1

C Language is Simplest.
 2

What may be the size of the program for

writing a C code that generates sin
wave?
 3

But we can do the same by only three

lines.
x=0.1:0.1:10;
4
b=sin(x);
Plot(x,b)
------ no
computational
complexity
 5

That is the beauty we have as an

engineer.

Name is

MATLAB
 Recent Trends in Computational
techniques for Engineering

Use of MATLAB in
Engineering
Prof. Ashish M. Kothari
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
Atmiya Institute of Technology & Science, Rajkot
 Topics..
7

What is MATLAB ??

Basic Matrix Operations

Script Files and M-files

Some more Operations and Functions

Plotting functions ..
 Topics..
8

What is MATLAB ??

Basic Matrix Operations

Script Files and M-files

Some more Operations and Functions

Plotting functions
 MATLAB
9

“MATrix LABoratory”

Powerful, extensible, highly integrated

computation, programming, visualization, and
simulation package

Widely used in engineering, mathematics, and

science
 MATLAB
10

Everything in MATLAB is a matrix !

 MATLAB- Starting & Quiting
11

Starting MATLAB
On a Microsoft Windows platform, to start MATLAB, double-click the
MATLAB shortcut icon on your Windows desktop.

On Linux, to start MATLAB, type matlab at the operating system prompt.

After starting MATLAB, the MATLAB desktop opens – see “MATLAB

Desktop”.

You can change the directory in which MATLAB starts, define startup
options including running a script upon startup, and reduce startup time in
some situations.
 MATLAB- Starting & Quiting
12

Quiting MATLAB

To end your MATLAB session, select Exit MATLAB from the

File menu in the desktop, or type quit in the Command
Window.
The MATLAB Desktop
13
 MATLAB Variable
15

Variable names ARE case sensitive

Variable names can contain up to 63 characters (as of

MATLAB 6.5 and newer)

Variable names must start with a letter followed by letters,

digits, and underscores.
 MATLAB Variable
16

>> 16 + 24 no declarations needed

ans =
40

>> product = 16 * 23.24 mixed data types

product =
371.84

semi-colon suppresses output of

>> product = 16 *555.24; the calculation’s result
>> product
product =
8883.8
 MATLAB Variable
17
>> clear clear removes all variables;
>> product = 2 * 3^3;
>> comp_sum = (2 + 3i) + (2 - 3i); clear x y removes only x and y
>> show_i = i^2;
complex numbers (i or j) require
>> save three_things
no special handling
>> clear
>> load three_things
>> who
save/load are used to
Your variables are:
comp_sum product show_i retain/restore workspace variables
>> product
product =
54
use home to clear screen and put
>> show_i
cursor at the top of the screen
show_i =
-1
 MATLAB Special Variables
18

ans Default variable name for results

pi Value of π
eps Smallest incremental number
inf Infinity
NaN Not a number e.g. 0/0
i and j i = j = square root of -1
realmin The smallest usable positive real number
realmax The largest usable positive real number
 Topics..
19

What is MATLAB ??

Basic Matrix Operations

Script Files and M-files

Some more Operations and Functions

Plotting functions ..
 Math & Assignment Operators
20

Power ^ or .^ e.g a^b or a.^b

Multiplication * or .* e.g a*b or a.*b
Division / or ./ e.g a/b or a./b
or \ or .\ e.g b\a or b.\a
NOTE: 56/8 = 8\56

- (unary) + (unary)
Addition + a+b
Subtraction - a-b
Assignment = a=b (assign b to a)
 Other MATLAB symbols
21

>> prompt
... continue statement on next line
, separate statements and data
% start comment which ends at end of line
; (1) suppress output
(2) used as a row separator in a matrix
: specify range
 MATLAB Relational Operators
22

MATLAB supports six relational operators.

Less Than <

Less Than or Equal <=
Greater Than >
Greater Than or Equal >=
Equal To ==
Not Equal To ~=
 MATLAB Logical Operators
23

MATLAB supports three logical operators.

not ~ % highest precedence

and & % equal precedence with or
or | % equal precedence with and
 MATLAB Matrices
24

MATLAB treats all variables as matrices. For our purposes

a matrix can be thought of as an array, in fact, that is how
it is stored.

Vectors are special forms of matrices and contain only one

row OR one column.

Scalars are matrices with only one row AND one column
 MATLAB Matrices
25

A matrix with only one row AND one column is a scalar. A

scalar can be created in MATLAB as follows:

» a_value=23

a_value =

23
 MATLAB Matrices
26

A matrix with only one row is called a row vector. A row

vector can be created in MATLAB as follows (note the
commas):

» rowvec = [12 , 14 , 63]

rowvec =

12 14 63
 MATLAB Matrices
27

A matrix with only one column is called a column vector.

A column vector can be created in MATLAB as follows
(note the semicolons):

» colvec = [13 ; 45 ; -2]

colvec =

13
45
-2
 MATLAB Matrices
28

A matrix can be created in MATLAB as follows (note the

commas AND semicolons):

» matrix = [1 , 2 , 3 ; 4 , 5 ,6 ; 7 , 8 , 9]

matrix =

1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
 Extracting a Sub-Matrix
29

A portion of a matrix can be extracted and stored in a

smaller matrix by specifying the names of both matrices
and the rows and columns to extract. The syntax is:

sub_matrix = matrix ( r1 : r2 , c1 : c2 ) ;

where r1 and r2 specify the beginning and ending rows

and c1 and c2 specify the beginning and ending columns
to be extracted to make the new matrix.
 MATLAB Matrices
30

A column vector can be
Here we extract column 2

extracted from a matrix. of the matrix and make a
As an example we create a column vector:
matrix below:

» matrix=[1,2,3;4,5,6;7,8,9] » col_two=matrix( : , 2)

matrix = col_two =
1 2 3
4 5 6 2
7 8 9 5
8
 MATLAB Matrices
31

A row vector can be
Here we extract row 2 of

extracted from a matrix. the matrix and make a
As an example we create row vector. Note that
a matrix below: the 2:2 specifies the
second row and the 1:3
» matrix=[1,2,3;4,5,6;7,8,9] specifies which columns
of the row.

matrix =
» rowvec=matrix(2 : 2 , 1 :
3)
1 2 3
4 5 6 rowvec =
7 8 9
4 5 6
 Topics..
32

What is MATLAB ??

Basic Matrix Operations

Script Files /M-files and Function Files

Some more Operations and Functions

Plotting functions ..
 Use of M-File
33

There are two kinds of M-files:

Scripts, which do not accept input
arguments or return output arguments. They
operate on data in the workspace.

Functions, which can accept input
arguments and return output arguments.
Internal variables are local to the function.

Click to create
a new M-File
 M-File as script file
34

Save file as filename.m

Type what you want to

do, eg. Create matrices

If you include “;” at the

end of each statement,
result will not be shown
immediately

Run the file by typing the filename in the command window

 MATLAB Function File
35

function [a b c] = myfun(x, y) Write these two lines to a file myfun.m

b = x * y; a = 100; c = x.^2; and save it on MATLAB’s path

>> myfun(2,3) % called with zero outputs

ans =
100
>> u = myfun(2,3) % called with one output
u =
100
>> [u v w] = myfun(2,3) % called with all outputs
u =
100
v = Any return value which is not stored in
6 an output variable is simply discarded
w =
4
 Topics..
36

What is MATLAB ??

Basic Matrix Operations

Script Files and M-files

Some more Operations and Functions

Plotting functions ..
 Some Useful MATLAB commands
37

who List known variables

whos List known variables plus their size

help >> help sqrt Help on using sqrt

lookfor >> lookfor sqrt Search for
keyword sqrt in m-files

what >> what a: List MATLAB files in a:

clear Clear all variables from work space

clear x y Clear variables x and y from work space

clc Clear the command window
 Some Useful MATLAB commands
38

what List all m-files in current directory

dir List all files in current directory

ls Same as dir

type test Display test.m in command window

delete test Delete test.m

cd a: Change directory to a:

chdir a: Same as cd

pwd Show current directory

which test Display directory path to ‘closest’
test.m
 MATLAB Logical Functions
39

MATLAB also supports some logical functions.

xor (exclusive or) Ex: xor (a, b)
Where a and b are logical expressions. The xor
operator evaluates to true if and only if one
expression is true and the other is false. True is
returned as 1, false as 0.
any (x) returns 1 if any element of x is nonzero
all (x) returns 1 if all elements of x are nonzero
isnan (x) returns 1 at each NaN in x
isinf (x) returns 1 at each infinity in x
finite (x) returns 1 at each finite value in x
 Matlab Selection Structures
40

An if - elseif - else structure in MATLAB.

Note that elseif is one word.

if expression1 % is true
% execute these commands
elseif expression2 % is true
% execute these commands
else % the default
% execute these commands
end
 MATLAB Repetition Structures
41

A for loop in MATLAB for x = array

for ind = 1:100
b(ind)=sin(ind/10)
end

while loop in MATLAB while expression

while x <= 10
% execute these commands
end
 42

x=0.1:0.1:10;
b=sin(x);
Plot(b,x)
------ no
computational
complexity
 Scalar - Matrix Addition
43

» a=3;
» b=[1, 2, 3;4, 5, 6]
b=
1 2 3
4 5 6
» c= b+a % Add a to each element of b
c=
4 5 6
7 8 9
 Scalar - Matrix Subtraction
44

» a=3;
» b=[1, 2, 3;4, 5, 6]
b=
1 2 3
4 5 6
» c = b - a %Subtract a from each element of b
c=
-2 -1 0
1 2 3
 Scalar - Matrix Multiplication
45

» a=3;
» b=[1, 2, 3; 4, 5, 6]
b=
1 2 3
4 5 6
» c = a * b % Multiply each element of b by a
c=
3 6 9
12 15 18
 Scalar - Matrix Division
46

» a=3;
» b=[1, 2, 3; 4, 5, 6]
b=
1 2 3
4 5 6
» c = b / a % Divide each element of b by a
c=
0.3333 0.6667 1.0000
1.3333 1.6667 2.0000
 The use of “.” – “Element” Operation
47

Given A:

Divide each element of Multiply each Square each

A by 2 element of A by 3 element of A
 MATLAB Toolboxes
48

MATLAB has a number of add-on software modules, called

toolbox , that perform more specialized computations.

 Signal Processing
 Image Processing
 Communications
 System Identification
 Wavelet Filter Design
 Control System
 Fuzzy Logic
 Robust Control
 µ-Analysis and Synthesis
 LMI Control
 Model Predictive Control
 …
 MATLAB Demo
49

Demonstrations are invaluable since they give an indication

of the MATLAB capabilities.

A comprehensive set are available by typing the command

>>demo
demo in MATLAB prompt.
 An Interesting, MATLAB command
50

why

In case you ever needed a reason

 Topics..
51

What is MATLAB ??

Basic Matrix Operations

Script Files and M-files

Some more Operations and Functions

Plotting functions ..
 Plot
52

Example
PLOT Linear plot.
x = [-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3];

PLOT(X,Y) plots vector Y
y1 = (x.^2) -1;
versus vector X
plot(x, y1,'bo-.');

PLOT(Y) plots the columns of
Y versus their index

PLOT(X,Y,S) with plot
symbols and colors

See also SEMILOGX,
SEMILOGY, TITLE,
XLABEL, YLABEL, AXIS,
AXES, HOLD, COLORDEF,
LEGEND, SUBPLOT...

52
 Plot Properties
53

Example

XLABEL X-axis label. ...

xlabel('x values');

XLABEL('text') adds text ylabel('y values');
beside the X-axis on the
current axis.

YLABEL Y-axis label.

YLABEL('text') adds text
beside the Y-axis on the
current axis.

53
 Hold
54

Example
HOLD Hold current graph. ...
hold on;

HOLD ON holds the current
y2 = x + 2;
plot and all axis properties so
plot(x, y2, 'g+:');
that subsequent graphing
commands add to the existing
graph.

HOLD OFF returns to the
default mode

HOLD, by itself, toggles the
hold state.

54
 Subplot
55

SUBPLOT Create axes in tiled

positions.

SUBPLOT(m,n,p), or
SUBPLOT(mnp), breaks the Figure
window into an m-by-n matrix of
small axes
Example
x = [-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3];
y1 = (x.^2) -1;
% Plot y1 on the top
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(x, y1,'bo-.');
xlabel('x values');
ylabel('y values');
% Plot y2 on the bottom
subplot(2,1,2);
y2 = x + 2;
plot(x, y2, 'g+:');

55
 Figure
56

FIGURE Create figure window.

FIGURE, by itself, creates a
new figure window, and
returns its handle.

Example
x = [-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3];
y1 = (x.^2) -1;
% Plot y1 in the 1st Figure
plot(x, y1,'bo-.');
xlabel('x values');
ylabel('y values');
% Plot y2 in the 2nd Figure
figure
y2 = x + 2;
plot(x, y2, 'g+:');
56
 Surface Plot
57

x = 0:0.1:2;
y = 0:0.1:2;
[xx, yy] = meshgrid(x,y);
zz=sin(xx.^2+yy.^2);
surf(xx,yy,zz)
xlabel('X axes')
ylabel('Y axes')

57
 3 D Surface Plot
58

contourf-colorbar-plot3-waterfall-contour3-mesh-surf

58
 MATLAB Applications
59

DSP
>> t=-2*pi:0.1:2*pi;
y=1.5*sin(t);
plot(t,y);
xlabel('------> time')
ylabel('------> sin(t)')

59
 MATLAB Applications
60

DSP
>> t=-2*pi:0.1:2*pi;
y=1.5*cos(t);
stem(t,y);
xlabel('------> time')
ylabel('------> sin(t)')

60
 MATLAB Applications
61

DSP

n=input('enter value of n')

t=0:1:n-1;

y1=ones(1,n); %unit step

y2=[zeros(1,4) ones(1,n-4)]; %delayed unit step

subplot(2,1,1);

stem(t,y1,'filled');ylabel('amplitude');

xlabel('n----->');ylabel('amplitude');

subplot(2,1,2);

stem(t,y2,'filled');

xlabel('n----->');ylabel('amplitude');
61
 MATLAB Applications
62

DSP

62
 MATLAB Applications
63

Control Systems
Transfer Function

p1 s n + p 2 s n −1 + ... + p n +1
H (s ) =
q1 s m + q1 s m −1 + ... + q m +1

where
p1 , p 2 ... p n +1 numerator coefficients
q1 , q1 ... q m +1 denominator coefficients

63
 MATLAB Applications
64

Control Systems
Transfer Function

Consider a linear time invariant (LTI) single-
input/single-output system

y ''+ 6 y '+ 5 y = 4u '+ 3u

Applying Laplace Transform to both sides with
zero initial conditions
Y ( s) 4s + 3
G ( s) = = 2
U ( s) s + 6s + 5
64
 MATLAB Applications
65

Control Systems
Transfer Function
>> num = [4 3]; >> [num,den] =
>> den = [1 6 5]; tfdata(sys,'v')
>> sys = tf(num,den) num =
Transfer function: 0 4 3
4s+3 den =
----------------- 1 6 5
s^2 + 6 s + 5

65
 MATLAB Applications
66

Control Systems
Zero-pole-gain model (ZPK)
(s − p1)(s − p2 ) +... + (s − pn )
H (s ) = K
(s −q1)(s −q2 ) +... + (s −qm )

where
p1 , p2 ... pn+1 the zeros of H(s)
q1,q1 ... qm+1 the poles of H(s)
66
 MATLAB Applications
67

Control Systems
Zero-pole-gain model (ZPK)
 Consider a Linear time invariant (LTI) single-
input/single-output system
y ''+ 6 y '+ 5 y = 4u '+ 3u
 Applying Laplace Transform to both sides with
zero initial conditions

Y (s) 4s + 3 4( s + 0.75)
G (s) = = 2 =
U ( s ) s + 6 s + 5 ( s + 1)( s + 5)
67
 MATLAB Applications
68

Control Systems
>> G=tf([4 3],[1 6 5]) >> [z,p,k]=zpkdata(G)

Transfer function: z=
4s+3 [-0.7500]
-------------
s^2 + 6 s + 5 p=
[-5;-1]

k=
4

68
 MATLAB Applications
69

Control Systems
>> bode(G)

69
 MATLAB Applications
70

Control Systems
>> rlocus(G)

70
 MATLAB Applications
71

Control Systems
>> nyquist(G)

71
 MATLAB Applications
72

Control Systems
>> step(G)

72
 MATLAB Applications
73

Control Systems
>> impulse(G)

73
 MATLAB Applications
74

Communication
>> t=0:pi/100:2*pi;
>> x=sin(t);
>> subplot(211);plot(t,x);
>> Fc=1000;
>> Fs=2000;
>> y=ammod(x,Fc,Fs);
>> subplot(212);plot(t,y);

74
 MATLAB Applications
75

Communication

75
 Online MATLAB Resources
76

www.mathworks.com/

www.mathtools.net/MATLAB

www.math.utah.edu/lab/ms/matlab/matlab.html

web.mit.edu/afs/athena.mit.edu/software/matlab/
www/home.html

www.utexas.edu/its/rc/tutorials/matlab/

www.math.ufl.edu/help/matlab-tutorial/

www.indiana.edu/~statmath/math/matlab/links.html

www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/programs/matlab.html
76
 Reference Books
77

Mastering MATLAB 7, D. Hanselman and B. Littlefield,

Prentice Hall, 2004

Getting Started with MATLAB 7: A Quick Introduction

for Scientists and Engineers, R. Pratap, Oxford University
Press, 2005.

77
 Some More Web Resources
78

MATLAB Educational sites:

http://www.eece.maine.edu/mm/matweb.html

Yahoo! MATLAB Web site:

dir.yahoo.com/Science/mathematics/software/matlab/

Newsgroup:
comp.soft-sys.matlab

78
 Thanks
79

Questions ??