Comparison of Color Difference Methodes For Multi-Angle Application Konrad Lex BYK-Gardner

Comparison of Color Difference Methods
for multi-angle Application

Konrad Lex, BYK-Gardner GmbH
10th BYK-Gardner User Meeting, Innsbruck Austria – April 2013
Effect Coatings
70% of todays automotive finishes are effect coatings
• Metallic coatings
accentuate the curved
profile: Light – Dark Flop
• Pearlescent coatings result in a

more spectacular color effect:
Color Flop
• Effect finishes with special glitter effect

(Xirallics ) TM
Page 2, BYK-Gardner GmbH, Comparison of Color Difference Methods for multi-angle Application
CIELab - System: L*a*b*- Coordinates
L* = 100
+b*
Yellow L* = + 58,12
a* = + 30,41
-a* b* = + 36,26
Green
+a*
Red
-b* Blue
L* = 0
CIELab - System: Color Difference L*, a*, b*
 = Sample - Standard
 L*
- +
 a*
Sample - +
 b*
E* L* - +
b*
Standard a*
E* = √ (L*)2 + (a*)2 + (b*)2
CIELab - System: L*C*h°- Coordinates
L* = 100 +b*
90°
L* = + 58,12
C* = + 47,32
-a* h° = 50°
180° C*
h° +a*
0°
-b*
270°
L* = 0
CIELab - System: Color Differences C* und H*
+b*
E* = √ (L*)2 + (C*)2 + (H*)2
Sample
Standard
+H*
C*ab C*ab -C*
h°ab h°ab
+a*
CIELab - System: Chromatic – Non Chromatic
+ b* Non-chromatic colors: C* < 10
P
Use L*a*b*
H*
C*
- a* B + a*
- b*
Chromatic colors: C* > 10
Use L*C*h°
CIELab - System: Typical Tolerances
Achromatic
L* a* b*
-15° 2.0 1.0 1.0
15° 2.0 1.0 1.0
25° 1.5 0.7 0.7
Metallics 45° 1.0 0.5 0.5
75° 1.0 0.5 0.5
110° 1.0 0.5 0.5
45° 1.0 0.5 0.5
Solids
*Measurement of Metallic & Pearlescent Colors
Allan Rodrigues, DuPont, 1990
CIELab - System: Typical Tolerances
Chromatic
L* C* H*
-15° 3.0 2.5 1.5
15° 3.0 2.5 1.5
25° 2.0 2.2 1.2
Metallics 45° 1.5 2.0 1.0
75° 1.0 2.0 1.0
110° 1.0 2.0 1.0
45° 1.5 2.0 1.0
Solids
Color Difference
Delta CIE Lab:
What causes the problem?

Compare to tolerances:
 dH* is too large!
Weighted Color Difference
CMC – Color Difference Formula
Delta E cmc:
lSL
 L *   C *   H *  2 2

2 12
ECMC(l :c) =  +

  ab
 + 

ab
 
 lSL   cSC   SH  
• 3-dimensional ellipsoid with axes corresponding to

SH hue, chroma and lightness
cSc • Weighting functions (= semi-axis) SL, SC and SH

are dependent on color of standard
• Factors l and c modify the lengths of relevant

semi-axes
General Color Difference Formula
Achromatic:
2 2 2
 L * ( )   a * ( )   b * ( ) 
Ew ( ) =   +   +  
 g L  S L ( )   g a  Sa ( )   gb  Sb ( ) 
Chromatic:
2 2 2
 L * ( )   C * ( )   H * ( ) 
Ew ( ) =   +   +  
 g L  S L ( )   gC  SC ( )   g H  S H ( ) 
 measurement geometry
g application parameter e.g. batch or production
S weighting factor
g S tolerance
Weighted Color Components
Achromatic:
L * ( ) a * ( ) b * ( )
Lw ( ) = aw ( ) = bw ( ) =
TolL ( ) Tola ( ) Tolb ( )
Chromatic:
L * ( ) C * ( ) H * ( )
Lw ( ) = Cw ( ) = H w ( ) =
TolL ( ) TolC ( ) TolH ( )
Lw, aw, bw, Cw, Hw < 1.00  within Tolerance
Lw, aw, bw, Cw, Hw > 1.00  out of Tolerance
Delta E cmc:
Weighted by dE cmc Tolerances
 dH* is 31% too large!
How to get Tolerances?
Weighted Color Difference Methods
ECMC E94 E‘DIN

E00 With Lightness
E‘BMW E‘AUDI2000
Correction
Weighting factors Calculation of the Weighting factors

independent from weighting factors are are dependent on
measurement measurement lightness flop and
geometry geometry dependent color flop
There is only one standard, DIN 6175-Part 2 for gonio appearant colors
Silver Metallic
Achromatic light metallic
Page 17 BYK-Gardner GmbH, Comparison of Color Difference Methods for multi-angle Application
Red Metallic
Chromatic medium light metallic
Page 18 BYK-Gardner GmbH, Comparison of Color Difference Methods for multi-angle Application
Yellow Metallic
Chromatic light metallic
Solid White
Achromatic light solid
How to get Tolerances?
Weighted Color Difference Methods
ECMC E94 E‘DIN

E00 With Lightness
E‘BMW E‘AUDI2000
Correction
Optimized for solid, Optimized for light Applicable for

high chromatic colors metallic finishes metallic and solid
Discontinuity
between solid and
gonioapparent colors
Weighted Deltas
Unweighted Deltas
Weighted Deltas
Unweighted Deltas
Weighted Deltas
Conclusion
• All color difference methods with weighting factors

are closer to the visual than dE* method because
L, a, b, C and H have different visual
sensitivities depending on color.
• Gonioappearant colors may end up with 5 to 25

different tolerances  weighted color components
make the life much easier because the tolerances of
weighted color components are always 1.00
Thank you for your Attention!

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Comparison of Color Difference Methods

for multi-angle Application

• Pearlescent coatings result in a

• Effect finishes with special glitter effect

E* = √ (L*)2 + (a*)2 + (b*)2

+ b* Non-chromatic colors: C* < 10

45° 1.0 0.5 0.5

110° 1.0 2.0 1.0

45° 1.5 2.0 1.0

Delta CIE Lab:

What causes the problem?

 dH* is too large!

ECMC(l :c) =  +

• 3-dimensional ellipsoid with axes corresponding to

cSc • Weighting functions (= semi-axis) SL, SC and SH

• Factors l and c modify the lengths of relevant

Lw, aw, bw, Cw, Hw < 1.00  within Tolerance

Lw, aw, bw, Cw, Hw > 1.00  out of Tolerance

Weighted by dE cmc Tolerances

 dH* is 31% too large!

ECMC E94 E‘DIN

Weighting factors Calculation of the Weighting factors

ECMC E94 E‘DIN

Optimized for solid, Optimized for light Applicable for

• All color difference methods with weighting factors

• Gonioappearant colors may end up with 5 to 25

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E* = √ (L)2 + (a)2 + (b*)2