VOL. X, NO.

X, FEBRUARY 2018 ISSN 1819-6608

ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences

©2006-2010 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved.

www.arpnjournals.com

A REVIEW PAPER RFID AND INTERNET OF THINGS

Ryan Gani Dharmawan1 Tito Waluyo Purboyo2
1,2Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Telkom University, Bandung, Indonesia
E-Mail: [email protected], [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Internet of Things is a concept where Internet connectivity can be utilized as an exchange of information between devices.
The Internet of things is a global infrastructure for the information society, advanced services by interconnecting both
physical and virtual objects based on their information technologies and communication technologies. RFID are example of
of Internet of Things (IoT). The development of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology strongly supports the
development of Internet of Things (IoT). RFID technologies are now widely used in almost all industrial sectors (education,
logistics, transport, etc.). RFID required a special reader to retrieve data and tracking. This paper introduces the status of IoT
development, and applications.

Keywords: RFID, Internet of Things,

INTRODUCTION (i) The perception layer is the physical

layer, which has sensors for sensing and
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a scenario in gathering information about the
which every thing has a unique identifier and the ability environment. It senses some physical
to communicate over the internet or a similar wide-area parameters or identifies other smart
network quantization level. [1] objects in the environment.
The internet of things is a concept in which the (ii) The network layer is responsible for
virtual world of information technology integrates connecting to other smart things,
seamlessly with the real world of things. network devices, and servers. Its
The phrase “Internet of Things” is first presented features are also used for transmitting
by Prof. Kevin Ashton in a presentaAon at Procter & and processing sensor data.
Gamble in 1999. He was interested in using RFID to help (iii) The application layer is responsible for
P&G’s supply chain. This work led him to MIT, where he delivering application specific services
helped start an RFID research consorAum called Auto-ID to the user. It defines various
with the goal of creaAng a global open standard system to applications in which the Internet of
put RFID everywhere. Things can be deployed, for example,
IoT is a concept that aims to expand the benefits smart homes, smart cities, and smart
of continuously connected internet connectivity. As for health.
capabilities such as data sharing, remote control, and etc, The sensing layer collects and gathers physical
including also on objects in the real world. The point is parameters such as the temperature, humidity, and air
Internet of Things is a basic concept that connects any composiAon. It comprises: 1) field devices that have
device to each other. sensing, computing, and communicaAon capabilities, like
Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is the RFID labels and readers, cameras, the GPS, sensors and
wireless non-contact use of radio-frequency actuators; 2) field networks that are formed by
electromagnetic fields to transfer data, for the purposes of interconnecAng these devices.
automatically identifying and tracking tags attached to The communication layer is the informaiton
objects. The tags contain electronically stored trunk for the Internet of Things. It consists of various IP
information. WANs provided by operators, including wired networks
(such as the ATM, xDSL, and fibers) and mobile
Internet of Things networks (such as GPRS, 3G, and 3G+). Whilst wired
networks use various underlying protocols at the
Architecture of IoT communication layer, all upper-layer protocols are under
the TCP/IP stack.
Three- and Five-Layer Architectures
The management layer is a solution set for a
The most basic architecture is a three-layer wide range of intelligent applications. As a management
architecture as shown in Figure 1. It was introduced in the platform, this layer is integral to the Internet of Things
early stages of research in this area. It has three layers, architecture and industry chain, integrating management,
namely, the perception, network, and application layers. control, and operations on terminals and assets, including
[2] mobile assets.

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 VOL. X, NO. X, FEBRUARY 2018 ISSN 1819-6608

ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences

©2006-2010 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved.

www.arpnjournals.com
receivers called interrogators or readers send a signal to
the tag and read its response.
RFID tags can be either passive, active or
bakery-assisted passive. An active tag has an on-board
bakery and periodically transmits its ID signal. A bakery-
assisted passive (BAP) has a small bakery on board and is
activated when in the presence of an RFID reader. A
passive tag is cheaper and smaller because it has no
bakery. However, to start operation of passive tags, they
must be illuminated with a power level roughly three
Figure 1 source: SRI Consulting Business Intelligence magnitudes stronger than for signal transmission. That
makes a difference in interference and in exposure to
Sensor
radiation.
A sensor is a converter that measures a physical Tags may either be read-only, having a factory-
quantity and converts it into a signal which can be read by assigned serial number that is used as a key into a
an observer or by an (today mostly electronic) instrument. database, or may be read/write, where object-specific data
For example, a mercury-in-glass thermometer converts can be wriken into the tag by the system user. Field
the measured temperature into expansion and contraction programmable tags may be writeonce, read-multiple;
of a liquid which can be read on a calibrated glass tube. A "blank" tags may be wriken with an electronic product
thermocouple converts temperature to an output voltage code by the user. A tag with no inherent identity is always
which can be read by a voltmeter. threatened to get manipulated.

RFID Reader

Concept RFID systems can be classified by the type of tag

and reader. A Passive Reader Active Tag (PRAT) system
Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is the has a passive reader which only receives radio signals
wireless non-contact use of radio-frequency from active tags (bakery operated, transmit only). The
electromagnetic fields to transfer data, for the purposes of reception range of a PRAT system reader can be adjusted
automatically identifying and tracking tags akached to from 1–2,000 feet (0.30–609.60 m), allowing flexibility
objects. The tags contain electronically stored in applications such as asset protection and supervision.
information. Some tags are powered by and read at short An Active Reader Passive Tag (ARPT) system
ranges (a few meters) via magnetic fields has an active reader, which transmits interrogator signals
(electromagnetic induction). Others use a local power and also receives authentication replies from passive tags.
source such as a bakery, or else have no bakery but collect An Active Reader Active Tag (ARAT) system
energy from the interrogating EM field, and then act as a uses active tags awoken with an interrogator signal from
passive transponder to emit microwaves or UHF radio the active reader. A variation of this system could also use
waves (i.e., electromagnetic radiation at high a Bakery-Assisted Passive (BAP) tag which acts like a
frequencies). Bakery powered tags may operate at passive tag but has a small bakery to power the tag's return
hundreds of meters. Unlike a bar code, the tag does not reporting signal.
necessarily need to be within line of sight of the reader,
and may be embedded in the tracked object. Frequencies

Structure RFID frequency band

Figure 2 Structure Figure 3 RFID Frequency

TAGS
Uses
Transponder (TAG) A radio-frequency
identification system uses tags, or labels attached to the Testing System
objects to be identified. Two-way radio transmiker-

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 VOL. X, NO. X, FEBRUARY 2018 ISSN 1819-6608

ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences

©2006-2010 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved.

www.arpnjournals.com
RFID can be used in a variety of application,
such as:
1. Access management
2. Tracking of persons and animals
3. Toll collection and contactless payment
4. Airport baggage tracking logistics

CONCLUSION

Based on the tests that have been done against

the built system, then it can be taken some conclusions as
follows:
1. RFID tags can be read depens on their frequency of
operation, and the power of the reader.
2. Text-to-speech Indonesian merging letter relation has
been able to say most of the Indonesian words with
easy-to-understand pronunciation meaning he said.
3. The Internet of Things helps streamline and automate
manufacturing.
4. The IoT helps source public safety data.
5. The applications of IoT, internet of things, are based
on RFID.
6. RFID technology is an important support for
development of IoT.

REFERENCES

[1] D. Uckelmann, M. Harrison and F. Michahelles:

Architecting the Internet of Things, Springer, New York,
(2011).

[2] Pallavi Sethi and Smruti R. Sarangi: Internet of

Things: Architectures, Protocols, and Applications, New
Delhi, (2017).

Klaus Finkenzeller, 2003, RFID Handbook, 111. River

Street, Hoboken, USA: John Wiley & Sons.

Georgia C. Stelluto, 2005, The State of RFID

Implementation and Its Policy Implications, IEEE-USA
Publishing.