Convection Heat Transfer

Textbook: Convection Heat Transfer

Adrian Bejan, John Wiley & Sons

Reference: Convective Heat and Mass Transfer

Kays, Crawford, and Weigand, McGraw-Hill

Convection Heat Transfer

Vedat S. Arpaci and Poul S. Larsen, Prentice-Hall Inc

Convection Heat Transfer

Content: 1. Fluid Properties and Conservation Laws

2. External/Internal Laminar Flows

3. External/Internal Natural Convection
4. External/Internal Turbulent Flows
5. High Speed Flows

Grading: HW (30%)+Midterm (30%) + Final (30%) + Report (15%)

1
 Wanted

• friction force: F f   0 cos  dA • pressure drag: Fp   P0 sin  dA

S S

0 Fp
Skin friction coefficient C f  form drag coefficient Cp 
1
U 2 1
2 U 2 A
2

Wanted

• heat transfer rate at the surface

no-slip hypothesis at wall : pure conduction adjacent to the wall

 T 
Fourier’s law: q0   k  
 y  y  0
 T 
 k  
 y  y  0
• convection heat transfer coefficient: q0  h T0  T  i.e. h 
T0  T 
hx heat transfer rate when in flow
• local Nusselt number: Nu x  ~
k heat transfer rate when stationary

2
 Wanted

• averaged convection heat transfer coefficient:

x
1
x 0
q0dx
q0  x
h0  x  
Tavg Tavg

total heat transfer rate over (0,x) =  qdx 

0
0 x  h0 x  Tavg

h0  x x q0 x x
• overall Nusselt number: Nu0  x  
k Tavg k

Analysis Methods

• scaling analysis : qualitative analysis

magnitude of order
related to what parameters and how?

• integral analysis : quantitative analysis

magnitudes with a little errors

related to what parameters and how?

• similarity analysis : exact analysis

under model assumptions

• perturbation analysis : critical analysis

near some critical point

3
 Fluid Properties

(1) viscosity coefficient:  kg m  sec  ;     m 2 sec 

• Newtonian Fluids:

 u u 
 ji   p ji    i  j    ji   p ji   ji
 x 
 j xi 
 u
   u  k
xk
2
    usually assumed (Fluid Mechanics, Landau & Lifschifz, 1959)
3

• temperature dependence:
  T , P 

gases :   as T 

liquid :   as T 

Tr  T Tc

4
 Fluid Properties

(2) thermal conductivity: k W m  K  ;   k c p m 2 sec


• Fourier’s Law: q  (heat flux, W m 2 )   kT

isotropic k usually assumed

• temperature dependence:
k  k T , P 
k r  k kc

gases : k  as T 

liquid : k  as T 

Tr  T Tc

5
 Dimensionless Parameters

UL inertial force
(1) Reynolds number: Re  ~
 viscous force
L2  char. diffusion time
Re  ~
L U char. convection time

Re > Recr  turbulent flows

 momentum diffusion
(2) Prandtl number: Pr  ~
 thermal diffusion

U2 kinetic energy per unit mass

(3) Eckert number: Ec  ~
c p T enthalpy difference per unit mass

Ec << 1  negligible viscous dissipation

High speed flows  significant viscous dissipation

Time Derivatives

d  
total derivative   Vobserver  
dt t
Lagrangian/
material
derivative
D  
  u 
Dt t

Eulerian
derivative

6
 Conservation Laws

dm  dV
Let   some physical quantity per unit mass

total amount of quantity  within the control volume (CV)   dV

CV

 
outflow rate of quantity  through the control surface (CS)     u  n dA
CS

  
Conservati on requires :  dV     u  ndA  sources 
t CV  qdV
CS CV

q  source per unit time per unit volume

Differential Form

   a j
Divergence Theorem:  a  ndA     a dV   x j dV
S V V

  
Conservation requires:  dV  CS   u  ndA  sources 
t CV  qdV
CV


 
Conservation law:  dV        u  dV  sources   qdV

t CV CV CV

• Consider an infinitesimal control volume CV  dV

 
dV       u  dV  qdV

t


      u   q
t

7
 Mass Conservation
total amount of quantity  within the control volume (CV)   dV
CV


      u   q
t

• mass:   1 , no source q  0 vector identity:

  
      a   a     a
    u   0
t

   D 
 u     u     u  0
t Dt

 1 D 1 D
 u     volume change rate per unit volume
 Dt  Dt

Momentum Conservation

total amount of quantity  within the control volume (CV)    dV

CV

   a j
• momentum   ui Divergence Theorem:  a  ndA     a dV   x j dV
S V V

source  qdV  force acting on the CV by its surroundin g fluids

CV
= body forces + contact forces
 ji
  X dV
CV
i   
CS
ji n j dA 
 X dVi   x j
dV
CV CV

 ji
q  X i +
x j

8
 Momentum Conservation


      u   q
t

• momentum   ui
 
 ji
ui     ui u   X i  ji
t x j
q  X i +
x j
   
ui       u   0 
 t 

Newtonian fluid:  ji   p ji   ji

 ji  p  ji p  ji
x j

x j
  p ji   ji    ji x  x   x  x
j j i j

ui  p  ji
Newtonian fluid:    u    ui  X i  
t xi x j

Energy Conservation

• total energy:   e (internal energy per unit mass)  12 ui ui  V (potential energy)


body force X  V

• sources  exteranl heat generation     a j

Divergence Theorem:
heat diffusion into/out of CV 
 a  ndA     a dV   x j dV
S V V

work done on the CV by its surroundin gs

a j   ji ui
 
  
qdV   q  ndA     ji n j dA  ui
CV CS CS



t
      u   q    q     ji ui
x j
   ji   pij   ji

9
 Energy Conservation
ui p  ji u
p  ui  ui   ji i
• total energy equation: xi xi x j x j
  
 e  12 uiui  V   q    q   pui    ui  ji 
D

Dt xi x j

 Dui p  ji  
• kinetic energy equation: ui    Xi    X  V
 Dt xi x j 

DV  V V 
    ui   0  ui X i  ui X i
Dt  t xi 

• thermal energy equation:

De   ui
  q    q   p  u      ji
Dt x j

thermal (internal) energy

De  
  q    q   p  u  
Dt

the time change rate of the internal energy of an infinitesimal

control volume = the heat generation rate
+ the net heat diffusion rate
+ pressure work rate done by surrounding fluid
+ viscous dissipation rate

10
 Thermal Energy Conservation
De  
  q    q   p  u  
Dt

ui
ij    viscous dissipation rate = rate at which kinetic
x j
energy is irreversibly converted to thermal energy by viscosity

 u u j 
Newtonian fluid: ij   i    ij
 x j xi 
 
 u u  u u
    i  j  i  ij i
 x x  x xj
 j i  j

 u u j   1  ui u j  1  ui u j  
  i             
2
 x     
 j xi   
2 x j xi  2  x j xi  
  ui u j   ui u j 
       
2

2  x j xi   x j xi 

ui
ij    viscous dissipation rate
x j

  ui u j  ui u j    ui u j  ui u j  4 ui u j 

                
2

2  x j xi  x j xi
  2  x j xi 
 x j xi  3 xi x j 
 2 2 2
3   8  u1 u2 u1 u3 u2 u3  
2
  8  u  8  u  8  u  u u j
   1   2    3    i    

2  3  x1  3  x2  3  x3  i , j 1  x j xi  3  x1 x2 x1 x3 x2 x3  
  
 i j 
 4  u  2 u u  u   4  u 
2 2
u u  u   
2

  1   2 1 2   2      1   2 1 3   3   
 3 x x1 x2  x2   3  x1  x1 x3  x3   
   1    
  
2  4  u  2
u2 u3  u3 
2
 3 
ui u j 
2

 3  x   2 x x   x      x  x 
2

  2  2 3  3   ii , j j1  j i  

 2
  4  u1 u2   u1 u3   u3 u2   3  ui u j  
2 2 2

             
    >0
2  3  x1 x2   x1 x3   x3 x2   i , j 1  x j xi  
   i j 

11
 Temperature-based
De  
  q    q   p  u  
Dt
h  e  p dh  de  dp  Tds  pd   dp  Tds  dp
(first law)

s (T , p)  s   s   s  
ds    dT    dp    dT  dp
 T  p  p T  T  p 

  s, T 
 1  s    ( s, T )  (, p)    ( p, )          
  , p   p T  ( p, T )  ( p, T )  ( p, T )  T  p 

(Maxwell relation)

 s   
dh  T   dT     T  dp
 T p  

Temperature-based
De  
  q    q   p  u  
Dt

 s   
dh  T   dT     T  dp  h  h T , p 
 T  p  

 h   s 
cp    T 
 T  p  T  p

dp
dh  c p dT  1  T 

Dh DT Dp
  c p  1   T 
Dt Dt Dt

12
 Temperature-based

• enthaphy h  e  p   Dh  De  1 Dp  p  1 D  De  1 Dp  p   u
Dt Dt  Dt   Dt Dt  Dt 

De  
  q    q   p  u  
Dt
Dh DT Dp
  c p  1   T 
Dt Dt Dt

DT Dp   Dp 
c p  1  T   q    q   p  u     p  u
Dt Dt Dt

DT  Dp
c p  q    q   T  
Dt Dt

Temperature

DT  Dp
c p  q    q   T  
Dt Dt
1    1   
      = thermal expansion coefficient
  T  p   T  p

• Assumptions: (1) negligible compressibility effect 0

(2) no external heat generation q  0
(3) negligible viscous dissipation   0 Ec  1

(4) Fourier’s Law: q    kT

 T  
 u  T     kT 
DT
c p  c p 
Dt  t 

13