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    Hydraulic

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    gertjani
    The document discusses various spillway and energy dissipation designs for embankment dams. It describes minimum energy loss weirs, stepped spillways made of concrete or precast blocks, and gabion and Reno mattress structures. It provides examples of these designs from existing dams and discusses their hydraulic performance and construction considerations to safely pass flood flows and protect the embankment structure. Prototype experiences indicate these designs have successfully operated for many years with little maintenance when designed and constructed properly.

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    Hydraulic

    Uploaded by

    gertjani
    385 views33 pages
    The document discusses various spillway and energy dissipation designs for embankment dams. It describes minimum energy loss weirs, stepped spillways made of concrete or precast blocks, and gabion and Reno mattress structures. It provides examples of these designs from existing dams and discusses their hydraulic performance and construction considerations to safely pass flood flows and protect the embankment structure. Prototype experiences indicate these designs have successfully operated for many years with little maintenance when designed and constructed properly.

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    Hydraulic

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    The document discusses various spillway and energy dissipation designs for embankment dams. It describes minimum energy loss weirs, stepped spillways made of concrete or precast blocks, and gabion and Reno mattress structures. It provides examples of these designs from existing dams and discusses their hydraulic performance and construction considerations to safely pass flood flows and protect the embankment structure. Prototype experiences indicate these designs have successfully operated for many years with little maintenance when designed and constructed properly.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    385 views33 pages

    Hydraulic

    Uploaded by

    gertjani
    The document discusses various spillway and energy dissipation designs for embankment dams. It describes minimum energy loss weirs, stepped spillways made of concrete or precast blocks, and gabion and Reno mattress structures. It provides examples of these designs from existing dams and discusses their hydraulic performance and construction considerations to safely pass flood flows and protect the embankment structure. Prototype experiences indicate these designs have successfully operated for many years with little maintenance when designed and constructed properly.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 33
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    The key takeaways are about different embankment dam spillway designs and energy dissipation methods including stepped spillways using precast concrete blocks or gabions.

    Embankment dams are earthfill structures used for water storage that are prone to erosion and failure when overtopped during floods.

    Embankment dam failures can be caused by inadequate spillway capacity leading to overtopping, erosion and breaching of the dam.

    Embankment dam spillways and

    energy dissipators
    by Prof. Hubert CHANSON
    The University of Queensland, School of Civil Engineering, Brisbane QLD 4072,
    Australia, E-mail: [email protected]
    Glashutte dam, 22 Aug. 2002

    Clermont MEL
    weir in 1993
    Spillway Designs for Embankment Overtopping
    System and Earth Dams
    Introduction

    Embankment failure & breach development

    Minimum Energy Loss weirs

    Embankment overflow stepped spillways

    Precast concrete blocks

    Gabions & Reno mattresses

    Design considerations
    CHANSON, H. (2014). "Embankment Dam Spillways and Energy Dissipators." in "Labyrinth and Piano Key
    Weirs II - PKW 2013." Proceedings of 2nd International Workshop on Labyrinth and Piano Key Weirs -
    PKW 2013, 20-22 Nov., Paris-Chatou, France, CRC Press, pp. 23-37 (ISBN 978-1-138-00085-8).
    Sorpe dam, Germany
    Introduction
    Embankment = earthfill structures

    Applications
    Dams
    River training / Flood protection
    Coastal protections
    Tsunami barrier
    Storm surge barrier
    Natural lakes & Landslide dams
    Man-made flooding (during wars)
    Kyoto, Japan

    New Orleans, USA in 2005 (Hurricane Katrina)


    Embankments
    Earthfill structures Ÿ Erodible systems when overtopped
    Levees, Dykes
    Dale Dyke dam (UK)
    Construction: 1863
    Failure: 11 March 1864
    (piping, poor construction)
    150 lives lost
    South Fork dam (USA)
    Construction: 1838-1853
    Failure: 31 May 1889
    (spillway capacity
    & construction)
    2,209 lives lost
    Lake Ha! Ha! (Canada)
    Failure: July 1996
    (spillway capacity)
    Opuha dam (NZ)
    Construction: 1996-1999
    Failure: 5 February 1997
    (outlet capacity)

    Opuha Dam Failure on 5 February 1997


    Glashutte dam (Germany)
    Construction: 1953
    Failure: 12 August 2002
    (spillway capacity)
    Downstream flooding and damage
    Images courtesy of Dr Bornschein
    Embankment failure & breach development
    Embankment failure = dam break but ….
    Relatively slow failure process
    Teton dam (USA, 100 m high) 12 h to drain reservoir (1976)

    Zeyzoun dam (Syria) breach opening = 3 ½ h (2002)

    Glashutte dam (Germany) 4 hours overtopping +


    breach opening = 30 min (2002)
    Zeyzoun Dam Failure on 4 June 2002
    Embankment breach development & inlet shape

    Sequence of 8 shots within 20 s – Non-cohesive embankment overtopping model


    Natural scour = similarity with MEL inlet
    (McKAY 1970, CHANSON 2003 JHE)

    Saaiplaas tailings failure in 1993

    Island of Capri canal

    Merriespruit tailings dam failure in


    1994 (Courtesy of Pr A. FOURIE)
    Analogy with Minimum Energy Loss (MEL) culvert inlet

    MEL culvert at Redcliffe (Australia)

    CHANSON, H. (2004). "Overtopping Breaching of Noncohesive Homogeneous Embankments. Discussion." Journal of


    Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 130, No. 4, pp. 371-374.
    CHANSON, H. (2005). "The 1786 Earthquake-Triggered Landslide Dam and Subsequent Dam-Break Flood on the Dadu
    River, Southwestern China. Comment." Geomorphology, Vol. 71, pp.437-440.
    Choctaw 8A auxiliary spillway (USA) in 2002 Brazil

    Overflow protection systems


    Reinforced grass
    Macro-roughness elements
    Minimum Energy Loss weir & spillway
    Concrete stepped spillway
    Precast concrete blocks
    Gabion (& Reno mattress) structures
    Irago peninsula, Japan Brushes Clough dam, UK in 1993

    Crotty dam, Australia, 1991


    Overtopping protection - Minimum Energy Loss weirs

    Developments in 1950s in Queensland (Australia)


    by late Prof Gordon McKay (1913-1989)

    Developed to pass large flood flows with minimum afflux


    in tropical catchments with very-flat bed slope
    Chinchilla MEL weir (1973), Q = 850 m3/s, zero afflux
    Basic design features
    Smooth flow contraction towards the crest
    Critical flow conditions at crest A

    Converging chute walls


    Energy dissipation in channel centreline

    Bank top

    Concrete
    slab
    Earthfill

    Section AA

    Chinchilla MEL weir (1973), Qdes = 850 m3/s, zero afflux,


    ICOLD register listed

    View from downstream


    (400 m3/s)
    U/s water level

    D/s water level


    Clermont weir (1962/63), Qdes = 850 m3/s
    MEL spillway inlet designs
    Swanbank power house (1965)
    Lake Kurwongbah (850 m3/s, 1958-69)
    MEL inlet design allowed extra 0.457 m of water storage
    Lake Kurwongbah, Q = 850 m3/s

    Swanbank
    Prototype experience
    Operation for more than 60 years (incl. Q > design flow)
    Soundness of design + Little maintenance

    There is no better proof of design soundness than successful


    prototype experience

    Key issue: expert design (Hydraulics expert & Physical modelling)

    Major structures
    1- Sandy Creek MEL weir (Clermont)
    1962/63, 850 m3/s, zero afflux
    2- Chinchilla MEL weir
    1973, 860 m3/s, zero afflux
    large dam with international exposure (ICOLD)
    3- Lake Kurwongbah (850 m3/s, 1958-69)
    MEL inlet design allowed extra 0.457 m of water storage

    CHANSON, H. (2003). "Minimum Energy Loss Structures in Australia : Historical Development and
    Experience." Proc. 12th Nat. Eng. Heritage Conf., IEAust., Toowoomba Qld, Australia, N. Sheridan Ed., pp.
    22-28 (ISBN 0-646-42775-X).
    Embankment overflow concrete stepped spillways
    Choctaw 8A auxiliary spillway in 2002

    Developments during 1990s

    Numerous applications

    Secondary & primary spillways

    Salado Creek Dam Site 15R


    Tongue river dam (USA, 1997) RCC stepped spillway for a detention basin in west Las
    Vegas (USACE)

    Ashton dam embankment overflow (USA,1989-1992) : h = 0.6 m, l = 0.9 m, Qmax = 690 m3/s (PMF)
    Opuha dam (NZ, 1995-1999) H = 50 m

    Melton dam (Australia, 1916/1990s) Q ~ 2,800 m3/s (secondary spillway)


    Construction
    Concrete layers (RCC/rollcrete suitability)
    Protection layer (in some cases)

    Drainage layer beneath steps

    Supplemented by drainage holes

    Overflow hydraulics
    Adequate discharge capacity

    Skimming flow regime (Design flow)

    Downstream dissipator
    Embankment with precast concrete block stepped spillways
    Russian design under the leadership of P.I. GORDIENKO
    Klinbeldin
    Overlapping precast concrete bocks

    Primary spillway applications

    Sosnovsky dam (Photograph by Prof. Yuri PRAVDIVETS)


    Farm dam, 1978. H = 11 m. qw = 3.3 m2/s, So = 0.167. B = 12 m
    Kolymia (or Kolyma) (Courtesy of Prof. Yuri PRAVDIVETS)
    Brushes Clough dam spillway (UK,
    1859-1991)
    - wedge shaped concrete blocks (120 kg
    each)
    - Chute slope : 18.4q, h = 0.19 m
    - Inclined downward steps (-5.6q)
    - Trapezoidal cross-section
    (2-m bottom width, 1V:2H sideslope)
    - Design flow : 3.66 m3/s, Hdam = 26 m
    - Field tests in 1993
    Bolshevik farm dam (1980), H = 11.5 m. qw = 3.3 m2/s, So = 0.12-0.2, B = 12 m

    Prototype experiences
    Solid record (qw up to 60 m2/s)

    High construction standards required


    Importance of drainage layer

    Flexibility of spillway channel bed

    Hydraulics considerations Volymia experimental earth dam (H=20 m) in the Magadan region (Siberia)

    * Skimming flow operation

    * Straight prismatic cross-sectional channel

    * Downstream stilling structure


    Gabion & Reno mattress protection
    Porous material
    no uplift pressure
    interactions between seepage
    & overflow

    Flexible stepped construction


    differential settlement
    Robina, QLD (Australia)
    Duralie, NSW (Australia)

    Stacked vs lined placement


    Gabion stepped chute

    Limited lifetime (5-10 y)


    gabion resistance to damage
    by sediments and debris
    Design considerations – Overflow protection (all systems)
    Construction
    Stability of earthfill structure is essential
    Ÿ Good construction quality & Simple sound design

    Drainage of embankment during overflow

    Hydraulic Engineering
    Discharge capacity estimate
    Downstream dissipation structure

    Down-to-earth considerations
    Human interferences
    Vandalism (Brushes Clough; Africa)
    Prototype experiences: no better proof of
    design soundness than successful prototype operation
    No need to re-invent the ‘wheel’
    Summary and Conclusion
    Embankments & Earthfill structures
    ŸErodible systems when overtopped

    Overtopping protection systems


    Minimum Energy Loss weirs & spillways
    Concrete stepped spillways
    Precast concrete blocks
    Gabion stepped spillways
    Macro-roughness elements

    Design and Construction must be sound


    No better proof of design soundness than successful prototype operation
    Learn from successful designs !!!
    Look forward seeing you at the
    5th International Symposium on
    Hydraulic Structures
    25-27June 2014
    Full Paper submission deadline: 2 December 2013
    THANK YOU

    http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/list/author_id/193/

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