis terminus iste meis?
Aer terra polusque gemant, gemat aequor et aether,
io imbribus effusis omnia piena fluant.
Squalida luctifico tundantur pectora planctu :
pellantur subito gaudia cuncta procul.
Proh dolor ! Ο pietas ! dotum cui copia bonum
nobilitans animum contigit, ecce fuit
15 os verax, mites oculi patiensque laborum
corpus, cor placidum, dextra benigna bonis.
Frons hilaris, faciles aures pectusque fidele,
sermo pacificus, lingua diserta fuit;
faelici ingenii superavit acumine multos.

V. 3 Cf. Vergil, Aeneìd V.709 : "quo fata trahunt".


We have replaced by "esse" the broadside's metrically impossible "fore".
V. 5 Cf. Statius, Thebais XII.383: "mea funera plangis".
V. 6 Cf. Seneca, Hippolytus 607: "curae leves loquuntur, ingentes stupent".
V. 7 The broadside reads "occulis" ("occuli" in line 15), metrically defective.
V. 7-8 Cf. Lucretius 1.125: "lacrimas effundere"; Lucan 11.44: "effundunt iustas in
numina saeva querelas".
V. 9 Cf. Ovid, Tristia 1.3.21: "quocumque aspiceres, luctus gemitusque sonabant"
V. 10 Cf. Vergil, Aeneid V.693-694: "effusis imbribus atra / tempestas sine more
furit".

V. 11 Cf. Ovid, Amores II.9.10: "pectoraque infesta tundat aperta manu"; and
Seneca, Thyestes 1045: "pectora illiso sonent / contusa planctu".
V. 13-14 Cf. Ovid, Ars Amatoria 11.112: "ingenii dotes corporis adde bonis".
V. 15 Cf. Lucretius VI.6: "veridico ... ex ore".
Cf. Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria XI.3.75: "mites (oculi)".
Cf. Ovid, Metamorphoses VII.656: "parcum genus est patiensque laborum".
V. 16 Cf. Vergil, Aeneid 1.521 : "placido sic pectore coepit".
V. 17 Cf. Cicero, Tusculan Disputations 1.100: "vultu hilari atque laeto"; Aulus
Gellius, Noctes Atticae XV.9.1 : "fronte hilaro".
Cf. Horace, Carmina 11.12.15-16: "bene mutuis / fidum pectus amoribus".
V. 18-19 Cf. Cicero, Pro L. Fiacco 4: "sermonis leporem, ingeniorum acumen.
dicendi copiam".
V. 19 The broadside reads "faelici ingenio superat accumine multos", which is
defective metrically, in spelling, and in tense consistency with lines 18 and 20.

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368 L.M. KAISER

20 Urbanior credo non fuit alter homo.


Arbor erat, ramos quae quantum expandit in auras,
tantum radices deprimit illa suas.
Sedit in ore lepos, circum praecordia candor,
et duxit vitam quo datur usque piam.
25 Vos quibus est luctus moderatior, aptaque doctis
Musa vero scriptis, pangite qualis erat.
Quo non dignus erat mundus? Quis sanctior ilio,
fautor et exemplar qui pietatis erat?
Musa, datum lachrymis satis est, jam parce labori;
30 nec tepido molles pollue rore genas.
Supprime jam gemitus, non est revocandus in auras
quem semel optatae cimba salutis habet.
Aspera sors, fateor, sed amicum flemus ademptum,
non velut amissum ; sit minor ergo dolor.
35 Corporis haec moles animae socianda resurget,
nunc licet informi contumuletur humo.

V. 21-22 Cf. Cicero, De Officiis 2.12: "vera gloria radices agit, atque etiam pro
pagatur".
V. 23 Cf. Statius, Thebais Χ11.114-115: "unum ... / nomen in ore sedet".
Cf. Vergil, Georgics II.484: "circum praecordia sanguis".
V. 25 The word order of this sentence is more Iike that of lyric. "Doctis" modifies
"scriptis".
V. 26 "Vero" (which is defective metrically, but for which I find no emendation
persuasive) is probably dative case after "aptaque". The mood of "erat" is post
classical.

V. 28 Cf. Livy 9.46.13: "fautor et cultor bonorum".


V. 29 Cf. Terence, Hecyra 226: "labori haud parcens".
V. 30 Cf. Ovid, Metamorphoses XV.98: "nec polluit ora cruore"; XIV.708: "madidae
lacrimarum rore coronae"; Seneca, Hippolytus 381-382: "lacrimae cadunt per ora, et
assiduo genae / rore irrigantur".
V. 31 Cf. Ovid, Fasti IV.83: "supprime, Musa, querelas".
Cf. Vergil, Aeneid VI.128: "revocare gradum superasque evadere ad auras".
V. 32 Cf. Horace, Carmina II.3.27-28: "sors exitura et nos in aeternum / exsilium
impositura cumbae".
"Cimba" = "cymba".
V. 33 Cf. Statius, Thebais 1.195-196: "tolerandaque nullis / aspera sors populis".
V. 35 Cf. Statius, Thebais V.442: "corporis molem".
V. 36 Cf. Vergil, Aeneid VI .416: "informi limo".
Cf. Ovid, Ibis 464: "saucius ingesta contumuleris humo".

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THIRTEEN EARLY AMERICAN LATIN ELEGIES 369

Ille praeit; fixo dein tempore quisque sequemur :


illa semel cunctis meta terenda venit.
Intereant tandem cineres ; post busta superstes
40 gloria clarorum vivet in ore virum.

11. Logan on Rachel

An elegy by James Logan (1674-1751) on the death of his inf


daughter Rachel42 in 1723 is preserved in his copy of a letter
brother William of Bristol, England43. Its first appearance in pr
however, was marred by indifference to the exact text and to L
own revisions, and by unwarranted emendation. In his lett
William, Logan stated that the Latin lines are being enclosed "w
any corrections or polishing ... as my melancholy naturally sug
them, and as they now lie before me". Presumably the revision
an afterthought to that statement.
An earlier criticai edition of the elegy with more copious quo
from the letter to William, but without any literary annotatio
made by the present writer several years ago45. The text below
from a fresh examination of the manuscript.

V. 38 Cf. Ovid, Ars Amatoria 11.426: "interior curru meta terenda meost".
V. 39 The broadside reads "interiant", a non-existent form.
Cf. Ennodius, Carmina II.2.1 : "post busta superstes".
V. 40 Cf. Ennius, in Cicero, Tusculan Disputations 1.15.34: "volito vivus
virum".

42 Cf. Frederick Β. Tolles, "Quaker Humanist: James Logan as a Classical Scholar",


Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, 79 (1955), 429-438.
43 The letter, dated "Philadelphia, 21 July 1723", is in the Quaker Collection of
the Haverford College Library. Tolles (ρ. 429, η.) mistakenly assigns the text of the
poem to Logan's copy of the Latin poems of Daniel Heinsius. The Latin poem there
is Logan's Votum pro Vita et Morte, edited by the writer in "An Unpublished Latin
Poem of James Logan", Neo-Latin News, 13 (1967), p.43.
44 Amelia Mott Gummere, "James Logan as a Poet", Pennsylvania Magazine of
History and Biography, 27 (1903), 337-338.
45 Three Neo-Latin Studies: A Criticai Text of James Logan's Elegy on Rachel",
Classical Folta, 21 (1967), 167-169.

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370 L. Μ. KAISER

Sis abrepta licet tenerum ceu frig


vita orbata prius quam videare
at patris et matris duro praecor
ictu discessus, chara puella, tu
5 Non tulit eloquii certas aetatu
ut posses animi prodere sensa
at tulit ingenii jam parturientis
posset ut indubiis mille patere
Blanditiae, amplexus molles, lu
io et simulatae irae et non simulatus amor,
inque patrem tener affectus, quem vincere morbi
aut Lethi instantis non valuere vices—
haec te pectoribus figunt, charissima, nostris
[q]uem poterit nulla abolere dies.
15 Nulla dies umquam haec memori de pectore tollet

In the annotations below, the symbol A indicates Logan's first choice of words,
B, his second, and G, the edition of Amelia Mott Gummere.
V. 1 "Sis licet in teneris abrepta parentibus annis" AG.
V. 2 "Vita orbata" ß; "Et vita orba" A; "Vita exempta" G.
V. 3 "duro" ß; "saevo" A ; "pleno" G.
Cf. Ovid, Heroides XII.183: "si forte preces praecordia ferrea tangunt".
V. 4 Cf. Ovid, Halieuticon 116: "captus duro nociturus scorpios ictu".
V. 5 Cf. Vergil, Aeneid IX.249-250: "tam certa tulistis / pectora".
V. 6 "prodere sensa tui" ßG; "sensa referre tui" A.
Cf. Cicero, De Oratore 1.8: "quod exprimere dicendo sensa possumus".
V. 9 "Blanditia" G.

Cf. Vergil, Aeneid Vili.388 : "amplexu molli fovet".


Cf. Martial II.4.6: "lusum creditis hoc iocumque?".
V. 10 "simulata ira" G.
V. 11 Cf. Tacitus, Agricola 32: "fide et adfectu teneri".
V. 12 "instantis non valuere" ß: "instantis non patuere" A; "infantis non valuere" G.
V. 13 Lines 13 and 14 omitted by G.
"Haec valido figunt nostro te pectore nexu" A.
Cf. Propertius II.13.2: "spicula quot nostro pectore fixit Amor".
V. 14 Damage to the Ms leaves only part of the first word legible, a second word
missing, the originai third word missing, with only an apparent "poterit" written
a bove it.

Cf. Ovid, Metamorphoses XV.871-872: "opus ... / nec poterit ferrum nec edax
abolere vetustas".

V. 15 This line and the next are written in the margin of the page, with a carat to
indicate the place of Insertion.
Cf. Ovid, Heroides XIII.66: "signatum memori pectore nomen habe".

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THIRTEEN EARLY AMERICAN LATIN ELEGIES 371

parva sed affectus pignora certa tui.


Corporis exuvias jam jam positura parabas
laeta iter extremum, jam subitura polos.
Quum dudum fixos tenuisti jus in ocellos
20 quo patri posses dicere "Chare, vale",
fixos discedens torsisti dulcis ocellos
hisque patri visa es dicere, "Chare, vale".
Et tremula in charam flexisti lumina matrem

dicere quo posses, "Tu quoque, chara, vale".


25 Jamque valedicto, haec aeterno lumina somno
condis et exanimi corpore tota fugis.
Tu quoque, chara, vale, modo nata parentibus infans :
laetitiae et luctus causa perennis eris.

V. 16 Cf. Ovid, Metamorphoses 11.91 : "pignora certa petis? do pignora certa


timendo".

V. 17 "Corporis exuviis jam discessura relictis" A ; "Corporis exuvias iam pro


fectura parabas" G.
Cf. Carmina Latina Epigraphica (Buecheler) 1368.2 (anno 521): "Ennodius vatis ...
hoc posuit tumulo corporis exuvias".
V. 18 "Laeta iter extremum" BG; "Libera et aethereos" A.
Cf. Ovid, Heroides XV.202 : "extremum Noctis quae dea finit iter".
V. 19 "Quum dudum" BG; "Jamdudum" A.
The "fixos ocellos" must be understood as those of Logan. Cf. Propertius 1.3.19:
"intentis haerebam fixis ocellis".
We can only assume that the word "jus", which may mean power or authority,
permits the line to be translated: "When for a time you had held power (sway) over
my fixed eyes".
V. 21 "discedens" BG; "non sine vi" A.
Cf. Vergil, Aeneid IV.220: "oculosque ad moenia torsit". The fixed eyes here are
Rachel's.

V. 22 "Hisque patri vis es" BG; "Et visa es patri" A.


V. 23 "Et tremula in" BG; "Postmodo et in" A.
Cf. Ovid, Ars Amatoria 11.721 : "adspicies oculos tremulo fulgore micantes".
V. 25 "Hisque valedictis aeterno lumina somno" A ; "Iamque valedicto haec aeterna
lumina somno" G.

Cf. Vergil, Aeneid X.746: "in aeternam clauduntur lumina noctem"; Georgics
IV.495-496: "en iterum crudelia retro / fata vocant conditque natantia lumina
somnus".

V. 26 "Clausisti exanimi et corpore" A; "Claudis et exanimi corpore" Β; "Condis"


written in margin. G reads as we do.
Cf. Ovid, Ars Amatoria 1.540: "nullus in exanimi corpore sanguis erat".

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372 L. Μ. KAISER

Chara puella, vale! Solamina rapta


30 lugent quae poteras reddere v

12. Anonymous on Norris

On leaf three of Huntington Ms HM 164 Stands an anonymous ele


entitled "In Obitum Josephi Norris"46. Norris (1699-1733) was
son of Isaac Norris (1671-1735), mayor of Philadelphia, and probab
attended the Friends' School. His obituary in the Pennsylvania Gaze
of October 18, 1733 describes him as a man "of considerable learnin
yet a most facetious and agreeable companion". Lacking any eviden
to the contrary, we may assume the elegy was composed about th
time. A first edition of it was published by the present writer47, b
without literary annotation. For the present edition the manuscri
was examined anew in Photographie copy.

In Obitum Josephi Norris


Multa senum juvenumque monent nos funera vivos
omnes post mortem "pulvis et umbra" fore.
Pallida mors aequo pulsat pede divitis aulas
magnificas, humiles pauperis atque fores;
5 et quamvis humiles etiam cum regibus aequat,
mortales omnes imperiosa rapit.

V. 29-30 These lines are dropped down an extra space in the Ms, perhaps
represent the beginning of another poem. G omits.
V. 30 We have added "Vale" to fili out an otherwise incomplete line.

46 The manuscript is catalogued as "Joseph Norris' Commonplace Book, 1699-173


a vellum bound account book with ali the pages torn out, the loose remaining o
being inscribed with verse. Professor J.A. Leo Lemay first called my attention
the elegy.
47 Three Neo-Latin Studies: Vita Humana Fugax — A New American Latin Elegy",
Classical Folia, 21 (1967), pp. 172-174.

V. 1 The Ms reads "monet".


V. 2 Cf. Horace, Carmina IV.7.14-16: "nos ubi decidimus, / quo pius Aeneas,
Tullus, dives et Ancus, / pulvis et umbra sumus". Conventional syntax would require
"pulverem et umbram", metrically impossible here.
V. 3 The Ms reads "aulae", which, though possible, destroys the balance with
"fores", which the original Horatian sentiment (see next note) requires.
V. 3-6 Cf. Horace, Carmina 1.4.13-14: '"pallida Mors aequo pulsat pede pauperum
tabernas / regumque turris".
V. 6 Cf. Horace, Sermones II.5.109-110: "sed me / imperiosa trahit Proserpina".

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THIRTEEN EARLY AMERICAN LATIN ELEGIES 373

Flectere nulla potest pietas adamantina Mortis


tela, sed et pietas vera parata mori.
Cum fera Mors instat, frustra medicina paratur,
io namque calenturam potio nulla levat.
Dosis forte potest aliquando levare dolorem,
sed morbi causam non removere potest.
Tabes absumit paulatim languida vires,
et mortem properat saepe maligna febris.
15 Perdidit innumeros dirae contagio pestis;
morte repentina millia multa cadunt.
Non domus et fundus, non aeris acervus et auri
aegrotis dominis pharmaca ferre valent.
Hic juvenis quidem, cujus modo floruit aetas,
20 aulicus et natu qui generosus erat,
occidit imprimis linguarum doctus et artis;
ingenio pollens eloquioque fuit.
Vita fuit jucunda suis, sua flebilis et mors,

V. 7-8 Cf. Horace, Carmina III.24.5-8: "si figit adamantinos / summis v


dira Necessitas / clavos ... / non mortis laqueis expedies caput".
V. 9-10 Cf. Ibycus, Frag. 28 (Loeb Classical Library): ούκ ίστιν άποφθιμί
in φάρμακον eipùv ; Ovid, Tristia V. 1.33-34: "tot mala pertulimus, quorum
quiesque / nulla"; and the dactylic hexameter proverb: "Contra vim mort
medicamen in hortis" (from Salv. de Renzi, ed., Collectio Salernitana, 5 vols
1852-1859], 1.469.718). Cf. the American tombstone sentiment: "Contra mor
est remedium" (Leo M. Kaiser, "Latin Epitaphs for CIGLA, II", The Cl
Journal 51 [1956], 297).
V. 10 "Calentura" is a neo-Latin word for a hallucinatory tropical di
the Oxford English Dictionary, and Blakiston's New Gould Medica! Diction
delphia, 1949), i.v.
V. 11 "Dosis" is a medieval Latin word meaning "dose". The Ms read
instead of "forte".
V. 13 Cf. Ovid, Metamorphoses 11.807: "lentaque miserrima tabe".
V. 14 Cf. Venantius Fortunatus, Carmina 1.9.17: "peste maligna".
V. 15 Cf. Vergil, Aeneid XI.792: "dira ... pestis".
V. 16 Cf. Cicero, De Divinatione 2.74: "propter mortem repentinam".
V. 17-18 Cf. Horace, Epistulae 1.2.47-48: "non domus et fundus, non aer
et auri / aegroto domini deduxit corpore febris".
V. 19 "Quidem" is metrically defective by ordinary rules.
Cf. Cicero, Topica 32: "adulescentiam florem aetatis".
V. 20 Cf. Ovid, Metamorphoses XIII. 148: "generosior ortu".
V. 22 Cf. Cicero, Brutus 190: "plurimum pollet oratio".
V. 23 Cf. Horace, Epodes 1.5-6: "quibus te vita sit superstite / iucunda".

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L. Μ. KAISER

et multis aliis queis bene notus erat.


Tres illum maesti fratres quatuorque sorores,
tristis praecipue plorat uterque parens.
Omnibus incerto moriendum est ordine fati,
occidit interdum filius ante patrem.
Nomine tres fratres Thomas et deinde Johannis,
tertius et senior nunc Josephus obit.
Nulli certa manent incertae gaudia vitae :
vita humana fugax transit ut umbra levis,
arboris ut frondes, fruges et gramina campi
hortorumque decus frigore dulce perit.
Sed ubi fata vocant, pariter juvenumque senumque
eheu! quam subito vita caduca fugit.
Corpus Josephi, quem nunc ploramus, in urna
conditur et gelidae pulvere dormit humi.
Pars tarnen illius melior super alta perennis,
talem speramus, sydera vecta manet.

V. 27 The Ms reads "incerta".


V. 32 Cf. Dracontius, De Laudìbus Dei 1.632: "[rosis] est vita fugax et par cum
flore senectus".
Cf. Ovid, Fasti V.434: "occurrat tacito ne levis umbra sibi".
On this and the succeeding lines, cf. Tibullus 1.4.27-30: "transiit aetas / quam cito!
non segnis stat remeatve dies. / quam cito purpureos deperdit terra colores, / quam
cito formosas populus alta cornasi".
V. 33 Cf. Ovid, Metamorphoses III.729: "non citius frondes autumni frigore tactas /
... rapit arbore ventus".
Cf. Horace, Carmina IV.7.1 : "redeunt iam gramina campis".
V. 34 Cf. Ovid, Fasti 1.415: "hortorum decus".
Cf. Horace, Carmina 1.1.2: "dulce decus".
V. 35 Cf. Ovid, Heroides VII. 1 : "sic ubi fata vocant".
V. 36 Cf. Cicero, De Amicitia 102: "res humanae fragiles caducaeque sunt"; and
Salvianus, Ad Ecclesiam 3.56: "vita caduca".
V. 37 Cf. Suetonius, Caligula 15 : "cineres in urnas condidit".
V. 38 Cf. Ovid, Tristia 1.3.94: "et gelida membra levavit humo".

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THIRTEEN EARLY AMERICAN LATIN ELEGIES 375

13. "Dawson" on Randolph

It has been suggested very plausibly48 that the Rev. Wil


Dawson (1704-1752)49, professor of moral philosophy at the C
of William and Mary and successor in 1743 to James Blair as it
dent, wrote the Latin elegy on Speaker of the Virginia Ho
Burgesses Sir John Randolph (c. 1693-1737), which appeare
verse translation in the Virginia Gazette of Aprii 8, 173750. It
be noted by way of further support that Dawson had delivere
now lost Latin funeral address on the occasion of Randolph's b
while there is a strong likelihood he composed the long Latin
epitaph for the tablet over Randolph's tomb in the William and
College Chapel at Williamsburg, Virginia51. But whoever the a
of the present tribute, the poem apparently represents the e
extant Latin verse, and of course, Latin elegy, of Virginia.
The English verse translation, which we also publish here, is
sumably by Dawson52. It is a free rendering, and consequentl
helpful for establishing the Latin text than one desires.

In Obitum Honorandi Viri


Johannis Randolphi, Equitis
Non ego jam planctu decorem tua funera sero,
Caesar, nec cineres, magne Philippe, tuos :
48 J.A. Leo Lemay, A Calendar of American Poetry in the Colonial Newspapers
and Magazines and in the Major English Magazines through 1765, (Worcester, 1972),
no. 455. Cf. Elizabeth C. Cook, Literary Influences in Colonial Newspapers, 1704-1750,
(1912; rpt. Port Washington, N.Y., 1966), p.216.
49 Leo Lemay has indicateci the need for full biographies of William Dawson and
his brother Thomas, in Louis D. Rubin, Jr., A Bibliographical Guide to the Study of
Southern Literature, (Baton Rouge, 1969), ρ. 343.
Dawson married Mary Randolph Stith, a niece of Randolph, and sister of William
Stith the historian; cf. Jay B. Hubbell, The South in American Literature, 1607-1900,
(Durham, 1954), p. 34.
50 In the Virginia Gazette of April 1, 1737 a notice stated, "The elegy on Sir John
Randolph, in Latin and English, is come to hand, and will have a place in the next
Gazette

51 See Leo Μ. Kaiser, ed., "The Latin Epitaph of Sir John Randolph", Virginia
Magazine of History and Biography, 78 (1970), 199-201.
52 But see the comments in our annotation.

V. 1 Cf. Ennius in Cicero, Tusculan Disputations 1.15.34: "nemo me lacrumis


decoret nec funera fletu / faxit"; Vergil, Aeneid XI.24-26: "egregias animas ... / decorate
supremis / muneribus"; Silius Italicus 11.583: "grato cineres decorarat honore".

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376 L. Μ. KAISER

Randolphus moritur nobisque salu


eloquii grato verba movere sono.
5 Quid juvat innumeris cumulari a
Quid pia fumosis thura micare fo
omnia si rapiunt nullo discrimine
nec revocant avidas nobiliora manus?
Ah, quoties dixi, "Praeclaris parcite, divi :
io gloria vos alia de nece magna manet".
Nos tarnen injustis damnamus fata querelis;
tristitia ast moestos cogit acerba queri.
Saepe ubi naufragii levis est jactura silebit,
qui tarnen ingentes navita plorat opes.
15 Imprimis luget miseranda Academia nostra
efferri hic ipso funere visa sibi.

V. 3 Cf. Ovid, Fasti VI.753: "ter verba salubria dixit".


Cf. Pliny, Epistulae 26.14: "dictu grata et iucunda".
The idiom of this line is non-classical, though the sense is clear.
V. 5 Cf. Vergil, Aeneid XI.50: "cumulatque altaria donis".
Lines 5-8 obviously echo Ovid's Elegy on Tibullus (Amores III.9.33-36): "Quid
vos sacra iuvant? quid nunc Aegyptia prosunt / sistra? quid in vacuo secubuisse toro? /
Cum rapiunt mala fata bonos — ignoscite fasso— / sollicitor nullos esse putare deos".
Ovid has imitated Tibullus' own words (1.3.23-26): "Quid tua nunc Isis mihi, Delia,
quid mihi prosunt / illa tua totiens aera repulsa manu, / quidve, pie dum sacra colis,
pureque lavari / te, memini, et puro secubuisse toro?".
V. 6 Cf. Ovid, Heroides VII.24: "ut pia fumosis addita tura focis".
V. 7 Cf. Ovid, Amores II.6.39: "optima prima fere manibus rapiuntur avaris" (in
reference to the death of Corinna's parrot).
V. 8 Cf. Tibullus 1.3.4: "abstineas avidas, Mors precor atra, manus".
V. 9-10 Cf. Propertius 11.28.49-50: "sunt apud infernos tot milia formosarum : /
pulchra sit in superis, si licet, una locis".
V. 11 The Gazette text reads "Non", which makes good sense, but we have
emended it to "Nos" which the verse translation demands; also "ast" in line 12 is
better explained if "Nos" is read. We are assuming the same person composed the
Latin and the English poems, but the rendering of line 11 and of line 16 (see below),
and the failure to render lines 21-22 open up an interesting avenue of speculation.
Cf. Lucan 11.44: "effundunt iustas in numina saeva querelas"; Statius, Silvae
V.l.22-23: "iniustos rabidis pulsare querelis / caelicolas solamen erat".
V. 12 "Acerba" is the object of "queri" and is a poetic equivalent of "acerbe";
cf. Ovid, Heroides Vili.107: "me ... acerbe gementem".
V. 13 Cf. Claudian, In Eutropium ILI 18: "antiqua levis iactura cruoris".
V. 15 The Gazette reads "lugit". a typographical error.
V. 16 What the writer of the Latin meant by "efferri" is not certain. In the light

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THIRTEEN EARLY AMERICAN LATIN ELEGIES 377

Urbs patrem gemit, orba suum Respublica civem,


atque senatorem muta cathedra suum ;
inque omnes partes conjux sua brachia tendens
20 ipsa vocat taciti nomen inane viri,
utque piam thalami subeunt dispendia mentem
continuo tepidos irrigat imbre sinus.
Sic vidua sterili nemoris sedet arbore turtur,
comparis aeterno murmure fata gemens.
25 In te forte minor si spes, si fama fuisset,
de te forte minor nostra querela foret.
Rura semel pinguis quae fluminis unda rigavit,
dona diu retinent aufugientis aquae ;
nos quoque, qui nuper tot chara reliquimus in te,
30 temporis exacti sensus et umbra juvant :

of the verse translation, the Latin passage is perhaps to be construed, "The Academy
mourns that 'objects dear to it' ("visa") are carried forth in this funeral here". Bu
a perfectly good sense also (requiring a comma at the end of line 15) is: "The Academ
mourns, seeming to be carried out of itself by this funeral here". There is no comm
in the Gazette text after line 15. The verb "luget" can be both transitive and intransitiv
V. 17 "Orba" modifìes both "Urbs" and "Respublica".
V. 19 Cf. Ovid, Metamorphoses IX.293-294: "fessa malis tendensque ad coelum
bracchia magno / Lucinam ... clamore vocabam".
V. 20 Cf. Lucretius V.909: "nomine inani".
V. 21-22 These lines seem not to be reflected in the verse translation.

V. 22 Cf. Ovid, Amores III.6.68: "spargebat teneros [al. tepidos, tepido] flebilis
imbre sinus"; Fasti IV.522: "decidit in tepidos lucida gutta sinus"; Seneca, Phoenìssae
441 : "inrigat fletu genas".
V. 23 "Vidua" modifìes "turtur".

Cf. Vergil, Eclogues 1.58: "nec gemere aèria cessabit turtur ab ulmo".
V. 24 Cf. Vergil, Aeneid 1.221-222: "gemit et crudelia secum / fata Lyci".
V. 27 Cf. Vergil, Aeneid IX.30-31 : "ceu pingui flumine Nilus / cum refluit campis";
III.389: "ad fluminis undam".

V. 28 Cf. Horace, Epistulae 1.2.69-70: "quo semel est imbuta recens, servabit odorem /
testa diu".

V. 29 We have emended the "relinquimus" of the Gazette in view of the verse


translation and of the parallel "rigavit" in line 27.
V. 30 Cf. Horace, Sermones 1.1.117-118: "exacto contentus tempore vita / cedat uti
conviva satur".

It is remotely possible that "sensus et umbra" was suggested to the poet by Ovid,
Epistulae ex Ponto II.2.100: "siquid habet sensus umbra diserta". The two words
constitute a striking expression, difficult to render — perhaps "the perception and
blurred recollection of the past".

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378 L. Μ. KAISER

ingenium celsum superas quod


et nitor eloquii more fluentis
et placidi mores atque asperita
cor tenerum in viduas mensqu
35 Heu, quocunque gradum moe
insequitur vultus pallida form
nec vigor est herbis, nec amaenis
jamque silent homines, jamque
Nos pietate tua studiisque fide
40 conficit ambiguis spesque t
Insidiae passim fraudesque doli
et docet exemplo crimina qui
Tu tarnen his socios luctanteis
causa sit ut gemino justa dolo
45 dum castos inter coetus anim
fulgidus aeternae munera paci
V. 31 Cf. Vergil, Aeneid VI. 128: "supe
V. 32 Cf. Ovid, Epistulae ex Ponto II
Cf. Ovid, Ars Amatoria
a 111.62: "eunt
V. 33 Cf. Columella 6.20: "moribus pla
Cf. Lucan(?), Laus Pisonis 130-131 : "tu
V. 34 Cf. Vergil, Aeneid 1.303-304: "
temque benignam".
V. 35 Cf. Vergil, Aeneid IV.369: "num l
V. 36 Cf. Tibullus 1.10.38: "errat ad ob
V. 37 Cf. Ovid, Metamorphoses III.492:
bant".
Cf. Ennius in Cicero, De Divinatione 1.20: "amoena salicta".
V. 38 Cf. Ovid, Metamorphoses VII. 187: "immotaeque silent frondes, silet umidus
aer".

V. 40 The Gazette reads "ambiguiis", a typographical error.


Cf. Ovid, Tristia 1.2.32: "ambiguis ars stupet ipsa malis".
"Spes" in the sense of "anticipation" is classical but quite rare; cf. Lucan V.455:
"naufragii spes omnis abit".
V. 41 Cf. Ovid, Metamorphoses 1.129-131: "omne nefas, fugitque pudor verumque
fidesque; / in quorum subiere locum fraudesque dolusque / insidiaeque".
V. 42 Cf. Ovid, Fasti III.272: "et perit exemplo postmodo quisque suo".
V. 43 Cf. Horace, Epistulae 1.2.22: "adversis rerum immersabilis undis".
V. 44 Cf. Ovid, Heroides XVI.249: "iustaque causa viae".
V. 45 Cf. Cicero, De Senectute 84: "cum in illud divinum animorum concilium
coetumque proficiscar".
Cf. Vergil, Aeneid VII.401 : "piis animis".
V. 46 Cf. Seneca, Consolatio ad Marciam 19.6: "excepit illum magna et aeterna
pax".

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THIRTEEN EARLY AMERICAN LATIN ELEGIES 379

On the Death of the Hon.


Sir JOHN RANDOLPH, Knt.

My Muse, Great Caesar, can't attend your Hearse,


In doleful Strains of Elegiac Verse;
Nor, Noble Philip, can she solemnize
The Urn, that does your sacred Dust comprize.
RANDOLPH is dead — no more with graceful Ease
His Eloquence our ravish'd Ears must please.
If the inexorable Sister take
The Great, the Small, and no Distinction make;
If nor Nobility, nor Worth demands
Compassion from their avaritious Hands,
Alas ! what Profit's from the Altars reap'd,
Tho' with innumerable Off rings heap'd;
And tho' the sacred Frankincence consumes
In Clouds of fragrant Smoak, and rich Perfumes !
Alas! Ye Gods, how oft was this my Pray'r,
That you the Noble and Renown'd would spare?
To You, sufficient Veneration's paid
By others, forc'd to the Ellysian Shade.
Tho' without Bounds we make a piteous Moan,
We don't the Justice of the Fates disown;
But the sad Anguish of a troubled Soul
Must be allow'd to grieve without Controul.
The Shipwreck'd Merchant seldom will complain,
If what is swallow'd by the stormy Main
Be trivial, but if great, he can't refrain.
Our wretched Seminary wails to find
A Loss so great, as its departed Friend.
The Orphan City for its Parent grieves ;
His Death the Public of its Weal bereaves.
The Speechless Chair does silently bemoan
Th' August ASSEMBLY's Speaker, and its own.
His mournful Consort vainly with the rest
Wrings her sad Hands, and strikes her pensive Breast.
Wild with Despair she often calls in vain,
And in sad Accents oft repeats his Name.
Thus in the lonely unfrequented Grove,

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380 L, Μ. KAISER

Perch'd on a blasted Oak, the c


In plaintive Strains laments the
Had your Renown, or had our
40 Our Grief we might less mou
The Lands which once a fat'nin
Long keeps the Blessing of the
So we, who've lost All we esteem
With Joy as yet the sweet Rem
45 A Heav'nly Genius, Quick, C
Borne on the Streams of Eloqu
A pleasant Temper, and a cour
To the distress'd compassionate
Where-e'er my solitary Steps I
50 Or cast my Eyes, your dying
The springing Verdure of the M
And Joy forsakes the once deli
The Swains now cease their rur
The feather'd Throng their war
55 Us from your Care and kind P
With dubious Evils, Hope, and
Injustice, Fraud, Deceit, abroad
And Vice triumphant lifts her
Against this Stream your Frien
60 That they may have a double
Whilst in the happy Mansions o
Yo'enjoy eternai Peace, and end

*
* *

Not much Latin funerary elegy seem


rest of the Century. Lemay in his Cal
that appeared roughly between 1740 a
— Three elegies on Andrew Hamilton
in the Pennsylvania Gazette, February
— An elegy on Peter Faneuil (d. 1
Boston News Letter, March 10, 1743.
— An elegy on Robert Kennedy (d
(1742-1790), in the Boston News Lette

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THIRTEEN EARLY AMERICAN LATIN ELEGIES 381

— An elegy on Josiah Crocker (d. 1764), by "H.", in the Boston


Evening Post, July 16, 1764.
We have located about that many more for the period 1760-1810,
although our search was not exhaustive :
— Elegy on George II by Stephen Sewall(?) (1734-1804), in Pietas
et Gratulatio (Boston, 1761), p. 42:
— Elegy on his grandfather Benjamin Church (1639-1718) by Ben
jamin Church (1704-1781), in Benjamin Church, The Entertaining
History of King Philip's War (2nd ed., Newport, 1772).
— Three elegies on his wife Rebecca by Andrew Croswell (1708
1785), in his Carmina Lugubria (Boston, 1782).
— Elegy on Charles Nisbet (1736-1804) by James Ross (1743-1827),
in Port Folio Magazine, May 31, 1806.
— Elegy on his daughter Maria by James Ross, in Port Folio
Magazine, September 24, 1808.
— Anonymous elegy on Joseph McKean (1757-1807) in The Reper
tory (Newburyport and Boston), August 11, 1807.
— Anonymous elegy on Joseph Sayer Hixon (d. July 4, 1810), in
Harvard Lyceum, 1 (August 11, 1810), 725 3.

Loyola University,
Chicago.

53 A work which appeared after the present article was in press and which we have
not yet seen is Astrid Schmitt-von Mühlenfels, Die "Funeral Elegy" New Englands:
Eine gattungsgeschichtliche Studie. Beihefte zum Jahrbuch für Amerikastudien, Band 37
(Heidelberg, 1973).

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MISCELLANEA

— New Evidenceon Μ. Johannes Snavel {Fl. Louvain, ca. 1440).

In 1973 I edited from a manuscript in the Royal Archives at Brüssels


an anonymous "Collatio de laudibus facultatum" 1. On the basis of
internal and archaeological indications I put forward the hypothesis
that this speech may have been delivered by Johannes Snavel of Zwolle,
a recently appointed professor of canon law, on the first day of October
1435 at the opening of the academic year at Louvain. In my introduction
I pointed out that sources at Louvain become silent on professor
Snavel after 1440. By a happy chance, my assistant Dr. G. Tournoy
afterwards carne across a new and precious trace of Snavel: The
University Library of Strasbourg owns a Latin manuscript (no. 38)
written by Snavel in 14462.
On f. 9r the following passage occurs: "Lectura domini Johannis
de Ymola super Constitucionibus Clementinis. Hec lectura fuit pro
nunciata Padue, 1431". Since we know from other sources that Snavel
was a Student of canon law at Padua in 1431, it seems fairly sure
that he attended the course of professor Johannes de Imola, just
before the latter left Padua for Bologna in 14323.
The text of Imola occupies the pages 9-228v, but its beginning was
lacking in 1446, when Snavel copied out the work. Therefore, he
completed it by adding a few pages taken from Franciscus de Zaba
rellis (ff. 2-5v), which he was able to secure in the priory of Groenen
daal (Viridis Vallis) at Hoeilaart near Brüssels on 4 March, 1446.

1 J. IJsewijn et PI. Lefèvre, "Collatio de laudibus facultatum Lovanii saeculo XV


(1435?) habita, nunc primum typis edita", in Zetesis. Bijdragen ... door collega's en
vrienden aangeboden aan Prof. Dr. Emile De Strijcker (Antwerpen-Utrecht, 1973),
pp. 416-435.
2 Ch. Samaran-R. Marichal, Catalogue des manuscrils en écrilure latine portant des
indications de date, de lieu ou de eopiste. Tome V, Est de la France (Paris, 1965), p. 393.
Catalogue general des manuscrits des bibliothèques de France. Départements, tome
XLVII - Strasbourg, par E. Wickersheimer (Paris, 1923), pp. 29-30, n°38.
3 J. Fr. von Schulte, Die Geschichte der Quellen und Literatur des canonischen Rechts,
3 vols (Stuttgart, 1875; Reprint: Graz, 1956) I, 296-298.

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MISCELLANEA 383

See f. 5v and 8r: "Francisco de Zab


doctoris, lectura seu commentum s
nichil esse, una est omnium fere sentencia fol.8: "... Hec ne
esset acephola lectura domini Johannis de Ymola, ipse formaliter ex
Zabarello copiavi ... hec in Viridevalle, anno 1446° ..., 4a die marcii,
Jo. Snavel".
Snavel probably went from Louvain to Groenendaal, a distance of
about twenty miles, with the purpose of completing his manuscript.
In fact, the priory had a good library and had learned men, such as
Arnoldus Geilhoven, another scholar educated at Padua, among its
number.

A few weeks before his trip Snavel had copied at Louvain a short
text "Anonymi, de artificiali memoria ..." on f. lr-v of his manuscript,
to which he added the following note (f. lv): "... Hec circa doctrinam
artificialiter memorandi, de qua eciam arte tangit dominus Franciscus
de Zabarellis in tractatu qui sequitur. Copiavi ut melius potui, quia
intellectu adhuc deficio, qui dignior est quam memoria. Anno Domini
MCCCCXLVI0, 3a, 4a et 5a februarii, Lovanii pro tunc".
This note raises the question what Snavel was doing at Louvain
five years after he had abandoned his chair at the university. Did
he stay there only for a few days [cf. "pro tunc"]! And where did he
live? He certainly did not belong to the priory of Groenendaal,
since no trace of him is to be found either in its very reliable obituary
or in any other records of the community4.
Perhaps, he returned to his native country in the North. Two facts
may support this hypothesis. Snavel's manuscript belonged for many
centuries to the priory of Frenswegen 5 near Nordhorn, less than sixty
miles east of Zwolle. It is now just across the Dutch-German frontier
but at that time it was a stronghold of the cultural and religious
tendencies emanating from Windesheim.
A certain Reinerus Snavel of Zwolle, who studied at Cologne (bacca

4 I am grateful to my friend Dr. E. Persoons for this Information.


5 J.H. Richter, Geschichte des Augustinerklosters Frenswegen in der Grafschaft
Bentheim (1913); A.J. Bemolt van Loghum Slaterus, Het klooster Frenswegen (Arnhem,
1938); A. Hulshof, Het klooster Frenswegen gedurende de vijftiende eeuw, een voorpost
van Nederlandsche beschaving (Utrecht, 1944); B. Nonte, "Untersuchungen über die
Handschriften des Augustiner-Chorherrenstiftes Frenswegen bei Nordhorn", West
fälische Forschungen, XIV (1961), 133-148; id., "Die Geschichte der Frensweger
Kloster-Bibliothek", Der Grafschafter, 116 (1962), 933 sqq.

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384 MISCELLANEA

laureus Coloniensis) was a canon of th


on the 1 January 1429 and where he
I have not been able to establish th
Johannes and Reinerus 6 there can b
to the Snavel family, which was w
fifteenth Century. They may even have
Johannes's manuscript carne to the
if not a proof, at least a pointer to his

Leuven. J. IJsewijn

— A Passage of Erasmus, De pueris instituendis, Explained.

In his new edition of Erasmus's De pueris instituendis J. Margolin


is uncertain as to the precise meaning of a passage on pregnant women
(Opera Omnia 1.2, ρ. 27.11-13 = LB 1.491). I transcribe here the
passage with a new punctuation, which may lift part of the darkness,
which professor Margolin has found hard to dispel.

Quinetiam nondum edito foetu, matrum tarnen vigilat cura : non vescuntur
quibuslibet cibis grauidae; cauent ab incommodo corporis motu, et si
quid forte in faciem inciderit, protinus auulsum manu ad secretam
corporis partem applicant. Eo remedio fieri multis experimentis com
pertum est, vt deformitas quae in conspicua corporis parte erat futura,
lateat in occulta.

The text alludes to a populär belief, which is still alive among older
people in Flanders and perhaps also elsewhere, that to prevent bodily
harm to the child in the womb a pregnant woman should never be
frightened 1. More precisely if the woman is touched unexpectedly,
a birth-mark will be visible on exactly the same spot of the child's
skin and bear the form of the object or animai which frightened
the mother; or there will be a deformation, e.g. hare-lip when the
mouth is touched. What Erasmus had in mind is that in such a case
the woman being touched on her face, makes a desperate effort to

6 Van Kuyk, "Snavel Johannes", in Nieuw Nederlandsch Biographisch Woordenboek,


vol. III (1914), 1188; W. Kohl, Die Klöster der Augustiner-Chorherren. Germania
Sacra, N F. 5. Die Bistümer der Kirchenprovinz Köln : Das Bistum Münster 2 (Berlin,
1971), 121 : "Reiner Snavel".
Cf. i.a. K.C. Peeters, Eigen Aard, second edition (Antwerpen, 1947), ρ.453.

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MISCELLANEA 385

remove the consequences of that s


to a part of the body which is usu
J. IJsewijn

HEBREW QuOTATIONS IN THE CORRESPONDENCE OF CHR. VLADE


RACCUS.

The 15 letters of Chr. Vladeraccus, for which we are indebted to


Prof. M.A. Nauwelaerts (Hum. Lov. XXI, 1972, 239-279) contain
three Hebrew quotes. Alas: we must assume that despite his attendan
at the Collegium trilingue his familiarity with Hebrew must have be
extremely poor.
The shortest quote, five words from Isaiah, contains 4 serious m
takes, while his quotes from Deuteronomy and Daniel are a sensele
jumble of letters. The quotations as they stand indicate that t
printer was given a manuscript in which Hebrew letters — some
which are admittedly easy to confuse1 — had been copied without
comprehension, to provide the show of erudition so beloved by man
Humanists. Five times, groups of letters (we cannot cali them word
since they do not conform to recognizable word patterns) end wit
the letter mem written in its initial and medial form, but not in t
form of mem-final which is totally different but the only one p
missible at the end of a word.
Moreover, Chr. Vladeraccus misunderstands his quotation from
Deuteronomy. It is not an injunction to take care of the poor, though
this is of course implicit in ali biblical references to poverty, but the
result of an ideal pre-condition : There will be no poor if you (verse 5)
diligently observe all commandments ; that this is an ideal not to
become reality follows from verse 11 of the same chapter, a verse
that must be read in conjunction with verses 4 and 5, viz. : 11. "for
the poor shall never cease out of the land". This has become proverbiai
in the form: "The poor shall always be with us".
I append the corrected quotations in the Hebrew as well as trans
literated : a look at Vladeraccus' rendering will demonstrate to anyone

1 Which is why Hebrew cursive script departs considerably from the litterae
quadrarne, thus obviating confusion of similar-looking letters.

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386 MISCELLANEA

with an elementary knowledge of


possess it.

— Isaiah 40.13 ‫הוהי חור־תא ןכת־ימ‬


mi-tikken eth-ruach adonai
Who has meted out the spirit of the Lord?

— Deut. 15.4 (not 24. 14f.) ‫קיבא ףב־היהי אל יפ םפא‬


efess ki lo yihyeh-b'cha evyon
Howbeit there shall be no needy among you

^ ‫עיקרה רהמ וריהזי םיליכשמהו‬


— Dan. 12.3 (not 5) !‫־'־״ ־־ ·־־ ··י־־‬
‫יקידצמו‬ ‫רעו םלועל םיבכוככ םיברה‬
ν ν ν τ ν τ τ : ‫״‬Τ ‫ ־ · ־‬IT ■‫ ־‬. · ‫״‬

v'hamaskilim yaz'hiru k'zohar haraqia umatz'diqe harabbim


l'olam va'ed
And they that are wise shall shine as the brightness of the firmament;
and they that turn the many to righteousness as the stars for ever and ever.

Harry C. Schnur

— Aimeric et Érasme à propos de Disticha Catonis, IV.25.2.


VArs lectorìa d'Aimeric, rédigée en 1086, a été récemment éditée
dans son intégralité par H.F. Reijnders1. Dans la partie du traité
réservée à la prosodie, Aimeric attire notamment l'attention sur le fait
que, en dépit de la règie generale, certains verbes de la seconde conju
gaison, dont "videre", peuvent avoir exceptionnellement un e final
bref à l'impératif présent singulier2. Il en donne comme preuve des
exemples tirés de Perse (Sai., 1.108) et d'Horace (Epist., 1.13.19 et
Serm., II.3.177). Il cite également "Catunculus", c'est-à-dire le deu
xième vers du 25e distique du livre IV des Disticha Catonis : "hoc

1 Dans Vivarium, IX (1971), 119-137 et X (1972), 41-101 et 124-176.


2 Cfr p.48. Aimeric envisage également d'autres cas, et notamment celui du e bref
de la syllabe pénultième de l'infinitif présent. Au sujet de ces "Schwankungen" et de
ces licences poétiques, voir F. Sommer, Handbuch der lateinischen Laut- und Formlehre
(Heidelberg, 19142), pp. 507-508 et 516. Un répertoire très complet de ces cas est
donné par F. Neue, Formenlehre der lateinischen Sprache, 3e édition, revue par
C. Wagener (Berlin, 1897) III, 301-302. On y retrouve les exemples allégués par
Aimeric et, naturellement, bien d'autres.

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MISCELLANEA 387

vide ne rursus levitatis crimine dam


"Ubi quidam loco 'vide' temerarii l
diversi diversa mutant". Si Fon se
Disticha procurée par M. Boas4, o
manuscrits de la traditio recentis
"aspice" (e.a. le Vat. Palat. lat. 157
incunable de 1475 (GKW 6277) do
"hoc vide ne"), que le correcteur
(s. IX-X) a noté "serva" au-dessus d
prévenu une correction malencont
ce qui nous intéresse ici, — on ap
éviter le piège décelé quatre siècle
mairien et qu'il s'est cru obligé d'ém
"hoc fuge". L'érudit J. H. Withof lu
substituer "cave" à "hoc vide" 5.
Voilà sans doute une petite mésaventure qu'Érasme n'aurait pas
beaucoup appréciée. Et, puisque nous en sommes à la louange d'Ai
meric, signalons qu'à un autre endroit de son traité il énonce, à l'occa
sion d'un cas litigieux, la règie d'or des philologues, savoir la fidélité
à l'usage des auteurs étudiés : "... sed usus auctorum magis imitandos
iudico"6. C'est en des termes analogues qu'allait s'exprimer, à la fin
du XVe siècle, parmi bien d'autres, Alexandre Hegius dans son
Invectiva in modos significandi : "Neque eo latine scripserunt, quia

3 Le premier vers du distique est : "Laudaris quodcumque palam, quodcumque


probaris".
4 Disticha Catonis, recensuit et apparatu critico instruxit Marcus Boas. Opus post
Marci Boas mortem edendum curavit H.J. Botschuyver (Amsterdam, 1952), cfr
pp. 223-225.
5 L'édition d'O. Arntzenius d'Amsterdam 1754 (cfr M. Boas, op. cit., p. lv) qui
contient, entre autres, deux dissertations de J.H. Withof sur les Disticha ne m'a pas
été accessible. J'ai dü me contenter de l'édition d'Utrecht 1735 (cfr M. Boas, ibid.),
et par ailleurs je n'ai pu atteindre directement les deux études de Withof (elles se
trouvent notamment au British Museum, cfr General Catalogue ..., CCLIX (1965),
col. 827-828). Je me base donc ici sur l'information donnée par Boas, op. cit., p.224.
L'édition d'Érasme (Louvain, 1514) est également reprise par Arntzenius.
Je n'ai pu consulter que l'édition de Strasbourg 1515, mais elle est identique, en tout
cas pour le point qui nous concerne, avec l'édition de 1514.
6 Op. cit., p. 51.

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388 MISCELLANEA

sciverunt modos significandi (..


Veteres imitati et ita ut Veteres sc

Lubumbashi-Bruxelles. Η. Silvestre

7 Cfr J. IJsewijn, "Alexander Hegius (t 1498). Invertiva in modos significandi"


Forum for Modem Language Studies, VII (1971), 299-318 (voir p. 310).

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INSTRUMENTUM CRITICUM

— Cortesius Paulus

Paolo Cortesi, De hominibus doctis dialogus, Testo, traduzione e


mento a cura di Maria Teresa Graziosi. L'Ippogrifo, Collana di te
e studi diretta da Aulo Greco, 1 (Roma, Bonacci Editore, 1973).
In textu emendando rationem etiam habuimus collationis codicis
Camaldulensis, quam docta editrix, dum plagulas libri sui corrigit,
in calce addidit, pp. 119-120.
Has emendationes sensus nobis postulare videtur :
p.4, 1.11 : coniunxisti malumus pro convinxisti, quia in manuscriptis
libris saepe iv et vi permutantur et "convincire" vocabulum est a
sermone ciceroniano, cui Cortesius adhaeret, omnino alienum.
p. 4,1.24 : "cuiusmaxime studiis deditum" latinius est quam "cui...".
p. 6, 1.19 : "me id licentiis fecisse". Procul dubio legendum est cum
codicibus Venetiano (M) et Camaldulensi (E) licentius.
p.14, 1.30 : "sunt ista tamdiu ... disputata". Melius cum tribus (E,
F. M) e quattuor codicibus legitur iamdiu. Deest omnino compara
tionis sensus (tam ... quam), neque alia adest causa cur tam scribi
oporteat.
p. 16, 1.3: "... attigerunt. De his ...". Aliter distinguasi "... atti
gerunt, de his ...".
p. 16,1.4 : "hoc in loco". Melius "hoc loco", quod E, F, M, habent.
p. 16, 1.21 : "a Chrysolora exordium", legas cum E, F, M.
p. 20,1.22 : "aptior aut ornatior" legas pro "atque", testibus E, F, M.
p.24, 1.28 : malim "officina quaedam", cum Μ et E.
p.26, 1.9: "ut perfractum in compositione" et p.48, 1.23 per
fractior. Malim praefractum et praefractior, quia de genere scribendi
agitur. Praefractus terminus technicus est artis rhetoricae, perfractus
vero non est.

p. 36, 1.12 : "ad ... utilitatem ad inventa historia videri solet". Legas
adinventa.

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390 INSTRUMENTA

ρ.38, 1.25: "Pomponio nostro, vir enim Sic distinguas : "...


nostro. Vir ...".
ρ. 38, 1.27 : "fuit rhetor ...". Malim sequi EFM.
p. 40, 1.4 : malim sequi EFM : "nullus candor est".
p.42, 1.14 : malim sequi EM : "Sed polite et eleganter ...".
ρ. 48,1.22 : Sequamur oportet lectionem EM : "Ac eiusdem quoque",
ρ. 50,1.6 : "seriesque rerum, ut tamquam in viseo". Legas "seriesque
rerum ut, tamquam in visco ...".
p. 50, 1.1 : "ut in eo (= Cicerone) nullum esse numerum affirment,
quam tarn multa praecepta de orationis numero reliquisse videant".
Legas quem.
ρ. 50, 1.7 : "aequa in oratione atque in carminibus". Legas aeque,
et Portasse cum FM : "in oratione aeque atque ...".
p. 54, 1.4: "breve tempus fuit ingeniorum percipiendorum". Legas
cum EFM "... fuit fructuum ingenii percipiendorum".
p.54, 1.14: "maiorem ... gloriam esset consequutus, quamquam ex
umbratili ludo quaeri posse videatur". Legendum utique quam quae.
p. 54, 1.25 : "Ut enim e/" legas cum EM.
ρ. 64, 1.9 : "simili prope modo" legas cum EFM pro morte.
p.66, 1.11 : "fructus futuras, quos si percipere ei licuisset". Malim :
"... futures. Quodsi ..." (cf. EM).
p.66, 1.31 : Legas "ingenii celeritate", ut in EFM.
p.68, 11.26-27: "cum interdicendum ea ... oblivisceretur". Legas
inter dicendum.

p. 70,11.14-15 : "sed hunc sublimius astronomiae scientiam substulit".


Legas scientia.
p. 72, 1.11 : Poggu. Legas Poggii.
Operae pretium est monere quod in praefatione huius editionis novus
annus nativitatis Cortesii proponitur (p.vn), nempe 1471 pro 1465.
Causa est quae de se ipse scripsit Cortesius in opere De Cardinalatu :
"Lodovicus Patavinus Patriarcha (= Ludovicus Cardinalis Scarampi,
f 22.111.1465) ... sexennio ante me natum est mortuus".
J. IJsewijn

— J. L. Praschii "Psyche Cretica" resarta.

Cum primum Humanistica Lovaniensia ad vitam revocare cona


remur, inter alia Joannis Ludovici Praschii fabulam de Psyche Cretica,

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INSTRUMENTA 391

a Maria Josepha Desmet-Goethals


accepimus. At typographi seu negleg
aliquantum fefellit erroribusque te
loco corrupit.
Quos errores, meliorem nacti typographum, infra emendavimus.
Fabula edita est in Hum. Lov. 17 (1968), 123-156.
Sic corrigas :

emendandum emendatum

p. 124, §9 1.3: consaguineis consanguineis


p. 125, §15 1.3 : obtullisset obtulisset

p. 127, §201.8 : princips princeps


p. 127, §23 1.1 : ne me
ρ.131,§41 1.2: praesumsiste praesumsisti
ρ. 132, §45 1.2 : adorous adortus
p. 132, §45 1.5 : mortem morte
ρ. 136, §60 1.5 : dele : aurea ... sa lege : conspicatus sum,
regressus in memoriam
depositi, tibi ex lege
p. 138, §691.7 : assus- assues
p. 152, §135 1.9qua ter quater
p. 154, §145 1.8obsolvitur absolvitur
p. 156, §153 1.9hirtäque ; hirtäque
De Praschii fabula vide etiam Jacobum Volckmann, De Fabulis
Romanensibus Antiquis et Recentioribus (Kiloniae, 1703), pp. 17-19.

J. IJsewijn

III

— Historia trium amantium.

This anonymous Latin novella has been edited in Hum. Lov.


(1968), 53-82. We correct here the typographical errors.

instead of read
p. 61,1.12 paucis perstrinxero paucis omnia perstrin
xero

p. 61,1.16 adolescentem adoloscentem


p. 64, 1.9 adolescentem adoloscentem

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392 INSTRUMENTA

p. 65, 1.10 gaudio < gaudio >


p.66, 1.14 hominem hominum

p. 68, 1.11 gena : gena,


capillos. capillos,
p. 68, 1.19 at te a te

p. 69, 1.13 stultas stulta


p. 70, 1.19 recrudescere recrudescere.
p. 71,1.16 adolescens adoloscens

p. 72, 1.5 pulchretudine < pulchritudine >


p. 74, 1.6/7 adolescentis adoloscentis
p. 74, 1.16 adolescentem adoloscentem
p. 81, 1.27 habuera habuere

The answer to the question at p. 59, η. 1 : the two verses (f. 156r, 11.21
22: the text on p.66) are taken, with only a slight Variation at the
beginning (Νam nobis instead of Sed vobis), from Properce 2, 9, 31-32.

G. Tournoy

IV

— Barbarus Hermolaus, SR.

In his review of the criticai edition of the Orationes contra Poetas.

Epistolae, edited by G. Ronconi (Firenze, 1972), appearing in the


Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, Classe di Lettere e
Filosofia, serie III, vol. 111,4 (1973), 1190-1193, G. Martellotti dis
cusses the humanists' attitude towards the concinnitas ; their incon
sistency in syntactical matter seems to suggest that they looked for
the variatio as the most elegant way of expression.
The same idea, corroborated by other examples, can be found in
the review (pp. 531-532) by Silvio Rizzo of the edition of C. Landino,
De vera nobilitate (see below, no. Vili).

— Celtis Conradus.

D. Wuttke, "Textkritisches Supplement zu Martfelders Edition d


Celtis-Epigramme", in RENATAE LITTERAE. Studien zum Nach
leben der Antike und zur europäischen Renaissance August Buck zu

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INSTRUMENTA 393

60. Geburtstag am 3.12.1971 dargebra


Herausgegeben von Kl. Heitmann und
1973), pp. 105-130.
Offers a long list of corrections a
K. Hartfelder, Fünf Bücher Epigram
1881; Reprint Hildesheim, 1963) on t
Nürnberg Ms. Cent. V, App. 3 and
found Celtis manuscript at Kassel.
The author is preparing a criticai ed
hereafter : Instrumentum bibliograph

vi

— Gretser Jacobus S.J.

Some corrections to the text edition of U. Herzog, Jakob Gretsers


"Udo von Magdeburg", 1598 (Berlin, 1970) are to be found in the
criticai reviews by F. Rädle, Literaturwissenschaftliches Jahrbuch,
N.F., 12 (1971), 379-385 and J. IJsewijn, Daphnis, Zeitschrift für
Mittlere Deutsche Literatur, 2 (1973), 119-121.

VII

— Hoest Stephanus.

F. Rädle adds a list of textual corrections to the Reden und Briefe,


edited by F. Baron (München, 1971) in his review for the journal
Arcadia, 8 (1973), 328-331. See already Humanistica Lovaniensia, 22
(1973), 334.

VIII

— Landinus Christophorus.

C. Landino, De vera nobilitate. Kritisch herausgegeben und eingele


von M. Lentzen·, Travaux d'Humanisme et Renaissance, 109 (Genè
1970).
The reviews by G. Tournoy, Romanische Forschungen, 85 (1973),
609-611, R. Cardini, "A proposito del 'De vera nobilitate' del Lan
dino", Rassegna della letteratura italiana, 75 (1971), 451-459 (reprinted

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394 INSTRUMENTA

in R. Cardini, La critica del Landin


and Silvia Rizzo, "Due edizioni di un trattato umanistico latino",
Rivista di filologia e di istruzione classica, 101 (1973), 523-533, offer
a number of important corrections to the text.

IX

— Melanchthon Philippus.

J. Martinek, "De non necessaria emendatione carminis, quod


Philippo Melanchthone scriptum esse creditur", Zpróvy Jednoty
sickych filologu, XV (1973), 19 proves that there is no need to re
fiunt instead of fieri in the first verse of the epigram edited by F. Ge
ner, Archiv für Geschichte des Buchwesens, 10 (1970), 318. One o
has to put commas after verse 1 and after testatur Phoebus in v.
Fieri depends on testatur.

— Parmenius Stephanus.

Stephen Parmenius, The New Found Land of Stephen Parmenius.


The Life and Writings of a Hungarian Poet, Drowned on a Voya
from Newfoundland, 1583. Edited and translated with Commentari
by D. B. Quinn and Ν. M. Cheshire (Toronto-Buffalo, 1972).
The review by J. B. Dallett, Renaissance Quarterly, XXVI (1973),
355-357 includes some textual emendations.

XI

— Picus Mirandulanus Iohannes.

Giovanni Pico Della Mirandola, Conclusiones sive theses DCCCC


Romae anno 1486 publice disputandae, sed non admissae. Texte établi
d'après le ms. d'Erlangen (E) et /'editio princeps (P), collationné avec
les manuscrits de Vienne (V et W) et de Munich (M), avec l'introduction
et les annotations critiques par Β. Kieszkowski (Genève, 1973).
The basis of this edition is fundamentally wrong since the codex
Erlangensis is clearly a codex descriptus of the Roman editio princeps
by Eucharius Silber. Fortunately K. adopted more often the readings

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INSTRUMENTA 395

of Ρ than E in his text. The reader


readings of E by means of the app
obvious misprints of the first edition

• XII

— Varchius Benedictus.

Liber carminum Benedicti Varchii. A cura di Aulo Greco. Rom


1969. The review by M. Feo, Annali della Scuola Normale Superio
di Pisa, Classe di Lettere e Filosofìa, serie III, 4 (1973), 1193-
indicates not only new unpublished poems of Varchi, but offer
a long list of textual emendations.

J. IJsewijn - G. Tournoy

INSTRUMENTUM BIBLIOGRAPHICUM

Colloquia erasmiana Turonensia. Douzième stage international d'ét


humanistes, Tours, 1969. (De Pétrarque à Descartes, 24). Paris, 2
1972, 973 pp.

The 500th anniversary of Erasmus' birth (1469-1969) provoke


flurry of congresses, scholarly celebrations, etc. all over the w
The end result of ali this activity has been a veritable deluge of
cations. However, as was to be expected when such a cruciai fig
is concerned, many were clearly called to talk and write about Er
without having had the opportunity and the time to present the
of intense study. Under the circumstances the anniversary year
has produced an Inflation of articles; it will no doubt soon beco
apparent that much of this literature was occasionai.
The collection Colloquia erasmiana Turonensia numbers some
papers read at Tours on the occasion of the "Douzième stage
national d'études humanistes" (3-25 July, 1969), which was dev
to the great Dutch humanist. The outcome: nearly a thousand p
spread over two volumes ! The reader encounters an enormous v
of subjects, for the Organizers had not imposed a definite them

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INSTRUMENTA 395

of Ρ than E in his text. The reader


readings of E by means of the app
obvious misprints of the first edition

• XII

— Varchius Benedictus.

Liber carminum Benedicti Varchii. A cura di Aulo Greco. Rom


1969. The review by M. Feo, Annali della Scuola Normale Superio
di Pisa, Classe di Lettere e Filosofìa, serie III, 4 (1973), 1193-
indicates not only new unpublished poems of Varchi, but offer
a long list of textual emendations.

J. IJsewijn - G. Tournoy

INSTRUMENTUM BIBLIOGRAPHICUM

Colloquia erasmiana Turonensia. Douzième stage international d'ét


humanistes, Tours, 1969. (De Pétrarque à Descartes, 24). Paris, 2
1972, 973 pp.

The 500th anniversary of Erasmus' birth (1469-1969) provoke


flurry of congresses, scholarly celebrations, etc. all over the w
The end result of ali this activity has been a veritable deluge of
cations. However, as was to be expected when such a cruciai fig
is concerned, many were clearly called to talk and write about Er
without having had the opportunity and the time to present the
of intense study. Under the circumstances the anniversary year
has produced an Inflation of articles; it will no doubt soon beco
apparent that much of this literature was occasionai.
The collection Colloquia erasmiana Turonensia numbers some
papers read at Tours on the occasion of the "Douzième stage
national d'études humanistes" (3-25 July, 1969), which was dev
to the great Dutch humanist. The outcome: nearly a thousand p
spread over two volumes ! The reader encounters an enormous v
of subjects, for the Organizers had not imposed a definite them

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396 INSTRUMENTA

the participants. As J.-Cl. Margolin


"Aucun thème n'avait été impose d'a
en effet leur laisser une totale liberté d
pour exposer les thèses ou les thème
... Les cinq rubriques entre lesquelle
cinquante conférences n'ont aucun c
These five headings are:
I. Signification historique d'Érasm
II. Présence européenne d'Érasme
III. Philologie, pacifisme et sagess
IV. Profils socio-culturels d'Érasm
V. Le christianisme d'Érasme : so
influences (20 articles).
The very size of the collection of
discussing, however briefly, each indi
therefore prefers to confine himself
To begin with, for a number of the
not their first publication. Thus, P
l'imprimerie bàloise et la France (pp
erasmianum, ed. J. Coppens, Leiden
lo's contributions, Érasme et les Pa
Conscribendis Epistolis (pp. 223-232)
elsewhere (e.g. the first in Handeli
Herdenking — Actes de la Commém
sels, 1970, pp. 61-80, the second in
Culture A.D. 500-1500, edited by R. R. Bolgar (Cambridge, 1971),
pp. 103-114 and in Hermeneus, 42 (1970-71), pp. 108-118); the text of
O. Schottenloher's lecture, Érasme et la respublica Christiana (pp. 667
690), has already appeared in German in Historische Zeitschrift, 210
(1970), 295-323; the article by E.-W. Kohls, Érasme et la Réforme
(pp. 837-847), was also published in the Revue d'Histoire et de Philo
sophie Religieuses, 50 (1970), 245-256, and that by L.-E. Halkin,
Érasme en Italie (pp. 37-54) is to be found under another title (Érasme,
de Turin à Rome) in Mélanges Meylan (Geneva, 1970), pp. 5-19.
The collection undoubtedly suffers from a certain ambiguity. Not
only was no theme set for the colloquium, but it is also apparent that
the participants were never told which audience they were to address.
One indeed finds side by side papers of a fundamental nature, products
of no-nonsense scholarship, as well as rather vulgarizing contributions.

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INSTRUMENTA 397

(This perhaps partially explains wh


French Version of texts that were al
another language). One also encoun
scarcely be addressed to Erasmus spe
en Angle terre (pp. 161-174) offers lit
with Huizinga's biography; the paper
dion militis christiani. Sa genèse et sa
tudes (pp. 613-646), is for the most p
of the Enchiridion, and therefore m
audience.
This uneven quality of the contributions of course makes a com
prehensive evaluation of the collection well-nigh impossible. But all
this cannot alter the fact that the volumes contain a wealth of Infor
mation, even for the specialist. Thus worthy of note are a number of
very readable discussions of almost neglected subjects, such as J. Cop
pens's two papers, Le portrait de Saint Jéróme d'après Erasme (pp. 821 -
828) — on the Vita Hieronymi, a text not included in Clericus's Leiden
edition, which presumably explains why scholarly attention has been
so modest — and Les scolies d'Erasme sur l'Epistola de interdicto esu
carnium (pp. 829-836). Interesting biographical details are also offered,
e.g. by J. Hadot's article on the identification of the localities Tourne
hem and Courtebourne (pp. 87-96), by L.-E. Flalkin's paper on
Erasmus's route through Italy (pp. 37-53), and by H. Brabant's two
absorbing contributions, Épidémies et médecins au temps d'Érasme
(pp. 517-537) and Érasme, ses maladies et ses médecins (pp. 539-568).
Mention may also be made here of some inspiring discussions that
center on Erasmus's spiritual personality: P. Petitmengin, Comment
étudier l'activité d'Erasme, éditeur de textes antiques (pp. 217-222,
with a bibliographical appendix on this little studied aspect) ; G. Vallese,
Erasme et le De duplici copia verborum ac rerum (pp. 233-239) and
Erasme et Cìcéron : les lettres-préfaces au De officiis et aux Tusculanes
(pp.241-246); J.-P. Massaut, Érasme et Saint Thomas (pp.581-611).
But such an enumeration still remains somewhat arbitrary. The
versatility of Erasmus's activity and influence has made him the
object of as many specializations, a fact eloquently borne out by the
collection here reviewed; for that reason alone it is a gold mine of
bibliographical Information.
It is of course unfeasible in such a brief review to discuss in detail

the many points that might give rise to controversy. The primary

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398 INSTRUMENTA

intention of this notice was to underscore the collection's multi


faceted character as well as its heterogeneity. Non multa, sed multum.
To return to the Observation with which this review began: the collec
tion undoubtedly contains much occasionai work, but at the same
time it offers a good many engaging, thorough, inspiring studies.
The specialist, after reading only a few paragraphs, will have no
trouble in assigning each contribution to one of these two categories.
C. Matheeussen

First Complete Edition of Conrad Celtis.

With the support of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Bo


Bad Godesberg) and in co-operation with the Publishing hous
C. H. Beck (Munich) a group of five philologists and historians ar
preparing the first complete edition of the works of the German "
humanist" Conrad Celtis (1459-1508). A historical and criticai edi
in eight volumes with a translation of the text into German is intende
The following sections have been agreed upon :

Conrad Celtis: Opera omnia. Latin and German, Edited by Di


Wuttke.

Vol. 1 : Ars versificandi. Epitoma in utramque Ciceronis rhet


cam. Methodus epistolandi. Panegyris ad duces Bavaria
and Oratio Ingelstadio recitata. Pr-ogrammatic prefaces o
works edited by Celtis. Germania generalis.
Editor: Franz Josef Worstbrock, Technische Universität
Berlin, Institut für deutsche Philologie.
Vol. 2: Norimberga with the contemporary German translation
by Georg Alt.
Editor: Klaus Arnold, Universität Würzburg, Historisches
Seminar.

Vol. 3: Quattuor Libri Amorum.


Editor: Günter Hess, Universität München, Seminar für
deutsche Philologie II.
Vol.4: Libri Odarum Quattuor. Liber Epodon. Carmen Saecu
lare. Scattered Odes.
Editor: Eckart Schäfer, Universität Freiburg i.Br., Seminar
für klassische Philologie.

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INSTRUMENTA 399

Vol. 5: Libri Quinque Epigrammatu


Epigrammatum. Scattered Epigra
Editor: Dieter Wuttke, Univers
für deutsche Philologie.
Vol. 6: Ludi.
Editor: Dieter Wuttke.
Vol. 7 : Correspondence.
Editors: Franz Josef Worstbrock and Dieter Wuttke.
Vol. 8: Varia, a) Grammatica Graeca. b) Documentation of lost
and planned works. c) Documentation of Celtis's interest
in archeology and his relation to the fine arts. d) The
remains of Celtis's library, e) Documents of Celtis's activi
ties not included in the other volumes. f) Portraits. g) Re
ception of Celtis from the 16th-18th Century, h) Biblio
graphy of research on Celtis. i) General index of incipits,
names, things and notions. j) Celtis dictionary.
Editor : Dieter Wuttke.

The editors request the help of all collectors, antiquarian book


sellers, archivists, librarians, historians and philologists in finding
remote and unknown material. Even Information about suppositions
can be of great importance. All help will be mentioned in the intro
ductions to the volumes. Scholars who intend to publish unknown
material can assist this project by early publication of their results.
All Communications should be addressed to :
Prof. Dr. Dieter Wuttke,
Seminar für deutsche Philologie,
Nikolausberger Weg 15,
D-34 Göttingen, W. Germany.

III

A New Edition of George Buchanan.

At the University of St. Andrews, Scotland, an international "Ge


Buchanan Quater-Centenary Committee" has been establishe
undertake the publication of a new edition of the works of Geo
Buchanan which is to form a major part of the University's com
moration in 1982 of the four-hundredth anniversary of the deat

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400 INSTRUMENTA

Buchanan. The Executive Comm


James K. Cameron (St Mary's Co
I.D. McFarlane, W. Beattie, D.D.R. Owen, and Mr. R.G. Cant.

IV

Caspar Praetorius Brandenburgensis.

The Library of the University of Louvain (Kath. Univ. Le


acquired a collection of fifty-six 16th-century occasionai publica
printed in North Germany, none of which is listed in the S
German books. For the greater part they are written in Latin or
verse and bound in one volume, 4°, for Caspar Praetorius (Schu
Scultetus), a poet and mayor of Old-Brandenburg (see Jöch
Contemporary blind-tooled half pigskin over wood, dated 1578
with Praetorius's German and Latin initials: CSP; the remai
part of the sides covered with an old manuscript leaf. Two
In this interesting collection Praetorius's own contributions h
been revised and corrected in a contemporary (to ali probability
hand. Until recently the volume was privately owned in Sweden,
where it carne to Ludwig Rosenthal's Antiquariaat in Hilver
Holland.
Most probably the book was part of the war-booty, which carne
to Sweden about 1650 under king Charles X Gustav and then entered
the great collection of the Ràlamb family. On the first fly-leaf an old
hand wrote in Gothic letters what follows: "St. Gotthard. B.IV.29.
Tom. VI. Scholae (cf. Schlicht, Histor. Nachricht von dem Ursprünge
der Saldrischen Schule. 1713, pg. 7-8) (Dr. Tschtroh). Das Buch
stammt aus der Bibliothek des Caspar Praetorius, der von 1576-1591
Rector Scholae war". Underneath is the old shelf-number and the
name Saldria. Salder is a village near Wolfenbüttel and Brunswick.
The Contents of the volume are as follows:
1) Widemann, Laurentius Saganensis, Carmen de Spiritu Sancto ad
... senatum in inclyta repub. Vratislaviensi. Rostock, St. Myliander,
1565. Title printed within woodcut border. Small woodcut at the
end. 12 lvs.
2) Praetorius, Caspar Putlitzensis, Hymnus ad Spiritum Sane tum.
Wittenberg, Cl. Schleich-A. Schöne, 1575. Title with woodcut
printed within border of type Ornaments. 6 lvs.

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INSTRUMENTA 401

3) Praetorius, Caspar Putlitzensis, C


Angelorum excubiis. Wittenber
Iohannes Kemnicius Pritzwalden
type Ornaments. 8 lvs. With man
corrections and alterations.
4) Bergemann, Jacobus Bernovianus, Victoria filiì Dei, continens
fructus gloriosae Resurrectionis Christi. Frankfurt a.Oder, 1565,
6 lvs. On title handwritten dedication by the author to Geriken
(partly cut off) and another dedication to Caspar Schultetus.
On the verso of the title-page two epigrams by Mich. Abel F.F.
and Barthol. Gorytius. B.
5) Maior Iohannes Ioachimus, Parentalia anniversaria, nonum facta,
viro de ecclesia Dei viventis ... Philippo Melanthoni, etc. No place
(Rostock?), 1569. Title, with portrait of Melanchthon, printed
within border of type Ornaments. 14 lvs.
For earlier such Parentalia by the same poet, see J. B. Dallett,
"Melanchthoniana funebria in the Cornell University Library",
The Cornell Library Journal (Winter 1968), no. 4, pp. 13-71 (cf.
VII). See also Η. Scheible, "Anton Hoens Gedichte auf Melanch
thon", Nassauische Annalen 80 (1969), 81-100.
6) Carmina in discessum pietate et doctrina ornatissimi iuvenis Jo
hannis Albini Bardensis, Witeberga in Academiam Rostochianam
abeuntis. Scripta ab amicis. Wittenberg, CI. Schleich-A. Schöne,
1575. Title printed within border of type Ornaments. 4 lvs.
The first contribution, by Praetorius, entirely changed by hand.
Other contributors : Iohannes Puchnerus Crossaeus and Iohannes

Erythraeus Francus.
7) Carmina quaedam funebria dicata memoriae ... Magistri Christo
phori Libyi, pastoris ecclesiae Dei in veteri Arce Brenni. Witten
berg, J. Schwertel for M. Welack, 1578. Title printed within border
of type Ornaments. 12 lvs.
The contribution by Praetorius (6 pp.) entirely changed and
revised in ink. Other contributors are Petrus Weitzke Brande
burgensis and Johannes Lampertus Brandenburgensis.
8) Achemius, Henricus, Gratulatio. Facta ampliss. senatui totique
Reipub. civitatis veteris Brandenburgensis, cum ecclesiae eius Rev.
Dominus Urbanus Pierius ... pastorpraeficeretur. Berlin, M. Hentz
sken, 1578. Title printed within border of type Ornaments. 4 lvs.
(Last blank).

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402 INSTRUMENTA

9) Praetorius, Caspar Putlitzensis,


Praetorii qui e tur ri Put les tana ex
perijt, Carmine elegiaco descrip
Schöne, 1577. Title, with woodcut
Ornaments. 4 lvs.

With numerous alterations, partly rewritten in the margins. Daniel


was the brother of the author.
10) Bocerus, Johannes, Ad ... D. Constantinum Ferberium inclytae
Dantiscanae Reipub. Consulem, ob novam in patria urbe constitu
tionem et gymnasij instaurationem. Elegia gratulatoria. Rostock,
St. Myliander, 1563. 8 lvs.
Constantin Ferber was mayor of Danzig. See: Allgemeine Deutsche
Biographie, VI. 627-28.
11) Chytraeus, Nathan, Pompa splendidissimi in urbem suam Rosto
chium, post felicem controversiarum transactionem, ingressus illus
triss. princip. et DD. D. Johannis Alberti et Hulderici FRM
ducum Megap. princip. Vandalorum, com. Sverini, DD. Rostochii
et Stargardiae, etc. ... clementiss. Rostock, J. Lucius Transyl
vanus, 1574. Woodcut coat of arms on verse of title. 8 lvs. (last
blank).
12) Frederus, Johannes, Illustrissimis principibus ac dominis Johanni
Alberto et Udalrico fratribus, ducibus Megapolensibus ... Panegyris.
Rostock, J. Stockelmann-A. Gutterwitz, 1574. Each page sur
rounded by a nice woodcut border. Woodcut coat of arms on
verso of title. 12 lvs.
13) Maior, Johannes Ioachimus, Epithalamion in honorem nuptiarum
... Johannis Boukii, comitis Palatini. Wittenberg, P. Seitz, 1567.
Small woodcut vignette on title. 8 lvs.
14) Epithalamia in honorem nuptiarum ... Zachariae Garcaei ... et
Annae ... D. Andreae Schullers consulis, filiae, scripta ab amicis.
Wittenberg, J. Crato, 1576. Title printed within border of type
Ornaments. 8 lvs.

Poems by Vincentius a Nitenbergk, P. Weitzke (in Greek), Prae


torius (with alterations) and Michael Haveland. Zacharias Gartz
(Garcaeus) was "Stadtschreiber" of Brandenburg. He married the
mayor's daughter Anna Schuller. See: Allgemeine Deutsche Bio
graphie, XLIX. 253-54.
15) Carmina quaedam amicorum, scripta in honorem Marci Luscovii ...
et ... Elisabethae Kirchoves, patritiae Rostochiensis sponsae eius.

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INSTRUMENTA 403

Rostock, J. (Lucius) Transylvanus


printed within woodcut border. 6
Contributors : Johannes Posse
J. Edelingus Pomeranus, P. Creis
16) Nuptiis ... Joannis Caselli et Ge
Rostock, J. (Lucius) Transylvan
printed within woodcut border.
of title. 4 lvs.
Contributors: N. Chytraeus (two
Laurentius Rhodomannus.
Johannes Caselius, born 1533 at Göttingen, was tutor of duke
Johann Albrecht's son in co-operation with the duke's counsellor,
Andreas Mylius. Afterwards he became professor at the University
of Helmstedt, where he died in 1613.
See at length: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, IV. 40-42; F. Kol
dewey, Jugendgedichte des Humanisten J. C. ; In Auswahl und mit
einer Einleitung herausgegeben. Beilage Programm Herzogl. Gym
nasiums Martino-Katharineum (Braunschweig, 1902); Id., Paräne
tische Gedichte des Humanisten J.C.; In Auswahl etc. (Ib., 1905);
W. Kohlschmidt, "Homo more metrico ludens. Geistliche Lieder
auf der humanistischen Schulbank", in: Festschrift Arnold Geering,
hrsg. von V. Ravizza (Bern-Stuttgart, 1972), pp. 81-87.
17) Epithalamia moribus ... Baldassaro Theodoro et ... Annae, ...
Joannis Forsteri ... filiae. Scripta ab amicis. Wittenberg, the heirs
of L. Schwenck, 1575. Title printed within border of type Orna
ments. 4 lvs.

Contributors: Laurentius Ludovicus Leobergensis, Paulus Ber


navus Laubensis, and Elias Theodorus.
18) Nuptiis ... Joannis Pauli, rectoris scholae cathedralis et Elisabethae
Μart in iae, filiae ... Andreae Martini, pastoris et professoris Rosto
chiensis. Rostock, J. Lucius (Transylvanus), 1575. Woodcut on
title. 4 lvs.

One poem in Greek by J. Albinus. Other contributors: Paulus


Otterbornius, Martinus Nordanus Lubecensis.
For the father of the bride see: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie,
XX. 500.

19) Epithalamia ... Christiane Koltzovio, scholae Rostochiensis ad D.


virginem rectori, et ... Dorotheae Radeniciae, sponsae eius. Scripta
ab amicis. Rostock, J. Stockelmann-A. Gutterwitz, 1574. Woodcut
on title. Partly printed in red and black (an acrostic). 8 lvs.

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404 INSTRUMENTA

Partly in Greek. Contributors:


Dithmarsus (two poems), Mat
Grym Pomeranus, Jacobus Cru
Brunsvicensis, (two poems in G
torpiensis (in Greek).
20) Nuptiis ... Christophori Horte
... et ... Annae Macheniae. Carmi
(Transylvanus) 1572. Title, with
border. 16 lvs. (Last blank).
One poem in Greek by J. Possel
Garberus Neostadianus, Adamus
ciscus Bredovius Luneburgensis
Samuel Keiner Halensis (two po
21) Eilbrachtus, Johannes, jr., El
Frischmanni Neustadensis ... ann
sylvanus, 1567. Woodcut on titl
With handwritten dedication by
22) Laurentius, David Magdeburge
coniugis ... Fabiani Klee, syndici
corum Magdeburgensium. Witte
border of type Ornaments. 4 lvs.
23) Scripta in funere ... Johann
Johanne Posselio, Nathane Chy
burgensi, Georgio Gysaeo Rupin
copiensi. Rostock, St. Myliander
12 lvs.

The poem by J. Posselius is in G


is a dedication to archbishop La
24) Briesmannus, Pascha Perleber
tas et fruetus coniugii, contra sim
castitatem. In honorem nuptiar
theae ... Michaelis Gisleri ... fili
on verso of title. 8 lvs. Partly in
25) Pletzius, Martinus VVelsenacen
consolationis plenissimam Jhesu
passionem scripti. Rostock, J. S
Woodcut on title. 8 lvs. Partly i
26) Erichslebius, Cunradus, jr., Car
ad ... J. Saltzwedel consulem, Bern

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INSTRUMENTA 405

Dasypodium inclytae urbis Stend


Rostock, 1573. 4 lvs.
27) Crusemarchius, -Christopherus O
annum ... dominis consulibus et s
burgensis ... dedicata. Wittenberg,
Title printed within border of type or
Handwritten dedication for Joach. C
28) Witten, Joachim Rupinensis, Histo
salvatoris nostri Iesu Christi, secund
evangelistae, Carmine elegiaco. Witte
1570. Title printed within border of t
29) Schaulrabius, Weichmannus Hanno
scriptum in honorem ... Sebastiani The
artium & philosophiae magistri, ac
Vitebergensi. Wittenberg, Cl. Sch
printed within border of type orname
30) Praetorius, Caspar Putlitzensis, Ge
Johannis Godtschovii, Rostochii ad D. Nicolaum Ludi rectoris
filij, eiusdem cum patre nominis. Wittenberg, Cl. Schleich-A.
Schöne, 1574. Title printed within border of type ornaments.
4 lvs. Epigram of Stigelius on verso of title-page.
31) Rockenbach, Abraham Zeapolitanus, Carmen in natalem Domini
et Salvatoris nostri Iesu Christi. Frankfurt a.Oder, 1567. Orna
mental vignette on title. 4 lvs.
32) Kundius, Johannes Dresdensis, Historia diluvii ad amplissimos
et prudentissimos viros, dominos consules et reliquos senatores
inclytae urbis Dresdae, versibus conscripta. Wittenberg, P. Seitz,
1570. Title printed within border of type ornaments. 8 lvs.
(Last blank).
33) Wernerus, Joannes Megalburgensis, Carmen hexametrum de lapsu
Adae et Evae. Wittenberg, 1570. Title, with fine woodcut, printed
within border of type ornaments. 12 lvs.
34) Mauricius, Georgius Noribergensis, Carmen gratulatorium scrip
tum in honorem ... Sebastiani Theodorici Winshemij, mathematum
professoris publici in Academia Witebergensi et D. Urbani Zuesneri
Carinthij, cum Ulis conferrentur honores & insignia doctorum in arte
medica 19 Iunij 1571. Wittenberg, P. Seitz, 1571. Title printed
within border of type ornaments. 4 lvs.
35) Witten, Caspar Rupinensis, Epithalamium in honorem nuptiarum ...

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406 INSTRUMENTA

Joachimi Witten ... et Annae ..


L. Schwenck, 1570. Title printe
4 lvs.

36) Epithalamia ... Bartholomaeo Detaero ... et ... Catharinae ...


Zabelli Kemnitij ... filiae ... scripta a convictoribus et amicis.
Wittenberg, J. Lufft, 1570. Title, with vignette, printed within
border of type Ornaments. 4 lvs.
Contributions by Adamus Franciscus legerndorfensis, Nicolaus
Piscator Weidensis.
37) Lechelius, Joannes Baptista Onoltzbacensis, Elegia de nuptiis ...
Pauli Eberi ... Pauli Eberi S. theologiae doct. et pastoris eccl.
Witebergensis filij, et ... Mariae ... Georgii Maioris, S. theologiae
doctoris et professoris in Academia Witebergensi, filiae, scripta.
Wittenberg, L. Schwenck, 1564. 4 lvs.
For the father of the bridegroom see: Allgemeine Deutsche Bio
graphie, V. 529-31.
38) Carmina epithalamia in nuptias ... Henrici Bremi Curiensis ... et
Ursulae, quondam coniugis venerandi viri Ioannis Piscatoris, verbi
Dei apud Argelienses ministri, scripta ab amicis. Wittenberg, J.
Crato, 1569. Title, with small ornamental vignette (coloured),
printed within border of type Ornaments. 10 lvs.
Contributions by Adamus Franciscus Carnovius, Erhardus Herte
lius Curiensis, Michael Cunradus Bartphensis Transylvanus, Geor
gius Mauricius, Iohannes Flertelius Onoltzbacensis (in Greek).
39) Thalmannus, Benedictus Münchbergensis, ΓΑΜΗΛΙΟΝ ΕΠΟΣ
in sacrum coniugii honorem ... Henrici Bremi Curiensis, celebrantis
nuptias cum Ursula, relicta vidua ... Joannis Piscatoris. Wittenberg,
J. Crato, 1569. Title printed within border of type Ornaments
(outer top corner of border coloured). At the end epigram by
Melanchthon. Entirely in Greek. 4 lvs.
40) Epithalamia in honorem nuptiarum ... Petri Weidneri ... et ...
Susannae ... Wolfgangi Heineri ... filiae. Scripta ab amicis.
Wittenberg, J. Schwertel, 1570. Vignette on title. 4 lvs.
Contributors: Melchior VVeiglerus VVratislaviensis, M.S. VV.
41) Epithalamia in honorem nuptiarum quas celebrant ... Clemens
Gilner Rispensis ...et... Barbara., filia ... Nicolai Heningi, oeconomi
in Academia Witebergensi, etc. Scripta ab amicis. Wittenberg,
J. Schwertel, 1572. Title printed within border of type Ornaments.
6 lvs.

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INSTRUMENTA 407

Contributors: Martinus Salbachius F., Daniel Hermannus Nid


burg. Boruss., Gregorius Peucerus Budissinus, Melchior Steinperg.,
Sebast. Pichselius R.
42) Meisterus, Joachim Gorlicensis, In librum clariss. ac omnium doctiss.
viri Philippi Melanchtonis, Germaniae praeceptoris, vitam com
plexum, opera clariss. viri Joach. Camerarij nuper editum ... carmen
eύφημικον. Wittenberg, L. Schwenck, 1569. Medallion-portrait of
Melanchthon on title. 6 Ivs.
43) Henningius, Erasmus Soltwedelensis, Epicedion de obitu et pompa
funebri ... Reimari ab Alvensleven. Leipzig, J. Rhambau, 1568.
Small ornamental vignette on title. 8 lvs.
44) Conovius, Joachim Sehusensis, Carmen de ingratitudine, scriptum
ad ... dominos consules et senatores Reipub. Sehusensis. Witten
berg, Cl. Schleich-A. Schöne, 1570. Title printed within border
of type Ornaments. 6 lvs.
With author's handwritten dedication on title.
45) Lambertus, Joannes Brandeburgensis, Gratulatio in honorem ...
Johannis Georgii, Sacri Romani Imperij Electoris et Marchionis
Brandenburgensis. Pro imperii concessi salute et auspicio. Witten
berg, L. Schwenck, 1571. Title printed within border of type
Ornaments. Fine full-page woodcut portrait on verso of title.
8 lvs.
46) Montag, Martinus Brandeburgensis, Carmina in sacro nuptiali ...
Joachimi Heinazii ...et Mariae, filiae ... Lucae Schuliii, consulis
Reipub. Brandenburgensis, scripta. Wittenberg, L. Schwenck, 1568.
Woodcut on title. 8 lvs.
47) Köselerus, Erasmus Regiomontanus, Propempticon ... Fabiano
Burggravio et Baroni à Dhona, Witeberga in patriam eunti. Witten
berg, Cl. Schleich-A. Schöne, 1570. Title printed within border of
type Ornaments. 4 lvs.
Contains a poem to the author by Nicolas Piscator on the verso
of the title-page.
48) Schosserus, Joannes, Ad ... Lampertum Distelmeier ... Electoris
Brandeburgensis Cancellarium ... Elegia. Frankfurt a.Oder, 1572.
Small ornamental vignette on title. 4 lvs.
On the statesman Lampert Distelmeyer see at length: Allgemeine
Deutsche Biographie, V. 256-58.
49) Lambertus, Johannes Brandeburgensis, Gratulatio in honorem ...
Michaelis Slavatae, Baronis a Chlum, et Domini in Cossenberg,

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408 INSTRUMENTA

magnifici rectoris Academia Witeber


berg, L. Schwenck, 1571. Title prin
ments. With 1 small woodcut. 6 lv
At the end: Metaphrasis Psalmi X
50) Memoriae Hermani Carstenii pa
et spei adolescentis. Scripta et car
cius (Transylvanus), 1571. Wood
mentai initials. Partly in Greek. 1
Contributors: J. Posselius (an ep
(two poems), Christopherus Gertn
cius Lipspringensis, Freymerus H
stadianus (two poems), Godfridus
hardus Wittenbargius Bremensis,
thusanus (two poems in Greek).
51) Johannis, Erasmus Soltquellen
Symmacho Soltq(uellensi). Wittenb
within border of type Ornaments
52) Epicedion ... Casparis (Colign
Parisiis, hoc anno 1572, die 24 Au
perfidia et immanitate trucidati.
printed within woodcut border
signed: T.H.B.V.. on verso of tit
Urbem Parisiensem'' also by T.H.B
53) Aenigma Timorumenon in lutu
1572. 12 lvs.

54) In coniugium ... Henrici Milichii, artis medicae doctoris, ac physici


ordinarij Brandeburgae, et Annae ... Johannis Schneidewein ...
filiae. Carmina gratulatoria scripta ab amicis. Wittenberg, L.
Schwenck, 1571. Title printed within border of type Ornaments.
4 lvs.
Two poems, one Anonymous, one by Martinus Henricus Saga
nensis, professor Witebergensis.
55) Memoriae Casparis Coligni Chastilonaei com. Ductoris classis
Gallicae ... interfecti D. XXli II. M. VII. Ann. Christi Μ. D. LXXII.
No place. 4 lvs.
Signed at the end: A.Q.F.
56) Timannus, Albertus Bremensis, De Alfonso rege Aragonum et
Neapolis Oratio. No place, 1573. 16 lvs.
Some old marginai annotations and some underlinings.

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INSTRUMENTA 409

On the last free fly-leaf an old ext


Fabricius in commentariis super po

J. IJsewijn

Scriptores Afro-Latini.

Terentius comicus omnium primus est scriptorum Latinorum,


genere et familia fuerunt Afri. Aetate etiam Renatarum Littera
ex Africa oriundi erant aliqui auctores Latini. Quorum tres in un
librum congregavit societas "Kraus Reprint" (Nendeln/Liechterist
Sunt autem Ioannes Latinus, Antonius Guilielmus Arno, Jacobus E
Joannes Capitein.
Ioannis Latini eduntur carmina, quae inscribuntur :
Ad catholicum pariter et invictissimum Philippum dei grafia H
paniarum regem, de foelicissima ... Fernandi principis nativita
epigrammatum Uber. Deque ... Pii Quinti romanae ecclesiae po
ficis summi rebus ... Uber unus. Austrias, Carmen de ... D. Ioan
ab Austria, Caroli Quinti filii, ...re bene gesta, in Victoria mira
... adversus Perfidos Turcas parta ...
Haec carmina primum foras data sunt Granatae anno 1573.
Sequitur A. G. Amo :
Tractatus de arte sobrie et accurate philosophandi, academ
suis praelectionibus accomodatus; addita tractatione succincta
diligenti, de critica, interpretatione, methodo, arte disputandi, alii
que, quae in logicis traduntur, rebus.
Halis Saxonum 1738.

Demum libro includitur Dissertatio politico-theologica, de Servitute,


libertati christianae non contraria, Lugduni Batavorum 1742, quam
scripsit J.E.J. Capitein. Hic praefationem ad lectorem praemisit, qua
vitam suam partim prosä, partim autem versibus exaravit.

J. IJsewijn

VI

Early North-American literature in Latin.

Professor L. M. Kaiser continues his systematic publication


texts written in Latin in the United States. After the two Orationes

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410 INSTRUMENTA

of Urian Oakes1 edited in this jo


XXI (1972), 385-412, he published s
"Tercentenary of an Oration: The 1
Urian Oakes", Harvard Library Bulle
the same classical eloquence and, m
for neo-Latin lexicography since it
illatinismus (p. 83) and the diminuti
Furthermore he printed two acade
The Classical Outlook, a monthly
Oxford, Ohio 45056. The first is an
21 June 1758 by Dr. Samuel Johnson
now Columbia University (Vol. X
second is an interesting piece of St
tatoria of Levi Jackson (1772-1821)
at Dartmouth College, 1799 (Vol.
viously unpublished 17th and 18th
sident John Leverett of Harvard
(St. Louis), Harvard Library Quar
Apart from these specimens of A
did a great deal of work on earl
anthology of which is being mad
scriptionum Latinarum Americae". A
tions were published in The Classica
articles, e.g. "The Latin Epitaph of
Magazine of History and Biography
As to poetry we refer the reader to
this volume (pp. 346-381), to the ar
of Praise': Text and Comments",
letter II. 2 (Fall, 1967), 27-31, and i
Beveridge. This poet was born in Sc
and carne to America in 1752, wher
delphia. His Epistolae familiäres et
in Philadelphia, 1765. In his article "
The Classical Journal, 58 (1963), 2
quoting long extracts or even whole

1 Oakes was born in London in 1631/32 an


See also Τ. G. Hahn, "Urian Oakes's Elegie o
American Literature. A Journal of Literary
(Duke University, Durham/North Carolina, 1

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INSTRUMENTA 411

to this study is his "Latin teacher


where he publishes an extremely int
by Nathaniel Gardner (1719-1760),
curious to find among the schoolbook
not only the Latin classics or modern
but also the early 16th Century Collo
To this survey of American Latin w
Latin life of Washington, written by
Ohio : R. P. Oliver, "A Voice in the W
and Renaissance Studies B.L. Ullman (

J. IJsewijn

VII

Neo-Latina Recens Edita.

Litterarum et linguae Studium spectantia.

1. General

— Acta Conventus Neo-Latini Lovaniensis. Proceedings of the First


International Congress of Neo-Latin Studies, Louvain 23-28 Augus
1971, edited by J. IJsewijn and E. Kessler (Leuven U.P., München/
Fink, 1973).
— Humanistica Lovaniensia. Journal of Neo-Latin Studies, 22 (Leuv
U.P., The Hague/Nijhoff, 1973).
— The Neo-Latin News, vol. XXI (1973). Published by Pennsylvan
State University, SI 17 Burrowes Building, University Park, PA.
16802, U.S.A.
187 bibliographical items.

— Binns J.W., "Neo-Latin", The Year's Work in Modem Language


Studies, 34 (1972, published 1973), 9-14.
— Binns J. W. (ed.),
The Latin Poetry of English Poets (London-Boston/Routledge &
Kegan, 1974).
Chapters on Thomas Campion, George Herbert, John Milton, Richard Crashaw,
Vincent Bourne, Walter Savage Landor.

— Blanchard Α., "Poèmes du XVIe siècle à la mémoire de Thomas


More et de Jean Fisher", Moreana, no. 41 (March 1974), 93-99.

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412 INSTRUMENTA

Poems by Nicolaus Grudius, Johannes Latom


Exerichus Hispanus ...
— Brozek M., "Do problemu wczesnej
Eos, LXI (1973), 77-90.
With summary in Latin: De Lucretio a Polon
selectae.

— Gualdo Rosa Lucia, "Le lettere di dedica delle traduzioni dal greco
nel '400. Appunti per un' analisi stilistica", Vichiana, N.S. 2 (Napoli
1973), 68-85.
— Haider J., Die Geschichte des Theaterwesens im Benediktinerstift
Seitenstetten in Barock und Aufklärung, Theatergeschichte Öster
reichs IV, 1 (Wien, Österreich. Akademie, 1973).
— IJsewijn J., "Le latin des humanistes frantjais. Evolution et Étude
comparative", in L'Humanisme fr angais au début de la Renaissance.
Colloque international de Tours (XIV" stage), De Pétrarque à
Descartes XXIX (Paris, 1973), pp. 329-342.
— Kopal Z.-Carder R. W., The Mapping of the Moon. Fast and
Present. (Boston-Dordrecht/Reidel, 1974).
Ch. 1 : History of Lunar Mapping 1600-1960.

— Martinek J., "De tribus aetatibus poetarum qui renatas in Bohemia


litteras coluerunt", Graecolatina et Orientalia, V (1973), 195-204.
— Mayer C.A., "Luden et la Renaissance", Revue de Littérature
Comparée, 47 (1973), 5-22.
— Nauwelaerts Μ. Α., Latijnse school en Onderwijs te 's-Hertogen
bosch tot 1629, Bijdragen tot de Geschiedenis van het Zuiden van
Nederland, XXX (Tilburg, 1974).
A complete survey of humanist teaching and literature at 's Hertogenbosch (Bois
le-Duc).

— Pini Francesco, "Il Latino 'lingua viva' ", Studi Romani, XXI
(1973), 250-258.
— Piovesan Aem., "De aliquot poetis Latinis XVIII-XIX saeculi",
Palaestra Latina, 43 (1973), 169-182.
— Puratic 2., "Odrazi Ovidijeve dikcije i tematike na neke Juzno
hrvatske Latiniste" (Dalmacija, Dubrovnik, Kotor), Ζ iva Antika,
XXIII (1973), 158-184.
A study of Ovid's influence on the Latin poets of Southern Croatia from the
fifteenth to the nineteenth Century.

— Schucan L., Das Nachleben von Basilius Magnus "Ad Adolescentes".


Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des christlichen Humanismus, Travaux
d'Humanisme et de Renaissance, CXXXIII (Genève/Droz, 1973).

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INSTRUMENTA 413

Stäuble Α.,
"Rassegna di Studi teatrali", Bibli
sance, XXXVI (1974), 361-396.
A criticai survey of studies on Italian dra

2. POETRY

— Andrelinus Faustus Forliviensis,


Tournoy-Thoen Godelieve, "Fausto Andrelini et la cour de France",
in L'Humanisme frangais au début de la Renaissance, De Pétrarque
à Descartes XXIX (Paris, 1973), pp. 65-79.
— Balde Jacobus S.J.,
Galle J., Die lateinische Lyrik Jacob Baldes und die Geschichte
ihrer Übertragungen, Beiträge zur deutschen Literatur, 6 (Münster/
Aschendorff, 1973).
Galle J., "Das Genovefa-Motiv in der Lyrik. Die lateinische Ode
Jacob Baldes und ihre deutschen Versionen im 17. Jahrhundert" in
Europäische Tradition und deutscher Literaturbarock, hrsg. von
G. Hoffmeister (Bern-München/Francke, 1973), pp. 117-134.
Herzog U., "Lyrik und Emblematik. Jacob Baldes Heliotropium
Ode", in Deutsche Barocklyrik, Gedichtinterpretation von Spee bis
Haller, hrsg. von M. Bircher und A.M. Haas. (Bern-München/
Francke, 1973), pp. 65-95.
— Becchi Gentile,
Grayson C., "Poesie latine di Gentile Becchi in un codice Bod
leiano", in Studi Roberto Rido/fi (Firenze, 1973), pp. 285-289.
— Caiadus Henricus Lusitanus,
Krautter K., "Imitatio und Probleme des Dichterberufs in den
Eklogen des portugiesischen Neulateiners Henrique Caiado", Ar
cadia, 8 (1973), 248-273.
With the text of the fourth eclogue, some epigrams and a letter.

— Cantalycius (Valentini) Joannes Baptista,


Zappacosta V., "Cantalycii in Ibin Ovidianum Labyrinthum inter
pretatio", Latinitas, 21 (1973), 269-285.
With unedited poems and letters from ms. VII 11, Siena, Biblioteca degli Intronati.
— Du Beilay Joachim,
Smith Μ., Joachim du Bellay's Veiled Victim. With an Edition of
the "Xenia, seu illustrium quorundam nominum allusiones", Études
de Philologie et d'Histoire, 27 (Genève/Droz, 1974).

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414 INSTRUMENTA

— Dubravius Joannes Bohemus,


Lutz C. E., "The Theriobulia of
Bulletin, XXII (1974), 36-46.
Study of a remarkable poem, which is
princes. Only one copy of the origina
12 March 1520) is known to survive (H

— Feltham Owen (Mutford/Suff


The Poems of Owen Felltham
duction and Notes by T.-L. Pe
versity Park, Pa/Seventeenth Ce
Three epitaphs (of his father, archbisho

— Flamingus Johannes Boppardi


Röll W., "Johannes Flamingus B
in Verführung zur Geschichte. F
1973 (Trier, 1973), pp. 165-186.
First edition of an Ad imaginem Salvator

— Fleming Paulus,
Beller M., "Thema, Konvention
Ausdrucksformen in Paul Flem
(1973), 157-189.
— Godefridus de Trajecto (Maas
daal/Tienen 1405),
Klinger Chr., Godefridi de Trai
und kritische Ausgabe, Mittella
(Ratingen/Henn, 1973).
An adaptation of Alexander de Villa Dei'

— Grotius Hugo,
Meulenbroek B. L., De Dichtwer
lijke dichtwerken : tweede deel,
1972-73).
The Latin poems of 1595-1600 with Dutch translation and philological and his
torical notes.

— Hassensteinius a Lobkowitz Bohuslaus,


Martinkovà D., "Ueber ein bisher unbekanntes Gedicht des Böhm
ischen Humanisten Bohuslaus Hassensteinius von Lobkowitz",
Graecolatina et Orientalia, V (1973), 205-209.
— Hutten Ulricus,
Schever H., "Ulrich von Hutten : Kaisertum und deutsche Nation",
Daphnis, 2 (1973), 133-157.

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INSTRUMENTA 415

Kepler Johannes,
Seck Fr., "Johannes Kepler als Dic
Symposium Weil der Stadt 1971 (H
Koppay Georgius Slovacus (fi. s. X
Hejnic J., "L'épithalame de Juray
de Rozmberk", Graecolatina et Or
Macrinus Salmonius,
Soubeille G., "Le thème de la sour
Macrin", Annales Univ. de Toulous
Naugerius Andreas,
Andrea Navagero : Lusus. Text a
Introduction and with a Criticai C
Bibliotheca Humanistica & Refo
Graaf, 1973).
Pannonius Janus,
Jani Pannonii Carmina selectiora.
illustravit T. Kardos, ... Version f
noll, P. Chaulot (Budapest/Corvina
Santarcangeli P., "Un umanista
quinto centenario della morte", A
154-165.
Pascoli Ioannes,
G. Morabito, "Per il Latino del Pascoli", Anima-Pensiero X (1974),
5-27.

Petri Laurentius Gothus (Söderköping, ca. 1530-Uppsala 1579),


Bergh B., Laurentius Petri Gothus. En svensk latinpoet fraa 1500
talet. Textedition med inledning, översättning och kommentar, Filo
logiskt Arkiv, 18 (Stockholm, 1973).
Pontanus Petrus, Caecus Brugensis,
Blondelle P., "De eclogen van Petrus Pontanus", Haec olim, 23
(S. Lodewijkscollege Brugge, 1973), 76-85.
Restius Iunius Ragusinus (1755-1814),
Puratic 2., "Duro Ferie (1739-1820) i revizija teksta latinskih
pjesama Dzona Rastica (1755-1814), Ζ iva Antika, XXIII (1973),
155-157.
Ferie prepared for the press the satires of Resti, published at Padua, 1816, by
A. Sorgo.

Rettenpacher Simon O.S.B.,


Enzinger Μ., in Tausend Jahre Österreich. Eine biographische Chronik,
hrsg. von W. Pollak. (Wien-München, 1973), Bd. I, 250-254.

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416 INSTRUMENTA

— Silvester Dominicus,
Domenico Silvestri, The Latin Poetry, edited by R.C. Jensen,
Humanistische Bibliothek 11.20 (München/Fink, 1973).
— Taurellius Pomponius (Monte Chiarugolo/Parma 1539-Parma
1608),
Piastra Clelia, "De Pomponii Taurelli Carmine Ίη Partum bea
tissimae virginis' nondum foras dato", Aevum, 47 (1973), 509-511.
— Tribrachus Gaspar,
Satirarum Uber, dedicato al duca Borso d'Este, a cura di G. Ventu
rini, Deputazione provinciale ferrarese di storia patria : Atti e
Memorie, Serie III, vol. XIV (Ferrara, 1972).
— Vida Marcus Hieronymus,
Di Cesare Μ. Α., Bibliotheca Vidiana. A Bibliography of Marco
Girolamo Vida (Firenze/Sansoni, 1974), 348 pp.
A descriptive bibliography of Editions, Translations, Scholarly and Criticai Studies
(to 1973), with 53 facsimiles and copious indexes.
Town names to be corrected: Hanovia = Hanau (not Hannover), nr. 37; Poso
nium = Bratislava/Pressburg (not Posen/Poznan), nrs. 50, 231, 344, 437, 507, 553,
611; Brixia = Brescia (not Brüssels), nrs. 99, 189, 317, 416. One additional refe
rence: nr. 776bis: Schaar C., "Vida, Ramsay and Milton's Bees", English Studies,
46 (1965), 417-418.
— Vleys Petrus Brugensis (fDudzele 1772),
Geldhof J., Charitas Calendarium ofte Den Noortschen Almanach
der Liefde, voor het jaar O H.J.C. 1758 geschreven door Pieter Vleys,
uitgegeven en van aantekeningen voorzien (Published by the "Bond
der Westvlaamse Volkskundigen", 1974, and obtainable from the
editor, Dorpsweg 22A, B-8002 Meetkerke, Belgium).
A bilingual calendar in forty-six strophes of six lines each, written as a "strena 1758"
for the parish-priests of the villages North of Bruges.
— Vossius Gerardus Joannes,
Dekker Α. Μ. M., "Een onopgemerkt Latijns gedieht van Gerardus
Johannes Vossius", Hermeneus, 44 (1972/73), 236-245.
"In honorem Musici Henrici J. Speui" (1610).

3. Theatre

— Anselmus Georgius Nepos Parmensis,


Schmitt W.O., "Zwei lateinische 'Hekabe' — Übersetzungen v
Jahre 1506. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte humanistischer Über
zungen in der Renaissance", in Die Gesellschaftliche Bedeutung d

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INSTRUMENTA 417

antiken Dramas für seine und fü


schichte und Kultur der Antike, 6
Georgius Anseimus Nepos Parmensis; Era

- Atkinson Thomas,
W. E. Mahaney and W.K. Sherw
Philip Parsons Atalanta, and Thom
by W. K. Sherwin, Jay Freyman and Eve Parrish. Elizabethan
Studies, 16 (Salzburg/Universität, 1973).
- Avancini Nicolaus S.J.,
Valentin J.-M., "Programme von Avancinis Stücken. Herausgegeben
von J.-M. Valentin, Literaturwissensch. Jahrbuch, NF. 12 (1971),
1-42 [published 1973],
Datus Leonardus,
Gorni G., "Storia del Certame Coronario", Rinascimento, II. 12
(1972), 135-181 [published 1974],
Erasmus,
Vide: Anselmus.
Frischlinus Nicodemus,
Wheelis S. M., "Nicodemus Frischlin's Julius Redivivus and its
Reflections on the Past", Studies in the Renaissance, XX (1973),
106-117.

Wheelis S. M., "Publish and Perish: on the Martyrdom of Philipp


Nicodemus Frischlin", Neophilologus, LVIII (1974), 41-51.
Medius Thomas (fi. Venezia ca. 1480/85),
Thomae Medii Fabella Epirota, hrsg., übersetzt und eingeleitet von
L. Braun, Humanistische Bibliothek II. 8 (München/Fink, 1974).
Parson Philippus,
See: Atkinson Thomas.
Verardi Carolus,
Bravo Villarroel R., La Historia Baetica de Carlo Verardi, drama
histórico renacentista en latin sobre la conquista de Granada. Estudio,
edicion anotada y traduccion, Publicaciones del Institute tecnològico
y de estudios superiores de Monterrey. Letras. Vol. 5 (Monterrey,
Mexico, 1971).
Wilde Georges (London 9.1.1610-Dublin 29.XII.1665),
Eumorphus sive Cupido Adultus. A Latin Academic Comedy of the
Seventeenth Century. Edited from British Museum Add. MS 14047
with an Introduction, Translation and Notes by H. Vienken
(München/Fink, 1973).

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418 INSTRUMENTA

4. Prose

— Aesticampianus, Johannes Rhagius Lusatus,


Lutz E. C., "Aesticampianus' Commentary on the De Grammatica
of Martianus Capeila", Renaissance Quarterly, XXVI (1973), 15
166.

— Alberti Leo Baptista,


Fubini R.-Nenci Gallorini Α., "L'autobiografia di Leon Battista
Alberti. Studio e edizione"; Rinascimento, II. 12 (1972), 21-78
[published 1974],
Garin E., "Il pensiero di Leon Battista Alberti : caratteri e con
trasti"; Rinascimento II. 12 (1972), 3-20.
Maraschio N., "Aspetti del bilinguismo albertiano nel 'De pictura' ";
Rinascimento, II. 12 (1972), 183-228.
Parronchi Α., "Otto piccoli documenti per la biografia dell'Alberti";
Rinascimento, II. 12 (1972), 229-235.
Ponte G., "Lepidus e libripeta" ; Rinascimento, 11.12 (1972), 237
265.

Testi Massetani P., "Ricerche sugli 'Apologi' di Leon Battista


Alberti"; Rinascimento, II. 12 (1972), 79-133.
Begliomini L., "Note sull'opera dell'Alberti : il 'Momus' e il 'De re
aedificatoria"; Rinascimento, II. 12 (1972), 267-283.
— Andreae Johannes Valentinus,
Theophilus. Deutsch und lateinisch. Eingeleitet und herausgegeben
von R. van Dülmen (Stuttgart/Calwer, 1973).
— Barclaius Joannes,
John Barclay, Euphormionis Lusinini Satyricon (Euphormio's Saty
ricon) 1605-1607. Translated from the Latin with Introduction and
Notes by D. A. Fleming, Bibliotheca Humanistica & Reformatorica,
VI (Nieuwkoop/De Graaf, 1973).
— Baumgarten Alexander Gottlieb (Berlin 1714 - Frankfurt/Oder
1762),
Schweizer H. R., Ästhetik als Philosophie der sinnlichen Erkennt
nis. Eine Interpretation der "Aesthetica" A.G. Baumgartens mit
teilweiser Wiedergabe des lateinischen Textes und deutscher Über
setzung (Basel-Stuttgart, 1973).
— Beza Theodorus,
Correspondance de Théodore de Bèze, recueillie par Η. Aubert,
publiée par Η. Meylan, Α. Dufour, Ciaire Chimelli et M. Turcheti.

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INSTRUMENTA 419

Tome VII (1566). Travaux d'Human


(Genève/Droz, 1973).
Bodinus Johannes,
Jean Bodin. Verhandlungen der int
München, hrsg. von H. Denzer, Mün
(München/Beck, 1973).
Bovillus Carolus,
Charles de Bovelles, Sur les langues
langue frangaise. Liber de differentia
sermonis varietale (1533). Texte latin
par Colette Dumont-Demaizière (Par
Chomarat J., "Platon et Aristote à
Moreana, no. 41 (March 1974), 49-50
Laporte M., "Charles de Bovelles (14
sources noyonnaises. Contribution
Noyon", Moreana, no. 41 (March, 19
Budaeus Gulielmus,
Lebel M., De transitu hellenismi ad
Budé. Le passage de l'hellénisme au
accompagné d'index et présenté pou
(Sherbrooke/Editions Paulines, 1973
Copus Johannes Parisiensis,
Secret F., "L'éloge de Francois Ier
Johannes Copus Parisiensis", Bibl. H
Corrarius Gregorius,
Finch Ch. E., "The Renaissance Ad
Gregorius Corrarius", Classica! Bull
Cortesius Paulus,
Paolo Cortesi, De hominibus docti
commento a cura di M.T. Graziosi, Collezione "F'Ippogrifo"
diretta da A. Greco, 1 (Roma/Bonacci, 1973).
Digby Everardus,
West M., "Spenser, Everard Digby and the Renaissance Art of
Swimming", Renaissance Quarterly, XXVI (1973), 11-22.
Concerning Digby's De arte natandi libri duo (London, 1587).
Dlugossius Ioannes Cracoviensis,
Annales seu Cronicae incliti regni Poloniae. Liber quintus, Liber
sextus. Textum recensuit Danuta Turkowska, commentarium con
fecit Christina Pieradzka (Warszawa/Panstwowe Wydawnictwo
Naukowe, 1973).

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420 INSTRUMENTA

Books 1 and 2 appeared in 1965; 3 and


— Doletus Stephanus,
Teile E.V., L'Erasmianus sive C
Travaux d'Humanisme et Rena
— Ellebodius Nicasius,
D. Wagner, Zur Biographie d
zu seinen "Notae" zu den aristo
berichte der Heidelberger Aka
Histor. Klasse, Jahrgang 1973;
— Erasmus,
Opera omnia. Ordinis primi
Hollandse, 1973).
Contents: De recta Latini Graecique s
structione octo partium orationis, e
J. Domaiiski, Paraphrasis ... Elegant
J.H. Waszink.

— Chomarat J., "Note sur la ponctuation d'Érasme", Vita Latina,


no. 54 (Avignon, june 1974), 22-28.
Maguire J.B., "Erasmus' Biographical Masterpiece: Hieronymi
Stridonensis Vita", Renaissance Quarterly, XXVI (1973), 265-273.
Thompson Geraldine, Under Pretext of Praise. Satiric Mode in
Erasmus' Fiction (Toronto/U.P., 1973).
— Favoriti Augustinus (Sarzana, 1624-Roma, 13.XI.1682),
Ceyssens L.-De Munter S., "Correspondance de Chrétien Lupus
avec Augustin Favoriti", Augustiniana, XXII (1973), 131-217;
369-421.
Lupus Christianus (1611 -10.VII.1681), Augustinian and professor at Louvain.
Favoriti is one of the seven poets of the "Pleias Alexandrina". A few letters are
concerned with literary matters: p. 144 no. 6 (Puteanus's Epistolarum apparatus
posthumus); p. 160 no.41 (a poem by Lupus); p. 161 no.42 (two poems by Favoriti).
— Fortius a Ringelberg Joachim, Antverpiensis,
Indestege L., "Een minder bekende Antwerpse humanist : Joachim
Sterck van Ringelberg", Handelingen Zuidnederlandse Maatschappij
voor Taal-, Letterkunde en Geschiedenis, 27 (Brüssel, 1973), 165-180.
— Gravina Gianvincenzo,
Scritti critici e teorici, a cura di Amedeo Quondam, Scrittori
d'Italia 255 (Bari, 1973).
Latine; "De lingua Etrusca dialogus; Hydra mystica; opuscula (Specimen prisci
iuris; De lingua latina dialogus; De conversione doctrinarum; De contemtu mortis;
De luctu minuendo; pro legibus Arcadum oratio); Orationes Vili".
— Griffi Petrus, Pisanus (1469-1516),

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INSTRUMENTA 421

Monaco Μ., Il "De officio collector


Griffi da Pisa (1469-1516). Uomini
Letteratura, 1973).
Gronovius J. F.,
Dibon P., Bots H., Bots-Estourgi
pondance de Joh. F. Gronovius (16
of the History of Ideas, 68 (The H
Layman Paul S.J.,
Bireley R., "The Origins of the '
of Paul Layman, S.J.", Archivum
(1973), 106-127.
On pp. 122-126 edition of a Relatio de libro c

Lipsius Justus,
Kluyskens J., "Twee onuitgegeven
reus", Ons geestelijk erf, XLVII (1
Two unpublished letters of Lipsius to the J
Loschi Nicolaus (Vicenza 1412-an
Gualdo Rosa Lucia, "Niccolò Loschi e Pietro Perleone e le tradu
zioni dell'orazione pseudo-isocratea "T Demonico", in Atti dell'
Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti, classe di scienze morali,
lettere ed arti, CXXXI (1973), pp. 825-856.
Lucretius Bononiensis (pseud. ?),
Langer G., "Von dem Tractatus de arte oratoria des Lucretius
Bononiensis", Quaerendo, III (1973), 32-38.
Published at Deventer ca. 1585 (anonymously) and in 1506.

Maczyriski Joannes,
Lexicon Latino-Polonicum (Königsberg 1564), nunc iterum edidit
Reinhold Olesch. Slavistische Forschungen, 14 (Wien, 1973).
Morus Thomas,
Nagel A. F., "Lies and the Limitable Inane: Contradiction in More's
Utopia", Renaissance Quarterly, XXVI (1973), 173-180.
Perleone Petrus (Rimini 14.. - Venezia 1463),
Vide: Loschi N. (Gualdo).
Petrarca Franciscus,
Sine Nomine. Lettere polemiche e politiche, a cura di U. Dotti.
(Bari/Laterza, 1974).
Poggio Bracciolini,
Tournoy G., "Facetiae Poggii?", Romanische Forschungen, 85
(1973), 139-144.

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422 INSTRUMENTA

— Pole Reginaldus,
Parks G. B., "Did Pole write the ' Vita Longolii'T', Renaissance
Quarterly, XXVI (1973), 274-284.
Not in its actual form, but perhaps a first draft.
— Pyrrhus Johannes Anglebermaeus,
Secret F., "Une lettre oubliée de Jean Pyrrhus d'Angleberme",
Bibl. Human. Renaiss., 35 (1973), 79-84.
"Epistola de Mediolani Laudibus".

— Rabelais Franciscus,
CEuvres complètes. Edition établie, annotée et préfacée par G. De
merson. Texte latin établi, annoté et traduit par Geneviève De
merson. (Paris, 1973).
pp.932sqq.: Lettres et ceuvres diverses (epistolae latinae VI; carmina II).
— Radinus Todeschus Thomas O.P. (Piacenza 15.III.1488 - Roma
1527?),
Tommaso Radini Tedeschi, Orazione contro Filippo Melantone.
Testo, traduzione e commento a cura di FI. Ghizzoni. Saggio
introduttivo di G. Berti, Storia del Cristianesimo, 3 (Brescia/Paideia,
1973).
Editio princeps: Roma 1522.
— Trithemius Johannes,
De laude scriptorum — Zum Lobe der Schreiber. Eingeleitet, heraus
gegeben und übersetzt von Kl. Arnold, Mainfränkische Hefte, 60
(Würzburg, 1973).
— Vadianus Joachim,
De poetica et carminis ratione. Kritische Ausgabe mit deutscher
Übersetzung und Kommentar von P. Schäffer, Humanistische
Bibliothek 11.21 (München, 1973).
— Valla Laurentius,
Besomi O., Laurentii Valle Gesta Ferdinandi regis Aragonum, The
saurus Mundi, 10 (Padova/Antenore, 1973).
— Verelius Olavus, Suecus,
Tengström E., "Peregrinano cosmopolitana" — Ein Neo-Latei
nischer Roman aus dem 17. Jahrhundert, in Classica et Mediaevalia
Francisco Blatt septuagenario dedicata (Kobenhavn, 1973), pp.617
621.
— Vives Joannes Ludovicus,
Ludovico Vives, De Subventione pauperum, a cura di A. Saitta,
Biblioteca di Studi Superiori XXIX (Firenze/La Nuova Italia,
1973).

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INSTRUMENTA 423

— Volckmann Jacobus (Ramslo/Lüneb


De Fabulis romanensibus antiquis et
Texte zur Romantheorie I (1626-173
wort und Bibliographie von E. W
pp. 339-368.
Facsimile edilion.

— Winckelmann J. J.,
De ratione delineandi Graecorum artificum primi artium saeculi ex
nummis antiquissimis dignoscenda, herausgegeben von Kl.-P. Goet
hert. Abhandlungen Akad. Wissensch, und Lit., Geistes- und sozial
wissensch. Klasse (Wiesbaden, 1974).

5. Inscriptions

— Reekmans P. - Lefever F. Α.,


"De grafmonumenten en epitafen van de Leuvense Sint-Pieters
kerk", Mededelingen van de Geschied- en Oudheidkundige Kring
voor Leuven en omgeving, XIII (1973), 118-137; 233-242; XIV (1974),
55-60 (to be continued).
A "Corpus inscriptionum ecclesiae S. Petri Lovaniensis" ; most of the inscriptions
are in Latin. Among them epitaphs of Neo-Latin authors such as Joannes Clarius
Tungrensis, Raymundus de Marliano, Petrus de Ram, Petrus De Rivo, Libertu
Fromondus, Conradus Goclenius.

INSTRUMENTUM LEXICOGRAPHICUM

Silvia Rizzo, II lessico filologico degli umanisti. Sussidi Erud


(Roma, Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura, 1973), is a most w
systematic study of humanist terminology in the field of ph
and the book-trade. The Index of words (pp. 347-357) will ren
greatest service to ali who work with Latin texts on manu
philological criticism, editorial work etc.
Rizzo's work is based on texts of Italian humanists but will be
equally useful for the study of Northern humanism. The same terms
appear on both sides of the Alps, although the frequency may be
different. A word such as "chalcographia" (printing-office), which

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424 INSTRUMENTA

seems exceptional in Italy is qui


or in the Netherlands. The term
of which can be found above, p
surely is an adverb to be conne
graphic script" and litterae form

Clenodium

In his contribution to the Album A. Schouteet Dr. A. Desmet has


edited an advertisement in Latin verse for the new printing office of
Henricus Barsius (Baers), alias Vekenstijl ', established at Louvain in
1530. In a letter of Barsius (cf. pp. 51-52, n.6) he found the word
"clenodia" (jewels) which he considers as a prove of Barsius 's awkward
Latin, explaining that it is a Dutch term (kleinood), only roughly
latinised. In fact the word clenodium/clinodium was introduced into
mediaeval Latin several centuries earlier and can be found all over
Europe (cf. Du Cange, Glossarium mediae et infimae Latinitatis,
Vol. II (Reprint Graz 1954), p.366; Bartal Α., Glossarium mediae et
infimae Latinitatis regni Hungariae (Leipzig, 1901 ; reprint Hildesheim
New York, 1970), p. 134; Mittellateinisches Wörterbuch II, 5 (München,
1973), col. 709; Latham R. E., Revised Medieval Latin Word-List from
British andIrish Sources. London, 1965, p. 91). Its occurrence at Louvain
in 1530 is an interesting case of Mediaeval Latin surviving well into
the period of the mature Renaissance.

III

Index Verborum Recentiorum

1. For a list of medicai terms see pp. 136-139.


2. List of other Latin words to be found in this volume, but not in the Thesaurus
Linguae Latinae nor in Forcellini's Lexicon totius Latinitatis. Words to be found in
dictionaries of mediaeval Latin are marked with an asterisk (*).

1 A. De Smet, "De Leuvense astroloog Hendrik Baers of Vekenstyl maakt publiciteit


voor zijn drukkerij in 1530", in Album Albert Schouteet (Brügge, 1973). pp. 49-56.

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INSTRUMENTA 425

"amirallius, admiral : p. 408 "minorità, Franciscan, friar : p. 290


"baccalaureus, bachelor : p. 299 monocerontius, unicorn's : p. 210
"Balivus, bailiff·. p. 211 musaeolum, (room for) study, p. 330
bibliopegus, bookbinder : p, 331 nasutulus, sagacious : p. 410
"burggravius, burgrave : p. 407 necromastix, critic of a dead persoti :
calentura, tropic disease : p. 373 p. 159
"canna (= Dutch kan), jug : p. 43 "officinula, shop; office : ρ. 76
caprissare, to be lecherous : p. 114 "officiolum, kindness : p. 314
Carmelita, Carme/ite : ρ. 299 "paedonomus, schoolmaster : p. 280, 281,
catachysma, a showering (of nuts etc.) : 289, 339
p. 100 paraphrastice, paraphrasticly : p. 203
"catechisticus, catechetic, : p. 317 placentula, a cake : p. 65, 9
cellita, ceü-brother : p. 212 "prorex, viceroy : p. 302
"clenodium, jewel : p. 424 pupillula. a little orphan girl : ρ. 93
"coenobiarcha, abbot : ρ. 288 "quadragesimalis, lenten : p. 288
cohibernare, to pass the winter together : quassitare, to toss violently : p. 69
p. 103 "quaternio, quire : p. 323, 324
"comparabilis, obtainable : p. 288 Ramifer, hearing a
"copiare, to transcribe : ρ. 383 "Refectorium, refecto
"decanus, dean : p. 263, 339 reintitulatus, enroüed a second time :
"didascalus, teacher : p. 336 P- 271
"Dominicanus, Dominican : p. 288 reluctitare, to resisi : ρ. 56
"ementulatus, castrated: p. 73 "rosarium, a rosary : p, 268.
erratulum, small error : p. 328 rugulae, wrinktes : p. 117
Geusismus, the Beggars' movement : p. 299 sacramentaliter, by means of a sacrement :
Geusius = Geuseus, Beggar : p. 300, 302 p. 289
"guardianus, guardian : p. 299 scutellula, a small salver : p. 101
Huguenota, Huguenot ; p. 181 sebasma, α sacred object : p. 210
illatinismus, bad Latin ', p. 410 "secretarius, secretary : p. 19
impressio, printing, publication : p. 310, "seminarium, seminary : p. 299
312, 314 sesquimillesimus, I500th : p. 56
imprimere, toprint. p. 284, 285, 288, 289, stupidulus, dull, fooli
311 tabulatus, -us, carpentry : p. 210
impulsitare, to push against : p. 73 tectonice, building : ρ. 210
"independens, independent : p. 352 typographia, printing office : ρ. 254, 293
"intersignium, signboard : p. 191 typographicus, printer's : p. 311
"licentiatus, licentiate : p. 263, 298 typographus, printer : ρ. 275, 281, 283,
mactra, kneading-lhrough : p. 88 289, 292, 308, 335
"marginalis, marginal·, p. 287

Place names :

Beca, Hiharenbeek : p. 330, 339 Iaxtus, Ja.xt (Affluent of the Neckar) :


Breda Lossensium, Bree : p. 307 p. 341
Cocharus, Kocher (Affluent of the Neckar): Nabis, Nab (Affluent of the Danube):
p. 341 p. 341
Gertrudimontium, Geertruidenbe
p. 341

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NUNTII

The Congresses of Neo-Latin Studies

1.

The Proceedings of the first congress, Louvain 1971, ha ve been


published by Leuven University Press and Wilhelm Fink Verlag,
Munich: Acta Conventus Neo-Latini Lovaniensis. Proceedings of the
First International Congress of Neo-Latin Studies, Louvain 23-28 August
1971, edited by J. IJsewijn and E. Kessler, 769 pp., 280 D.M.
(140 D.M. for members of the I.A.N.L.S.).

2.

The second congress was held at the University of Amsterdam


from 19 to 24 August 1973. See the report by R. Hoven, "Les Études
néo-latines dans le monde : du premier au second congrès et à la
naissance d'une association internationale", Les Études Classiques,
42 (1974), 163-172.
The board of the International Association for Neo-Latin Studies,
period 1973-1976, is composed as follows: President, Prof. Jozef IJse
wijn, University of Louvain (Leuven), Belgium; Vice-presidents, Prof.
Richard Schoeck, Folger Shakespeare Library, Washington D.C.,
U.S.Α., and Prof. Jean-Claude Margolin, Université de Tours, France;
Secretary, Dr. Pierre Tuynman, University of Amsterdam (Instituut
voor Neolatijn, Keizersgracht 416, Amsterdam, Nederland); Treasurer,
Dr. Eckhard Kessler, University of Munich.
3.

IIP Congrès de l'Association internationale


d'Études néo-latines
(A.I.E.N.L.)
L'Université Fransois-Rabelais de Tours organise, du lundi 6 au
vendredi 10 septembre 1976, le IIP Congrès de l'Association Inter
nationale d'Études néo-latines.

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NUNTII 427

À cette occasion, un ce
recherches ont été pr
l'Association, à la suite
lors du Congrès d'Amst
1. Principes d'édition de
connexes, entre autre
bibliographique, biogr
latin.

2. Histoire littéraire, n
3. Histoire des idées (re
4. Histoire des sciences.
5. Relations entre les langues vulgaires et le néo-latin.
Pour tous renseignements, on pourra s'adresser à :
M. Jean-Claude Margolin,
Professeur au Centre d'Études Supérieures de la Renaissance,
(Département de Philosophie et d'Histoire de l'Humanisme)
Président du Comité d'Organisation du Congrès

59, rue Néricault Destouches


B.P.320-37013 Tours Cedex-Tèi. (47)20.71.86

II

A chair of Neo-Latin Studies has been erected in the Catholic


University of Lublin, Poland. The present occupant is Prof. Krystyna
Stawecka, who is well-known for her studies and edition of Matthias
Sarbievius.

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Statutes of the International Association for Neo-Latin Studies

Artide I Purposes and Title of the Association


Artide II Membership
Artide III Officers
Artide IV Committees
Artide V Elections and the Filling of Vacancies
Artide VI Advisory Board
Artide VII Congresses
Artide Vili Representation and Affiliation
Artide IX Publications
Artide X Revision of the Statutes

Artide I— Purposes and Title of the Association


I.A The aims and purposes of the Association shall be:
1. to promote interest in Neo-Latin and the advancement of Ne
Latin studies;
2. to make accessible to ali members, by means of publications
be approved by the Association, Information of common inte
est, especially concerning the teaching of and research in Ne
Latin in Colleges and universities, institutes, and other centr
of learning;
3. to hold international congresses at regulär intervals;
4. to promote, wherever possible, the publication of research and
texts in Neo-Latin and related fields;
5. to promote the teaching of Neo-Latin at ali appropriate levels
of education.
By Neo-Latin is meant writings in Latin since the beginnings of
humanism.
I.B The Association shall be known as the International Association
for Neo-Latin Studies (I.A.N.L.S.) (Association internationale
d'études néo-latines. Associazione internazionale dei studi latini
umanistici e moderni, Internationale Gesellschaft für neulatei
nische Forschungen).
The officiai Statutes will be in Latin.

Artide II— Membership


ILA 1. Upon application to the Secretary, membership in the Asso
ciation shall be open to all who teach Neo-Latin in educational
institutions, who are engaged upon research in Neo-Latin, or
who are members of research institutions or libraries relating

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STATUTES OF THE I.A.N.L.S. 429

to Neo-Latin studies. Others whose work in related fields


gives them an interest in Neo-Latin, are invited to apply for
membership to the Secretary.
2. In addition, the Executive Committee shall have the power to
invite as members scholars whose work relates to Neo-Latin.
II.B All members in good standing will have the right to cast a vote in
the Business Meetings (see Artide VII.D) of each Congress.
II.C 1. A subscription shall be paid annually by every member and
shall become due on January 1 of each calendar year. However,
this subscription may be paid for a longer period. The sub
scription rate is to be set by each Congress for the period until
the next Congress, at a rate recommended by the Treasurer
and approved by the Executive Committee (see Artide IV.Β)
and by the Business Meeting. The Executive Committee may
in certain circumstances reduce or waive the subscription.
2. For members who have retired from their institutional appoint
ments, provided that they shall have been members of the
Association for a three-year period, the current subscription
shall be reduced by half.
3. The Business Meeting in consultation with the Advisory Board
shall have the power to determine whether affiliated asso
ciations and centres should be asked to pay an annual sub
scription and, if so, to fix the amount.

Artide III — Officers

III.A For the purpose of directing the activities of the Association,


there shall be the following officers, to be nominated and elected
in the manner described below in Artide V :
1. a President, elected for the term from one Congress to the next
(with the possibility of being elected again at a future date, but
not to succeed himself immediately) ;
2. two Vice-Presidents, the first of whom will normally be nomin
ated by the Nominating Committee to succeed to the Presidency,
and who during this term as Vice-President will be the chairman
of the Advisory Board. The second Vice-President will be the
chairman of the Congress Organizing Committee for the next
Congress, and he should be from the Institution hosting the
next Congress. (In the absence or illness of both the President
and first Vice-President, the second Vice-President will act as
President; normally, the first Vice-President will act for or
succeed the President in the event of serious illness or other
emergency). Both Vice-Presidents will serve for a term from
one Congress to the next.
3. a Treasurer, who will serve for a term of six years (or the
period between two Congresses, whichever is greater), and who

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430 STATUTES OF THE I.A.N.L.S.

may be reelected for another term. He will m


the Business Meeting of each Congress.
4. a Secretary, who will serve for a term of si
period between two Congresses, whichever is gr
may be reelected for one or more terms.
III.Β In order to insure the international character
the geographical distribution of those to be elec
into account. Further, the two Vice-Presidents s
come from the same country.

Artide IV — Committees

IV.A There shall be a Nominating Committee to prepare the ballot


that is to be presented to each Congress for the election of officers
other than the second Vice-President (see Artide IV.C for his
selection). This committee shall consist of the past President,
the Chairman of the Advisory Board, and a third member to be
named by the Advisory Board. Except for the office of President,
two or more candidates for each office will be nominated, and
nominations from the membership at large will be possible, as
provided in Artide V below.
IV.Β For conducting the business of the Association between Con
gresses and for ensuring the planning of the next Congress, there
shall be an Executive Committee. This committee will consist of
the President, the two Vice-Presidents, the Secretary, and the
Treasurer. This committee will serve from the date of the election
of the officers at one Congress until a new Executive Committee
is formed by the election of officers at the next Congress. It should
normally meet at least once a year, at the discretion of the President.
It will be empowered to act in the name of the Association, as
provided by other articles of these Statutes, between Congresses.
IV.C There shall be a Congress Organizing Committee named by the
chairman of this committee, who will be a member from the host
Institution for the next Congress and named by that Institution.
(As noted in Artide III.A above, the chairman of this committee
is ipso facto the second Vice-President). The Secretary and the
Treasurer are ex officio members of this committee, and the chair
man may co-opt additional members.
IV.D There shall be a Congress Programme Committee to select the
Speakers and arrange the program for the next Congress following
the guidelines given by the Business Meeting held at the preceding
Congress. The chairman of this committee will be the new President,
and members of the committee will include the chairman of the
Organizing Committee, the chairman of the Advisory Board, and
the Secretary.
IV.E There shall be a Publications Committee, as noted in Artide IX

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STATUTES OF THE I.A.N.L S. 431

below, the chairman of which is to be nominated by


Committee and approved at the Business Meeting of
IV.F There shall be a Committee on the teaching of
Artide I.A.5), the chairman of which is to be nom
Executive Committee and approved at the Busine
the Congress.
IV.G Other committees may be established by the Executive Committee,
or petitioned at a Business Meeting. They are to be approved at
a Business Meeting.
IV.Η All such Committees should submit a written report to the Business
Meeting.

Artide V— Elections and the Filling of Vacancies


V.A The election of officers referred to in Artide III.A shall be con
ducted in the following manner. The Nominating Committee is
to prepare a ballot with one name for the Presidency and two or
more candidates for each of the other officers, except the second
Vice-Presidency (see Artide IV.C). Nominations from the member
ship are to be made in writing to the Secretary before the Business
Meeting. Nominations by the Nominating Committee will include
the consent of the nominees; nominations from the membership
must be in writing at least thirty days before the Congress meets,
they must be made by a proposer and a seconder, and they must
include the consent of the nominees; the retiring President will
serve as chairman for the Business Meeting and to conduct the
voting. The voting will be by written ballot, with the Secretary
recording the numbers voting. Election will be by a simple majority.
V.B All members of the Association are eligible for election to the
Advisory Board (see Artide VI below). Representatives of asso
ciations and centres affiliated to the I.A.N.L.S., will be nominated
by their association or centre, representatives of the disciplines or
fields shall be member of the I.A.N.L.S. and may be nominated
by fellow-members (with proposer and seconder, as indicated in
V.A above). Election to the Advisory Board will be done during
a Business Meeting ; the procedure will be as in V.A.

Artide VI — Advisory Board


VI.A There shall be an Advisory Board whose purpose will be to facilitate
and promote relations between the I.A.N.L.S. on the one hand,
and on the other hand associations and centres affiliated to the
I.A.N.L.S. (see Artide VIII below), as well as centres and insti
tutions where disciplines represented are pursued.
VLB The Advisory Board will include:
1. representatives of major disciplines (art, classics, history, law,
linguistics, literature, music, philosophy, sciences, theology, etc.);
2. representatives of associations and centres affiliated to the

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432 STATUTES OF THE TA.N.L.S.

I.A.N.L.S. — each to have one representative o


Board.
VI.C 1. The number of representatives of major disciplines to be repre
sented on the Advisory Board shall be determined from time
to time by the Business Meeting of the I.A.N.L.S.
2. The representatives of disciplines will serve until the following
Business Meeting and may be reeligible for one or more terms
of office.
3. On the nomination and election of representatives mentioned
in B.l and B.2, see Artide V.B.
VI.D 1. Associations and centres wishing to affiliate with the I.A.N.L.S.
shall apply to the chairman of the Advisory Board, who will
forward the application to a Business Meeting for approvai or
otherwise. The chairman of the Advisory Board shall have the
power to invite associations and centres to affiliate.
2. On the question of subscription of affiliated associations and
centres: see Artide II.C.3.
VI.E There will be a chairman of the Advisory Board, elected at a
Business Meeting of the Congress and to serve until the next Con
gress, who will be the first Vice-President, and who will be charged
with ensuring that advice, recommendations, and requests from the
Advisory Board will be forwarded to the Executive Committee.
The chairman of the Advisory Board will call a meeting of the
Board for the first day of the next Congress, and at this meeting
recommendations will be made to be brought before the Executive
Committee, and a member-at-large named to the Nominating
Committee. The chairman of the Advisory Board will also serve
on the Congress Programme Committee (see Artide IV.D), and
(as provided in Artide III.A.2) he will be the first Vice-President.
VI.F It will be the responsibility of the chairman of the Advisory Board
to prepare an agenda for meetings of the Board and to arrange
for minutes to be taken, which will be circulated to all members
of the Association.

Artide VII — Congresses

VII.A An International Congress of the Association shall be held at


intervals from three to five years, in countries to be recommended
by the Executive Committee to the Business Meeting of the
Association at each Congress.
VII.Β With the exception of those who will be invited, only members
of the Association shall have the right to propose a paper to the
Congress Programme Committee for its consideration, and to
participate in each Congress, subject to the payment of a registration
fee to be determined by the Congress Organizing Committee. At
each Congress there may be one or more lectures or other fune

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STATUTES OF THE I.A.N.L.S. 433

tions open to the public, as determined by the Orga


mittee.
VII.C The Executive Committee shall have the power
members to a Congress, whether on payment of a regi
or by invitation, within the limits of accomodation a
other considerations.
VII.D There shall be a general meeting at each Congress, in which general
topics or themes of the next Congress shall be discussed and
approved by the members, and in which elections and other
business indicated in other Articles of the Statutes is to be con
ducted. This meeting is referred to as the Business Meeting of
the Congress.
VII.E The agenda for the Business Meeting is to be circulated by the
Secretary at least one month in advance of the Congress. Any
member who wishes business to be put on the agenda must com
municate in writing to the President of the Association two months
before the Congress.

Artide Vili— Representation and Affiliation

VIII.A Upon recommendation of the Executive Committee and the ap


provai of a Business Meeting, the Association may be represented
in suitable organisations. The Association shall be represented at
meetings of other congresses only with the approvai of the Executive
Committee.
VIII.Β Associations and centres wishing to affiliate with the I.A.N.L.S.
shall do so as provided in Artide VI.D.

Artide IX — Publications

IX.A The proceedings of each Congress shall normally be published,


in a form to be consistent with the purposes of the Association.
The responsibility for planning such publication is that of the
Congress Programme Committee.
IX.Β Information concerning Neo-Latin matters will be regularly publish
ed in one or more publications with the co-operation of the
I.A.N.L.S.; officiai notices will be communicated to members by
the Secretary.
IX.C Other publications may from time to time be recommended by the
Executive Committee. There shall be a Publications Committee,
the chairman of which is to be recommended by the Executive
Committee. The chairman shall be an ex officio member of the
committee to publish proceedings, in A above.

Artide X — Revision of the Statutes


Motions to revise or add to the Statutes must be circulated two
months in advance of the Congress at which they are to be

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STATUTES OF THE I.A.N.L.S.

discusseci. A motion to revise the Statutes must be pas


two-thirds majority of the members present and voting at
announced Business Meeting of the Congress.
27.9.1973

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INDICES

1. INDEX CODICUM MANU SCRIPTORUM

Antwerpen, Museum Plantijn-Moretus, Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, Ms. La


Archief 10 : p. 310-316, 322-323. 8139 : ρ. 158
Antwerpen, idem, 94: ρ. 323-335 Paris, idem, 10327: ρ. 163
Boston, Public Library, Cotton Papers, Paris, Wem, 11388 : p. 19
voi 3' ρ 350 Ravenna, Bibl. Ciassense, 182: ρ. 19
_ , _ , , , Roma, Pontif. Univ. Gregoriana, Archiv.
Como, Bibl. Comunale, 4.4.6: ρ. 19 ' , Ä
ms. 532 : ρ. 266-270
Haverford College Library, Quaker Collec- sjena ßM ά
tion . p. 369 Strasbourg, Bibl. de l'Université
Harvard Univ., Houghton Library, Aren- Utrechtj Universiieilsb
berg Ms. : p. 192 32) : p. 193
Huntington Library (Calif.), HM 164: Utrecht, idem, 798 : ρ. 199
Ρ· 372 Vaticano, Lat. 8189 : ρ. 251
Kassel, Celtis Ms. : ρ. 393 Vaticano, Lat. 11590 : ρ. 260
Köln, Histor. Archiv der Stadt K„ Jesuit. Vaticano, Ottob. Lat. 1677 :
Abteil., 20: p. 262-264 Vaticano, Palat. Lat. 1573 : p. 387
Köln, idem, 977 : ρ. 281-290, 301-302 Vaticano, Urb. Lat. 235 : ρ. 1
Köln, idem, 978 : ρ. 291-301 Vaticano, Urb. Graec. 131 : ρ. 19
Leiden, Universiteitsbibliotheek, Cod. Lips. Yale University Library, Ms. E. Taylor:
3 (II) : p. 257 p. 355
Leiden, idem, Cod. Voss. Lat. Q° 86 : p. 387 Zü
Nürnberg, Cent. V, App. 3 : ρ. 393 266

2. INDEX NOMINUM SELECTORUM

Achemius, Henricus : p. 401 Alvarez, Emmanuel : p. 328, 331


Adams, William : p. 360, 361, 362, 363 Amerot Adrianus : p. 47
Adamus, Franciscus : p. 404, 406 Ammonius Livinus : p. 43
Aerssens, Cornelius : p. 248, 250, 255 Arno, Antonius Guilelmus : p. 409
Aesticampianus, Johannes Rhagius : p. 418 Amyot, J. : p. 162, 163.
Agritius, Matthias : p. 298 Anchieta, Josephus de : p. 228, 231, 234
Aimericus : p. 386, 387, 388 Andreae, Johannes Valentinus : p. 418
Alardus Amstelodamus : p. 188,282 Andreas, Jacobus Gotho-Sudercopiensis :
Alberti, Leo Baptista : p. 418 p. 404
Albinus, J. : p. 403 Andreas, Valerius : p. 272
Alcuinus : p. 18 Andrelinus, Faustus : p. 413

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436 INDICES

Anseimus, Georgius Nepos : ρ. 416 Boderie, La : p. 169, 179


Apherdianus, Petrus : p, 338 Bodinus, Johannes : p. 419
Apianus, Petrus: p. 130 Bomelius Henricus : p. 194
Aquilius, Henricus: p. 298 Boncompagno da Signa: ρ. 11, 12
Aretinus (Marsuppini), Carolus : p. 4, 5 Bourne, Vincent : p. 411
Arias, Montano. Benito : p. 258 Bouivenszoon van Riethaven, Martinus :
Aristophanes : p. 42-127 p. 296
Asperen, Hieronymus van : p. 203 Bovillus, Carolus : p. 419
Atkinson, Thomas : p. 417 Brandolini, Aurelius : p. 309
Aubépine, De Γ: p. 184 Bredovius, Franciscus : p. 404
Auratus (Dorat), Johannes : p. 145-187 Brentz, Jean de : p. 242
Avancini, Nicolaus : ρ. 417 Breton : ν. Brito
Avienus, Rufus Festus : p. 131 Briesmannus, Passcha : p. 404
Brinon, Jean : p. 147, 148. 153
Bacherius, Petrus: p. 288, 296, 298, 301 Brito (Breton), Robertus : p. 146, 147
Bachusius, Gerardus : p. 42 Brunsfels, Otto : p. 274, 297
Bai'f, Antoine de : p. 153 Brunus, Leonardus : p. 2, 47
Balde, Jacobus : p. 41 3 Buchananus, Georgius : p. 399, 400
Barbarus, Franciscus: p. 6, 10, 12 Buchell, Aernout van: p. 190, 192, 193,
Barbarus, Hermolaus Sr. : p. 392 194, 199, 201
Barclaius, Johannes: p. 418 Budaeus (Budé), Guilelmus : p. 157, 297,
Barlandus, Adrianus : p. 43, 143 419
Baronius, Caesar : p. 256, 330 Bulkeley, Peter : p. 348, 352, 353
Barsius, Henricus de Vekenstyl : p. 424 Busaeus, Petrus : p, 246, 263, 298
Basilius, Magnus : p. 412 Busius, Nicolaus : p. 277, 321, 335, 339
Baumgarten, Alexander Gottlieb: p. 418 Busson, H. : p. 154, 175
Becchi, Gentile : ρ. 413 Buytewech, Gerard : ρ. 254
Beka, Joannes de: ρ. 193, 194
Beilay, Joachim du: p. 147, 153, 161, 163, Cabbedo de Vasconcellos, Michael:
413 Caelius Secundus Curio : ν. Curio

Bellarminus. Robertus : ρ. 256, 257 Caiad


Bembus, Petrus : p. 293 Calepinus, Ambrosius : p. 284
Bencius, Franciscus : p. 249, 250, 252, 253, Calvinus, Joannes : p. 148, 149, 151, 152,
255-258, 260, 261, 266-270 242
Bergemann, Jacobus : p. 401 Camerarius, Joachim : p. 295
Bergius, Theodorus Cornelius : p. 199,200, Campanus, Joannes Ant. : ρ. 1, 2, 12, 14
203 Campestrius, Laurentius : p. 284, 296
Bernavus, Paulus : p, 403 Campion, Thomas : p. 411
Beveridge, John : p. 410 Cansius, Petrus: p, 262, 263, 288, 289
Beza, Theodorus : p. 418 291, 294, 314, 327, 337
Binet, Claude: p. 167 Cantalycius (Valentini), Joannes Baptista:
Biondo: ν. Blondus ρ. 413
Bishop, John : p. 346 Canter Wilhelmus : p. 166
Bisticci, Vespasiano da : ρ. 4 Capellanus, Andreas : p. 32, 33
Blondus (Biondo), Flavius : p. 1-30 Capitein, Jacobus Elisa Joannes : p. 409
Boccaccio, Giovanni : p. 31, 35, 36 Cardanus, H. : p. 175
Bocerus, Johannes: p. 402 Caron, Louis le: ρ. 176

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INDICES 437

Cartari, Vincenzo : p. 31, 37, 3


Caselius, Joannes : ρ. 403 Delrio, Martinus : ρ. 247, 248, 250, 251,
Castiglione, Baldesar : ρ. 32, 33 255, 256, 259, 267, 270
Catonis Disticha : ρ. 386-388 Digby, Everardus : ρ. 419
Caurres, Jean des : p. 174 Dionysius Alexandrinus : p. 131
Celtis, Conradus : p. 392, 393, 398, 399 Dionysius Carthusianus : p. 287
Chapman, J. : p. 41 Divus Andreas : p. 49
Chauncy, Charles : p. 350-353, 355-358 Dlugossius, Joannes : p. 419
Chavigny, Jean de : p. 166 Doletus, Stephanus : p. 147, 419
Chesne, L. du : v. Quercu Dorat : v. Auratus
Chilius, Hadrianus : p. 42-127 Dousa (Van der Does), Janus : p. 258
Cholinus, Maternus : p. 283, 307-310. Dubravius, Joannes : p. 414
Church, Benjamin : p. 381
Chytraeus, Nathan : p. 402, 403, 404, 408
Eborensis, Andreas : p. 286, 287
Clarius, Joannes : p. 423 r
Clessius, J. : p. 294, 309 Edelingus
r, , n .,λ Egmond, Peter van : ρ. 253
Coiman, Benjamin: ρ. 410 ö v
Colonna, Francesco : ρ. 10 EgnatlUS· Joann
Comes (Conti), Natalis : p. 31, 38-41 Eilbrachtus
n „· Eleazar, (Indianus) : p. 348, 358-360
Compagni, Dino: ρ. 16
„ ■ , ,· Elias, Theodorus : ρ. 403
Conovius, Joachim : ρ. 406
^ ,· „ Ellebodius, Nicasius : ρ. 419
Conti : ν. Comes
Eobanus Hessus, Helius: p. 196
Copus, Johannes : ρ. 419
Erasistratus : p. 141
Corlet, Elijah : ρ. 347-350, 363-366
„ . „ . ... Erasmus, Desiderius : ρ. 42, 43, 48, 143,
Corranus, Gregonus : ρ. 419
159, 180, 267, 270, 282, 285, 287, 292
Cortesius, Paulus : ρ. 1, 2, 389-390, 419
296, 297, 384, 386, 387, 395-398, 419
Corvini, Giovanni : p. 6
Erichslebius, Cunradus jr. : p. 404
Corderius, Mathurinus : p. 411
„ , ... ... Erythraeus, Johannes : p. 401
Corradus, Marius: p. 285 „ .
Este, Leonello d': ρ. 6, 12
Costerus, Franciscus : p. 246,247, 249, 264,
Estienne : v. Stephanus
265, 287, 288, 330
Estoile, Pierre de Γ : ρ. 182
Craneveldius, Franciscus : p. 42, 43
Everardi, Embertus : p. 251
Crashaw, Richard : p. 411 . ,
_ . , , „ ... ... Exenchus, Jacobus : p. 412
Creisbachius, P. : p. 403, 404
Crocus, Cornelius : p. 282, 295
Crommius, Flieronymus Joannes: p. 199, Faber, Basilius: p. 130
203 Fabricius, Georgius : p. 294, 409
Croswell, Andrew : p. 380 Favoriti, Augustinus : p. 420
Crusemarchius, Christopherus : p. 405 Felisius, Matthias : p. 299, 301
Crusius, Jacobus : p. 404 Feltham, Owen : p. 414
Cunradus, Michael : p. 406 Fevynus, Joannes : p. 43
Curio, Caelius Secundus : p. 297 Ficinus, Marsilius : p. 32, 33, 34
Curius, Petrus : p. 49, 50, 52 Filelfo : v. Philelphus
Cusanus, Nicolaus : p. 129 Fisher, J. : p. 411
Cuspinianus, J. : p. 132 Flacius, Matthias Illyricus : p. 404
Flamingus, Johannes : p. 414
Datus, Leonardus : p. 417 Fleming, Paulus : p. 414

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438 INDICES

Fontius (Fonzio), Barthol


Fortius a Ringelberg, Joa
Francken, Alard : ρ. 290, 300 Haes, Jan de : p. 290, 300
Frederus, J. : p. 402, 404 Flagius, Gerardus : p. 188
Freymerus, Flarenius : p. 408 Flanapus, Nicolaus : p. 286
Frischlinus, Nicodemus : p. 49, 417 Haraeus, Franciscus : p. 325
Fromondus, Libertus : p. 423 Flartius, Otho : p. 261
Frusius, Andreas : p. 285 Flassensteinius a Lobkowitz Bohuslaus :
Fulgentius: p. 157, 166 p. 414
Fulgosius, Baptista : p. 286 Flaveland, Michael : p. 402
Fumèe, Antoine : p. 148 Flavens, Arnold : p. 290, 300
Heda, Wilhelmus : p. 193, 194
Gabrielius, Julius : p. 285 Hegius, Alexander : p. 387
Gallus, Evaldus : p. 283, 294 Henningius, Erasmus : p. 407
Gama, José Basilio da : ρ. 239 Herbert, George : p. 411
Garberus, Henricus : p. 404, 408 Hermannus, Daniel : p. 407
Gardner, Nathaniel : p. 411 Hertelius, Erhardus : p. 406
Gaspar, Veronensis : p. 12 Hertelius, Johannes: p. 406
Geilhoven, Arnoldus : p. 383 Hessus, Helius Eobanus : v. Eobanus
Georgius Trapezuntius : p. 2, 4, 6, 14, 155, Historia Trium Amantium : p. 391-392
287 Hoest, Stephanus : p. 393
Gertnerus, Christopherus : p. 408 Hollin, Joachim : p. 404
Gesnerus, Conradus : p. 129, 284 Honterus, Johannes: p. 128-144
Giraldus, Lilius Gregorius : p. 11,31, 36-40 Hooper, William : p. 380
Girardus, Carolus : p. 49 Hortulus animae : p. 287
Glass : p. 411 Hosius, Stanislas : p. 289
Goclenius, Conradus : p. 423 Hovius, M. : p. 251, 262
Godefridus de Trajecto : p. 414 Huben, Paulus : p. 305
Godscalcus, Johannes : p. 338 Hunnaeus, Augustinus : p. 299, 401
Goosens (Goeswini), Johannes : p. 337,338, Hutten, Ulricus : p. 414
339 340
Jackson, Levi : p. 410
Granada, Luis de : p. 311 , , , , ,
Johannes de Imola : ρ. 382
Grapheus, Cornelius : p. 295 . . . .
_ Johannes, Latinus : p. 409
Gravina, Gianvincenzo : ρ. 420
Johannis, Erasmus : p. 408
Gretser, Jacobus : ρ. 393
Johnson, Samuel : p. 410
Griffi, Petrus : p. 420
Isidoris Hispalensis : p. 9
Gronovius, J. F. : p. 421
Julianus, Apostata : ρ. 154-
Grotius, Hugo : p. 414
Grudius, Nicolaus: ρ, 412 Keiner, Samuel : ρ. 404
Grym, Joannes : ρ. 404 Kemnicius, Joannes : ρ. 401
Grynaeus, Simon : ρ. 43 Kepler, Johannes : p. 415
Guarinus, G. : p. 12, 13, 15, 17 Kessel, Leonhard : p. 245-246, 290, 300
Gueras, Jacobus : p. 282, 294 Koppay, Georgius : p. 415
Guicciardini : ρ. 4 Köselerus, Erasmus : p. 407
Guilelmus Parisiensis s. Alvernus : p. 296 Kundius, Johannes : p. 405
Gusaeus, Georgius : p. 404 Kyr, Paulus : p. 142

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INDICES 439

Lambertus, Johannes : p. 40
Lampsonius, Dominicus : p.
Landinus, Christopherus : ρ
Langecruys, Joannes : ρ. 323-325 Marsuppini : ν. Aretinus
Lannoy, Philippe de : p. 268 Martialis : p. 423
Lap, Gijsbertus : p. 193-194 Martini, Pierre : p, 155 ·
Lapidanus : p. 52 Martinus, Henricus : p. 408
LapodaCastiglionchio (il Giovane):p. 1-31 Marulus, Marcus : p. 286-287
Latinius, Latinus : p. 253, 269-270 Mather, Cotton : p. 346-381
Latomus, Johannes Berganus: ρ. 412 Mauricius, Georgius: p. 405-406
Laurentius, David : p. 404 Medius, Thomas : p. 417
Laurentius, Ludovicus : p. 403 Meisterus, Joachim : ρ. 406
Laurimannus, Cornelius : ρ. 200, 202-203 Melanchthon, Philippus : ρ, 242, 394, 406
Laurinus, Marcus : ρ, 43, 47, 49-50 407
Layman, Paul : ρ. 421 Mermannius, Arnoldus : ρ. 290, 299, 301
Lechelius, Joannes Baptista : ρ. 405 Meun, Jean de : ρ. 33
Leeuw, Theodorus van der : p. 255 Meyerus, Jacobus : p. 43
Lefèvre de la Boderie, Guy : p. 165 Middendorpius, Jacobus : p. 294
Leverett, John : p. 410 Milton, John : p. 411
Libanius : p. 157 Modestus, J A. : p. 132
Linocier, Goeffroy : p. 177 Molanus, Joannes : p. 300
Lipsius, Justus : p. 244-270, 421 Monachus, Henricus : p. 404
Livinus : p. 43 Monheim, Johannes : p. 262
Logan, James : p. 369-372 Montag, Martinus : p. 407
Longolius (de Longueil), Christophorus : Monfortius, Lambertus Hortensis : p. 193
p. 285, 293 Moretus, Joannes: p. 255, 257, 313-316,
Loschi : ν. Luschis 322-333
Lowry, William : p. 380 Morus, Philippus : p. 192, 200, 203
Lucanus : p. 412 Morus, Thomas : p. 154, 411, 421
Lucretius : p. 412 Mosellanus, Petrus : p. 285
Lucretius, Bononiensis : p. 421 Münster, Sebastianus : p. 143
Luntius, Joannes : p. 205 Muretus, Marcus Antonius : p. 250, 260
Lupus, Christianus : p. 420
Lupus, Petrus : p. 369 Naugerius, Andreas : p. 415
Luschis (Loschi), Nicolaus de : p. 421 Neufville : p. 154
Luther, M. : p. 242 Nicolas, Simon : p. 175
Luytens, Henri : p. 290, 299, 301 Niolandus, Jacobus : p. 42
Nizolius, Marius : p. 338
Macchiavelli, N. : p. 4 Nordanus, Martinus : p. 403
Macropedius, Georgius: p. 188-227, 293, Nostradamus, Michael: p. 172
309 Nunnesius, Petrus Joannes : p. 286
Maczyiiski, Joannes : p. 421
Madridius, Christophorus: p. 292, 301 Oakes, Urian : p. 3
Madur, s.j. : p. 287 Occius, Henricus : p. 408
Maffei, J. P. : p. 284, 294 Orsini : ν. Ursinus
Maior, Johannes : p. 401-402 Osorius, Hieronymus : p. 282, 294
Manutius, Aldus jr. : p. 338 Otterbornius, Paulus : p. 403

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440 INDICES

Oudaert, Nicolaus: ρ. 251, 258 Radinus Todeschus, Thomas : ρ. 422


Ovidius : ρ. 412 Ram, Petrus de : p. 423
Ramus, Petrus : p. 155
Palmieri, Matteo: p. 2, 13 Rastic: v. Restius
Pannonius, Janus : p. 415 Ravisius, Johannes : p. 286
Parmenius, Stephanus : p. 394 Reich, Christopherus : ρ. 404
Parson, Philip : ρ, 417 Rescius, Rutgerus : p. 47
Pascoli, Joannes : ρ. 415 Restius (Rastic), Junius : p. 415
Pasquier, Etienne: p. 147-148 Rettenpacher, Simon : p. 415
Passius, F. : p. 47 Rhetius, Joannes : ρ. 246, 281-304, 318, 321
Pauwelsz, Reyer : p. 190 Rhodomannus, Laurentius: ρ. 403, 408
Perionius, Joachim : ρ. 283, 294 Ricci, Bartolomeo : ρ. 338
Perleone, Petrus : ρ. 421 Rivius, Joannes : ρ. 293
Perottus, Nicolaus : ρ. 309 Rivo, Petrus de : p. 423
Petrarca, Franciscus : p. 2, 10, 11, 420 Robiquet : p. 182-183
Petri, Laurentius : ρ. 404, 415 Rockenbach, Abraham : ρ. 405
Petri, Suffridus : ρ. 193 Romei, Sebastianus : p. 246
Peucerus, Gregorius : p. 407 Ronsard, Ρ. : ρ. 153, 156, 161
Philelphus (Filelfo), Franciscus : p. 4, 13 Ross, James : p. 381
Pichselius, Sebast. : p. 406 Rustici, Cencio de' : p. 15
Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni : p. 32,
394-395 Sabellicus, M. A. Coccius : p. 286
Pighius, Stephanus : p, 286 Sadoletus, Jacobus : p. 293
Pindarus : p. 150 Salbachius, Martin us F. : p. 407
Piscator, Nicolaus : ρ. 406-407 Salius, Johannes : p. 142
Plantinus, Christophorus : p. 258, 310-314 Salmonius, Macrinus : p. 164, 415
Pletzius, Martinus : p. 404 Salutati, Coluccio : p. 2, 6, 8
Pocque : p. 151-152 Sammarthanus (de St. Marthe), Carolus :
Poggio, Bracciolini: p. 15, 421 p. 151
Polanco, Johannes de : p. 287, 291 Sarbievius, Matthias : ρ. 404
Pole, Reginaldus : ρ. 422 Sarcerius, Regnerus : ρ. 201, 203-205
Politianus, Angelus : p. 267 Sartorius, Godfridus : p. 408
Pontanus, Jacobus : p. 259 Savage, Landor Walter : p. 411
Pontanus, Petrus : p. 415 Scaliger, Justus : ρ. 267
Porcarius, Stephanus : ρ. 13 Schaulrabius, Weichmannus : ρ. 405
Posselius, Johannes : ρ. 403-404, 408 Schenckels, Lambert : p. 316-318
Possevinus, Antonius : ρ. 254 Schonaeus, C. : ρ. 200
Praetorius (Schulze), Caspar : ρ. 400-409 Schosserus, Joannes : ρ. 407
Praschius, Joannes Ludovicus : p. 390-391 Schottus, Andreas: p. 251, 258, 267
Puchnerus, Joannes : p. 401 Scotus, Sydracus : p. 201
Pyrrhus, Johannes : p. 422 Secundus, Caelius - Curio : ν. Curio
Serwall, Stephen : ρ. 381
Quercu(duChesne), Leodegariusa : ρ. 149, Silvester, Dominicus: p. 416
159 Sirletus, Gulielmus : p. 253
Snavel, Johannes : p. 382-384
Rabelais, Francois : ρ. 147, 422 Spenser, Ε. : ρ. 34, 40-41
Rader, Mathias : ρ. 259 Staphylus, Frederick : ρ. 263

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INDICES 441

Steinperg, Melchior : p. 406 Verardi, Carolus : p. 417


Stephanus (Etienne), Robert : p. 146 Verdier du : ρ. 181
Stigelius, J. : p. 405 Verelius, Olavus : p. 422
Stracel : p. 150 Verepaeus, Henricus : p. 300
Sturmius, Johannes : p. 297 Verepaeus, Simon : p, 271-340
Sturwolt, Joannes: ρ. 404 Vicomercato : ρ. 175
Surius, Laurentius : ρ. 287 Vida, Marcus Hieronymus : ρ. 415
Suso, Henricus : ρ. 287 Villani : ρ. 16
Sweertius, Franciscus : p. 257 Vincentius a Nitenbergk : p. 402
Sylvius, Antonius : ρ. 295 Viscavius, Augustinus : ρ. 299
Vitalis, Johannes : ρ. 412
Taurellius, Pomponius : p. 416 Vives, Joannes Ludovicus: p. 43, 52, 283,
Terentius : p. 409 292, 422
Tertullianus : p. 255 Vladeraccus, Christophorus : p. 312-313,
Thalmannus, Benedictus : p. 406 385-386
Theodorus, Joannes, Nervius : p. 49, 50, 52 Vleys, Petrus : p. 415
Theodulphus, Aurelianensis: p. 157, 167 Vliegere, Aegidius de: p. 315
Thevet, André: ρ. 158, 167, 170, 176, 181 Volckmann, Jacobus : p. 391, 423
Thomasius, Michael : p. 289, 294 Vossius, Gerardus, Joannes: p, 415
Thuanus (de Thou) J. A. : p. 159
Timannus, Albertus : p. 408 Weiglerus, Melchior : p. 406
Titius, Robertus : p. 267, 270 Weitzke, Petrus : p. 401-402
Torrentius, Laevinus : p. 248, 251 Wernerus, Joannes : p. 405
Tortellius, Joannes : p. 6 Widemann, Laurentius : p. 400
Toscanus, J.M. : p. 164, 168, 173 Wilde, Georges: p, 417
Tribrachus, Gaspar : p. 416 Willis, Thomas : p. 141
Trithemius, Johannes : p. 422 Wilsius, Augustinus : p. 295, 338
Turnebus, Adrianus: p. 159-160, 185 Wilson, John: p. 346, 353
Tzetzès: ρ, 166 Winckelman, J.J. : p. 423
Withof, J. H. : p. 387
Ursinus (Orsini), Fulvius : p. 253, 267, 270 Witten, Gaspar : p. 405
Witten, Joachim : p. 405
Vadianus, Joachim : p. 132, 422 Wittenbargius, Gerhardus : p. 408
Valerius, Cornelius : p. 282, 295
Valerius Maximus : p. 286 Zabarellis, Franciscus de : p. 382-383
Valla, Laurentius : p. 422 Zebracenus, Clemens : p. 341-345
Varchius, Benedictus : p. 395 Zino, Petrus Franciscus : p. 287
Venatorius, Thomas : p. 47-48, 54 Zoes, Thomas : p. 249

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HUMANISTICA LOVANIENSIA

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V. Gortan and VI. Vratovic. The Basic Characteristics of Croatian Latinity. With a
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D. Kuijper F.f. Exegetica neolatina.
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