SABARIAH MUSA
Department of Water and Environmental
Engineering
Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering
TEL : +607-4537407
HP : +6012-7347586
FAX : +607-4536070
EMAIL : [email protected]
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HYDROLOGY
MAIN HYDROLOGICAL
CONCEPTS
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To assist the students to develop and enhance their
ability and knowledge in main hydrological
concepts such as hydrological cycle and water
balance equation.
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At the end of the course, students should be able to:
• Define hydrology.
• Apply fundamental knowledge of hydrology
particularly use in civil and environmental engineering.
• Apply water balance equation as the base of a
modeling of hydrology which covers processes of
precipitation,evaporation, infiltration, runoff and
groundwater.
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HYDROLOGY
Hydrology is a multidisciplinary subject that
deals with the occurrence, circulation, storage,
and distribution of surface and ground water on
the earth. The domain of hydrology includes the
physical, chemical, and biological reactions of
water in natural and man-made environments.
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Hydrology is a science that studies the
availability and movement of water in
the earth. Hydrology is also defined as a science
related to the occurrence and
distribution of natural water on the earth.
As general, hydrology covers many type of water,
including transformation among liquid, solid and
gas in atmosphere, surface and subsurface land.
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to civil and environmental engineers, hydrogeologists, and other
earth scientists because of the environmental significance of
• water supply,
• major floods
• droughts
• drainage and urban stormwater
Commonly, cases of hydrology are solved using various sciences
such as:
mathematics, physics, statistic, meteorology, oceanography,
geography, geology, geomorphology, hydraulics, and water
resources engineering.
In addition, many modern hydrology problems include
considerations of water quality and contaminant transport.
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Hydrologic cycle is a continues process
in which water is evaporated from water
surfaces and oceans, moves inland as moist air
masses, and produce precipitation if the
correct vertical lifting conditions exist. The
precipitation that falls from clouds onto the land
surface of the earth is dispersed
to the
hydrologic cycle via several
pathways (Fig.1-1).
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HYDROLOGY
Cloud
Precipitation
Cloud Cloud
Transpiration
Precipitation Precipitation
Evaporation Wind
Evaporation
from Lake/river from Land
Infiltration Run-off
Evaporation
from Ocean
Run-off
Groundwater Flow
impermeable layer
Figure 1-1: Hydrology
Cycle
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P = Precipitation
T = Transpiration
F / I = Infiltration
R = Run-off
G = Groundwater flow
E = Evaporation from lake, land surface
and ocean
ET = Evatranspiration
LS = Land surface
WT = Water table
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Catchment boundary
Spring
H
I River
G
H C
L O
A A
N River S
D Main River
T
Spring A
A L
R
E A
A R
Lake
E
River
River A
Spring
Sketch of Movement of Water on the Land Surface
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HYDROLOGY
Outlet
Outlet
a. Elongated shape b. Concentrated shape
Figure 1-2
Typical watershed areas
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Water Balance Equation
In quantitative terms, hydrology cycle can be
represented by a closed equation which
represents the principle of conservation of mass,
often referred to in hydraulics as the continuity
equation. And many forms of this expression,
called the water balance.
Water balance equation is the base of a modeling
of hydrology.
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Location Area Volume Percentage
of Water of Water Total
km2 km3 of Water (%)
Surface Water
- Fresh Water in Lake 854,330.73 124,965.285 0.009
- Salt Water in Lake 698,997.87 104,137.738 0.008
- Fresh Water in River & Stream 1,249.652 0.001
Subsurface Water
- Groundwater, upper 800m depth 129,444,050.00 4,165,509.529 0.31
- Groundwater, below 800m depth 129,444,050.00 4,165,509.529 0.31
Soil Moisture
129,444,050.00 66,648.152 0.005
Ice and Glacier
17,863,278.90 29,158,566.703 2.15
Atmosphere
510,009,557.00 12,913.080 0.001
Ocean
361,148,899.50 1,320,466,520.000 97.20
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Volume of water in the world 1,358 million km3.
Volume of fresh water 2.8 %, most of fresh water
are in the form of ice and glacier
Fresh water of groundwater, lake, cloud
and rain 8.54 million km3 or only 0.63%.
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dS
I Q
dt
where:
I = inflow [L3/t]
Q = outflow [L3/t]
dS/dt = change in storage per time [L3/t]
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The same concept can be applied to small basins or large watersheds
P – R – G – E – T = ΔS
where:
P = precipitation,
R = surface runoff,
G = groundwater flow,
E = evaporation,
T = transpiration,
ΔS = change in storage in a specified time period.
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For a given month, a 121 ha lake has 0.43 m3/s of inflow, 0.37 m3/s of outflow,
and total storage increase of 1.97 ha-m. A USGS gage next to the lake recorded
a total of 3.3 cm precipitation for the lake for the month. Assuming that
infiltration loss is insignificant for the lake, determine the evaporation loss, in cm,
over the lake for the month.
Solution:
Solving the water balance for inflow I and outflow Q in a lake gives,
for evaporation,
E = I – O + P – ΔS,
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m3 30day 24hr 3,600sec
0.43 1month
sec 1month 1day 1hour = 0.92 m = 92 cm
I
10,000m 2
121ha
1ha
m3 30day 24hr 3,600sec
0.37 1month
sec 1month 1day 1hour = 0.79 m = 79 cm
Q
10,000m 2
121ha
1ha P = 3.3 cm
ΔS
1.97ha m
121ha
= 0.0163 m = 1.63 cm
E = 92 – 79 + 3.3 – 1.63 = 14.67 cm
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HYDROLOGY
A swimming pool (6m 6m 1.5m) has a small leak at the bottom.
Measurements of rainfall, evaporation, and water level are taken daily for 10
days to determine what should be done for repair. Estimate the average daily
leakage out of the swimming pool in cm3/day. Assume the pool is exactly 1.5 m
deep at the end of day 1.
Day Evaporation Rainfall Measured Level
(mm) (mm) (mm)
1 12.7 - 1,524
2 0 25.4
3 12.7 -
4 0 50.8
5 12.7 -
6 12.7 -
7 0 101.6
8 12.7 -
9 12.7 -
10 12.7 - 1,321
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SOLUTION
The water balance equation becomes: Q = P – E – ΔS
Total change in storage, DS = 1,321 – 1,524 = -203 mm
Total precipitation, P = 25.4 + 50.8 + 101.6 = 177.8 mm
Evaporation, E = (7) (12.7) = 88.9 mm
Thus, outflow = 177.8 – 88.9 – (-203) = 291.9 mm
Outflow should be in cm3/day.
The height change is distributed over the pool area.
Q=
291.9mm 1cm 6m 100cm 6m 100cm
10mm 1m 1m
10days
Q = 1,050,840 cm3/day
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QUESTION 1 :
A reservoir has the following inflow and outflows ( in cubic meters) for
the first three months of the year. If the storage at the beginning of
January is 60 m3 , determine the storage at the end of March.
Table 1.0 ;
Month January February March
I (m3) 4 6 9
O (m3) 8 11 5
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SOLUTION
ANSWER 1.3:
( I1 + I2 + I3 )/3 - (O1 + O2 + O3)/3 = S2 – S1 /3 months
(4 + 6 + 9)/3 – (8 + 11 + 5 )/3 = (S2-60)/3 months
(6.33 – 8) ( 3 months) = S2 – 60 m3
-1.67 ( 3 months ) + 60 = S2 – 60 m3
S2 = 54.99 m3
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HYDROLOGY
Estimate the constant rate of withdrawal from a
1375 ha. reservoir in a month of 30 days during
which the reservoir level dropped by 75 cm in
spite of an average inflow into the reservoir of 5 x
105 m3/day. During that month, the average
seepage loss from the reservoir was 2.5 cm, total
precipitation on the reservoir was 0.185 m and the
total evaporation was 9.5 mm.
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SOLUTION
General Equation :
I – O = ΔS
Input Volume – Output Volume = ΔS
(Ī f . Δt + P.A) – (Ōf .Δt + E.A + Lseep . A) = Δz.A
Inflow = Ī f . Δt =5 x 105 m3/d x 30 days =15.00 x 106 m3
Precipitation = P.A =0.185 m x 1375 x 104 m2 =2.544 x 106 m3
Evaporation = E.A =9.5 x 10-3 m x 1375 x 104 m2=1.306 x 106 m3
Seepage Loss = Lseep A =2.5 x 10-2 m x 1375 x 104 m2=0.344 x 106 m3
Storage Change = Δz.A = – 0.75 m x 1375 x 104 m2
= – 10.313 x 106 m3
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SOLUTION
Outflow / withdrawal volume
= Ōf .Δt = to be calculated
(15.00 x 106 m3 + 2.544 x 106 m3 ) – (Ōf .Δt + 1.306 x 106 m3 +
0.344 x 106 m3 ) = – 10.313 x 106 m3
17.544 x 106 m3 – Ōf .Δt – 1.650 x 106 m3 = – 10.313 x 106 m3
Ōf .Δt = 17.544 x 106 m3 – 1.650 x 106 m3 + 10.313 x 106 m3
= 26.207 x 106 m3
Ōf = 26.207 x 106 m3
30x24x60x60 sec
= 10.111 m3/s
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HYDROLOGY
•Wind
•Temperature
•Humidity
•Evaporation
•Precipitation
•Solar radiation
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HYDROLOGY
Hydrology is the science of water.
It embraces the occurrence, distribution, movement and
properties of the waters of the earth.
A mathematical accounting system may be constructed
for the inputs, outputs and water storages of a region
so that a history of water movement over time can
be estimated.
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Don’t forget your quiz 1!!!
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PTK 3 sesi 2/2207
HYDROLOGY
