Solucionario

Eletromagnetismo para Engenheiros

Clayton R. Paul
 Chapter 1

Problem Solutions
111
..

(a) 25 × 10 4 Ω = 250 × 103 Ω = 250kΩ

(b) 0.035 × 10 4 Ω = 35
. × 10 2 Ω = 350Ω
(c) 0.00045F = 450 × 10 −6 F = 450µ F

(d) 0.003 × 10 −7 F = 0.3 × 10 −9 F = 0.3nF

(e) 0.005 × 10 −2 H = 50 × 10 −6 H = 50 µ H

11
. .2
5280ft 12in 2.54cm 1m 1km
(a) 30 miles × × × × × = 48.28km
1mile 1ft 1in 100cm 1000m
12in 1000mils
(b) 1ft × × = 12,000mils
1ft 1in
3ft 12in 2.54cm 1m
(c) 100yds × × × × = 9144
. m
1yd 1ft 1in 100cm
1m 100cm 1in 1000mils
(d) 5mm × × × × = 196.85mils
1000mm 1m 2.54cm 1in
1m 100cm 1in 1000mils
(e) 20µ m × 6 × × × = 0.7874mils
10 µ m 1m 2.54cm 1in
3ft 12in 2.54cm 1m
(f) 880yds × × × × = 804.67m
1yd 1ft 1in 100cm

1.21
.
3 × 108 m s
(a) λ = = 33333
. km = 2,071.2 miles
90 Hz
3 × 108 m s
(b) λ = = 300 km = 186.41 miles
103 Hz
3 × 108 m s
(c) λ = = 85714
. m = 0.533 miles
350 × 103 Hz
3 × 108 m s
(d) λ = = 250 m = 820.2 ft
1.2 × 106 Hz
3 × 108 m s
(e) λ = = 8.57 m = 28.12 ft
35 × 106 Hz

1-1
 3 × 108 m s
(f) λ = = 2.73 m = 8.95 ft
110 × 10 6 Hz
3 × 108 m s
(g) λ = = 89.55 cm = 2.94 ft
335 × 106 Hz
3 × 108 m s
(h) λ = = 5 cm = 1.97 in
6 × 109 Hz
3 × 108 m s
(i) λ = = 6.67 mm = 262.5 mils
45 × 109 Hz
1.2.2

(a)
3 × 108 m s
λ= = 5 × 10 6 m 50 miles = 80.46 km
60 Hz

14 4244 3 14243
( )
80.46 × 103 m = ? × 5 × 10 6 m ∴ ? = 0.0161 λ =
1
62
λ
length λ

(b)
3 × 108 m s
λ= = 600 m 500 feet = 152.4 m
500 × 103 Hz
152.4 m = ? × (600 m ) ∴ ? = 0.254 λ
12
4 4 3 12
4 4 3
length λ

(c)
3 × 108 m s
λ= = 2.73 m 4.5 feet = 1.37 m
110 × 10 6 Hz
. m = ? × (2.73 m ) ∴ ? = 0.5 λ
137
123 12
4 4 3
length λ

(d)
. × 108 m s
15
λ= = 7.5 cm 2 inches = 5.08 cm
2 × 109 Hz
5.08 cm = ? × (7.5 cm ) ∴ ? = 0.677 λ
123 4 12
4 4 3
length λ

1-2
1.2.3

(a)
rad ω m v
β = 2.2 × 10 −2 , f = 1 MHz, v = = 2.856 × 108 , λ = = 285.6 m,
m β s f
d
T= = 10.5 µ s, φ = β d = 66 rad = 3781.5o
v
(b)
rad ω m v
β = 75.4 , f = 3 GHz, v = = 2.5 × 108 , λ = = 833 . mm,
m β s f
d
4 inches = 0.102 m, T = = 0.41 ns, φ = β d = 7.66 rad = 438.92 o
v
(c)
rad ω m v
β = 315
. , f = 150 MHz, v = = 2.99 × 108 , λ = = 1995 . m,
m β s f
d
20 feet = 6.1m, T = = 20.4 ns, φ = β d = 19.2 rad = 1100.2o
v
(d)
rad ω m v
β = 0126
. × 10 −3 . × 108 , λ = = 50 km,
, f = 3 kHz, v = = 15
m β s f
d
. rad = 580.9o
50 miles = 80.5 km, T = = 0.54 ms, φ = β d = 1014
v

1-3
 Chapter 2

Problem Solutions
211
..
sin θ g 2π × rpm
F1 = mω 2 d sin θ , F2 = mg , F1 = F2 , ∴ cos θ = 2 , ω = = 2π ,
cos θ ω d 60
9.78
cos θ = 2
= 0.5 , ∴ θ = 60.3o
(2π ) × 0.5

d
␪

F1 F2
m

␪
mg

21
. .2
W
W × cos 45o = 200 × sin θ , sin θ = cos 45o , ∴ θ = 813
. o,
200
mi
GS + Wsin45o = 200 cos θ , GS = 169.71
hr

45°
W
GS

200 mi/hr
␪

2-1
21
. .3
3
4 sin θ = 3 , sin θ = , ∴ θ = 48.6 o
4

4 mi/hr
3 mi/hr

21
. .4
mv 2 v2
F = N sin θ = , −W = N cos θ = mg , ∴ tan θ = ,
r rg
mi 5280 ft 1 hr ft
v = 60 × × = 88 , ∴ tan θ = 016
. , . o
∴ θ = 916
hr 1mi 3600 s s

N F
N —W

2.3.1

C = A + B,
∴ C 2 = C • C = ( A + B ) • ( A + B ) = A • A + B • B + 2A • B = A2 + B 2 + 2 AB cos α

But α = 180 o − θ AB and ∴ cos α = − cos θ AB

∴ C 2 = A2 + B 2 − 2 AB cos θ AB which is the law of cosines.

C
B
␪AB
␣

2-2
2.4.1
A + B + C = 0 , A × ( A + B + C) = 0 = A
12×3
A+A×B+A×C= 0
0

( o
)
A × B = − AB sin α C a n = − AB sin 180 − θ C a n where a n is a unit normal into the

page. Also A × C = AC sin α B a n = AC sin θ B a n . ∴ AB sin θ C = AC sin θ B giving the

B C
law of sines: = . Similarly for B × ( A + B + C) = 0 and
sin θ B sin θ C
C × ( A + B + C) = 0 .

␪B

C B
A
␪C B ␪C ␣B
␣C C
␪B

A A

2.4.2
(a) ( A • B) gives a scalar which cannot be “crossed with” a vector. (c) ( A • B) gives a
scalar which cannot be “dotted with” a vector. (d) ( B • C) gives a scalar which cannot be

added to a vector.
2.5.1
(a) A = (3 − 0)a x + ( −4 − 2)a y + ( 5 − ( −4)) a z = 3a x − 6a y + 9a z

(b) A = (3) 2 + ( −6)2 + (9) 2 = 1122

. m
A
(c) a A = = 0.27a x − 0.53a y + 0.8a z
A
2.5.2
(a) A + B = 3a x + 4a y − 3a z , (b) B − C = −2a x + 2a y − 3a z , (c)

A + 3B - 2C = − a x + 8a y − 9a z , (d) A = 2 2 + 32 + 12 = 374
. , (e)

aB =
B
B
=
1
6
( )
a x + a y − 2a z =.41a x + 0.41a y − 0.82a z , (f) A • B = 7 , (g) B • A = 7 ,

(h) B × C = − a x − 7a y − 4a z , (i) C × B = a x + 7a y + 4a z , (j) A • B × C = −19

2-3
2.5.3
A•B 3
(a) A • B = 2 − 2 − 3 = −3 = A B cos θ . Therefore B cos θ = = = 0.8 ,
A 14
A•B −3
(b) cos θ = = ⇒ θ = 1091 . o , (c)
AB 14 6
A × B − a x − 7a y − 5a z
unit vector = = = −0115
. a x − 0.808a y − 0.577a z .
A×B 1 + 49 + 25

2.5.4

A • B = α + 2 − 3 = 0 ∴α = 1
2.5.5
A × B = ( −18 − 3β )a x + (3α + 9)a y + ( β − 2α )a z = 0 . Hence α = −3 and β = −6 .

2.5.6
A × B = −14a x − 9a y + a z gives a vector that is perpendicular to the planes containing

both A and B and hence is perpendicular to both A and B. The length of this vector is
( −14) 2 + ( −9) 2 + (1) 2 = 16.67 . Hence

C=
10
16.67
( )
−14a x − 9a y + a z = −8.4a x − 5.4a y + 0.6a z . Check that A • C = 0 and

B•C = 0.
2.5.7
( ) ( )
B × C = B y Cz − Bz C y a x + ( Bz Cx − Bx Cz )a y + Bx C y − B y Cx a z so that

( ( )
A × ( B × C) = A y Bx C y − B y Cx − Az ( Bz Cx − Bx Cz ) a x )
+ ( Az ( B y Cz − Bz C y ) − Ax ( Bx C y − B y Cx ))a y

+ ( Ax ( Bz Cx − Bx Cz ) − A y ( B y Cz − Bz C y ))a z

( ) (
B( A • C) = Bx Ax Cx + A y C y + Az Cz a x + B y Ax Cx + A y C y + Az Cz a y )
(
+ Bz Ax Cx + A y C y + Az Cz a z)
( ) (
C( A • B ) = Cx Ax Bx + A y B y + Az Bz a x + C y Ax Bx + A y B y + Az Bz a y )
(
+ Cz Ax Bx + A y B y + Az Bz a z)
Matching components we find that A × ( B × C) = B( A • C) − C( A • B) .

2-4
2.5.8
( ) ( )
A × B = A y Bz − Az B y a x + ( Az Bx − Ax Bz )a y + Ax B y − A y Bx a z so that

( A × B) × C = (( Az Bx − Ax Bz )Cz − ( Ax B y − Ay Bx )C y )a x
+ (( Ax B y − A y Bx )Cx − ( A y Bz − Az B y )Cz )a y

+ (( A y Bz − Az B y )C y − ( Az Bx − Ax Bz )Cx )a z

Comparing terms to the result in the previous problem we see that

A × ( B × C) ≠ ( A × B ) × C .

2.5.9
The distance is D = ( 3 − ( −1)) 2 + ( −1 − 2)2 + ( 5 − ( −4)) 2 = 10.296 . By integration we
3 5
integrate D = ∫ PP2 dl . A straight line between the two points is governed by y = − x +
1 4 4
2 2
9 7  3  9
and z = x − . Hence dl = dx 1 +  −  +   = 2.574dx and
4 4  4  4
x =3
D= ∫ 2.574 dx = 10.296 .
x =−1

2.5.10

The surface is drawn below and lies in the yz plane at x=1. Hence the surface area is
z = 2 y = 2 z −1 z =2
A= ∫ ∫ dydz = ∫ (2 z − 2) dz = 1 . Directly it is the area of a triangle of height 1 and
z =1 y =1 z =1
1
base 2 or A = (2)(1) = 1 .
2

y = 2z – 1 (1, 3, 2)

y
(1, 1, 1) (1, 3, 1)

2-5
2.6.1

Drawing the rectangular and cylindrical coordinate system axes as shown below we see
that x = r cos φ , y = r sin φ , and z = z . From this we form

( )
x 2 + y 2 = r 2 cos 2 φ + sin 2 φ and hence r =
1442443
x 2 + y 2 . Similarly we form
1
y r sin φ
= = tan φ .
x r cos φ
z
z
r
P(r, ␾, z)

r y

␾
x

2.6.2

Draw the coordinate system and use the right-hand rule.

2.6.3
Drawing the vector in the xy plane as shown below shows that Ax = Ar cos φ − Aφ sin φ
and A y = Ar sin φ + Aφ cos φ .

Ay
y
Ax

␾ Ar
A␾

2-6
2.6.4
π
At point P, φ = = 60o . Hence Ax = 2 cos φ + 3 sin φ =3.598 and
3
A y = 2 sin φ − 3 cos φ =0.232 and Bx = 4 cos φ − 6 sin φ =-3.196 and
B y = 4 sin φ + 6 cos φ =6.464. Directly in cylindrical coordinates

A • B = 8 − 18 − 2 = −12 . In rectangular coordinates

A • B = (3598
. . ) + (0.232 × 6.464) − 2 = −12 .
× −3196

2.6.5
 π 
From problem 2.6.1 x = r cos φ , y = r sin φ , z=z. At P1  2, ,1 , x1 = 0, y1 = 2, z1 = 1
 2 
 π 
and at P2 =  3, ,−2 , x 2 = 15
. , y 2 = 2.598, z 2 = −2 . Hence the distance between the two
 3 

points is D = ( x2 − x1 )2 + ( y2 − y1 )2 + ( z2 − z1 )2 = 3.407 .

2.6.6

The surface is 1/6 of the surface of a cylinder of length 4-1=3 and radius 2. Hence the
surface area is S =
(2π × 2 × 3) = 2π . By direct integration we have
6
π
4 3
S= ∫ ∫ (1r = 2) dφ dr = 2π .
4243
z =1 φ = 0
dsr

2.6.7

The volume is 1/6 of the volume of a cylinder of radius 2 minus the volume of a cylinder
1 2
( 2 π
)
of radius 1 or V = π ( 2) × 1 − π (1) × 1 = . By direct integration,
6 2
π
1 3 2 π
V = ∫ ∫ ∫ rdrdφ dz = .
1
424 3 2
z = 0 φ = 0 r =1 dv

2.7.1

Drawing the rectangular and spherical coordinate system axes as shown below we see that
x = r sin θ cos φ , y = r sin θ sin φ , and z = r cos θ . From this we form
( )
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = r 2 sin 2 θ cos 2 φ + sin 2 φ + r 2 cos 2 θ = r 2 and hence
1442443
1

2-7
 y r sin θ sin φ
r = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 . Similarly we form = = tan φ and
x r sin θ cos φ
x2 + y2 r sin θ
= = tan θ .
z r cos θ
z
z
r sin ␪

␪ r

y
␾

2.7.2

Draw the coordinate system and use the right-hand rule.

2.7.3

Drawing the vector in the zx or zy plane as shown below shows that

Az = Ar cos θ − Aθ sin θ . The components parallel to the xy plane are Ar sin θ + Aθ cos θ
and the φ component, Aφ . Hence the x and y components of these are
Ax = ( Ar sin θ + Aθ cos θ ) cos φ − Aφ sin φ and
A y = ( Ar sin θ + Aθ cos θ ) sin φ + Aφ cos φ .

Ay y
z
Ar sin ␪
Ax
Ar cos ␪
␪ Ar
␾ A␾

Ar sin ␪ + A␪ cos ␪
A␪
␪
A␪ sin ␪
A␪ cos ␪ x
x, y plane

2-8
2.7.4
2π π
At point P, θ = = 120 o and φ = = 60o . Hence
3 3
Ax = 2 sin θ cos φ + 3 cos θ cos φ − sin φ =-0.75 and
A y = 2 sin θ sin φ + 3 cos θ sin φ + cos φ =0.701 and Az = 2 cos θ − 3 sin θ =-3.598.
Similarly, Bx = 383
. , B y = 0.634 , and Bz = −3732
. . Directly in spherical coordinates

A • B = 8 + 6 − 3 = 11 . In rectangular coordinates
A • B = ( −0.75 × 383
. ) + ( 0.701 × 0.634) + ( −3598
. . ) = 11 .
× −3732

2.7.5
 π 2π 
From problem 2.7.1 x = r sin θ cos φ , y = r sin θ sin φ , and z = r cos θ . At P1  2, ,  ,
 2 3
 π π
x1 = −1, y1 = 1732
. , z1 = 0 and at P2 =  3, ,−  , x 2 = 2.25, y 2 = −1299
. , z 2 = 15
. .
 3 6

Hence the distance between the two points is

D= ( x2 − x1 )2 + ( y2 − y1 )2 + ( z2 − z1 )2 = 4.69 .

2.7.6

The surface is 1/8 of the surface of a sphere of radius 4. Hence the surface area is

S=
(4π × (4) ) 2
= 8π . By direct integration we have
8
π π
2
S= ∫ ∫ (1
r = 4) sin θ dθ dφ = 8π .
4442444 3
θ = π 2φ = π 2 dsr

2.7.7
π
3 2π
2
The volume is S = ∫ ∫ (1r = 2) sin θ dφ dθ = 5.21 .
4442444 3
π
θ= 4 φ = 0
dsr

2-9
2.8.1
2 4 1
∫ F • dl = ∫ 2 xdx + ∫ 4dy − ∫ ydz . Third integral with respect to z contains y. So we
x = −1 y =3 z =−2
1 11
need to determine the equation of the path as y =
z + . Hence the line integral
3 3
2 4 1
1 11 7
becomes ∫ F • dl = ∫ 2 xdx + ∫ 4dy − ∫  z +  dz = − .
x =−1 y =3

z =−2 3 3 2

2.8.2
P2 1 1 2
W = ∫ F • dl = ∫ 2 xdx + ∫ 3zdy + ∫ 4dz . But along the path z = 2 y which when
P1 x =0 y =0 z =0

substituted into the second integral gives W=1+3+8=12J.

2.8.3
P2 3 2 0 3
(a) ∫ F • dl = ∫ xdx + ∫ 2 xydy − ∫ ydz . Along this path x = y and y = − z + 2 .
P1 x =0 y =0 z =2 2
P2 3 2 0 29
substituting these gives ∫ F • dl = ∫ xdx + ∫ 3 y 2 dy − ∫ ( − z + 2) dz = . (b) The
P1 x =0 y =0 z =2 2

integral is the sum of the integrals along the two paths:

P2 0 0 0 3 2 0
 3 
∫ F • dl = ∫ xdx + ∫ 2 xydy − ∫ ( y = 0) dz + ∫ xdx + ∫ 2 x = y ydy − ∫ ydz =0+0+0+
P x =0 y =0 z =2 x =0 y =0
 2  z =0
1

9/2+8+0=25/2. Along the first segment of this path neither x nor y change and y=0.
Hence the integral along this first path is zero. Along the second segment of the path,
3
there is no change in z and we substitute the equation for the path, x = y , into the y
2

integration.
2.8.4
P2
∫ F • dl = ∫ 2rdr + ∫ zrdφ + ∫ 4dz . The two paths are sketched below.
P1
P2 0 0 0
(a) ∫ F • dl = ∫ 2(r = 0) dr + ∫ z ( r = 0) dφ + ∫ 4dz = 0 + 0 − 12 = −12
P1 r =0 φ =0 z =3
P2 P3 P4 P2
(b) ∫ F • dl = ∫ F • dl + ∫ F • dl + ∫ F • dl
P1 P1 P3 P4

2-10
 π
P3 8 4 3
∫ F • dl = ∫ 2rdr + ∫ ( z = 3)rdφ + ∫ 4dz = 8 + 0 + 0 = 8
P1 r =0 π z =3
φ=
4
π
P4 8 4 0
∫ F • dl = ∫ ( ) (
2 r = 8 dr + ∫ z r = 8 dφ + ∫ 4dz = 0 + 0 − 12 = −12
π
)
P3 r= 8 z =3
φ=
4
π
P2 0 4 0
∫ F • dl = ∫ 2rdr + ∫ ( z = 0)rdφ + ∫ 4dz = −8 + 0 + 0 = −8
P4 r= 8 π z =0
φ=
4
P2 P3 P4 P2
∫ F • dl = ∫ F • dl + ∫ F • dl + ∫ F • dl = 8 − 12 − 8 = −12
P1 P1 P3 P4

P1(0, 0, 3)
P3(2, 2, 3)

P2(0, 0, 0)
y
P4(2, 2, 0)
x

2.8.5
P2
∫ F • dl = ∫ rdr + ∫ 2rdφ − ∫ zdz . The two paths are sketched below.
P1
P2 P0 P2
(a) ∫ F • dl = ∫ F • dl + ∫ F • dl
P1 P1 P0
P0 0 0 0
∫ F • dl = ∫ (r = 0) dr + ∫ 2( r = 0) dφ − ∫ zdz = 0 + 0 + 2 = 2
P1 r =0 φ =0 z =2
P2 3 0 0 9 9
∫ F • dl = ∫ rdr + ∫ 2rdφ − ∫ ( z = 0) dz = +0+0=
P0 r =0 φ =0 z =0 2 2

2-11
P2 P0 P2
9 13
∫ F • dl = ∫ F • d l + ∫ F • d l = 2 + =
P1 P1 P0 2 2
P2 P3 P4 P2
(b) ∫ F • dl = ∫ F • dl + ∫ F • dl + ∫ F • dl
P1 P1 P3 P4
π
P3 3 2 2 9 9
∫ F • dl = ∫ rdr + ∫ 2rdφ − ∫ 4dz = +0+0=
P1 r =0 π z =2 2 2
φ=
2
π
P4 3 2 0
∫ F • dl = ∫ ( r = 3) dr + ∫ 2( r = 3) dφ − ∫ 4dz = 0 + 0 + 2 = 2
P3 r =3 π z =2
φ=
2
P2 3 0 0
∫ F • dl = ∫ ( r = 3) dr + ∫ 2( r = 3) dφ − ∫ 4dz = 0 − 3π + 0 = −3π
P4 r =3 π z =0
φ=
2
P2 P3 P4 P2
9 13
∫ F • dl = ∫ F • dl + ∫ F • dl + ∫ F • dl = + 2 − 3π = − 3π
P1 P1 P3 P4 2 2

P3(0, 3, 2)
P1(0, 0, 2)
2

P4(0, 3, 0)
3 y

P2(3, 0, 0)
3
x

2.8.6
P2
∫ F • dl = ∫ 2rdr + ∫ 3rdθ + ∫ 2r sin θ dφ . The two paths are sketched below.
P1
P2 P0 P2
(a) ∫ F • dl = ∫ F • dl + ∫ F • dl
P1 P1 P0

2-12
P0 0 0 0
∫ F • dl = ∫ 2rdr + ∫ 3rdθ + ∫ 2r sin θ dφ = −9 + 0 + 0 = −9
P1 r =3 θ =0 φ =0
P2
π
3 2 0
∫ F • dl = ∫ 2rdr + ∫ 3rdθ + ∫ 2r sin θ dφ = −9 + 0 + 0 = 9
P0 r =0 θ =π 2 φ =0
P2 P0 P2
∫ F • dl = ∫ F • d l + ∫ F • d l = − 9 + 9 = 0
P1 P1 P0
P2 P3 P2
(b) ∫ F • dl = ∫ F • dl + ∫ F • dl
P1 P1 P3
P3
π π
3 2 2 9π 9π
∫ F • dl = ∫ 2(r = 3) dr + ∫ 3( r = 3) dθ + ∫ 2(r = 3) sin θ dφ = 0 + +0=
P1 r =3 θ =0 φ =π 2
2 2

P2
π
3 0
2 π
∫ F • dl = ∫ 2( r = 3) dr + ∫ 3( r = 3) dθ + ∫ 2( r = 3) sin   dφ = 0 + 0 − 3π = −3π
 2
P3 r =3 θ =π 2 φ =π 2
P2 P3 P2
9π 3π
∫ F • dl = ∫ F • d l + ∫ F • d l = − 3π =
P1 P1 P3 2 2

P(0, 0, 3)
3

P0(0, 0, 0) P3(0, 3, 0)
3 y

P2(3, 0, 0)
3
x

2-13
2.8.7
P2
2
∫ F • dl = ∫ rdr + ∫ 2r dθ + ∫ 3r sin θ dφ . The two paths are sketched below.
P1
P0 P3 P0
(a) ∫ F • dl = ∫ F • dl + ∫ F • dl
P1 P1 P3
P3
π π
2 4 2
2
∫ F • dl = ∫ ( r = 2) dr + ∫ 2( r = 2) dθ + ∫ 3( r = 2) sin θ dφ = 0 + 2π + 0 = 2π
P1 r =2 θ =0 φ =π 2

P0
π π
0 4 2
2
∫ F • dl = ∫ rdr + ∫ 2r dθ + ∫ 3r sin θ dφ = −2 + 0 + 0 = −2
P3 r =2 θ =π 4 φ =π 2
P0 P3 P0
∫ F • dl = ∫ F • dl + ∫ F • dl = 2π − 2
P1 P1 P3
P0 0 0 0
(b) ∫ F • dl = ∫ rdr + ∫ 2r 2 dθ + ∫ 3r sin θ dφ = −2 + 0 + 0 = −2
P1 r =2 θ =0 φ =0

P1(0, 0, 2)
2
P3(0, 2 , 2 )

45°

P0(0, 0, 0)
y

2.9.1
A sketch of the surface is given below. ∫ F • ds = ∫∫ xdydz + ∫∫ ydxdz + ∫∫ zdxdy .
1 1 1 1
Top: ∫ ∫ ( z = 1) dxdy = 4 . Bottom: − ∫ ∫ ( z = −1) dxdy = 4 .
y = −1x =−1 y =−1x =−1
1 1 1 1
Right: ∫ ∫ ( y = 1) dxdz = 4 . Left: − ∫ ∫ ( y = −1) dxdz = 4 .
z = −1x =−1 z = −1x =−1
1 1 1 1
Front: ∫ ∫ ( x = 1) dydz = 4 . Back: − ∫ ∫ ( x = −1) dydz = 4 .
z = −1 y = −1 z =−1 y =−1

Total=4+4+4+4+4+4=24.

2-14
 z

(–1, 1, 1)

(–1, 1, –1)
y

2.9.2
A sketch of the surface is given below. ∫ F • ds = ∫∫ xydydz + ∫∫ yzdxdz − ∫∫ xzdxdy .
2 1 2 1
Top: − ∫ ∫ x( z = 3) dxdy = −3 . Bottom: ∫ ∫ x( z = 0) dxdy = 0 .
y = 0x = 0 y = 0x = 0
3 1 3 1
Right: ∫ ∫ ( y = 2) zdxdz = 9 . Left: − ∫ ∫ ( y = 0) zdxdz = 0 .
z =0 x =0 z =0 x =0
3 2 3 2
Front: ∫ ∫ ( x = 1) ydydz = 6 . Back: − ∫ ∫ ( x = 0) ydydz = 0 .
z =0 y =0 z =0 y =0

Total=-3+0+9+0+6+0=12.

2 y

2-15
2.9.3
A sketch of the surface is given below. ∫ F • ds = ∫∫ 2r 2 dφ dz + ∫∫ 3φ drdz − ∫∫ 2rdrdφ .
π π
2 2 2 2
Top: − ∫ ∫ 2rdrdφ = −2π . Bottom: ∫ ∫ 2rdrdφ = 2π .
φ = 0r = 0 φ = 0r = 0
3 2 π 3 2

Right: ∫ ∫ 3 φ =  drdz = 9π . Left: − ∫ ∫ 3(φ = 0) drdz = 0 .
z =0r =0
 2 z =0r =0
π
3 2 2
Front: ∫ ∫ 2( r = 2) dφ dz = 12π .
z = 0φ = 0

Total=-2π+2π+9π+0+12π=21π.

3
2

2.9.4
A sketch of the surface is given below. ∫ F • ds = ∫∫ 3r 2 dφ dz + ∫∫ φ drdz − ∫∫ zrdrdφ .
π π
2 2 2 2
Top: − ∫ ∫ ( z = 4)rdrdφ = 8π . Bottom: ∫ ∫ ( z = 0)rdrdφ = 0 .
φ =− π r = 0 2 φ = −π r = 0
2
4 2π π 4 2
 
Right: ∫ ∫  φ =  drdz = 4π . Left: − ∫ ∫  φ = −  drdz = 4π .
z =0r =0
 2 z =0r =0
 2
π
4 2 2
Front: ∫ ∫ z ( r = 2) dφ dz = 48π .
z = 0φ =− π
2

Total=8π+0+4π+4π+48π=64π.

2-16
 z

4
2

2.9.5

A sketch of the surface is given below.

3
∫ F • ds = ∫∫ r sin θ dφ dθ + ∫∫ 2r sin θ drdφ − ∫∫ φ rdrdθ .
π π π
2 2 3 2 2 π
Front: ∫ ∫ ( r = 2) sin θ dφ dθ = 4π . Bottom: ∫ ∫ 2r sin drdφ = 2π .
θ = 0φ = 0 φ = 0r = 0 2
π π
2 2  π π2 2 2
Right: − ∫ ∫  φ =  rdrdθ = − . Left: ∫ ∫ (φ = 0)rdrdθ = 0 .
θ = 0r = 0  2 2 θ = 0r = 0
2 2
π π
Total= 4π + 2π − + 0 = 6π − .
2 2

2-17
2.9.6

A sketch of the surface is given below.

3
∫ F • ds = ∫∫ r sin θ dφ dθ − ∫∫ 2r sin θ drdφ + ∫∫ 3φ rdrdθ .
π π π
2 2 2 3 π
3
Front: ∫ ∫ (r = 3) sin θ dφ dθ = 27π . Bottom: − ∫ ∫ 2r sin drdφ = −9π .
θ = 0φ =− π φ =− π r = 0 2
2 2
π π
2 3  π 27π 2 2 3  π 27π 2
Right: ∫ ∫ 3 φ =  rdrdθ = . Left: − ∫ ∫ 3 φ = −  rdrdθ = .
θ = 0r = 0  2 8 θ = 0r = 0  2 8
27π 2 27π 2 27π 2
Total= 27π − 9π + + = 18π + .
8 8 4

2-18
 Chapter 3

Problem Solutions
311
..
π
1 2 2 π
Q = ∫∫∫ ρ v dv = ∫ ∫ ∫ 2 zrdzdφdr = C
r =0 π z =0 2
φ=
4

31
. .2
2 −2 x + 5
The surface is shown below. Q = ∫∫ ρ s ds = ∫ ∫ 3xy( z = 2) dxdy = 13C .
x =1 y =1

(1, 1, 2)
(1, 3, 2)

(2, 1, 2) y = –2x + 5

31
. .3

The problem is sketched below. A vector from the second charge to the first is
R 21 = (1 − ( −1)) a x + (1 − 0)a y + (1 − ( −2)) a z = 2a x + a y + 3a z whose length is
R 21
R21 = 14 . A unit vector pointing from the second charge to the first is a 21 = .
R21

Coulomb’s law yields

F21 = 9 × 10 9 (100 × 10−6 )(50 × 10−6 ) a 21 = 1718

. a x + 0.859a y + 2.577a z N.
2
R21
z

Q2 = 50 ␮C

(–1, 0, 2)
Q1 = 100 ␮C

(1, 1, 1)

x
3-1
31
. .4

9(
100 × 10 −6 )
2

(a) F=0, (b) F = 4 × 9 × 10 × cos 45o a z ,

( 2) 2

9(
100 × 10 −6 )
9(
100 × 10 −6 )
2 2

(c) F1 = 9 × 10 a x = 90a x , F2 = 9 × 10 a y = 90a y ,

(1) 2 (1)2
F3 =
90
5
(
cos θ a x + sin θ a y , F4 = )
90
5
(
sin θ a x + cos θ a y . But cos θ =
2
5
and )
1
sin θ = . Hence F = F1 + F2 + F3 + F4 = 11415 . a x + 11415
. ax .
5

F2
y ␪ F4
1 F3
␪
1
F1
5 ␪
3 ␪ 2
x
–1 1
5

–1
4

31
. .5
The problem is sketched below. For the forces exerted on Q3 by the other two charges to

be equal and oppositely directed, we must have

9 × 10 9 (18 × 10−6 )(8 × 10−6 ) = 9 × 109 (72 × 10−6 )(8 × 10−6 ) . Solving for d gives
d2 (0.03 − d ) 2
d=1cm.

3 cm
d

Q1 = 18 ␮C Q3 = –8 ␮C Q2 = 72 ␮C

3-2
31
. .6

. × 10 −19 C. Placing the positive charge on the left

The charge of an electron is e = −16
and the negative charge on the right, the force exerted on the electron by the positive
charge is directed to the left and is

F1 = 9 × 10 9 (35 × 10−6 )(16. × 10−19 ) = 5.04 × 10−12 N . The force exerted on the
(10 × 10−2 )
2

electron by the negative charge is of the same magnitude and in the same direction so that
the net force is 1 × 10 −11 N directed toward the positive charge.
31
. .7

The problem is sketched below. In order that the forces balance, the Coulomb force
Q2
acting in the horizontal direction is F = 2
. The component of the
4π ε o (2l sin θ )

restraining force along the string that is horizontally directed is T sin θ and the force of
sin θ
gravity acting downward on the charges is T cos θ = mg . Hence F = mg .
cos θ
Equating the two and solving gives Q 2 =
1
cos θ
(
16πε o l 2 mg sin 3 θ . )

T l
␪
F Q Q

2l sin ␪
mg

3.2.1

The problem is sketched below. The electric field due to the positive charge is
Q
E1 = 9 × 109 12 a y = 2,812.5a y . The electric field due to the negative charge is
(4)
Q
E 2 = −9 × 109 22 a z = −22,500a z . Hence the total electric field is
(2)
V
E = E1 + E 2 = 2,812.5a y − 22,500a z .
m

3-3
 z
(0, 4, 2) E1
Q1 = 5 ␮C z=2

E2
E

y=4

Q2 = –10 ␮C y

3.2.2

The problem is sketched below. The angle θ is θ = 60 o . The distances from the triangle
vertices to the center is, according to the law of cosines, 52 = d 2 + d 2 − 2d 2 cos( 2θ )

giving d=2.887 m. The vector contributions are

E=
Q
4π ε o d 2
+ 2
Q
4π ε o d 2
cos ( )
60 o
= 108
kV
m
.

5m d 5m

d d
␪ ␪

—Q 5m —Q

3.2.3

The problem is sketched below. (a) First we determine the electric field along the z axis.
Superimposing the fields due to the two charges gives
1 Q 1 Q Ql z Ql z
E= 2
a z − 2
a z = 2 2
a z = az
4π ε o  l 4π ε o  l 2π ε o  l  l 2π ε o  22
z −  z +  z −  z +  l
  z 2 − 
2  2  2  2 4


3-4
(b) Now we determine the electric field along the y axis. Superposing the fields as shown
l
Q 1 2 Ql
gives E = −2 1
az = − 3
az .
4π ε o  2 l 2
 y +   2 l  2 2  2 l 2 2
4  y +  4π ε  y + 
  4
o
4
 
14 4244 3
sin θ

z
z E+ E–

l
2 ␪ y
␪ ␪ y
l
2 E– E E+

3.2.4
The problem is sketched below. Divide the charge into chunks of charge, dQ = ρ l ad
{ φ.
dl

At a distance d from the center and on a line perpendicular to the ring, the horizontal
components cancel out leaving only the vertical components so that
2π 1 ρ l adφ
E= ∫ 2
cos(α ) a z
φ =0 4π ε o R
d
where R = d 2 + a 2 and cos(α ) = . Substituting these gives
R
2π 1 ρ l ad
E= ∫ 3
dφ a z
φ = 0 4π ε o 2
d +a (
2 2
)
1 ρ l ad
= 3
az z>0
2ε o
(d 2 + a 2 ) 2
At a large distance from the center, d >> a , this result reduces to
1 ρla
E= a z d >> a
2ε o d 2
2π a ρ l
= a z d >> a
4π ε o d 2

3-5
 z

E
␣

z=d

R
␣

y
a

␳l ad␾
x

3.2.5 The problem is sketched below. The chunks of charge are dQ = ρ s dr rdφ and
123
ds

again, by symmetry, the horizontal components cancel leaving only the vertical (z-
directed) components. Summing these contributions gives
a 2π ρ rdφ dr 1 d
E= ∫ ∫ s az
4 π ε 2 2 2 2
r = 0φ = 0 d
o 12
4 4+ r
3 14d 2+4r3
1 cos(α )
R2

ρs  d 
= 1 − a z z>0
2 ε o  d 2 + a 2 
π a2ρ s
= az d >> a
4π ε o d 2

E
␣

z=d

R
␣

r y

␳s rdrd␾

3-6
3.2.6

The problem is sketched in the xy plane below. Using the results of Example 3.3 and
superpositioning the fields gives (a)
ρl 1 ρl 1 ρl l
E= ay − ay = ay.
2π ε o  l 2π ε o  l 2π ε o  l2 
y−  y+   y 2 − 
 2   2 4

l
ρl 2
Similarly the fields along the x axis become E = −2 ay.
2
l l2
2π ε o x 2 + x2 +
4 14243 4
cos θ

l l Er+
2 2
—␳ y
␳ y
␪
–
R Er
R Er–

x
␪

x
Er+

3.2.7

The problem is sketched below. Place the strip in the xz plane centered on the origin.
C
Divide the strip into infinite line charges with distribution ρ l = ρ s dz . Use the result
m
W
2 ρ s dz
in Example 3.3, equation (3.10). Accounting for symmetry, E = 2 ∫ cos α ay
z = 0` 2πε o R
d
where R = z 2 + d 2 and cos α = . Hence, using the integral
R
W
1 1 −1  z  ρ sd 2 1 ρs W 
∫ 2 dz = tan   , E = ∫ dz ay = tan −1   ay.
d +z 2 d  d  πε o z = 0` d + z 2
2
( ) πε o d  2d 

3-7
 z

W
2
z
R
E–
␣
W
d ␣ y

R E+

—z
W
—
2

3.3.1
V V
The electric field intensity vector is E = = 105 . The polarization vector is
d m
P = D − ε o E . Substituting D = ε r ε o E gives
1 µC
P = ε o (ε r − 1) E = × 10 −9 (5.4 − 1) × 105 = 389
. .
36π m2
3.4.1

The problem is sketched below. (a) the total charge enclosed is

a 2π π a 2π π
2 3 4
Qenc = ∫ ∫ ∫ ρ v r144
sin θ drdφ dθ = ∫
2443 ∫ ∫ kr sin θ drdφ dθ =π ka . (b) Using
r = 0 φ = 0θ = 0 dv r = 0 φ = 0θ = 0

ka 4
Gauss’ law, ∫ ε o E • ds = ε o E 4π r 2 = Qenc = π ka 4 giving E = a r . (c) The charge
4ε o r 2
kr 2
enclosed is Qenc = π kr 4 . Hence the electric field is E = ar .
4ε o

␳v = kr

r dv

3-8
3.4.2

No. No closed surface can be found for which the electric field is perpendicular to all
sides and hence no simplification of ∫ D • ds can be obtained.

3.4.3

The problem is sketched below. Since D is directed in the z direction, there is no flux
through the sides. Hence Gauss’ law gives
2π a 2π a 8πa 3 64π
Qenc = ∫ D • ds + ∫ D • ds = ∫
123 123 ∫ ( z = 4)rrdrd
123
φ− ∫ ∫ ( z = 0)rrdrd
123
φ= = C.
φ = 0r = 0 φ = 0r = 0 3 3
top bottom ds ds

z
Dz

x Dz

3.4.4
b 2π π
For r ≥ b Qenc = ∫ ρ v dv = ∫ ∫ ∫
k 2
r = a φ = 0θ = 0 r
1442443 ( )
r sin θ drdφ dθ = 2π k b 2 − a 2 . By symmetry,
dv
the field is radially directed. Hence ∫ D • ds = Qenc so that ε o Er 4π r 2 = 2π k b 2 − a 2 . ( )
Thus Er =
(
k b2 − a 2 ) . For r ≤ a , Er = 0 since no charge is enclosed. For a ≤ r ≤ b ,
2
2ε o r
k  a2 
( )
Qenc = 2π k r 2 − a 2 . Hence ε o Er 4π r 2 = 2π k r 2 − a 2 . Thus Er =( 1 −
2ε o 
)  .
r2 

3.5.1

The problem is sketched below. The work required to move q around the paths is
W = − q ∫ E • dl = − q ∫ xdx − q ∫ ydy − q ∫ zdz . (a)

3-9
 1 2 0 0
W = − q ∫ zdz − q ∫ ydy − q ∫ zdz − q ∫ ydy = 0 . (b)
z =0 y =0 z =1 y =2
1 0 1 0
W = − q ∫ zdz − q ∫ ydy − q ∫ xdx − q ∫ xdx = 0 .
z =0 z =1 x =0 x =1

z=1 (0, 2 m, 1 m)
(0, 0, 1 m)

(0, 2 m, 0)
y=2 y

x=1

3.5.2

The problem is sketched below. Applying superposition and equation (3.37) yields
Q  1 1
V =  −  = 15kV .
4π ε o  2 3

z
+ (0, 3, 2)

– y=3
(0, 0, 0) y
Q = 10 ␮C

3.5.3

The problem is sketched below. Applying superposition and equation (3.37) yields
   
Q1  1 1 Q2  1 1
V = − + − = −13,287.42 − 14782.56 = −28,070V
4π ε o  5 2 + 5 − 3 2 3 4π ε o  5 2 + 5 − 2 2 2 
 ( ) ( )   ( ) ( ) 

3-10
 z

(0, 5, 5)
29
2 =
– 3) +
2 + (5
(5)
Q1 = 10 ␮C
z=3
V (5 – 2)2 + (5)2 = 34

– y=2
y
Q2 = 5 ␮C

3.5.4

The problem is sketched below. Applying superposition and equation (3.37) yields
Q1  1 1  Q2  1 1 
V =  − +  − = −28,287.42 − 7,282.56 = −35,570V
4π ε o  52 + 22 2  4π ε o  52 + 32 3

(0, 0, 5)

52 + 22 52 + 32
V

y = –2 – y=3
y
Q1 = 10 ␮C Q2 = 5 ␮C

3.5.5

The problem is sketched below. Applying superposition and equation (3.37) yields
Q1  1 1  Q2  1 1 
V =  − +  − = −7,282.56 + 28,287.42 = 21,005V .
4π ε o  52 + 32 3 4π ε o  52 + 22 2 

3-11
 z

z=2
Q2 = –10 ␮C
52 + 22

(0, 5, 0) y

x=3 52 + 32
Q1 = 5 ␮C
x

3.5.6

The problem is sketched below. Applying superposition and equation (3.38) yields
ρ1  2  ρ2  3 
V = ln  + ln   = −89,145 + 119,622 = 30,477V .
2π ε o  52 + 22  2π ε o  52 + 32 

z=5

52 + 32 52 + 22
V

y = –3 – y=2
y
␳l = –10 ␮C/m ␳1 = 5 ␮C/m

3.5.7

The problem is sketched below. By the law of cosines, the distance from each charge to
the center of the triangle is related to the side length as l 2 = d 2 + d 2 − 2d 2 cos 120o so ( )
l
that d = . Applying superposition and equation (3.42) yields
1732
.
Q Q
V =3 = 4.677 × 1010 = 31177V
, .
 l  l
4π ε o  
 1732
. 

3-12
 Q

d
l l
120° 120°

d d
120°
Q Q
l

3.5.8

The problem is sketched below. Using (3.44) gives

2π ρ l adφ ρ la
V = ∫ = . The potential is only a function of z and hence
φ = 0 4π ε o z 2 + a 2 2ε o z 2 + a 2

the gradient is
aρ l ∂ 2 − 12 aρ l
E = − gradientV = −
∂V
∂z
az = −
2ε o ∂ z
z + a2 ( ) az =
2ε o
z
3
a z which
(z 2
+a 2
) 2

agrees with the results of Problem 3.2.4.

y
a

␳l ad␾C
x

3-13
3.5.9

The problem is sketched below. Using (3.44) gives

a 2π ρ s rdrdφ ρ
V = ∫ ∫ = s  z 2 + a 2 − z  . The potential is only a function of z
 
r = 0 φ = 0 4π ε o z 2 + r 2 2ε o 

and hence the gradient is

∂V ρ ∂  2 ρ  z 
E = − gradientV = − az = − s z + a 2 − z a z = s 1 − a z which
∂z 2ε o ∂ z   2ε o  z 2 + a 2 

agrees with the results of Problem 3.2.5.

␳s r y

␳s rdrd␾

3.5.10

(a)
∂V ∂V ∂V
E = − gradientV = − ax − ay − a
∂x ∂y ∂z z
x y z
= 3
ax + 3
ay + 3
az
(x 2 2
+y +z 2
) 2
(x 2 2
+y +z 2
) 2
(x 2 2
+y +z 2
) 2

(b)
∂V 1∂V ∂V
E = − gradientV = − ar − aφ − a
∂r r ∂φ ∂z z
= − e − z cos φ a r + e − z sin φ a φ + re − z cos φ a z

3-14
(c)
∂V 1∂V 1 ∂V
E = − gradientV = − ar − aθ − aφ
∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂ φ
sin θ cos φ cos θ cos φ sin φ
=2 ar − aθ + aφ
r3 r3 r3
3.6.1
V kV µC µC
E = = 10 , D = ε oε r E = 0.478 2 , P = D − ε o E = 0.389 2 ,
d m m m
A
C = ε r ε o = 477.5 pF .
d
3.6.2
2
A π (01
.)
C = εo = εo −
= 277.8pF .
d 10 3
3.6.3
A A
There are two capacitors in series: C1 = ε r1ε o and C2 = ε r 2ε o . Capacitors in
d1 d2
ε r1ε r 2
C1C2 d1d 2
series add like resistors in parallel so that C = = εoA . The total free
C1 + C2 ε r1 ε r 2
+
d1 d2
charge on the upper (and lower) plate is Q f = CV . Using Gauss’ law and surrounding
Qf CV
the upper plate with a closed surface yields DA = Q f . Therefore D = = . In the
A A
D CV
upper dielectric, E1 = = and in the lower dielectric,
ε r1ε o ε r1ε o A
D CV V
E2 = = . Evaluating these gives C = 70.74pF , E1 = 4000 ,
ε r 2ε o ε r 2ε o A m
V
E2 = 2000 .
m
3.6.4
A A
There are two capacitors in parallel: C1 = ε r1ε o 1 and C2 = ε r 2ε o 2 . Capacitors in
d d
(ε A + ε r 2 A2 ) . Using
parallel add like resistors in series so that C = C1 + C2 = ε o r1 1
d

Gauss’ law and surrounding each portion of the upper plate with a closed surface yields
D1 C1V
D1 A = Q f 1 and D2 A = Q f 2 . Therefore E1 = = and
ε r1ε o ε r1ε o A1

3-15
 D2 C2V
E2 = = . Evaluating these gives C1 = 88.42pF , C2 = 707.4pF ,
ε r 2ε o ε r 2ε o A2
V V
C = 795.8pF , E1 = 5000 , E2 = 5000 . Observe that V = E1d = E2 d = 10V and
m m
Q f = Q f 1 + Q f 2 = CV = 7.96nC .

3.6.5

We observe that there are essentially two spherical capacitors in series. First we obtain
the capacitance of a spherical capacitor with a homogeneous dielectric filling the interior.
Using Gauss’ law and surrounding the inner sphere with a sphere of radius r gives
Qf Qf
D= 2
. Hence the electric field is radially directed and is E = . The voltage
4π r 4π ε r 2
a Qf Q f  1 1
between the spheres is V = − ∫ dr =  −  . Hence the capacitance is
b 4π ε r
2 4π ε  a b 
Qf 4π ab
C= = . This result was derived in Exercise Problem 3.8. Hence the
V (b − a )
4π ar1 4π br1
capacitances are C1 = and C2 = . Since these are in series and capacitors
(r1 − a ) (b − r1 )
in series add like resistors in parallel we obtain
CC 1
C = 1 2 = 4π ε o . Substituting the values gives
C1 + C2 1  1 1 1 1 1
 − +  − 
ε r 2  r1 b  ε r1  a r1 

0.303pF.
3.6.6

The per-unit-length capacitance for a coaxial cable filled with a homogeneous dielectric
2π ε F
was obtained in Example 3.15 as c = . For this problem we observe that there
 b m
ln  
 a
2π ε oε r1 2π ε oε r 2
ae two such capacitors in series: c1 = and c2 = . Since capacitors in
 r1   b
ln   ln  
 a  r1 

3-16
 c1c2 2π ε oε r1ε r 2
series add like resistors in parallel, c = = . Evaluating this
c1 + c2  b  r1 
ε r1 ln   + ε r 2 ln  
 r1   a

for the given dimensions yields 82.06 pF m .

3.7.1

Converting the radius from mils to meters gives

1inch 2.54cm 1meter
16mils × × × = 4.064 × 10 −4 m . Hence the resistance is
1000mils 1inch 100cm
1000m
R= . Ω.
= 3323
7
(
σ = 5.8 × 10 × A = π 4.064 × 10 −4 2
)
3.7.2
V V
The electric field is E =. Hence the current density is J = σ E = σ . The total
d d
V V d
current is I = JA = Aσ . Hence the resistance is R = = Ω . Evaluating this
d I σA

gives 50mΩ.
3.7.3
Qf
The electric field intensity at a radius r was determined in Problem 3.6.5 as E = .
4π ε r 2

The voltage between the spheres was also determined as

a Qf Q f  1 1
V = −∫ dr =  −  . The current flowing between the two spheres is
b 4 π ε r 2 4π ε  a b
Qf 2 Qf
I = JA = σ EA = σ 4π r = σ . Hence the resistance is
4π ε r 2 ε
V 1  1 1
R= =  −  . Evaluating this for the given dimensions yields 106.1Ω.
I 4π σ  a b 

3.7.4

The voltage between the inner wire and the shield was determined in Example 3.15 in
C ρ l  b
terms of the charge distribution on the inner wire of ρ l as V = ln   .
m 2π ε  a 

Similarly, the electric field in this region was determined in Example 3.7 to be

3-17
 ρl
E= . Hence the current flowing from one cylinder to the other (per-unit-of line
2π ε r
ρl ρl
length) is I = JA = σ 2π r = σ . Thus the resistance per unit length is
2π ε r ε
V 1  b
r= = ln   .Ω/m
Ω / m . Evaluating this for the given dimensions yields 01
I 2π σ  a 

3.7.5

From the results of Example 3.16, the magnetic flux density vector at a perpendicular
L
µ I 2
distance from the midpoint of the current element is B = o a φ . (a) At
2π r L2
r2 +
4
(0,3m,0) the field is 0.2858 a φ µ T . (b) Off the ends of the curent element dl × a R is

zero and hence the field is zero off the ends.

3.7.6

Utilizing the result obtained in Example 3.16 for an infinite current, the magnetic flux
µ I Wb
density at a distance r is B = o . Hence the total magnetic flux penetrating the loop
2π r m 2
is ψ = ∫ B • ds . By the right-hand rule the B field is directed into the page and hence the

dot product can be removed. However, the B field depends on distance away from the
current and cannot be removed from the integral. Hence
l r2 µ I
ψ= ∫ ∫ o drdz = µ o Il ln  r2  Wb . For the given parameters we obtain
 
z = 0 r = r1 2π r 2π  r1 

ψ = 0139
. µWb .

3.7.7

The problem is sketched below. Using the results of Example 3.16 we may superimpose
the contributions from the four identical sides. Observe that the contributions from
opposite sides cause the net B from those two to be directed in the +z direction. similarly
µoI l
the other two sides cause a similar result. Hence B = 4 2 cos α a z where
2π R 2 l2
R + 4

3-18
 2
l
R= z + 4 and cos α = 2 . Combining these gives
2 l
R
l2
2µ o I 4
B= a z . For l = 2m and I = 10A , at the center of the
π  z2 + l  z2 + l2
2
 4 
 2

loop, z = 0 , we obtain B = 5.66µ Ta z .

z
␣ ␣

R R

l l
I (– , , 0)
2 2

␣ ␣ I
I
l y
l
2 2
I l l
( , , 0)
2 2
x

3.7.8

The problem is sketched below. Using the results of Example 3.16 we may superimpose
the contributions from the three identical sides. The radial distance from the center of
l
each side to the center of the triangle is r = 0.577 . Using (3.60) of Example 3.16 we
2
µ I l 9µ o I
obtain B = 3 o 2 = into the page. For l = 5cm and I = 4A we obtain
2π r 2 l2 2π l
r + 4

B = 144µ T .

3-19
 30°
l I l
I
r r

I
l

3.7.9

The problem is sketched below. According to the Biot Savart law, the magnetic field off
the ends of a current is zero since dl × a R is zero. Hence there are no contributions to the
magnetic field at point P due to sides DA and BC. For side CD dl × a R = rdθ and is out

of the page. Hence the Biot Savart law gives for this contribution
θ µoI µ I µ I
∫ r dθ = o θ . Similarly the contribution from the segment AB is o θ
2 2
θ = 0 4π (r2 ) 4π r2 4π r1

µoI θ  1 1 
which is into the page. Hence the total is B =  −  which is directed into the
4π  r1 r2 

page since r2 > r1 .

C
I
B
I

I
␪
P
D I A
r1
r2

3-20
3.9.1

The problem is sketched below. Use the result for the magnetic field from an infinitely
I
long current filament obtained in Example 3.19: H = . (a) At the center, the H fields
2π r
I 2I
add giving H = 2 = . (b) At a distance D from the center and in a plane
 d π d
2π  
 2

containing the currents we superimpose the fields to give

I I I d
H= − = .
( )
2π D − d 2 2π D + d 2 ( )
2π  2 d 2 
D −
 4 

I I

d d
2 2

3.9.2

The problem is sketched below. Place the strip on the z axis centered about the origin.
Treat the linear current density as filaments of current Kdz A . Superimpose the magnetic

fields using equation (3.81) of Example 3.19. The magnetic field intensity vector is
w
2 Kdz d
H=2 ∫ cos α a z where R = d 2 + z 2 and cos α = . Hence
z = 0 2π R R
w w
Kd 2 1 K  −1 z  2 K −1 w
H= ∫ dz =  tan = tan . For an infinite strip as
(
π z =0 d 2 + z 2 )
π  d  z = 0 π 2d

K
w → ∞, H → which agrees with the result for an infinite strip in Example 3.21.
2

3-21
 z

w
z=
2 ␣
Kdz ␣
R

␣
d y

w
z=_
2

3.9.3
2π NI
For (b) a < r < b , ∫ Hφ rdφ = NI . Hence Hφ = . For (a) r < a and (c) r > b the
φ =0 2π r

net current penetrating this loop of radius r is zero and hence H=0.
3.9.4

The problem is sketched below. Construct a rectangular contour as shown. By symmetry,

the magnetic field is directed along the solenoid and is directed right to left. Applying
Ampere’s law to this yields ∫ H • dl = HL = I enclosed = InL . Hence H = nI and

B = µ r µ o H = µ r µ o nI .

H H

I I

3.11.1

The magnetic flux density along the axis of the solenoid was obtained in Problem 3.9.4 as
B = µ r µ o nI . Since this is uniform over the cross section of the core and is axially
2
directed, the flux is ψ = ∫ B • ds = Bπ a . The flux linkages per unit length are
core
cross section

3-22
 Λ H
Λ = nψ . Hence the per-unit-length self inductance is l = = µ r µ o n 2π a 2 . For
I m
2
 turns  2 H
the given dimensions, l = 1000 × 4π × 10 −7 ×  2000  π ( 0.01) = 158
. .
 m  m

3.11.2

Treating this as a long parallel wire line of length l and separation w and neglecting the
contribution from the end segments gives, using the result of Example 3.25 for an infinite
µ l  w
line, L ≅ o ln   .
π  a
3.11.3

The problem is sketched below. Assuming the plate width is much greater than the plate
separation we can use the result in Example 3.18 for the magnetic flux density from an
A
infinite plate carrying a linear current density of K . The magnetic flux density is
m
µ K
parallel to the plate and opposite to the direction of the current: B = o .
2
Superimposing the fields due to both plates gives B = µ o K which is constant across the

cross section between the plates. The flux penetrating the surface between the plates is
ψ = ∫ B • ds = Bs∆l = µ o Ks∆l . The total current on each plate is I = Kw . Hence the
ψ
s s
flux is ψ = µ o I∆l . Thus the inductance per unit length is l = I = µ o .
w ∆l w

w
B

3-23
3.11.4

First we solve the basic problem shown below. The magnetic field intensity due to the
µ I
infinitely long current is B = o . The flux through the loop is obtained by integration
2π r
b µoI µ Il  b 
as ψ = l ∫ dr = o ln   . Applying this to the original problem and
r = a 2π r 2π  a

superimposing the fluxes due to each current gives

ψ2 = ln
(
 s w )  (
µ o Il  D − 2 + 2  µ o I  D + 2 + 2
− ln
s w )  . Hence the mutual inductance
2π (
 2 2 )
 D − s − w  2π  D + s − w
  ( 2 2 ) 
is M = = ln
(
 s w )(
ψ 2 µ ol  D − 2 + 2 D + 2 − 2 
s w 
.
)
I (
 2 2 )(
2π  D − s − w D + s + w 
2 2  )

a l
I
b

3.12.1

The particle is traveling with constant velocity so that F = ma = 0 . In order for the
vertical forces to balance so that the particle passes through the hole we must have the
electric force, Fe = qE , equal the magnetic force, Fm = qvB . Solving gives the critical
E
velocity of the particle as v = . Evaluating this for the given conditions yields
B
2000 m
v= −3
= 2 × 10 6 .
1 × 10 s

3.12.2

The magnetic flux density vector is radially directed about each wire and is given by
µ I
B = o . The magnetic flux density at wire 2 due to the current of wire 1 is therefore
2π r

3-24
 µ o I1
B21 = and is perpendicular (into the page) to current I 2 . The force exerted on a ∆l
2π s
µ I
section of wire 2 is, according to the Lorentz force equation, F21 = I 2 ∆lB21 = I 2 ∆l o 1 .
2π s
F µ II N
Hence the force per unit length exerted on wire 2 is f 21 = 21 = o 1 2 .
∆l 2π s m

3.12.3

From the previous problem, the force exerted on the left side of the loop is
µ II µ II
F1 = o 1 2 w , and the force exerted on the right side of the loop is F3 = o 1 2 w .
2π a 2π b

Along the upper and lower segments of the loop, the B field varies along the wire. Hence
b µ I I
the force along the upper segment is F2 = ∫ o 1 2 dr = µ o I1 I 2 ln  b  = F .
  4
r = a 2π r 2π  a

3.12.4

The sliding bar cuts the magnetic field resulting in a voltage source , Bvw , inserted in it
Bvw
as shown below. Hence the current is I = − .
R

R +
– Bvw
I

3.12.5

The vertical side of the loop cuts the magnetic field so that a voltage is induced in it. The
horizontal sides have no inserted source since v × B is perpendicular to the wire. Shown
below is a view in the xy plane. The tangential velocity is v = lω and
v × B = lω B sin(ω t ) assuming that the loop starts at the x axis at t=0. The voltage

source is inserted as shown below so that the current through the resistor is
wlω B sin(ω t )
I=− .
R

3-25
 B

l

t
v

I
–
+ l
B sin
t
R

3-26
 Chapter 4

Problem Solutions
4.11
.
. × 1 = 0.2t × 10 −3
The flux in the left loop is ψ 1 = B × 01 Wb , and the flux in the right

loop is ψ 2 = B × 01 . t × 10 −3 Wb . The induced sources are shown below:

. × 0.5 = 01
dψ 1 dψ 2
V1 = = 0.2mV and V2 = = 01
. mV . Solving the resulting circuit gives
dt dt
100
V = −01 . mV − 0.2mV = −0.233mV .
100 + 50

0.2 mV 0.1 mV
+ – + –
+

50 100 V

4.1.2
The flux in the inner loop is ψ 1 = B × 01 . t × 10 −3
. × 0.5 = 01 Wb , and the flux in the

outer loop is ψ 2 = B × 0.3 × 1 = 0.6t × 10 −3 Wb . The induced sources are shown below:
dψ 1 dψ 2
V1 = = 01
. mV and V2 = = 0.6mV . Solving the resulting circuit gives
dt dt
100
V = 0.6mV − . mV = 0.533mV .
01
100 + 50

0.6 mV
+ –

0.1 mV
+ –
+

V 50 100
–

4-1
4.1.3
The flux in the left loop is ψ 1 = B × 0.5 × 0.2 = 10 −3 sin(2π 60t ) Wb , and the flux in the
right loop is ψ 2 = B × 0.3 × 0.2 = 0.6 × 10 −3 sin(2π 60t ) Wb . The induced sources are
dψ 1
shown below: V1 = = 2π 60 cos(2π × 60t ) mV and
dt 14442444 3
377
dψ 2
V2 = = 2π 60 × 0.6 cos(2π × 60t ) mV . Solving the resulting circuit gives
dt 14444244443
266
50
V = 226 cos(2π × 60t ) mV + 377 cos(2π × 60t ) mV = 3016
. cos(2π × 60t ) mV .
200 + 50

V1 V2

– + – +
+

200 50 V
–

4.1.4

(b) and (d) are not correct. In (b) a current must be established that will induce a
secondary current I that will oppose the change in the original magnetic field. For this
case the induced current must be counterclockwise to keep the field from decreasing.
Similarly, in (d) a current must be established that will induce a secondary current I that
will oppose the change in the original magnetic field. For this case the induced current
must be clockwise to keep the field from increasing.
4.1.5

The flux in the loop is

ψ = B × Area = 2 cos(2π × 60t ) × 0.5 × 10t mWb = 10t cos(2π × 60t ) mWb . The induced

4-2
 dψ
voltage is V =
dt
[ ]
= 10 cos(2π × 60t ) − 3770t sin(2π × 60t ) mV . Hence the current is
V
I=
100
[
. cos(2π × 60t ) − 37.7t sin(2π × 60t )
= 01 ] mA .

V
+ –
I
v
50 cm
100

4.1.6
t
The position of the bar is L = ∫ 100 cos(10τ ) dτ = 10 sin(10t ) m . The flux in the loop is
0

ψ = B × Area = 10 × 0.5 × 10 sin(10t ) mWb = 0.05 sin(10t ) Wb . Hence the induced voltage
dψ 0.5 cos(10t )
is V = = 0.5 cos(10t ) V . Hence the current is I = = 5 cos(10t ) mA .
dt 100

– +
I
v
50 cm
100

4.1.7

A view in the xy plane is shown below. The flux through the loop is
ψ = ∫ B • ds = B × Area × cos(ω t ) = 1 cos(ω t ) mWb . Hence an induced voltage in the
dψ
loop is V = = −ω sin(ω t ) mV = -5 sin(ω t ) mV with polarity shown below. Hence
dt
V
the current is I = = −2.5 cos(ω t ) mA .
2

4-3
 B

V
+ –
y

2
␻t
I

4.1.8

The magnetic flux density a distance r from an infinitely long current was obtained in the
µ I (t )
previous chapter as B( t ) = o and is circumferentially directed about the wire.
2π r

Hence the flux through the loop formed by the household power wiring is
3m 1.09km µ I ( t )
 109
. km 
ψ = ∫ B • ds = ∫ ∫
o drdz = 6 × 10 −7 ln  . × 10 −8 I ( t ) .
 I ( t ) = 517
z = 0 r=1km 2π r
 1km 
dψ dI ( t )
The induced voltage is V = . × 10 −8
= 517 and is sketched below. Hence
dt dt
V = 2,585V for 0 < t < 1µ s and is V = −287V for 1µ s < t < 10µ s .

V (t)

2585 V

10 ␮s
–287 V t
1 ␮s

4.1.9
µoI
The magnetic flux density threading the loop is B = . Assuming that the loop starts
2π r

at t=0 barely touching the wire, at some time t the flux through the loop is (downward)

4-4
 l vt + w µ I
ψ = ∫ B • ds = ∫ o drdz = µ o Il ln  vt + w 
∫   . The induced voltage in the loop
z = 0 r = vt 2π r 2π  vt 

(tending to push current counter clockwise) is

dψ d µ o Il  vt + w  µ o Il  vt   w  µ o Ilw
V= = ln  =  − 2  = − . Hence
dt dt 2π  vt  2π  vt + w   vt  2π ( vt + w)t
V µ o Ilw
I=− = .
R 2π R( vt + w)t

4.110
.

A sketch of the problem looking down on the plane of rotation is shown below. The
further we go out along the bar length, the greater the velocity cutting the magnetic field
lines. The linear velocity of a section of the bar at a radius r is v = ω r . The voltage
l Bω l 2
induced in the bar is ∫ ( v × B ) • dl = ∫ Bω rdr = . By the right-hand rule, the
r =0 2

rotating end is the positive end.

4.111
.
 ∂ Ez ∂ E y   ∂ Ex ∂ Ez   ∂ E y ∂ Ex 
Forming ∇ × E =  − ax +  − a y +  −  a . From the
 ∂y ∂z   ∂z ∂x   ∂x ∂y  z

form of E this reduces to

∂ Ey ∂ Ey
∇×E= − ax + a = β E m sin α x cos(ω t − β z )a x + α E m cos α x sin(ω t − β z )a z
∂z ∂x z

4-5
 ∂H
. From Faraday’s law: ∇ × E = − µ o we obtain
∂t
E β E α
H = − m sin α x sin(ω t − β z )a x + m cos α x cos(ω t − β z )a z .
ω µo ω µo

4.112
.
 ∂ Ez ∂ E y   ∂ Ex ∂ Ez   ∂ E y ∂ Ex 
Forming ∇ × E =  − ax +  − a y +  −  a . From the
 ∂y ∂z   ∂z ∂x   ∂x ∂y  z
∂ Ex
form of E this reduces to ∇ × E = a = β E m cos β z cos(ω t )a y . From Faraday’s
∂z y
∂H E β
law: ∇ × E = − µ o we obtain H = − m cos β z sin(ω t )a y .
∂t ω µo

4.21
.
σ
Above a frequency for which = 1 the displacement current dominates the
ω ε rε o
conduction current. This occurs for f > 45kHz .

4.2.2
 ∂ Hz ∂ H y   ∂ Hx ∂ Hz   ∂ H y ∂ Hx 
Forming ∇ × H =  − ax +  − a y +  −  a . From
 ∂y ∂z   ∂z ∂x   ∂x ∂y  z

the form of H this reduces to

 ∂ Hx ∂ Hz 
∇×H = −  a = ( − β H x + α H z ) sin α x cos(ω t − β z )a y . From Ampere’s
 ∂z ∂x  y
∂E (− β H x + α H z ) sin α x sin ω t − β z a
law: ∇ × H = ε o we obtain E = ( ) y
∂t ωε o

4.2.3
 ∂ Hz ∂ H y   ∂ Hx ∂ Hz   ∂ H y ∂ Hx 
Forming ∇ × H =  − ax +  − a y +  −  a . From
 ∂y ∂z   ∂z ∂x   ∂x ∂y  z
∂ Hy
the form of H this reduces to ∇ × H = − a = β H m sin β z sin(ω t )a x . From
∂z x
∂E β Hm
Ampere’s law: ∇ × H = ε o we obtain E = − sin β z cos(ω t )a x
∂t ωε o

4-6
4.31
.
∂ Ex ∂ E y ∂ Ez
Gauss’ law becomes, in rectangular coordinates, ∇ • (ε o E) = 0 = + + .
∂x ∂y ∂z
But for the given electric field, E = Em sin α x sin(ω t − β z )a y , it has only a y component

which is independent of y. Hence, the divergence is zero.

4.3.2
∂ Ex ∂ E y ∂ Ez
Gauss’ law becomes, in rectangular coordinates, ∇ • (ε o E) = 0 = + + .
∂x ∂y ∂z
But for the given electric field, E = Em sin β z cos(ω t )a x , it has only an x component

which is independent of x. Hence, the divergence is zero.

4.3.3
∂ Hx ∂ H y ∂ Hz
Gauss’ law becomes, in rectangular coordinates, ∇ • ( µ o H ) = 0 = + + .
∂x ∂y ∂z

For the given magnetic field,

H = H x sin α x sin(ω t − β z )a x + H z cos α x cos(ω t − β z )a z , so that
∂ Hx ∂ Hz
+ = α H x cos α x sin(ω t − β z )a x + β H z cos α x sin(ω t − β z )a z . Hence the
∂x ∂z
divergence is zero and Gauss’ law is satisfied only if α H x + β H y = 0 .

4.3.4
∂ Hx ∂ H y ∂ Hz
Gauss’ law becomes, in rectangular coordinates, ∇ • ( µ o H ) = 0 = + + .
∂x ∂y ∂z
But for the given magnetic field, H = H m cos β z sin(ω t )a y , the y component is

independent of y. Hence, the divergence is zero.

4.61
.
1  π  1 π  W
. e −8 z  cos 2ω t − 8 z −  + cos  a z 2 .
The Poynting vector is S = E × H = 715
2  4 2  4 m
715. −8 z π W
The Poynting vector averaged over one cycle is S average = e cos  a z 2 . This
2  4 m

is perpendicular only to the sides at z=0 and z=1m. Hence the average power exiting the
cube is

4-7
Paverage = −Saverage × Area + Saverage × Area
z =0 z =1m
. −8( z =0)  π  715
715 . −8( z =1m)  π 
=- e cos  + e cos  = -25.27W
2  4 2  4

4.71
.

The components of E that are tangential to the boundary must be continuous. Hence
E 2, tan = β a y + γ a z . The components of D that are normal to the boundary must be

continuous. Hence D1, norm = ε 1E1, norm = ε 1α a x = D 2, norm = ε 2 E 2, norm so that

ε ε
E 2, norm = 1 α a x . Therefore, E 2 x = 0 = E 2, norm + E 2, tan = 1 α a x + β a y + γ a z .
ε2 ε2

4.7.2

The components of B that are normal to the boundary must be continuous. Hence
B 2, norm = α a x . The components of H that are tangential to the boundary must be
1 β γ 1
continuous. Hence H1, tan = B1, tan = ay + a z = H 2, tan = B 2, tan so that
µ1 µ1 µ1 µ2
µ2 µ
B 2, tan = β a y + 2 γ a z . Therefore,
µ1 µ1
µ µ
B2 x =0 = B 2, norm + B 2, tan = α a x + 2 β a y + 2 γ a z .
µ1 µ1

4.7.3

The components of D that are normal to the boundary must be continuous. Hence
D 2, norm = α a x . The components of E that are tangential to the boundary must be
1 1 1 1
continuous. Hence E1, tan = D1, tan = β a y + γ a z = E 2, tan = D 2, tan so that
ε1 ε1 ε1 ε2
ε ε
D 2, tan = 2 β a y + 2 γ a z . Therefore,
ε1 ε1
ε ε
D 2 x = 0 = D 2,tan + D 2,norm = α a x + β 2 a y + γ 2 a z .
ε ε1 1

4.7.4

The components of H that are tangential to the boundary must be continuous. Hence
H 2, tan = β a y + γ a z . The components of B that are normal to the boundary must be

continuous. Hence B1, norm = µ1H1, norm = µ1α a x = B 2, norm = µ 2 H 2, norm so that

4-8
 µ2 µ
B 2, tan = β a y + 2 γ a z . Therefore,
µ1 µ1
µ µ
B2 x =0 = B 2, norm + B 2, tan = α a x + 2 β a y + 2 γ a z .
µ1 µ1

4.7.5

The tangential components of E must be zero at the surface of a perfect conductor. Hence
γ = 0 . Also, the x and y components of E must be equal in order that there be no
tangential component from these two components and hence α = β . the normal

components of B must be zero at the surface of a perfect conductor. Hence the x and y
components must form a resultant that is tangent to the surface so that σ = −δ .
4.81
.
The components tangent to the plane are 2a x − 3a y . Reversing these gives −2a x + 3a y .

Similarly reversing the z component gives −4a z . Hence the image current is
I image = −2a x + 3a y − 4a z A at (0,0,-2).

4.91
.
6
To convert a phasor quantity to the time domain we simply multiply by e jω t = e j 2π ×10 t
and take the real part of the result. Hence,
(a)

E = Re E( ) ( x )
$ e jω t = Re − j30e jω t a + Re − 10 e jω t a 
 j
y

,
 π  π
= −30 cos 2π × 10 6 t +  a x + 10 cos 2π × 10 6 t +  a y
 2  2

(b)

( )
4π
$ e jω t = Re10e jω t e j 3  a = 10 cos 2π × 10 6 t + 4π  a ,
H = Re H z  z
  3

(c)
( ) ( ) ( )
B = Re B$ e jω t = Re 4e −2 z e jω t e − j 4πz a x = 4e −2 z cos 2π × 10 6 t − 4π z a x ,
$ = 10e −3x e − j 3π z a , (e) B$ = 5 sin(3z )e − j 6 z a .
(d) E y x

4-9
4.9.2
$ = E sin α xe − jβ z a . Faraday’s law in phasor form is
The phasor form of the field is E m y

$ = − jω µ H
∇×E $
o . Writing out the curl gives
 ∂ E$ ∂ E$ y   ∂ E$ x ∂ E$ z   ∂ E$ y ∂ E$ 
$  z   x
∇×E=
∂ y
−
∂ z  a x +  ∂ z − ∂ x  a y +  ∂ x − ∂ y  a z . From the form of
   

the field this reduces to

∂ E$ y ∂ E$ y
∇×E $ =− ax + a z = jβ Em sin α xe − jβ z a x + α Em cos α xe − jβ z a z . Hence
∂z ∂x
$ = − 1 ∇×E
H
jω µ o
$ = j 1 ∇×E
ω µo
$ = j 1
ω µo (jβ E m sin α xe − jβ z a x + α E m cos α xe − jβ z a z )
β Em α Em
=− sin α xe − jβ z a x + j cos α xe − jβ z a z
ω µo ω µo

The time-domain field is

H = Re H (
$ e jω t
)
β Em α Em  π
=− sin α x cos(ω t − β z )a x + cos α x cos ω t − β z +  a z
ω µo ω µo  2
β Em α Em
=− sin α x cos(ω t − β z )a x − cos α x sin(ω t − β z )a z
ω µo ω µo

4.9.3
( )
$ jω t and H = Re He
Consider two field vectors, E = Re Ee ( )
$ jω t . The instantaneous

power density or Poynting vector is S = E × H . Rewriting the field vectors as

(
E = Re Ee ) (
$ jω t = 1 Ee
2
$ jω t + E
)
$ ∗e − jω t and substituting into S = E × H yields

(
1 $ $ ∗ $∗ $
S = E×H = E×H +E ×H + E
4 4
) (
1 $ $ j 2ω t $ ∗ $ ∗ − j 2ω t
× He +E ×H e )
. But since

(E$ × H$ ∗ ) = (E$ ∗ × H$ ) and A$ + A$ ∗ = 2 Re(A$ ) , this may be written as

∗

S = Re(E ) 2 ( )
1 T
$ ×H$ ∗ + 1 Re E $ ×H$ e j 2ω t . The time average of this is S = 1 ∫ S dt and T
av
2 T0

is the period of the sinusoid. The first term of our result is a constant and the second term
is sinusoidal and hence averages to zero giving the desired result.

4-10
4.10.1
µrµoI
The magnetic flux density in the core due to a current I is, from Chapter 3, Bφ =
2π r

where the flux is circumferentially directed and r is approximately the mean radius of the
core. The total flux through the windings is approximately ψ = BA where A is the area of

the core cross section. According to Faraday’s law a voltage will be generated in the turns
dψ µ r µ o NA dI dI V$ ω µ r µ o NA
of wire of V = N = . But ⇔ jω I$ . Hence Z$T = = .
dt 2π r dt dt I$ 2π r

Substituting numerical values gives

Z$T =
(ω = 2π f )( µ r (
= 200)µ o ( N = 10) A = 4 × 10 −4 ) = 50.3Ω = 34dBΩ
2π ( r = 0.02)

4-11
 Chapter 5

Problem Solutions
511
..
∂
The time derivative is related to the phasor form by jω ⇔ . Hence
∂t
∂ H y ( z, t ) ∂ Ex ( z, t )
− jω µ H$ y ( z ) ⇔ − µ and − jω ε E$ x ( z ) ⇔ −ε .
∂t ∂t

51
. .2
+ −
The time-domain equations are E x ( z , t ) = E m cos(ω t − β z ) + Em cos(ω t + β z ) and
+
Em E−
H y ( z, t ) = cos(ω t − β z ) − m cos(ω t + β z ) . Substituting into the first equation
η η
∂ E x ( z, t ) + −
gives = β Em sin(ω t − β z ) − β Em sin(ω t + β z ) and
∂z
∂ H y ( z, t ) + −
Em Em
−µ = µω sin(ω t − β z ) − µ ω sin(ω t + β z ) . Matching the
∂t η η
µω
corresponding coefficients of the sin terms gives the requirement that β = . But
η
µ
substituting β = ω µ ε and η = shows this to be true. Similar results are shown for
ε
the second equation of Problem 5.1.1.
51
. .3

ω rad µr
(a) pvc, (ε r = 35
.) β= µ r ε r = 0.392 , η = ηo = 202 Ω ,
vo m εr
vo m v
v= . × 108
= 16 , λ = = 16 m (b) Teflon, (ε r = 21
.)
µ rε r s f
ω rad µr vo m
β= µ r ε r = 0.304 , η = ηo = 260 Ω , v = = 2.07 × 108 ,
vo m εr µ rε r s
v ω rad µr
λ= = 20.7 m . (c) Mylar, (ε r = 5) β = µ r ε r = 0.468 , η = ηo = 169 Ω ,
f vo m εr
vo m v
v= . × 108
= 134 , λ = = 13.4 m . (d) Polyurethane (ε r = 7)
µ rε r s f

5-1
 ω rad µr vo m
β= µ r ε r = 0.554 , η = ηo = 142 Ω , v = . × 108
= 113 ,
vo m εr µ rε r s
v
λ= = 113
. m.
f

51
. .4
ω rad
A sketch is shown below. The phase constant is β = = 0105
. and the intrinsic
vo m

impedance is η = η o = 377 Ω . The electric field intensity vector is given by

$ = 10e j 0105
E . y
(
a z or E = 10 cos 10π × 10 6 t + 0105 )
. y a z . In order for the power flow

E × H to be in the -y direction, the magnetic field intensity vector must be in the -x

$ = −0.0265e j 0105
direction so that H . y
a x or H = −0.0265 cos 10π × 10 6 t + 0105
. y ax .( )
z

Ez
Hx

51
. .5
v
A sketch is shown below. Since the wavelength is λ = , the frequency of the wave is
f
vo
800MHz. Also the velocity of propagation is v = . Hence ε r = 2.25 . The phase
εr
ω 2π rad
constant is β = = = 251
. . The electric field is
v λ m

(
E = 100 cos 16π × 108 t − 251 )
. x a z . The intrinsic impedance is η =
ηo
εr
= 251Ω . In

order that E × H be in the +x direction, the magnetic field must be directed in the -y
(
direction. Hence H = −0.398 cos 16π × 108 t − 251
. x ay )

5-2
 y

x
Ez

z Hy

51
. .6
ω rad
The frequency of the wave is 40MHz. The phase constant is β = ε r = 2.9 . The
vo m
ηo
intrinsic impedance is η = = 109Ω . The problem is sketched below. The wave is
εr

traveling in the +y direction. From this E must be in the z direction in order that E × H be
in the +y direction. The magnitude of the electric field is the product of the magnitude of
the magnetic field and the intrinsic impedance. Hence, the electric field is
( )
E = 10.9 cos 8π × 10 7 t − 2.9 y a z .

Ez

Hx
x

5-3
51
. .7
ω rad
The problem is sketched below. The phase constant is β = ε r µ r = 251 . The
vo m
µr
intrinsic impedance is η = η o = 565Ω . The wave is traveling in the -z direction and
εr

the magnetic field is in the y direction. Hence the magnetic field intensity vector is given
( )
by H = 0.02 cos 4π × 109 t + 251z a y From this E must be in the -x direction in order that

E × H be in the -z direction. The magnitude of the electric field is the product of the
magnitude of the magnetic field and the intrinsic impedance. Hence, the electric field is
( )
. cos 4π × 109 t + 251z a x .
E = −113

z
Hy

y Ex

51
. .8
vo λo
Since λ = we have that εr = = 2 . Hence ε r = 4 .
f εr λ

5.21
.

The frequency is 500MHz. The propagation constant is

 1 
γ$ = jω µ o µ r (σ + jω ε oε r ) = j10π × 108 × 4π × 10 −7 × 41 + j10π × 108 × × 10 −9 × 36
 36π 

This evaluates to γ$ = 149∠67.5o = 57.2 + j138 . Hence we identify α = 57.2 and

rad
β = 138 . The intrinsic impedance is
m

5-4
 jω µ o µ r j10π × 108 × 4π × 10 −7 × 4 . This evaluates to
η$ = =
(σ + jω ε oε r ) 1 + j10π × 108 × 1 × 10 −9 × 36
 36π 

η$ = 106∠22.5o . The problem is sketched below. The wave is traveling in the +x

direction and the electric field is in the z direction. From this H must be in the -y direction
in order that E × H be in the +x direction. Hence the magnetic field vector is
(
H = −0.946e −57.2 x cos 10π × 108 t − 138 x − 22.5o a y . )
y

x
Ez

z Hy

5.2.2

(a) 60Hz. The propagation constant is

 1 
γ$ = jω µ o µ r (σ + jω ε oε r ) = j120π × 4π × 10 −7  0.01 + j120π × × 10 −9 × 15
 36π 

. × 10 −3 ∠45o = 154
This evaluates to γ$ = 218 . × 10 −3 + j154
. × 10 −3 . Hence we identify
rad
. × 10 −3 and β = 154
α = 154 . × 10 −3 . The velocity of propagation is
m
ω m
v = = 2.45 × 105 . The intrinsic impedance is
β s
jω µ o µ r j120π × 4π × 10 −7 which evaluates to
η$ = =
(σ + jω ε oε r )  0.01 + j120π × 1 × 10 −9 × 15
 36π 

η$ = 0.22∠45o .

5-5
(b) 1MHz. The propagation constant is
 1 
γ$ = jω µ o µ r (σ + jω ε oε r ) = j 2π × 10 6 × 4π × 10 −7  0.01 + j 2π × 10 6 × × 10 −9 × 15
 36π 

This evaluates to γ$ = 0.281∠47.4o = 019

. + j 0.21 . Hence we identify α = 019
. and
rad ω m
β = 0.21 . The velocity of propagation is v = = 303. × 107 . The intrinsic
m β s

impedance is η$ = jω µ o µ r j 2π × 10 6 × 4π × 10 −7 .which evaluates to

=
(σ + jω ε oε r )  0.01 + j 2π × 106 × 1 × 10 −9 × 15
 36π 

η$ = 28.05∠42.62 o .

(c) 100MHz. The propagation constant is

 1 
γ$ = jω µ o µ r (σ + jω ε oε r ) = j 2π × 108 × 4π × 10 −7  0.01 + j 2π × 108 × × 10 −9 × 15
 36π 

. ∠86.58o = 0.49 + j813

This evaluates to γ$ = 814 . . Hence we identify α = 0.49 and
rad ω m
β = 813
. . The velocity of propagation is v = = 7.73 × 107 . The intrinsic
m β s

impedance is η$ = jω µ o µ r j 2π × 108 × 4π × 10 −7 .which evaluates to

=
(σ + jω ε oε r )  0.01 + j 2π × 108 × 1 × 10 −9 × 15
 36π 

η$ = 96.99∠3.42 o .

(d) 10GHz. The propagation constant is

 1 
γ$ = jω µ o µ r (σ + jω ε oε r ) = j 2π × 1010 × 4π × 10 −7  0.01 + j 2π × 1010 × × 10 −9 × 15
 36π 

. ∠89.97 o = 0.49 + j81116

This evaluates to γ$ = 81116 . . Hence we identify α = 0.49 and
rad ω m
β = 8112
. . The velocity of propagation is v = = 7.75 × 10 7 . The intrinsic
m β s

impedance is η$ = jω µ o µ r j 2π × 1010 × 4π × 10 −7 .which evaluates

=
(σ + jω ε oε r )  0.01 + j 2π × 1010 × 1 × 10 −9 × 15
 36π 

to η$ = 97.34∠0.03o .

5-6
5.2.3
The propagation constant is
 1 
γ$ = jω µ o µ r (σ + jω ε oε r ) = j 2π × 109 × 4π × 10 −7 × 16 2 + j 2π × 109 × × 10 −9 × 9
 36π 

This evaluates to γ$ = 510.33∠52.02 o = 314.06 + j 402.25 . Hence we identify α = 314.06

rad ω m
and β = 402.25 . × 10 7 . The intrinsic
. The velocity of propagation is v = = 156
m β s

impedance is η$ = jω µ o µ r j 2π × 109 × 4π × 10 −7 × 16 .which evaluates to

=
(σ + jω ε oε r )  2 + j 2π × 109 × 1 × 10 −9 × 9
 36π 

η$ = 247.55∠37.98 o .

5.2.4

The frequency is 10GHz. Forming the propagation constant as

 1 
γ$ = 200 + j300 = j 2π × 1010 × 4π × 10 −7  σ + j 2π × 1010 × × 10 −9 × ε r  . Squaring this
 36π 
16
gives γ$ 2 = −5 × 10 4 + j12 × 10 4 = − π 2 × 10 4 ε r + j 2π × 1010 × 4π × 10 −7 σ . Solving gives
36
S
ε r = 114
. and σ = 152
. . The intrinsic impedance can now be computed from
m
jω µ o µ r j 2π × 1010 × 4π × 10 −7 .which evaluates to
η$ = =
(σ + jω ε oε r ) 152
. + j 2π × 1010 ×
1
× 10 −9 × 114

. 
 36π 

η$ = 218.98∠33.69 o . The problem is sketched below. The wave is traveling in the +y

direction and the magnetic field is in the x direction. From this E must be in the +z
direction in order that E × H be in the +y direction. Hence the electric field vector is
( )
. e −200 y cos 2π × 1010 t − 300 y + 33.69 o a z .
E = 219

Ez

Hx
x

5-7
5.31
.
The surface is sketched below and has a surface area of (3 − ( −1)) × ( 2 − ( −1)) = 12m 2 .
ηo
The intrinsic impedance of the medium is η = = 168.6Ω . Hence the average power
5
2
1 (10) W
density is = 0.3 2 . The wave is propagating perpendicular to the surface and is
2 168.6 m
uniform over it so that the total average power crossing the surface is
PAV = ∫ S AV • ds = 356W
. .
s

x
(3, –1, 2) m

(3, 2, 2) m

z
(–1, –1, 2) m

y (–1, 2, 2) m

5.3.2

The surface is sketched below and has a surface area of 3 × 5 = 15m 2 . The intrinsic
ηo
impedance of the medium is η = = 125.66Ω . The magnitude of the electric field
9
V
intensity is E = ( 0.2) × 125.66 = 2513
. . Hence the average power density is
m
2
1 (2513
. ) W
= 2.51 2 . The wave is propagating perpendicular to the surface and is
2 125.66 m
uniform over it so that the total average power crossing the surface is
PAV = ∫ S AV • ds = 37.7W .
s

5-8
 x

(3, 0, 0) m

(3, 5, 0) m
(0, 0, 0)
z

(0, 5, 0) m
y

5.3.3

The frequency is 500MHz. The propagation constant is

 1 
γ$ = jω µ o µ r (σ + jω ε oε r ) = j10π × 108 × 4π × 10 −7 × 41 + j10π × 108 × × 10 −9 × 36
 36π 

This evaluates to γ$ = 149∠67.5o = 57.2 + j138 . Hence we identify α = 57.2 and

rad
β = 138 . The intrinsic impedance is
m
jω µ o µ r j10π × 108 × 4π × 10 −7 × 4 . This evaluates to
η$ = =
(σ + jω ε oε r ) 1 + j10π × 108 × 1 × 10 −9 × 36
 36π 

η$ = 106∠22.5o . The problem is sketched below. The wave is propagating in the +x

direction and is perpendicular to the side of area 2m × 3m = 6m 2 . The average power

2
1 (100) −2 × 57.2 x
density is S AV =
2 106
e ( )
. e −114.4 x a y
cos 22.5o a y = 436
W
m2
. Hence the

( )
power dissipated is 43.6 1 − e −114.4 × 20 mm × 6m 2 = 235W .

5-9
 y

(0, 2, 0) m (20 mm, 2 m, 0)

3m

(0, 2 m, 3 m) (20 mm, 0, 0)

x

2m

(20 mm, 0, 3 m)
20 mm
z

5.3.4

The propagation constant is

 1 
γ$ = jω µ o µ r (σ + jω ε oε r ) = j 2π × 109 × 4π × 10 −7 × 16 2 + j 2π × 109 × × 10 −9 × 9
 36π 

This evaluates to γ$ = 510.33∠52.02 o = 314.06 + j 402.25 . Hence we identify α = 314.06

rad
and β = 402.25 . The intrinsic impedance is
m
jω µ o µ r j 2π × 109 × 4π × 10 −7 × 16 .which evaluates to
η$ = =
(σ + jω ε oε r )  2 + j 2π × 109 × 1 × 10 −9 × 9
 36π 

η$ = 247.55∠37.98 o . The wave is perpendicular to the surface of area 100cm 2 = 0.01m 2 .

Hence the average power density is

2
1 (1)
S AV =
2 247.55
(
e −2 × 314.06 z cos 37.98 o = 159 )
. × 10 −3 e −62812
. z
m2
W
. Hence the power

dissipated is 159 (
. × 10 −3 1 − e −62812
. × 5mm
)
× 0.01m 2 = 15.2µ W .

5.41
.

We need to compute the attenuation constant from

σ
γ$ = α + jβ = jω µ o µ r (σ + jω ε oε r ) = −ω µ o µ r ε oε r 1 − j . The
ω ε oε r

5-10
attenuation of the amplitude varies as e −αd . In dB this is

( )
20 log10 e −αd = −20α d log10 ( e ) = −8.69α d . For an attenuation of 80dB, d =
80
8.69α
.

σ 0.889 × 109
(a) 1kHz. = = 8.89 × 105 . Good conductor so
ω ε rε o f
. × 10 −3 f = 0126
α ≅ π fµ r µ oσ = 397 . . Hence d=73.3m.
σ 0.889 × 109
(b) 10kHz. = = 8.89 × 10 4 and is a good conductor. Thus α = 0.397
ω ε rε o f

and d=23.2m.
σ 0.889 × 109
(c) 100kHz. = = 8.89 × 103 and is a good conductor. Thus α = 126
.
ω ε rε o f

and d=7.33m.
σ 0.889 × 109
(d) 1MHz. = = 8.89 × 10 2 and is a good conductor. Thus α = 397
.
ω ε rε o f

and d=2.32m.
σ 0.889 × 109
(e) 10MHz. = = 88.9 and is a good conductor. Thus α = 12.6 and
ω ε rε o f

d=0.733m.
σ 0.889 × 109
(f) 100MHz. = = 8.89 and is a good conductor. Thus α = 39.7 and
ω ε rε o f

d=23.2cm.
5.4.2

The attenuation of the amplitude varies as e −αd . In dB this is

( )
20 log10 e −αd = −20α d log10 ( e ) = −8.69α d . For an attenuation of 20dB, d =
20
8.69α
.

The attenuation constant was calculated for these cases in Problem 5.2.2. (a) 60Hz
. × 10 −3 . Hence, d=1.49km. (b) 1MHz. α = 019
α = 154 . . Hence, d=12.1m. (c) 100MHz.

α = 0.49 . Hence, d=4.7m. (d) 10GHz. α = 0.49 . Hence, d=4.7m.

5-11
5.4.3
At these frequencies, sea water may be considered a good conductor. The attenuation
. × 10 −3 f . Hence the skin depth is
constant was calculated in Problem 5.4.1 as α = 397
1 252
δ= = . The intrinsic impedance is
α f
jω µ o µ r 2 2 f
η$ = ≅ ∠45o = . × 10 −3 f ∠45o . The average
∠45o = 14
(σ + jω ε oε r ) σ δ 252σ

power dissipated is
2  −2 
d
1 (1) . × 103
PAV =
2 η

cos ∠θ n 1 − e

δ
 f 1
[
424 3
]
 Area = 253 1 − e −2 × 5m 2 = 109
f
W . (a) 1kHz.
  0.865
The average power dissipated is 34.5W. (b) 10kHz. The average power dissipated is
10.9W. (c) 100kHz. The average power dissipated is 3.45W.
5.4.4
The propagation constant is γ$ = α + jβ = jω µ (σ + jω ε ) = −ω 2 µ ε (1 − j tan φ ) .

Squaring both sides and equating real and imaginary parts yields α 2 − β 2 = −ω 2 µ ε and
2α β = ω 2 µ ε tan φ . Solving gives the desired result.

5.5.1
µ r1 1
The intrinsic impedances of each region are η 1 = η o = η = 188Ω and
ε r1 2 o
µ r2 2
η = ηo = η = 251Ω . The reflection and transmission coefficients are
2
ε r2 3 o
2 1 4
ηo − ηo
η 2 −η1 2η ηo
3 2 1 2 3 8
Γ= = = and T = = = . Observe as a
η 2 +η1 2η + 1 η 7 η 2 +η1 2η + 1 η 7
o o o o
3 2 3 2

check that 1 + Γ = T . Since the phase constant in medium 1 is

ω µ r1ε r1
β 1 = ω µ r1µ oε r1ε 0 = = 6π the frequency of the wave is 450MHz. Hence
vo
ω µ r 2ε r 2
the phase constant in medium 2 is β 2 = ω µ r 2 µ oε r 2ε 0 = = 18π . The
vo

( )
electric fields can now be written as E i = 100 cos 9π × 108 t − 6π z a x ,

5-12
Er =
100
7
( )
cos 9π × 108 t + 6π z a x , E t =
800
7
( )
cos 9π × 108 t − 18π z a x . The magnetic

fields can be found by dividing the electric fields by the intrinsic impedance of the
appropriate medium and ensuring that the sign is such that E × H is in the correct
direction for the particular wave. Hence, H i =
100
188
(
cos 9π × 108 t − 6π z a y ,)
Hr = −
100
7 × 188
( )
cos 9π × 108 t + 6π z a y , H t =
800
7 × 251
( )
cos 9π × 108 t − 18π z a y . The

average power transmitted through a 2m 2 area of the surface is

t 2
1 E
PAV,trans = × 2m 2 = 52W .
2 η2

5.5.2
µ r1
The intrinsic impedances of each region are η 1 = η o = 2η o = 754Ω and
ε r1
µ r2 1
η 2 = ηo = η = 126Ω . The reflection and transmission coefficients are
ε r2 3 o
1 2
η 2 −η1 η o − 2η o 2η ηo
5 2 2
Γ= = 3 = − and T = = 3 = . Observe as a
η 2 + η 1 1 η + 2η 7 η 2 + η 1 2η + 1 η 7
o o o o
3 3

check that 1 + Γ = T . Since the phase constant in medium 1 is

ω µ r1ε r1 8π
β 1 = ω µ r1µ oε r1ε 0 = = the frequency of the wave is 50MHz. Hence
vo 3
ω µ r 2ε r 2
the phase constant in medium 2 is β 2 = ω µ r 2 µ oε r 2ε 0 = = π . The electric
vo
 8π 
fields can now be written as E i = 10 cos10π × 10 7 t − z a x ,
 3 

Er = −
50
7

cos10π × 10 7 t +

8π 
3
z a x , Et =

20
7
( )
cos 10π × 10 7 t − π z a x . The magnetic

fields can be found by dividing the electric fields by the intrinsic impedance of the
appropriate medium and ensuring that the sign is such that E × H is in the correct
10  8π 
direction for the particular wave. Hence, H i = cos10π × 107 t − z a y ,
754  3 

5-13
Hr =
50
7 × 754

cos10π × 10 7 t +

8π 
3
z a y , H t =

20
7 × 126
( )
cos 10π × 107 t − π z a y . The

average power transmitted through a 5m 2 area of the surface is

t 2
1 E
PAV,trans = × 5m 2 = 162mW .
2 η2

5.5.3
µ r1 1
The intrinsic impedances of each region are η 1 = η o = η = 126Ω and
ε r1 3 o
µ r2 1
η 2 = ηo = η = 188Ω . The reflection and transmission coefficients are
ε r2 2 o
1 1
η 2 −η1 ηo − ηo 2η 2 ηo 6
1
Γ= = 2 3 = and T = = = . Observe as a
η 2 + η1 1 1 η 2 +η1 1 1
ηo + ηo 5 ηo + ηo 5
2 3 2 3

check that 1 + Γ = T . Since the phase constant in medium 1 is

ω µ r1ε r1
β 1 = ω µ r1µ oε r1ε 0 = = 2π the frequency of the wave is 100MHz. Hence
vo
ω µ r 2ε r 2 16π
the phase constant in medium 2 is β 2 = ω µ r 2 µ oε r 2ε 0 = = . The
vo 3

( )
electric fields can now be written as E i = 5 cos 2π × 108 t − 2π z a y ,

( ) 
E r = 1 cos 2π × 108 t + 2π z a y , E t = 6 cos 2π × 108 t −

16π 
z  a y . The magnetic fields
3 

can be found by dividing the electric fields by the intrinsic impedance of the appropriate
medium and ensuring that the sign is such that E × H is in the correct direction for the
particular wave. Hence, H i = −
5
126
( )
cos 2π × 108 t − 2π z a x ,

Hr =
1
126
( )
cos 2π × 108 t + 2π z a x , H t = −
6
188

cos 2π × 108 t −

16π 
z  a x . The average
3 

power transmitted through a 5m 2 area of the surface is

t 2
1 E
PAV,trans = × 4m 2 = 383mW .
2 η2

5-14
5.5.4
µ r1 2
The intrinsic impedances of each region are η 1 = η o = η = 251Ω and
ε r1 3 o
µ r2
η 2 = ηo = 4η o = 1508Ω . The reflection and transmission coefficients are
ε r2
2
η 2 −η1 4η o − η o 2η 2
3 5 8η o 12
Γ= = = and T = = = . Observe as a
η 2 + η 1 4η + 2 η 7 η 2 + η 1 4η + 2 η 7
o o o o
3 3

check that 1 + Γ = T . Since the phase constant in medium 1 is

ω µ r1ε r1
β 1 = ω µ r1µ oε r1ε 0 = = 8π the frequency of the wave is 200MHz. Hence
vo
ω µ r 2ε r 2 16π
the phase constant in medium 2 is β 2 = ω µ r 2 µ oε r 2ε 0 = = . The
vo 3

(
. cos 4π × 108 t − 8π z a y ,
electric fields can now be written as E i = −2513 )
( ) 
. cos 4π × 108 t −
E r = −17.95 cos 4π × 108 t + 8π z a y , E t = −4308

16π 
z  a y . The
3 

magnetic fields can be found by dividing the electric fields by the intrinsic impedance of
the appropriate medium and ensuring that the sign is such that E × H is in the correct
(
. cos 4π × 108 t − 8π z a x ,
direction for the particular wave. Hence, H i = 01 )
Hr = −
5
7
( ) 2
. cos 4π × 108 t + 8π z a x , H t = × 01
× 01
7

. cos 4π × 108 t −

16π 
z  a x . The
3 

average power transmitted through a 3m 2 area of the surface is

t 2
1 E
PAV,trans = × 3m 2 = 185
. W.
2 η2

5.5.5
The intrinsic impedance and phase constant of the first medium are η1 = η o = 120π and
β = β o = ω v = 0.063 . Medium 2 is a good conductor as evidenced by
o
σ2
. × 10 6 . Hence the attenuation and phase constants can be computed as
= 15
ω ε oε r 2
1
α 2 = β2= = π fµ 2σ 2 = 108.83 . The intrinsic impedance is
δ2

5-15
 2
η$ 2 = ∠45o = 0154
. ∠45o . The reflection and transmission coefficients are
σ 2δ 2
η$ 2 − η o 2η$ 2
Γ$ = = 0.9999∠179.97 o ≅ −1 and T$ = . × 10 −4 ∠45o . The fields
= 816
η$ 2 + η o η$ 2 + η o

( ) (
in medium 1 are E i = 10 cos 6π × 10 6 t − 0.063z a x , E r = −10 cos 6π × 10 6 t + 0.063z a x , )
Hi =
10
120π
(
cos 6π × 10 6 t − 0.063z a y , H r = )
10
120π
(
cos 6π × 106 t + 0.063z a y . The fields )
(
. × 10 −3 e −108.83z cos 6π × 10 6 t − 108.83z + 45o a x and
in medium 2 are E t = 816 )
. × 10 −3 −108.83z
Ht =
816
0154
.
e ( )
cos 6π × 10 6 t − 108.83z + 45o − 45o a y . Hence the average

power dissipated in the volume is

2
$2 i
1 T E
PAV =
2 η$ 2 ( )
cos θ η 2 1 − e −2α 2 ×10  × 2m 2 = 59.9µ W .

−3

5.5.6
The intrinsic impedance and phase constant of the first medium are η1 = η o = 120π and
β = β o = ω v = 20.94 . Medium 2 (stainless steel) is not a good conductor as evidenced
o
σ2
by = 0.36 . Hence we must compute the attenuation and phase constants directly
ω ε oε r 2

as
 1 
γ$ 2 = jω µ o µ r (σ + jω ε oε r ) = j 2π × 109 × 4π × 10 −7 × 500 0.02 + j 2π × 109 × × 10 −9 
 36π 
This evaluates to γ$ 2 = 482.81∠801 . o = 83 + j 475.62 . Hence we identify α 2 = 83 and
rad
β 2 = 475.62 . The intrinsic impedance is
m
jω µ o µ r j 2π × 109 × 4π × 10 −7 × 500 .which evaluates to
η$ 2 = =
(σ + jω ε oε r )  0.02 + j 2π × 109 × 1 × 10 −9 
 36π 

η$ 2 = 8176.83∠9.9 o . The reflection and transmission coefficients are

η$ 2 − η o 2η$ 2
Γ$ = = 0.91∠0.91o and T$ = . ∠0.43o . The fields in medium 1 are
= 191
η$ 2 + η o η$ 2 + η o

( ) (
E i = 100 cos 2π × 109 t − 20.94 z a x , E r = 91 cos 2π × 109 t + 20.94 z + 0.91o a x , )

5-16
Hi =
100
120π
(
cos 2π × 109 t − 20.94 z a y , H r = −
91
120π
) (
cos 2π × 109 t + 20.94 z + 0.91o a y . )
(
The fields in medium 2 are E t = 191e −83z cos 2π × 109 t − 475.62 z + 0.43o a x and )
Ht =
191
8176.83
( )
e −83z cos 2π × 10 9 t − 475.62 z + 0.43o − 9.9 o a y . In the stainless steel a
1
skin depth is δ = = 5.03mm . Hence the average power dissipated in the
π fµ o µ r σ
2
$2 i
1 T E
volume is PAV =
2 η$ 2 ( )
cos θ η 2 1 − e −2α 2 × 5.03×10  × 2m 2 = 2.49 W .

−3

5.5.7
µr
The intrinsic impedance and phase constant of the first medium are η1 = η o = 40π
εr
ω
and β = µ r ε r = 314
. . Medium 2 is a good conductor as evidenced by
vo
σ2
= 720 . Hence the attenuation and phase constants can be computed as
ω ε oε r 2
1
α 2 = β2= = π fµ 2σ 2 = 198.69 . The intrinsic impedance is
δ2
2
η$ 2 = ∠45o = 14.05∠45o . The reflection and transmission coefficients are
σ 2δ 2
η$ 2 − η o 2η$ 2
Γ$ = = 0.854∠170.9 o and T$ = = 0.207∠40.81o . The fields in medium
η$ 2 + η o η 2 + ηo
$

(
1 are E i = 5 cos 10π × 108 t − 314 )
. z a x , E r = 4.27 cos 10π × 108 t + 314 (
. z + 170.9o a x , )
Hi =
5
40π
(
cos 10π × 108 t − 314
. z a y , Hr = −
40π
)
4.27
cos 10π × 108 t + 314 (
. z + 170.9o a y . )
(
. e −198.69 z cos 10π × 108 t − 198.69 z + 40.81o a x and
The fields in medium 2 are E t = 104 )
Ht =
104
.
14.05
( )
e −198.69 z cos 10π × 108 t − 198.69 z + 40.81o − 45o a y . Hence the average

power dissipated in the volume is

2
$2 i
1 T E
PAV =
2 η$ 2 ( )
cos θ η 2 1 − e −2α 2 ×10  × 10 −4 m 2 = 2.64µ W .

−2

5-17
5.5.8
σ
The ocean is not a good conductor as evidenced by = 0127
. . Hence we must
ω ε oε r

calculate the intrinsic impedance directly as

jω µ o µ r j 2π × 7 × 109 × 4π × 10 −7
η$ 2 = = = 4172 . o . Hence the
. ∠362
(σ + jω ε oε r )  4 + j 2π × 7 × 109 × 1 × 10 −9 × 81
 36π 
η$ 2 − η o
reflection coefficient is Γ$ = . o . The reflected power is
= 0.801∠17919
η$ 2 + η o

proportional to the square of the magnitude of the reflection coefficient. Hence the
portion of the incident power that is reflected is 64.2% and the incident power that is
dissipated in the ocean is 35.8%.
5.5.9

The total electric field is approximately zero at a distance of one-half wavelength from the
surface of a good conductor. Hence λ o = 2m . Therefore the lowest possible frequency
v
of the wave is f = o = 150 MHz .
2
5.61
.

The problem solution is sketched below. From Snell’s law

1 1 sin θ t n sin ψ sin θ t
sin ψ = sin(90 − θ ) = cos θ . Similarly, = . Thus = 1.
n n sin ψ 1 sin(90 − θ ) sin ψ

Thus the direction of the beam as it exits the material is the same as the incident beam.
t t
The angle φ = 90 − θ − ψ and r = . Hence d = r sin φ = cos(θ + ψ ) . We
cos ψ cos ψ
need to eliminate ψ from this expression by writing it in terms of θ . We have the
cos θ
identity cos(θ + ψ ) = cos θ cos ψ − sin θ sin ψ . Also we have Snell’s law sin ψ = .
n
sin θ cos θ
Substituting gives d = t cos θ − t .
n 2 − cos 2 θ

5-18
 n d

␾ ␪t
␸
r ␺

90 – ␪

5.6.2
1 1
The critical angle is given by sin θ c = = . o . Hence, the ray strikes
giving θ c = 4181
.
n 15

the back face with an angle of incidence of 45o which is greater than the critical angle
and hence the ray is completely reflected. According to Snell’s law it will be reflected
also with an angle of 45o and will strike the bottom face normal to it. The transmission
2
2η n = 0.8 . At the bottom face, the
coefficient at the front face is T1 = =
ηo + η 1
n +1
2η o 2
transmission coefficient is T1 = = = 12
. . Hence the net transmission
ηo + η 1 + 1
n
2
iEi
coefficient is T1T2 = 0.96 . The incident power density is S = and the transmitted
2η o
2
tT 2T 2 E i
power density is S = 1 2 . Hence the ratio of the transmitted to incident power
2η o
2
densities is (T1T2 ) = 0.922 .

5-19
5.6.3
The problem is sketched below. Snell’s law requires that sin θ t = n sin θ i . Hence
6 1
tan(90 − θ t ) = = . o and θ i = 39.7 o . Thus
so that θ t = 733
20 tan θ t

D = 10 tan θ i = 8.3 ft . Thus the fish is at a distance of 28.3 ft from the boat.

6 ft. ␪t

10 ft. n = 1.5 ␪i

20 ft. D

5-20
 Chapter 6

Problem Solutions
611
..

The circuits are shown below.

∂ I ( z + ∆z , t )
(a) Relating the voltages gives V ( z + ∆z , t ) − V ( z , t ) = − l∆z . Dividing both
∂t

sides by ∆z and letting ∆z → 0 gives the first transmission line equation. Similarly,
∂ V ( z, t )
relating the currents gives I ( z + ∆z , t ) − I ( z , t ) = − c∆z . Dividing both sides by
∂t

∆z and letting ∆z → 0 gives the second transmission line equation.

∂  1 ∂ V ( z, t ) 
(b) Relating the voltages gives V ( z + ∆z , t ) − V ( z , t ) = − l∆z  I ( z , t ) − c∆z .
∂t 3 ∂t 
V ( z + ∆z , t ) − V ( z , t ) ∂  1 ∂ V ( z, t ) 
Dividing both sides by ∆z gives = −l  I ( z , t ) − c∆z .
∆z ∂t 3 ∂t 

Letting ∆z → 0 gives the first transmission line equation. Similarly, relating the currents
1 ∂ V ( z, t ) 2 ∂ V ( z + ∆z , t )
gives I ( z + ∆z , t ) − I ( z , t ) = − c∆z − c∆z . Dividing both sides
3 ∂t 3 ∂t
I ( z + ∆z , t ) − I ( z , t ) 1 ∂ V ( z , t ) 2 ∂ V ( z + ∆z , t )
by ∆z gives =− c − c . Letting ∆z → 0
∆z 3 ∂t 3 ∂t

gives the second transmission line equation.

(c) Relating the voltages gives
1 ∂ I ( z, t ) 3 ∂ I ( z + ∆z , t )
V ( z + ∆z , t ) − V ( z , t ) = − l∆z − l∆z . Dividing both sides by ∆z
4 ∂t 4 ∂t
V ( z + ∆z , t ) − V ( z , t ) 1 ∂ I ( z , t ) 3 ∂ I ( z + ∆z , t )
gives =− l − l . Letting ∆z → 0 gives the
∆z 4 ∂t 4 ∂t

first transmission line equation. Similarly, relating the currents gives

∂  1 ∂ I ( z, t ) 
I ( z + ∆z , t ) − I ( z , t ) = − c∆z V ( z , t ) − l∆z  . Dividing both sides by ∆z gives
∂t 4 ∂t 
I ( z + ∆z , t ) − I ( z , t ) ∂  1 ∂ I ( z, t )
= −c V ( z , t ) − l∆z  . Letting ∆z → 0 gives the second
∆z ∂t 4 ∂t 

transmission line equation.

6-1
 I(z, t) l∆z I(z +∆z, t)

+ +

V(z, t) c∆z V(z +∆z, t)

⭸V(z, t)
c∆z
– ⭸t –

(a)

I(z, t) l∆z I(z +∆z, t)

+ +
1 2 c∆z
V(z, t) c∆z V(z +∆z, t)
3 3
1 ⭸V(z, t)
c∆z
– 3 ⭸t –

2 c∆z ⭸V(z + ∆z, t)

3 ⭸t
(b)

1 3
l∆z
I(z, t) 4 4 l∆z I(z +∆z, t)

+ +

V(z, t) c∆z V(z +∆z, t)

– –

⭸ ⭸I(z, t)
c∆z V(z, t) – 1 l∆z
⭸t 4 ⭸t
(c)

6-2
61
. .2

Substitute into (6.3) and (6.4). Exact: 27.33pF/m, 0.4065µH/m, Approximate: 24.38pF/m,
0.4558µH/m. The ratio of wire separation to wire radius is only 3.13. Evidently this is
not sufficient for the approximate relations in (6.4) to be valid. The closeness of the wires
means that proximity effect cannot be ignored and the charge is not uniformly distributed
around the wire peripheries as is assumed by the approximate results in (6.4).
61
. .3

Substitute into (6.5) and (6.6). Exact: 42.18pF/m, 0.2634µH/m, Approximate: 40.07pF/m,
0.2773µH/m. Observe that the ratio of wire height above ground to wire radius is only 2.0
which is not sufficient for the approximate results to be valid although the error is only
about 5%.
61
. .4

Using (6.7) we obtain a per-unit-length capacitance of 53.83pF/m and a per-unit-length

inductance of 0.3µH/m. The velocity of propagation relative to free space is
v 1
= = 0.83 .
vo εr

61
. .5
we w 1
From (6.10b) = = . Substituting into (6.10a) and (6.10c) yields l=0.334µH/m and
s s 2

c=156.4pF/m.
61
. .6
w
The width to height ratio is = 0156
. . Using (6.11a) gives the per-unit-length
h
inductance of 0.7873µH/m. From (6.11b) the effective relative permittivity is ε ′r = 3079
. .

Using (6.11c) gives the per-unit-length capacitance of 43.46pF/m.

61
. .7
s 1 1
The parameter k is k = = which is less than . Hence we must compute
s + 2w 3 2

k ′ = 1 − k 2 = 0.943 . Substituting into (6.12a) gives a per-unit-length inductance of

6-3
0.8038µH/m. From (6.12c) the effective relative permittivity is ε ′r = 2.825 . Substituting

into (6.12d) gives a per-unit-length capacitance of 39.06pF/m.

6.21
.
z z
The assumed solutions are given in (6.13). Define s + = t − and s − = t + . Hence
v v
∂ V ∂ V + ∂ s+ ∂ V − ∂ s− ∂I 1 ∂ V + ∂ s+ 1 ∂ V − ∂ s−
= + and = − .
∂ z ∂ s+ { ∂z ∂ s− {∂z ∂ t ZC ∂ s + {∂t ZC ∂ s − {∂t
1 1 1 1
− +
v v

Substituting into the first transmission line equation given in (6.1a) yields
∂V 1 ∂ V+ 1 ∂ V− ? ∂I l ∂ V+ l ∂ V−
=− + = = − l = − + . Comparing terms
∂z v ∂ s+ v ∂ s− ∂t ZC ∂ s + ZC ∂ s −
1 l
requires for an equality that = . But equations (6.14) and (6.15) that define v and
v ZC

ZC confirm this equality. By a virtually identical method we can prove that (6.13) satisfy

the second transmission line equation given in (6.1b).

6.2.2 - 6.2.7
l 1 v
ZC = , v= = o .
c lc ε ′r

6.2.8
l l 1 1
ZC = so that ZC2 = . v= so that v 2 = . Solving gives ZC = vl and
c c lc lc
1 Z 1
ZC = . Hence l = C and c = .
vc v vZC

6.2.9
First sketch the load voltage. The one-way time delay is T = = 1ns . The source
v
1 1
reflection coefficient is ΓS = − , and the load reflection coefficient is ΓL = . The
4 2
50
initially sent out voltage is Vinit = × 10V = 6.25V . The individual incident and
80

reflected voltages are sketched below as is the total. The steady-state load voltage is
150
× 10 = 8.333V .
180

6-4
V(ᏸ, t)
6.25

3.125

0.098

0.002
0.049
0.001
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 t(ns)
–0.006
–0.391 –0.012

–0.781

V(ᏸ, t)
9.375

8.350 8.334

8.331

8.203

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 t(ns)

6-5
 1
Next sketch the input current to the line. The source reflection coefficient is ΓS = , and
4
1
the load reflection coefficient is ΓL = − . The current reflection coefficients are the
2

negatives of the corresponding voltage reflection coefficients. The initially sent out
10
current is I init = A = 0.125A . The individual incident and reflected currents are
80
10
sketched below as is the total. The steady-state input current is = 0.056A .
180

I (0, t)

0.125

0.008

0.002
1.221 × 10 –4
3.052 × 10 –5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 t(ns)
–2.44 × 10 –4

–0.016 –0.001

–0.063

I (0, t)

0.125

0.057 0.056

0.055
0.047

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 t(ns)

6-6
6.2.10
First sketch the input voltage to the line. The one-way time delay is T = = 2ns . The
v
1
source reflection coefficient is ΓS = − , and the load reflection coefficient is ΓL = +1.
3
100
The initially sent out voltage is Vinit = × 5V = 3.33V . The individual incident and
150

reflected voltages are sketched below as is the total. The steady-state load and input
voltages are 5V.

V(0, t)
3.33

3.33

0.37

0.37
0.041

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 t(ns)

–0.123

–0.123
–1.111

–1.111

V(0, t)

5.556
5.062

4.979
4.815

3.33

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 t(ns)

6-7
Next sketch the load voltage. The individual incident and reflected voltages are sketched
below as is the total.

V(ᏸ, t)
3.33

3.33

0.37

0.37
0.041

0.041
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 t(ns)

–0.123

–0.123
–1.111

–1.111

V(ᏸ, t)

6.667

5.185
5.021

4.938
4.444

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 t(ns)

6-8
6.2.11
First sketch the input voltage to the line. The one-way time delay is T = = 1µ s . The
v
1
source reflection coefficient is ΓS = − , and the load reflection coefficient is ΓL = −1.
3
100
The initially sent out voltage is Vinit = × 100V = 66.67V . The individual incident
150

and reflected voltages are sketched below as is the total. The steady-state input voltage is
0V.

V(0, t)
66.67

22.22

7.407
2.469

0.823

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 t(␮s)
–2.469
–7.407

–22.22

–66.67

V(0, t)

66.67

22.22
7.407
2.469
0.823

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 t(␮s)

6-9
Next sketch the load current. For the currents, the reflection coefficients are the negative
1
of the voltage reflection coefficients. The source reflection coefficient is ΓS = , and the
3
load reflection coefficient is ΓL = +1. The initially sent out current is
100
I init = = 0.667A . The individual incident and reflected currents are sketched below
150

as is the total.

I(ᏸ, t)
0.667

0.667
0.222

0.222 0.074

0.074 0.025
0.025
0.008
0.008
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 t(␮s)

I(ᏸ, t)

1.992
1.975
1.926
1.778

1.333

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 t(␮s)

6-10
6.2.12
First sketch the input voltage to the line. The one-way time delay is T = = 4ns . The
v
1 1
source reflection coefficient is ΓS = , and the load reflection coefficient is ΓL = − .
3 3
100
The initially sent out voltage pulse is Vinit = × 30V = 10V . The individual incident
300

and reflected voltages are sketched below as is the total. The steady-state load and input
voltages are 0V since the input pulse only lasts for 12ns.

V(0, t)

10

10/27

10/8

4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 t(ns)
–0.014

–10/9 –0.041

–10/3

V(0, t)

10

5.556

0.494
0.439

4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 t(ns)
–0.055
–3.951
– 4.444

6-11
Next sketch the load voltage. The individual incident and reflected currents are sketched
below as is the total.

V(ᏸ, t)
10

0.37
0.123
0.005

4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 t(ns)

–0.014

–0.041

–1.111

–3.333

V(ᏸ, t)

6.667

5.926

0.082
0.073

4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 t(ns)

–0.658
–0.741

6-12
6.2.13

The problem is sketched below. Sketch the individual incident and reflected waves as we
would if we knew the numerical values as shown below. Comparing the total to the given
V 1
result for Vin we obtain S = 100 giving VS = 200V and 100ΓL = 20 giving ΓL = .
2 5
1 RL − 50 2
Hence ΓL = = or RL = 75Ω . Next we identify 10 + = 16 giving = 3µ s .
5 RL + 50 v v
3 × 108
But v = = 2.07 × 108 . Hence, = 621059
. m.
21.

50

+ +
ZC = 50
VS (t) Vin RL = ?
VS (t) v = 2.0702 × 108
– –
VS

ᏸ=?

10 t(␮s)

VS
Vin (1 + ⌫L )
2

VS
2
VS
⌫L
2

2 ᏸ/v 10 10 + 2 ᏸ/v t(␮s)

6-13
6.2.14

The problem is sketched below. Sketch the individual incident and reflected waves as we
would if we knew the numerical values as shown below. Comparing the total to the given
12 12
result for I in we obtain = 150mA giving ZC = 80Ω . Also (1 − 2ΓL ) = −10mA
ZC ZC
R − 80
giving ΓL = 0.533 . Hence ΓL = 0.533 = L or RL = 262.9Ω .
RL + 80

Iin
12/ZC

⌫L2 (12/ZC)

2T
4T t
–⌫L (12/ZC)

6.2.15
The source reflection coefficient is ΓS = −1 and the load reflection coefficient is
ΓL = +1 . The resulting sketches are shown below.

VS (t)

+
5V
+
VS (t) – VL

–
␶r t ⌫S = –1 ⌫L = +1

6-14
 1
(a) τ r = T
10

VL

10

T 3T 5T 7T 9T 11T t

(b) τ r = 2T

VL

10

T 3T 5T 7T 9T 11T t

6-15
(c) τ r = 3T

VL
6.65

3.335

T 3T 5T 7T 9T 11T t

(d) τ r = 4T

VL

T 3T 5T 7T 9T 11T t

6-16
6.2.16
2
The source reflection coefficient is ΓS = − and the load reflection coefficient is
3
2 ZC
ΓL = . The initially sent out voltage is Vinit = × 5V = 4.167V . The load
3 1 Z +Z
5 C C

voltage is sketched below.

VL
4.167

2.778

0.823

0.549

T 2T 3T 4T 5T 6T 7T 8T 9T 10T 11T t

–0.244
–1.235 –0.366

–1.852

VL

6.994

5.23

4.62

3.858

T 2T 3T 4T 5T 6T 7T 8T 9T 10T 11T t

6-17
6.2.17
1
For currents, the source reflection coefficient is ΓS = − and the load reflection
3
3 1
coefficient is ΓL = . The initially sent out current is I init = × 6V = 40mA .
7 100 + 50

The input current to the line is sketched below.

Iin
51.43 mA

40 mA

40 mA
17.14 mA

11.4 mA 9.8 mA 1 mA

1 2 3 4 5 t(␮s)
–1.633 mA
–2.45 mA
–5.7 mA

Iin

51.43 mA

40 mA

11.43 mA
9.796 mA

1 2 3 4 5 t(␮s)

–1.633 mA

6-18
6.2.18

The SPICE circuit with nodes labeled is shown below. The PSPICE program is
PROBLEM 6.2.18
VS 1 0 PWL(0 0 0.01N 10)
RS 1 2 30
T 2 0 3 0 Z0=50 TD=1N
RL 3 0 150
.TRAN 0.01N 10N 0 0.01N
.PROBE
.END
The PSPICE outputs are shown on the next pages.

1 30 2 I(0, t) 3

+
ZC = 50 Ω
VS +
– V(ᏸ, t) 150
T = 1 ns
–

VS

10 V

0.01 ns t

6-19
 PROBLEM 6.2.18
Date/Time run: 07/01/02 10:18:48 Temperature: 27.0
10V

8V

6V

4V

2V

0V
0ns 2ns 4ns 6ns 8ns 10ns
V(3) Time

PROBLEM 6.2.18
Date/Time run: 07/01/02 10:18:48 Temperature: 27.0
140mA

120mA

100mA

80mA

60mA

40mA

20mA

0V
0ns 2ns 4ns 6ns 8ns 10ns
I(RS) Time

6-20
6.2.19

The SPICE circuit with nodes labeled is shown below. The PSPICE program is
PROBLEM 6.2.19
VS 1 0 PWL(0 0 0.01N 5)
RS 1 2 50
T 2 0 3 0 Z0=100 TD=2N
RL 3 0 1E8
.TRAN 0.01N 20N 0 0.01N
.PROBE
.END
The PSPICE output is shown on the next page.

1 50 2 I(0, t) 3

+ +
+ ZC = 100 Ω
VS
– V(0, t) V(ᏸ, t) 10 8
T = 2 ns
– –

VS

5V

0.01 ns t

6-21
 PROBLEM 6.2.19
Date/Time run: 07/01/02 10:23:55 Temperature: 27.0
6.0V

5.0V

4.0V

3.0V

2.0V

1.0V

0V
0ns 5ns 10ns 15ns 20ns
V(2) Time

PROBLEM 6.2.19
Date/Time run: 07/01/02 10:23:55 Temperature: 27.0
7.0V

6.0V

5.0V

4.0V

3.0V

2.0V

1.0V

0V
0ns 5ns 10ns 15ns 20ns
V(3) Time

6-22
6.2.20

The SPICE circuit with nodes labeled is shown below. The PSPICE program is
PROBLEM 6.2.20
VS 1 0 PWL(0 0 0.01U 100)
RS 1 2 50
T 2 0 3 0 Z0=100 TD=1U
RL 3 0 1E-8
.TRAN 0.01U 10U 0 0.01U
.PROBE
.END
The PSPICE outputs are shown on the next pages.

1 50 2 3

+ ZC = 100 Ω
– 10 –8
T = 1 ␮s

VS

100 V

0.01 ␮s t

6-23
 PROBLEM 6.2.20
Date/Time run: 07/01/02 10:29:50 Temperature: 27.0
70V

60V

50V

40V

30V

20V

10V

0V
0us 2us 4us 6us 8us 10us
V(2) Time

PROBLEM 6.2.20
Date/Time run: 07/01/02 10:29:50 Temperature: 27.0
2.0A

1.6A

1.2A

0.8A

0.4A

0.0A
0us 2us 4us 6us 8us 10us
I(RL) Time

6-24
6.2.21

The SPICE circuit with nodes labeled is shown below. The PSPICE program is
PROBLEM 6.2.21
VS 1 0 PWL(0 0 0.01N 30 12N 30 12.01N 0)
RS 1 2 200
T 2 0 3 0 Z0=100 TD=4N
RL 3 0 50
.TRAN 0.01N 32N 0 0.01N
.PROBE
.END
The PSPICE outputs are shown on the next pages.

1 200 2 3

+ ZC = 100 Ω
VS 50
– T = 4 ns

VS

30 V

0.01 ns 12 ns 12.01 ns t

6-25
 PROBLEM 6.2.21
Date/Time run: 07/01/02 10:35:59 Temperature: 27.0
10V

5V

0V

–5V
0ns 4ns 8ns 12ns 16ns 20ns 24ns 28ns 32ns
V(2) Time

PROBLEM 6.2.21
Date/Time run: 07/01/02 10:35:59 Temperature: 27.0
8.0V

6.0V

4.0V

2.0V

0.0V

–2.0V
0ns 4ns 8ns 12ns 16ns 20ns 24ns 28ns 32ns
V(3) Time

6-26
6.2.22

The SPICE circuit with nodes labeled is shown below. The PSPICE program is
PROBLEM 6.2.22
VS 1 0 PWL(0 0 0.01U 200 10U 200 10.01U 0)
RS 1 2 50
T 2 0 3 0 Z0=50 TD=3U
RL 3 0 75
.TRAN 0.01U 20U 0 0.01U
.PROBE
.END
The PSPICE output is shown on the next page.

1 50 2 3

+ ZC = 50 Ω
VS 75
– T = 3 ␮s

VS

200 V

0.01 ␮s 10 ␮s 10.01 ␮s t

6-27
 PROBLEM 6.2.22
Date/Time run: 07/01/02 10:46:35 Temperature: 27.0
120V

100V

80V

60V

40V

20V

0V
0us 5us 10us 15us 20us
V(2) Time

6-28
6.2.23

The SPICE circuit with nodes labeled is shown below. The PSPICE program is
PROBLEM 6.2.23
VS 1 0 PWL(0 0 0.01U 12)
RS 1 2 1E-8
T 2 0 3 0 Z0=80 TD=2.25U
RL 3 0 262.9
.TRAN 0.01U 6U 0 0.01U
.PROBE
.END
The PSPICE output is shown on the next page.

1 10 –8 2 3

+ ZC = 80 Ω
VS 262.9
– T = 2.25 ␮s

VS

12 V

0.01 ␮s t

6-29
 PROBLEM 6.2.23
Date/Time run: 07/01/02 10:55:51 Temperature: 27.0
150mA

100mA

50mA

0mA

–50mA
0.0us 1.0us 2.0us 3.0us 4.0us 5.0us 6.0us
I(RS) Time

6-30
6.2.24
The SPICE circuit with nodes labeled is shown below. Arbitrarily choose ZC = 100Ω
1
and the one-way time delay T = 10ns . For (a) choose a rise time of τ r = T = 1ns . For
10
(b) choose a rise time of τ r = 2T = 20ns . For (c) choose a rise time of τ r = 3T = 30ns .
For (d) choose a rise time of τ r = 4T = 40ns . The PSPICE program for (a) is

PROBLEM 6.2.24
VS 1 0 PWL(0 0 1N 5)
RS 1 2 1E-8
T 2 0 3 0 Z0=100 TD=10N
RL 3 0 1E8
.TRAN 0.1N 100N 0 0.1N
.PROBE
.END
The PSPICE outputs are shown on the next pages.

1 10 –8 2 3

+ ZC = 100 Ω
VS 10 8
– T = 10 ns

VS

5V

1 ns t

6-31
 PROBLEM 6.2.24(a)
Date/Time run: 07/01/02 11:05:54 Temperature: 27.0
10V

8V

6V

4V

2V

0V
0ns 20ns 40ns 60ns 80ns 100ns
V(3) Time

PROBLEM 6.2.24(b)
Date/Time run: 07/01/02 11:09:56 Temperature: 27.0
10V

8V

6V

4V

2V

0V
0ns 20ns 40ns 60ns 80ns 100ns
V(3) Time

6-32
 PROBLEM 6.2.24(c)
Date/Time run: 07/01/02 11:11:53 Temperature: 27.0
7.0V

6.0V

5.0V

4.0V

3.0V

2.0V

1.0V

0.0V
0ns 20ns 40ns 60ns 80ns 100ns
V(3) Time

PROBLEM 6.2.24(d)
Date/Time run: 07/01/02 11:13:23 Temperature: 27.0
6.0V

5.0V

4.0V

3.0V

2.0V

1.0V

0.0V
0ns 20ns 40ns 60ns 80ns 100ns
V(3) Time

6-33
6.2.25

The SPICE circuit with nodes labeled is shown below. The PSPICE program is
PROBLEM 6.2.25
VS 1 0 PWL(0 0 0.001N 5)
RS 1 2 10
T 2 0 3 0 Z0=50 TD=1N
RL 3 0 250
.TRAN 0.001N 10N 0 0.001N
.PROBE
.END
The PSPICE output is shown on the next page.

1 10 2 3

+ ZC = 50 Ω
VS 250
– T = 1 ns

VS

5V

0.001 ns t

6-34
 PROBLEM 6.2.25
Date/Time run: 07/01/02 11:18:44 Temperature: 27.0
7.0V

6.0V

5.0V

4.0V

3.0V

2.0V

1.0V

0.0V
0ns 2ns 4ns 6ns 8ns 10ns
V(3) Time

6-35
6.2.26

The SPICE circuit with nodes labeled is shown below. The PSPICE program is
PROBLEM 6.2.26
VS 1 0 PWL(0 0 0.001U 6 3U 6 3.001U 0)
RS 1 2 100
T 2 0 3 0 Z0=50 TD=1U
RL 3 0 20
.TRAN 0.001U 5U 0 0.001U
.PROBE
.END
The PSPICE output is shown on the next page.

1 100 2 3

+ ZC = 50 Ω
VS 20
– T = 1 ␮s

VS

6V

0.001 ␮s 3 ␮s 3.001 ␮s t

6-36
 PROBLEM 6.2.26
Date/Time run: 07/01/02 11:25:40 Temperature: 27.0
60mA

50mA

40mA

30mA

20mA

10mA

0mA
0.0ms 1.0ms 2.0ms 3.0ms 4.0ms 5.0ms
I(RS) Time

6-37
6.2.27

The SPICE circuit with nodes labeled is shown below. The PSPICE program is
PROBLEM 6.2.27
VS 1 0 PWL(0 0 1N 5)
RS 1 2 30
T 2 0 3 0 Z0=100 TD=0.5N
CL 3 0 10P
.TRAN 0.01N 10N 0 0.01N
.PROBE
.END
The PSPICE output is shown on the next page.

1 30 2 3

+ ZC = 100 Ω
VS 10 pF
– T = 0.5 ns

VS

5V

1 ns t

6-38
 PROBLEM 6.2.27
Date/Time run: 07/01/02 09:40:09 Temperature: 27.0
8.0V

6.0V

4.0V

2.0V

0.0V
0ns 2ns 4ns 6ns 8ns 10ns
V(3) Time

6-39
6.31
.
dV$ ( z ) dI$( z )
The phasor transmission line equations are = − jω l I$( z ) and = − jω c V$ ( z ) .
dz dz
V$ + − jβ z V$ − jβ z
The solutions are V$ ( z ) = V$ + e − jβ z + V$ − e jβ z and I$( z ) = e − e .
ZC ZC

Differentiating the voltage expresion with respect to z gives

dV$ ( z ) + − jβ z − jβ z  V$ + − jβ z V$ − jβ z 
$
= − jβ V e $
+ jβ V e = − jω l  e − e  . Matching
dz  ZC ZC 
l
corresponding exponentials and using the relations ZC = and β = ω lc shows an
c

equality for the first transmission line equation. Equality in the second transmission line
equation can be similarly shown.
6.3.2
∂ V ( z, t ) ∂ I ( z, t )
The time-domain transmission line equations are = −l and
∂z ∂t
∂ I ( z, t ) ∂ V ( z, t )
= −c . The time-domain solutions are
∂z ∂t
( ) ( )
V ( z , t ) = V + cos ω t − β z + θ + + V − cos ω t + β z + θ − and

V+ V−
I ( z, t ) = cos(ω t − β z + θ + ) − cos(ω t + β z + θ − ) . Substitution into the first
ZC ZC

transmission line equation gives

∂ V ( z, t )
∂z ( ) (
= β V + sin ω t − β z + θ + − β V − sin ω t + β z + θ − = )
∂ I ( z, t ) V+ V−
−l
∂t
=lω
ZC
( +
sin ω t − β z + θ − l ω
ZC
) (
sin ω t + β z + θ − )
l
Using the relations ZC = and β = ω lc shows an equality for the first transmission
c

line equation. Equality in the second transmission line equation can be similarly shown.

6-40
6.3.3
f
The line length as a fraction of a wavelength is = kλ . Hence k = = 13
. . The load
v
Z$ − ZC
reflection coefficient is Γ$ L = L = 0.9338∠9.866 o . The exponential is
$
Z L + ZC

e − j 2β = 1∠ − 936 o . Hence the input reflection coefficient is

Γ$ ( 0) = Γ$ e − j 2β = 0.9338∠1539
L . o . The input impedance is

Z$in = ZC
[1 + Γ$ (0)] = 1173 . o Ω . The phasor input voltage to the line is
. ∠8116
[1 − Γ(0)]
$

Z$in
V$ ( 0) = V$S = 20.55∠1213 . o . The undetermined constant in the solution is
$
Z S + Zin$
V$ ( 0)
V$ + = = 46.51∠52.79 o . Hence the phasor load voltage is
[
1 + Γ ( 0)
$ ]
V$ ( ) = V$ + e − jβ [1 + Γ$ L ] = 89.6∠ − 50.45o . The average power delivered to the load is
$ 2
1 V( )
PAV,load = cos θ Z L = 2.77W . This can be confirmed by determining the
2 ZL
$ 2
1 V ( 0)
average power delivered to the input of the line: PAV,load = cos θ Z in = 2.77W
2 Zin

which should equal the power delivered to the load since the line is lossless. The VSWR
1 + Γ$ L
is VSWR = = 29.21 .
1 − Γ$ L

6.3.4
f
The line length as a fraction of a wavelength is = kλ . Hence k = = 14
. . The load
v
Z$ − ZC
reflection coefficient is Γ$ L = L = 0.8521∠ − 126.5o . The exponential is
$
Z L + ZC

e − j 2β = 1∠ − 1008 o . Hence the input reflection coefficient is

Γ$ (0) = Γ$ e − j 2β = 0.8521∠ − 54.5o . The input impedance is
L

Z$in = ZC
[1 + Γ$ (0)] = 192∠ − 78.83o Ω . The phasor input voltage to the line is
[1 − Γ$ (0)]

6-41
 Z$ in
V$ ( 0) = V$S = 9.25∠46.33o . The undetermined constant in the solution is
Z$ S + Z$in
V$ ( 0)
V$ + = . o . Hence the phasor load voltage is
= 5.613∠7123
[
1 + Γ( 0)
$ ]
V$ ( ) =V $ + − jβ
e [1 + Γ$ L ] = 4.738∠ − 127o . The average power delivered to the load is
$ 2
1 V( )
PAV,load = cos θ Z L = 43mW . This can be confirmed by determining the
2 ZL
$ 2
1 V ( 0)
average power delivered to the input of the line: PAV,load = cos θ Z in = 43mW
2 Zin

which should equal the power delivered to the load since the line is lossless. The VSWR
1 + Γ$ L
is VSWR = = 12.52 .
1 − Γ$ L

6.3.5
f
The line length as a fraction of a wavelength is = kλ . Hence k = = 0.7 . The load
v
Z$ − ZC
reflection coefficient is Γ$ L = L = 1∠ − 64.01o . The exponential is
$
Z L + ZC

e − j 2β = 1∠ − 504o . Hence the input reflection coefficient is

Γ$ (0) = Γ$ e − j 2β = 1∠152 o . The input impedance is
L

Z$in = ZC
[1 + Γ$ (0)] = 24.94∠90o Ω . The phasor input voltage to the line is
[1 − Γ$ (0)]
Z$ in
V$ ( 0) = . ∠38.72 o . The undetermined constant in the solution is
V$S = 3901
Z$ S + Z$in
V$ ( 0)
V$ + = = 8.059∠ − 37.27 o . Hence the phasor load voltage is
[
1 + Γ( 0)
$ ]
V$ ( ) =V $ + − jβ
e [1 + Γ$ L ] = 13.67∠38.72o . The average power delivered to the load is
$ 2
1 V( )
PAV,load = cos θ Z L = 0W . This can be confirmed by determining the average
2 ZL
$ 2
1 V ( 0)
power delivered to the input of the line: PAV,load = cos θ Z in = 0W which should
2 Zin

6-42
equal the power delivered to the load since the line is lossless. The VSWR is
1 + Γ$ L
VSWR = = ∞.
1 − Γ$ L

6.3.6
f
The line length as a fraction of a wavelength is = kλ . Hence k = = 159
. . The load
v
Z$ − ZC
reflection coefficient is Γ$ L = L = 0.8668∠ − 25.49 o . The exponential is
Z$ L + ZC

e − j 2β = 1∠ − 1145o . Hence the input reflection coefficient is

Γ$ (0) = Γ$ e − j 2β = 0.8668∠ − 90.29 o . The input impedance is
L

Z$in = ZC
[1 + Γ$ (0)] = 74.62∠ − 8184
. o Ω . The phasor input voltage to the line is
[1 − Γ(0)]
$

Z$in
V$ ( 0) = V$S = 17.71∠19.37 o . The undetermined constant in the solution is
$
Z S + Zin$
V$ ( 0)
V$ + = = 13.41∠60.41o . Hence the phasor load voltage is
[
1 + Γ$ ( 0) ]
V$ ( ) = V$ + e − jβ [1 + Γ$ L ] = 24.43∠ − 1638. o . The average power delivered to the load is
$ 2
1 V( )
PAV,load = cos θ Z L = 0.298W . This can be confirmed by determining the
2 ZL
$ 2
1 V ( 0)
average power delivered to the input of the line: PAV,load = cos θ Z in = 0.298W
2 Zin

which should equal the power delivered to the load since the line is lossless. The VSWR
1 + Γ$ L
is VSWR = = 14.02 .
1 − Γ$ L

6.3.7
f
The line length as a fraction of a wavelength is = kλ . Hence k = = 0.36 . The load
v
Z$ − ZC
reflection coefficient is Γ$ L = L = 0.5423∠ − 139.4o . The exponential is
Z$ L + ZC

e − j 2β = 1∠ − 259.2 o . Hence the input reflection coefficient is

6-43
Γ$ (0) = Γ$ L e − j 2β = 0.5423∠ − 38.6 o . The input impedance is

$
Zin = ZC
[
1 + Γ$ ( 0) ] . ∠ − 43.79 o Ω . The phasor input voltage to the line is
= 6571
[
1 − Γ(0)
$ ]
Z$ in
V$ ( 0) = . o . The undetermined constant in the solution is
V$S = 99.2∠ − 6127
$
Z S + Zin $
V$ ( 0)
V$ + = = 67.79∠7.24o . Hence the phasor load voltage is
[
1 + Γ ( 0)
$ ]
V$ ( ) = V$ + e − jβ [1 + Γ$ L ] = 46.5∠ − 1533. o . The average power delivered to the load is
$ 2
1 V( )
PAV,load = cos θ Z L = 5.406W . This can be confirmed by determining the
2 ZL
$ 2
1 V ( 0)
average power delivered to the input of the line: PAV,load = cos θ Z in = 5.405W
2 Zin

which should equal the power delivered to the load since the line is lossless. The VSWR
1 + Γ$ L
is VSWR = = 337
. .
1 − Γ$ L

6.3.8

The SPICE circuit with nodes labeled is shown below. The source impedance is
represented by a 20Ω resistor in series with a 1.061nF capacitor, and the load impedance
is represented by a 200Ω resistor in series with a 15.92µH inductor. The SPICE (PSPICE)
program is
PROBLEM 6.3.8
VS 1 0 AC 50 0
RS 1 2 20
CS 2 3 1.061N
T 3 0 4 0 Z0=50 TD=260N
RL 4 5 200
LL 5 0 15.92U
.AC DEC 1 5E6 5E6

6-44
.PRINT AC VM(3) VP(3) VM(4) VP(4)
.END

1 20 Ω 2 1.061 nF 3 4

200 Ω

+ ZC = 50 Ω
50 0° 5
– T = 260 ns
15.92 ␮H

The SPICE result is V$ ( 0) = 20.56∠1213

. o and V$ ( ) = 89.61∠ − 50.45o which compares

well with the hand calculation.

6.3.9

The SPICE circuit with nodes labeled is shown below. The source impedance is
represented by a 50Ω resistor, and the load impedance is represented by a 10Ω resistor in
series with a 15.92pF capacitor. The SPICE (PSPICE) program is
PROBLEM 6.3.9
VS 1 0 AC 10 60
RS 1 2 50
T 2 0 3 0 Z0=100 TD=7N
RL 3 4 10
CL 4 0 15.92P
.AC DEC 1 2E8 2E8
.PRINT AC VM(2) VP(2) VM(3) VP(3)
.END

6-45
 1 50 Ω 2 3

10 Ω
ZC = 100 Ω
+
10 60° – 4
T = 7 ns
15.92 pF

The SPICE result is V$ ( 0) = 9.25∠46.33o and V$ ( ) = 4.737∠ − 127o which compares well

with the hand calculation.

6.3.10

The SPICE circuit with nodes labeled is shown below. The source impedance is
represented by a 20Ω resistor, and the load impedance is represented by a 0.9947pF
capacitor. The SPICE (PSPICE) program is
PROBLEM 6.3.10
VS 1 0 AC 5 0
RS 1 2 20
T 2 0 3 0 Z0=100 TD=0.7N
CL 3 0 0.9947P
.AC DEC 1 1E9 1E9
.PRINT AC VM(2) VP(2) VM(3) VP(3)
.END

1 20 2 3

+ ZC = 100 Ω
5 0° – 0.9947 pF
T = 0.7 ns

6-46
The SPICE result is V$ ( 0) = 3901
. ∠38.72 o and V$ ( ) = 1367
. ∠38.72 o which compares well

with the hand calculation.

6.3.11

The SPICE circuit with nodes labeled is shown below. The source impedance is
represented by a 30Ω resistor, and the load impedance is represented by a 100Ω resistor in
series with a 0.8842pF capacitor. The SPICE (PSPICE) program is
PROBLEM 6.3.11
VS 1 0 AC 20 40
RS 1 2 30
T 2 0 3 0 Z0=75 TD=2.65N
RL 3 4 100
CL 4 0 0.8842P
.AC DEC 1 6E8 6E8
.PRINT AC VM(2) VP(2) VM(3) VP(3)
.END

1 30 2 3

100 Ω
ZC = 75 Ω
+
20 40° – 4
T = 2.65 ns
0.8842 pF

The SPICE result is V$ ( 0) = 17.71∠19.37 o and V$ ( ) = 24.43∠ − 1638

. o which compares

well with the hand calculation.

6.3.12

The SPICE circuit with nodes labeled is shown below. The source impedance is
represented by a 50Ω resistor in series with a 7.958µH inductor, and the load impedance is

6-47
represented by a 100Ω resistor in series with a 1.592nF capacitor. The SPICE (PSPICE)
program is
PROBLEM 6.3.12
VS 1 0 AC 100 0
RS 1 2 50
LS 2 3 7.958U
T 3 0 4 0 Z0=300 TD=0.36U
RL 4 5 100
CL 5 0 1.592N
.AC DEC 1 1E6 1E6
.PRINT AC VM(3) VP(3) VM(4) VP(4)
.END

1 50 Ω 2 7.958 ␮H 3 4

100 Ω
ZC = 300 Ω
+
100 0° – 5
T = 0.36 ␮s
1.592 nF

The SPICE result is V$ ( 0) = 99.2∠ − 6128

. o and V$ ( ) = 46.5∠ − 1533
. o which compares

well with the hand calculation.

6.3.13
f
The line length as a fraction of a wavelength is = kλ . Hence k = = 1385
. . The load
v
Z$ − ZC
reflection coefficient is Γ$ L = L = 0.6152∠162.9 o . The exponential is
$
Z L + ZC

e − j 2β = 1∠ − 996.9 o . Hence the input reflection coefficient is

Γ$ ( 0) = Γ$ e − j 2β = 0.6152∠ − 114o . The input impedance is
L

6-48
Z$in = ZC
[1 + Γ$ (0)] = 205∠ − 6105
. o Ω . The phasor input voltage to the line is
[1 − Γ(0)]
$

Z$in
V$ ( 0) = V$S = 8.785∠ − 10.81o . The undetermined constant in the solution is
$
Z S + Zin$
V$ ( 0)
V$ + = = 9.379∠26.05o . Hence the phasor load voltage is
[
1 + Γ( 0)
$ ]
V$ ( ) = V$ + e − jβ [1 + Γ$ L ] = 4.221∠ − 88.71o . The average power delivered to the load is
$ 2
1 V( )
PAV,load = cos θ Z L = 9114
. mW . This can be confirmed by determining the
2 ZL
$ 2
1 V ( 0)
average power delivered to the input of the line: PAV,load = cos θ Zin = 9114
. mW
2 Zin

which should equal the power delivered to the load since the line is lossless. The VSWR
1 + Γ$ L
is VSWR = = 4.2 . With the line removed, the voltage at the input to the antenna
1 − Γ$ L
Z$ L
is V$in = 10∠0o = 6.49∠1115
. o . Hence the average power delivered to the
Z$ S + Z$ L
$ 2
1 Vin
antenna (and hence radiated) is PAV,ant = cos θ Z L = 21553
. mW
2 ZL

6.3.14

Because the frequency of the source is 300MHz and the velocity of propagation on each
line is v = 3 × 108 m s , a wavelength is 1m. Hence each transmission line is a multiple of

a half wavelength long. Therefore the input impedance replicates. Hence the source sees
an impedance of Z$in = ( 73 + j 42.5) ( 73 + j 42.5) = 36.5 + j 2125
. Ω . Thus the input voltage
Z$in
to the entire transmission setup is V$in = 10∠0o = 4.742∠16.41o . The average
$ $
Z S + Zin
$ 2
1 Vin
power delivered by the source is PAV,source = cos θ Z in = 230mW . Because all
2 Zin

lines are assumed to be lossless, all this power is delivered to the two antennas. Because

6-49
they have identical input impedances, the power is divided equally so that the average
power to each antenna is 115W.
6.3.15
For an open-circuit load, the load reflection coeffiecient is Γ$ L = +1. Hence the reflection
coefficient at the input to the line is Γ$ ( 0) = Γ$ L e − j 2β = e − j 2β . Hence the input

impedance is

Z$in = ZC
[1 + Γ$ ( 0)]
=Z
[1 + e − j 2β ]
=Z
e − jβ [e jβ + e − jβ ] = − jZ 1
and
[1 − Γ$ (0)] C [1 − e− j2β ] C e− jβ [e jβ −e − jβ
] C
tan( β )
[
we have used the fact that e jβ + e − jβ ] = 2 cos(β ) and [e β j
− e − jβ ] = 2 j sin(β ) .
Similarly, for a short-circuit load, the load reflection coefficient is Γ$ L = −1. Hence the
reflection coefficient at the input to the line is Γ$ ( 0) = Γ$ L e − j 2β = − e − j 2β . Hence the

input impedance is

$
Zin = ZC
[
1 + Γ$ ( 0)]= ZC
[
1 − e − j 2β ]=Z [
e − jβ e jβ − e − jβ ] = jZ tan( β ).
[
1 − Γ$ ( 0)] [
1 + e − j 2β ] C
e− j β
[e β
j
+ e− j β
] C

6.3.16
1
For a quarter-wavelength line, −2β = −4π = −π = −180 o . Hence the reflection
4
coefficient at the input to the line is Γ$ ( 0) = Γ$ L e − j 2β = − Γ$ L . Hence the input impedance

$
is Zin = ZC
[
1 + Γ$ (0) ] [ ]
= ZC
1 − Γ$ L
. But the input impedance at the load is the load
[
1 − Γ$ ( 0)] [ L]
1 + Γ$

$
impedance: Z L = ZC
[1 + Γ$ L ]
. Hence
[1 − Γ$ L ] Z Z2
= C . Substituting gives Z$in = C for a
[1 − Γ$ L ] [1 + Γ$ L ] Z$ L Z$ L

quarter-wavelength line. If the load is an open circuit, Z$ L = ∞ then Z$in = 0 and the line
looks like a short circuit at its input. If the load is short circuit, Z$ L = 0 then Z$in = ∞ and

the line looks like an open circuit at its input.

6-50
6.4.1
The normalized load impedance is z$ L = 4 + j10 which is located at 0.237λ on the TG

scale or ∠7o on the angle scale. The line length as a fraction of a wavelength is = kλ .
f
Hence k = = 13
. . Rotating 1.3λ on the TG scale (clockwise) yields the normalized
v
input impedance as z$in = 0.04 + j12 located at 1.537λ=0.037λ on the TG scale.

Multiplying this by the characteristic impedance gives the input impedance as

Z$in = ZC z$in = 2 + j12 . Using the compass and transferring to one of the lower scales
gives Γ$ ( 0) = 0.92∠154o , Γ$ = 0.92∠7o , and VSWR=30.
L

6.4.2
The normalized load impedance is z$ L = 01
. − j 0.5 which is located at 1.4λ on the TG scale

or ∠ − 126o on the angle scale. The line length as a fraction of a wavelength is = kλ .

f
Hence k = = 14
. . Rotating 1.4λ on the TG scale (clockwise) yields the normalized
v
input impedance as z$in = 0.38 − j188
. located at 1.826λ=0.326λ on the TG scale.

Multiplying this by the characteristic impedance gives the input impedance as

Z$in = ZC z$in = 38 − j188 . Using the compass and transferring to one of the lower scales
gives Γ$ ( 0) = 0.842∠ − 55o , Γ$ = 0.842∠ − 126 o , and VSWR=12.
L

6.4.3
The normalized load impedance is z$ L = − j16
. which is located at 0.339λ on the TG scale

or ∠ − 64 o on the angle scale. The line length as a fraction of a wavelength is = kλ .

f
Hence k = = 0.7 . Rotating 0.7λ on the TG scale (clockwise) yields the normalized
v
input impedance as z$in = j 0.25 located at 0.039λ on the TG scale. Multiplying this by
the characteristic impedance gives the input impedance as Z$in = ZC z$in = j 25 . Using the
compass and transferring to one of the lower scales gives Γ$ ( 0) = 1∠152o , Γ$ L = 1∠ − 64 o ,

and VSWR= ∞ .
6.4.4
The normalized load impedance is z$ L = 133
. − j 4 which is located at λ on the TG scale or

∠ − 91o on the angle scale. The line length as a fraction of a wavelength is = kλ .

6-51
 f
Hence k = = 159
. . Rotating 1.59λ on the TG scale (clockwise) yields the normalized
v
input impedance as z$in = 013
. − j 0.97 located at 1.876λ=0.376λ on the TG scale.

Multiplying this by the characteristic impedance gives the input impedance as

Z$in = ZC z$in = 9.75 − j 72.75 . Using the compass and transferring to one of the lower
scales gives Γ$ ( 0) = 0.87∠ − 91o , Γ$ = 0.87∠ − 26 o , and VSWR=15.
L

6.4.5
The normalized load impedance is z$ L = 0.33 − j 0.33 which is located at 0.444λ on the TG

scale or ∠ − 139o on the angle scale. The line length as a fraction of a wavelength is
f
= kλ . Hence k = = 0.36 . Rotating 0.36λ on the TG scale (clockwise) yields the
v
normalized input impedance as z$in = 158
. − j15
. located at 0.804λ=0.304λ on the TG

scale. Multiplying this by the characteristic impedance gives the input impedance as
Z$in = ZC z$in = 474 − j 450 . Using the compass and transferring to one of the lower scales
gives Γ$ ( 0) = 0.54∠ − 39o , Γ$ = 0.54∠ − 139o , and VSWR=3.4.
L

6.4.6
(a) The normalized input impedance is z$in = 0.6 − j 2 which is located at 0.18λ on the TL

scale. The line length is 0.4λ. Rotating 0.4λ on the TL scale (counter-clockwise) yields
the normalized load impedance as z$ L = 014
. − j 0.54 located at 0.58λ=0.08λ on the TL

scale. Multiplying this by the characteristic impedance gives the input impedance as
Z$ L = ZC z$ L = 7 − j 27 . Using the compass and transferring to one of the lower scales
gives Γ$ = 0.8∠ − 122o , and VSWR=9.
L

(b) The normalized input impedance is z$in = 0.667 + j 0 which is located at 0λ on the TL

scale or ∠180o on the angle scale. The line length is 1.3λ. Rotating 1.3λ on the TL scale
(counter-clockwise) yields the normalized load impedance as z$ L = 135
. + j 0.34 located at

1.3λ=0.3λ on the TL scale. Multiplying this by the characteristic impedance gives the
input impedance as Z$ L = ZC z$ L = 10125
. + j 255. . Using the compass and transferring to
one of the lower scales gives Γ$ L = 0.21∠36 o , and VSWR=1.5.

6-52
(c) The normalized input impedance is z$in = 15
. + j 2.3 which is located at 0.2985λ on the

TL scale. The line length is 0.6λ. Rotating 0.6λ on the TL scale (counter-clockwise)
yields the normalized load impedance as z$ L = 0.275 + j 0.705 located at 0.899λ=0.399λ

on the TL scale. Multiplying this by the characteristic impedance gives the input
impedance as Z$ L = ZC z$ L = 27.5 + j 70.5 . Using the compass and transferring to one of
the lower scales gives Γ$ = 0.7∠106.5o , and VSWR=5.5.
L

(d) The normalized input impedance is z$in = j 2.5 which is located at 0.3105λ on the TL

scale. The line length is 0.8λ. Rotating 0.8λ on the TL scale (counter-clockwise) yields
the normalized load impedance as z$ L = − j 0.83 located at 1.11λ=0.11λ on the TL scale.

Multiplying this by the characteristic impedance gives the input impedance as

Z$ L = ZC z$ L = − j83 . Using the compass and transferring to one of the lower scales gives
Γ$ = 1∠ − 100o , and VSWR= ∞ .
L

6.4.7
(a) The normalized impedances are z$in = − j 0.2 located at 0.031λ on the TL scale, and
z$ L = j 0.5 located at 0.4265λ on the TL scale. The line length is obtained by rotating
from z$in toward z$ L (counterclockwise) on the TL scale giving a line length of 0.4265-

0.031=0.396λ. The VSWR is obtained by transferring the compass length to a lower scale
to yield VSWR=∞. Similarly the load reflection coefficient is Γ$ L = 1∠127 o .
(b) The normalized impedances are z$in = 0.5 − j 2 located at 0.179λ on the TL scale, and
z$ L = 012
. − j 0.5 located at 0.074λ on the TL scale. The line length is obtained by rotating
from z$in toward z$ L (counterclockwise) on the TL scale giving a line length of 0.5-

(0.179-0.074)=0.395λ. The VSWR is obtained by transferring the compass length to a

lower scale to yield VSWR=10. Similarly the load reflection coefficient is
Γ$ L = 0.83∠ − 126 o .

(c) The normalized impedances are z$in = 0.3 + j 0.5 located at 0.422λ on the TL scale, and
z$ L = 2 + j 2 located at 0.2915λ on the TL scale. The line length is obtained by rotating
from z$in toward z$ L (counterclockwise) on the TL scale giving a line length of 0.5-

6-53
(0.422-0.2915)= 0.37λ. The VSWR is obtained by transferring the compass length to a
lower scale to yield VSWR=4.2. Similarly the load reflection coefficient is
Γ$ L = 0.62∠29.5o .

(d) The normalized impedances are z$in = 18

. + j 0 located at 0.25λ on the TL scale, and
z$ L = 0.8 − j 0.5 located at 0.384λ on the TL scale. The line length is obtained by rotating
from z$in toward z$ L (counterclockwise) on the TL scale giving a line length of 0.5-(0.25-

0.116)=0.366λ. The VSWR is obtained by transferring the compass length to a lower

scale to yield VSWR=1.8. Similarly the load reflection coefficient is Γ$ L = 0.285∠ − 96 o .

6.4.9

With an open circuit (the load removed), the input impedance, normalized is
z$in Z$ =∞ = − j 0.8 which is located at 0.107λ on the TL scale. Rotating from this to the
L

open-circuit load z$ L = ∞ (counter clockwise) which is located at 0.25λ on the TL scale

gives the line length as 0.25-0.107=0.143λ. Now we repeat this knowing the line length.
Plotting the normalized input impedance with the load attached, z$in = 0.3 + j 0.4 which is

located at 0.435λ on the TL scale, and rotating 0.435+0.143=0.578λ=0.078λ on the TL

scale and reading off the result gives the normalized unknown load impedance as
z$ = 0.32 − j 0.49 . Hence the unknown load impedance is Z$ = (32 − j 49)Ω .
L L

6.4.10
At 1GHz, the impedance of a 10pF capacitor is − j1592
. Ω which is the desired input

impedance of this short-circuited line. Normalizing this with the 50Ω characteristic
impedance of the line gives a desired normalized input impedance of − j 0.318 . This is

plotted on the Smith chart at 0.048λ on the TL scale. Rotating this counter clockwise to
the load of z$ L = 0 at 0.5λ on the TL scale gives a line length of 0.5-0.048=0.452λ. The

wavelength of 1GHz in air is 30cm. Hence the physical length of the line is 13.6cm.
6.51
.
At 30MHz in air, a wavelength is 10m. Hence the line length of 1m is 110 λ and is thus

approximately electrically short so that a lumped-Pi model should give sufficient accuracy.

6-54
The exact input impedance is Z$in = ZC
[1 + Γ$ e
L
− j 2β
] where e − j 2β
=e
−j
4π
10 = 1∠72 o.
[1 − Γ$ e
L
− j 2β
]
Substituting Z C = 50Ω and Z$ L = 200 − j 200 gives the exact value of
Z$in = (12.89 − j5149
. )Ω . To prepare the SPICE lumped-Pi model we need the

total line inductance and capacitance. The per-unit-length values are

Z H 1 pF
l = C = 01667
. µ and c = = 66.67 . Hence the totals are L = 01667
. µ H and
v m vZC m

C = 66.67pF . The SPICE circuit is shown below. The SPICE code is

PROBLEM 6.5.1
VS 1 0 AC 1 0
RS 1 2 1
C1 2 0 33.33P
L 2 3 0.1667U
C2 3 0 33.33P
RL 3 4 200
CL 4 0 26.53P
.AC DEC 1 3E7 3E7
.PRINT AC VM(2) VP(2) IM(RS) IP(RS)
.END

1 1Ω 2 0.1667 ␮F 3

200 Ω
+ 33.33 pF 33.33 pF
1 0° – 4
26.53 pF

6-55
The results are V$ ( 2) = 0.9952∠ − 1021. o and I$( RS) = 1842
. × 10 −2 ∠74.23o . The input
V$ ( 2)
impedance is the ratio Z$in = = 54.028∠ − 75.251o = 1376
. − j52.25 Ω which is
$I ( RS)

close to the exact value.

6.5.2
At 4MHz with v = 2 × 108 m s , a wavelength is 50m. Hence the line length of 5m is
1 λ and is thus approximately electrically short so that a lumped-Pi model should give
10
sufficient accuracy. The exact values for the line input and output voltages are computed
from the results of Section 6.3.3 (or from a SPICE model) as V$ ( 0) = 7.954∠ − 6.578 o , and
V$ ( ) = 10.25∠ − 336. o . To prepare the SPICE lumped-Pi model we need the total line
Z H
inductance and capacitance. The per-unit-length values are l = C = 0.5µ and
v m
1 pF
c= = 50 . Hence the totals are L = 2.5µ H and C = 250pF . The SPICE circuit is
vZC m

shown below. The SPICE code is

PROBLEM 6.5.2
VS 1 0 AC 10 0
RS 1 2 25
C1 2 0 125P
L 2 3 2.5U
C2 3 0 125P
RL 3 4 150
CL 4 0 795.8P
.AC DEC 1 4E6 4E6
.PRINT AC VM(2) VP(2) VM(3) VP(3)
.END

6-56
 1 25 2 2.5 ␮H 3

150 Ω
+ 125 pF 125 pF
10 0° – 4
795.8 pF

The results are V$ ( 0 ) = 7.959∠ − 5.906o , and V$ ( ) = 10.27∠ − 35.02 o . which are close to

the exact values.

6.6.1
f
In all cases, e −2α = 0.327 and e − j 2β ≅ 1∠ − 4π = 1∠ − 89.4π = 1∠ − 252 o .
v
(a) For a short-circuit load, Γ$ L = −1 so that Γ$ (0) = Γ$ L e −2α e − j 2β = −0.327∠ − 252 o .

$
Hence the input impedance is Zin = Z $ [
1 + Γ$ ( 0) ]
= 90.209∠ − 34.86o
{
75
C
[
1 − Γ$ (0) ]
(b) For a open-circuit load, Γ$ L = +1 so that Γ$ ( 0) = Γ$ L e −2α e − j 2β = 0.327∠ − 252o .

Hence the input impedance is Z$in = Z

$ [
1 + Γ$ ( 0) ]
= 62.355∠34.06o
{
75
C
[
1 − Γ( 0)
$ ]
(c) For a 300Ω resistive load, Γ$ L = 0.6 so that Γ$ (0) = Γ$ L e −2α e − j 2β = 0196
. ∠ − 252o .

Hence the input impedance is Z$in = Z

$ [
1 + Γ$ ( 0) ] . o
= 66.7∠212
{
75
C
[
1 − Γ( 0)
$ ]
6.6.2

If the cable is matched, the phasor voltage and current on the line are
V$ + −α z − jβ z
V$ ( z ) = V$ + e −α z e − jβ z and I$( z ) = e e . The average power delivered to the
C Z$
2
V$ +
cable at any z along it is PAV ( z ) =
1
2 [ ]
Re V$ ( z ) I$ ∗ ( z ) =
2 ZC
e −2α z cos θ Z C . The power

6-57
 P ( z = 0)
loss is defined as the ratio Power Loss = AV = e 2α . In decibels,
PAV ( z = )

( ) = 2014log2104(3e)α
Power Loss dB = 10 log10 ( Power Loss) = 10 log10 e 2α . It is important
8.686
to realize that this power loss as specified by cable manufacturers is valid only if the cable
is matched. If the cable is mismatched, this loss specification has nothing whatever to do
with the cable loss.

6-58
 Chapter 7

Problem Solutions
7.11
.

Using the complete equations in (7.1):

1
(a) 10cm. At 100MHz a wavelength is 3m. Hence 10cm is λ o so the fields are in the
30

near field of the dipole. The magnetic field is

o A
H$ φ = 2.468 × 10 −2 ∠30 o ( j 4.77 + 22.797)e − j12 = 0.575∠29.8 o . The electric fields are
m
o V o V
E$θ
$
Er = 2069.67∠ − 6017 . $
and Eθ = 9914 . ∠ − 59.64 . The ratios are = 0.479
m m E$ r

E$θ
and = 1724.65 Ω .
H$ φ
1
(b) 1m. At 100MHz a wavelength is 3m. Hence 1m is λ o so the fields are in the border
3

between the near field and far field of the dipole. The magnetic field is
A V
H$ φ = 1306
. × 10 −2 ∠ − 255
. o . The electric fields are E$ r = 4.701∠ − 1155. o and
m m
V E$θ E$θ
E$θ = 4.033∠ − 3174. o . The ratios are = 0.858 and = 308.8 Ω .
m E$ r H$ φ

(c) 10m. At 100MHz a wavelength is 3m. Hence 10m is 3333 . λ o so the fields are in the
A
. × 10 −3 ∠ − 2.7o . The electric
far field of the dipole. The magnetic field is H$ φ = 118
m
V V
fields are E$ r = 4.247 × 10 −2 ∠ − 92.73o and E$θ = 0.444∠ − 2.74o . The ratios are
m m
E$θ E$θ
= 10.45 and = 376.08 Ω ≅ η o . Since 10m is in the far field of the dipole it is
E$ r H$ φ

expected that the fields should approach the far-field approximations.

7-1
7.1.2
2
2
dl  2
Rrad = 80π   = 8.773 × 10 −3 Ω , PAV, radiated = I$rms Rrad = 438.64mW where
 λo 
10
I$rms = ∠30 o .
2
7.1.3
The field points are in the far field of the dipole and at electrical distances of 166.7λ o and
 r 
− j  2π 
 λo 
e
1667λ o . Hence the electric field and magnetic field are E$θ , H$ φ ∝ . Hence
r
mV
the electric field at 1000m is 1/10 of the field at 100m or 10 . The magnetic field at
m

100m is the ratio of the electric field and the intrinsic impedance of free space:
E$ A E$ A
H$ = = 2.65 × 10 −4 . The magnetic field at 1000m is H$ = = 2.65 × 10 −5 . The
ηo m ηo m
r
phase angle at a point is −2π . Hence the difference in phase angles between the two
λo
2π
points is (1000 − 100) = 1500 × 2π = 0o . Hence the fields at 100m and 1000m are
0.6

exactly in phase. The fields at 1000m lag those at 100m because of the minus sign in the
$2
1 E
exponential. The average power densities are those of plane waves: S AV = .
2 ηo
µW µW
Hence the average power density at 100m is 13.26 2 and at 1000m is 01326 . .
m m2

Observe that the electric and magnetic fields decay inversely with distance, whereas the
power densities decay inversely with the square of the distance.
7.21
.
Im I mV E µA
F (θ ) = 1, Eθ = η o F (θ ) = 60 m = 60 , Hφ = θ = 15915 . . The power
2π r r m ηo m
$ 2
1 Eθ µW
density in the wave is S AV = = 4.775 , and the total average power radiated
2 ηo m2
2
is PAV, rad = I$m, rms Rrad = 365mW .

7-2
7.2.2
The input impedance to the monopole is (36.5 + j 2125. )Ω . Attaching the source, we
100
determine the input current to the antenna as I$m = = 1123 . oA.
. ∠ − 1388
50 + 36.5 + j 2125
.
1 2
Hence the total average power radiated is PAV, rad = I$m 36.5 = 23W . Broadside to he
2
Im V
antenna Eθ = 60 = 0.674 which is perpendicular to the ground plane (hence
r m

satisfying the boundary condition on the electric field at the surface of a perfect
$ 2
1 Eθ mW
conductor). The average power density in the wave is S AV = = 0.602 .
2 ηo m2

7.2.3
1
The input impedance to the λ o monopole is ( 20 − j50)Ω . Attaching the source, we
5
100
determine the input current to the antenna as I$m = . ∠35.54o A .
= 1162
50 + 20 − j50
1 2
Hence the total average power radiated is PAV, rad = I$m 20 = 1351 . W and the radiation
2

resistance for this antenna is the real part of its input impedance since it is assumed
lossless.
7.2.4
1
The input impedance to the λ o monopole is ( 4 − j180)Ω . Attaching the source, we
10
100
determine the input current to the antenna as I$m = = 0.532∠733. o A . Hence
50 + 4 − j180
1 2
the total average power radiated is PAV, rad = I$m 4 = 0.566W and the radiation
2

resistance for this antenna is the real part of its input impedance since it is assumed
lossless.
7.2.5

The load on the transmission line is the input impedance to the antenna,
Z$ L = 73 + j 42.5 Ω . The input impedance to the transmission line can be found using the

methods of Chapter 6. The load reflection coefficient is

7-3
 73 + j 42.5 − 50
Γ$ L = = 0.3713∠42.52 o . The reflection coefficient at the input to the line
73 + j 42.5 + 50
− j 4π
is Γ$ ( 0) = Γ$ L e λ = 0.3713∠42.52 o × 1∠ − 216 o = 0.3713∠ − 173.48 o . The input

impedance is Z$in = ZC
[1 + Γ$ (0)] = 2309 . o = 22.98 − j 2.25 . Hence the input
. ∠ − 5585
[1 − Γ(0)]
$
100
current to the line is I$input to line = = 137 . o . Hence the power
. ∠176
50 + 22.98 − j 2.25
2
delivered to the line input is PAV, to line = I$input to line 22.98 = 431
. W . But since the line

is lossless this is also the power delivered to the antenna input.

7.31
.
π d α
Since E ∝ cos cos φ +  , we can determine the location of maxima and minima by
 λo 2

differentiating this expression with respect to φ and setting the result to zero:
d  π d α π d α  π d 
cos cos φ +   = − sin  cos φ +  ×  − sin φ  = 0 . The sin φ = 0
dφ   λ o 2  λo 2   λo 

condition results in maxima or minima at φ = 0 and φ = 180 o . This condition is a direct

result of the pattern being symmetrical with respect to a line through the two antennas.
πd α
The other condition yields cos φ + = 0,±180o ,±360 o , L .
λo 2

7.3.2
π d α λ π π
E ∝ cos cos φ +  (a) d = o 2 , α = 90 o , E ∝ cos cos φ +  . Nulls at
 λo 2 2 4
π π π 3π 5π 1
cos φ + = ± ,± ,± or cos φ = or 60 o . Maxima and minima at
2 4 2 2 2 2
π π π π 1
sin  cos φ +  = 0 or cos φ + = 0,±π or cos φ = − giving ±120o ,0,180 o . The
2 4  2 4 2

pattern is sketched below.

0.707
0.707

60° 120°

7-4
 5λ o o  5π π
(b) d = 8 , α = 45 , E ∝ cos cos φ +  . Nulls at
 8 8
5π π π 3π 5π
cos φ + = ± ,± ,± . o ,180 o . Maxima and
or cos φ = 0.6,−1 or φ = ±5313
8 8 2 2 2
 5π π 5π π
minima at sin  cos φ +  = 0 or cos φ + = 0,±π giving φ = 0,180 o ,±10154. o.
 8 8  8 8

The pattern is sketched below.

0.707

0.92 1.0
53.13°
101.54°

 π π π 3π 5π
(c) d = λ o , α = 180 o , E ∝ cos π cos φ +  . Nulls at π cos φ + = ± ,± ,± or
 2 2 2 2 2
 π
cos φ = 0,−1,+1 or φ = 90 o ,270o ,180o ,0 . Maxima and minima at sin  π cos φ +  = 0 or
 2
π
π cos φ + = 0,±π giving φ = ±120 o ,±60 o . The pattern is sketched below.
2

1.0
1.0

60° 120°

7-5
 λ π π π π π 3π 5π
(d) d = o 4 , α = 180 o , E ∝ cos cos φ +  . Nulls at cos φ + = ± ,± ,±
4 2  4 2 2 2 2
π π
or cos φ = 0,−4 or φ = ±90o . Maxima and minima at sin  cos φ +  = 0 or
4 2
π π
cos φ + = 0,±π giving φ = 0 o ,180 o . The pattern is sketched below.
4 2

0.707 0.707

7.3.3
λo
d = 164ft = 50m , f = 1500 × 103 so that λ o = 200m . Therefore d = .
4
π d α π 3π  π 3π π 3π 5π
E ∝ cos cos φ +  = cos cos φ +  . Nulls at cos φ + = ± ,± ,± or
 λo 2  4 8  4 8 2 2 2
π 3π 
. or φ = ±60 o . Maxima and minima at sin  cos φ +  = 0 or
cos φ = 0.5,−35
4 8
π 3π
cos φ + = 0,±π giving φ = 0 o ,180 o . The pattern is sketched below.
4 8

0.38 0.92

60°

7-6
7.3.4
π d α  π π π 3π 5π
E ∝ cos cos φ +  = cos π cos φ +  . Nulls at π cos φ + = ± ,± ,± or
 λo 2  4 4 2 2 2

cos φ = 0.25,−0.75 or φ = ±75.52 o ,±138.58 o . Maxima and minima at

 π π
sin  π cos φ +  = 0 or π cos φ + = 0,±π giving φ = 0 o ,180 o ,±104.48 o ,±4141
. o . The
 4 4

pattern is sketched below.

0.707 0.707

41.41° 138.58°
0.707
1
75.52° 104.48°

7.41
.
1
S AV ∝ 2 ,
r
2 2
S AV,5000ft × (5000ft ) = S AV, max × (rmax ) ⇒ rmax = 3535
. × 106 ft = 670miles .

7.4.2
2
 λ 
PR = PT G R GT  o  , GT = 12dB = 15.85 ,
 4π d 

PR = 10 −9 , PT = 01
. , λ o = 3, d = 3844
. × 108 m .
2
PR  4π d 
GR =   = 1636
. × 109 = 9214dB
. .
PT GT  λ o 

7-7
7.4.3
45dB ⇒ 31,622.78 , PR = 10 −3 , λ o = 01
. m, d = 30miles = 48,280m .
2
PR  4π d 
PT =   = 36.81W .
G R GT  λ o 

7.4.4
60 PT GT
E$ = , PT = 5 × 10 −3 , GT = 12dB = 15.85, d = 2 miles = 3218.7m .
d
V
E$ = 0.68 .
m
7.4.5
10
. dB ⇒ 1.64 . I$ant =
G = 215 = 7.68 × 10 −2 ∠ − 191
. o,
123 + j 42.5
1 2 P W
Prad = I$ant 73 = 0.216W , S rad = G rad2 = 2.82 × 10 −10 2 ,
2 4π r m
$2
1 E mV 60 PT GT mV
S rad = ⇒ E$ = 0.461 . E$ = = 0.461 .
2 ηo m d m
η I mV
By equation (7.14) E$ = o m F (θ ) = 4.608 . Equation (7.16) gives the same result.
2π r { m
1

7-8