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c2 Modeling Fracture Geometry PDF

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
223 views31 pages

c2 Modeling Fracture Geometry PDF

Uploaded by

nova adriansyah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Modeling Fracture Geometry

R.D. Barree
Barree & Associates LLC
In this session …
• What are the dominant processes of 
modeling?
• What are the requirements of a good design 
model?
• What models are available?
• What are their assumptions?
• How should you select an appropriate model?

© 2009
Which Model & Why

If you are taking the time to ‘design’ or evaluate a frac job,


shouldn’t you make it worthwhile?

Simplistic Models: Sophisticated Models:
• Easy to use • Require input to describe 
• Require minimal input data the reservoir
• Take little or no time • Accurately describe the 
fracture
• Allow for making informed 
decisions

© 2009
Fracture Design:
Understanding & Modeling Dominant Processes
• Fracture geometry creation
– elastic properties, plasticity, pore pressure
– model assumptions, rock shear and slip
• Fluid leakoff
– pressure dependence, whole gel
• Fluid rheology
• Proppant transport
– rheology, localized leakoff
– causes & remedies for screenouts
© 2009
Design Model Requirements
• Describe/Include the basic physics of all 
important processes
• Ability to predict (not just mimic) job results
• Provide decision making capability
– Understand what happened
– Isolate causes of problems
– Change necessary inputs
– Predict results
If your model can’t do this, why run it?
© 2009
Modes of Fracture

Mode I: Tension Mode II: Sliding Shear Mode III: Tearing Shear

Conventional frac models only assume Mode I

© 2009
Available Frac Models
• 2D Models • Lumped Parameter 
– Perkins‐Kern Nordgren  Models
(PKN) – FracPro
– Khristianovich‐ – FracPro‐PT
Geertsma‐DeKlerk 
(KGD) • 3D Models
– Penny‐Frac – GOHFER
– N‐StimPlan
• Pseudo‐3D Models – Terra‐Frac
– MFRAC
– StimPlan, e‐StimPlan
– FracCade
© 2009
All Frac Models Start With
A Width Equation
Consider the displacement
caused by a point load 
on the surface of a
semi‐infinite half space:

The displacement of the

r surface is given by:

P
© 2009
Total Width Results from Surface 
Integration of Distributed Pressure

The deflection of the surface of a semi‐infinite half‐
space acted on by a distributed pressure is:

This solution was developed by J. Boussinesq in 1885

© 2009
Distributions of “Tensile” Stress 
at the Frac Tips
Distributed stress allowing
smooth closure at the fracture tip

Concentrated stress approaching
a singularity at the fracture tip

© 2009
Composite Process Zone Modeled 
by Apparent Stress Concept
Net Stress Negative:
Internal Fluid Pressure
Less Than Closure

Damage Zone = 1-6 ft


Tensile Stress in Rock

Net Stress Positive:


Internal Fluid Pressure Fluid Lag = 1-10 ft
Exceeds Closure

© 2009
Plane‐Strain Solution

• Applies for cracks of 
large aspect ratio
• Width is a function 
of net pressure and 
a
characteristic 
length
• Width is constant 
along frac length
© 2009
Sneddon’s Equation 
for Width of a Plane‐Strain Linear Crack

• Sneddon’s equation (1945) for an 
infinite length (plane‐strain) crack, 

2(1 − υ )p 2 2
with crack tips at +c and –c
2
• Simplified‐geometry solution 
assumes two‐dimensional plane‐ u = c −y
strain behavior with an implied  E
stress singularity (infinite stress) at 
the crack tip
Most 2D and Pseudo 3D models 
use a form of this equation
© 2009
Geometry Assumption in 
2D models
• All 2D models require the user to input constant 
frac height
• Length and width are calculated from compliance 
and leakoff
• Called “2D” because only width and length are 
calculated, while height remains fixed.
• Two 2D models are PKN and KGD
– Both were published by Royal Dutch Shell researchers 
in the 1960s. 
– Both use the Sneddon linear crack solution for a 
plane‐strain crack.
© 2009
Differences in Geometry 
Assumption for PKN and KGD
Fracture width at the mid-point (y=0) is given by Sneddon’s equation for
two common 2D models:

PKN KGD
The total The crack

( )
fracture half length
height
(H) is 2c w = 2u =
2 1 − υ 2 Hp
w = 2u =
(
4 1 − υ 2 Lp) (c) is
given by L
E E

Note that these are the same equations solved with different 
characteristic crack lengths and assume an infinite stress and zero 
displacement at the crack tips.
© 2009
Results Controlled by Assumptions 
in Simplistic Models
10000 0.04

0.035

Fracture Width, feet


1000 0.03
Net Pressure, psi

0.025

100 0.02

P_PKN
P_KGD
0.015
Width

10 0.01
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Fracture Half-length, feet © 2009


Pseudo‐3D Models

• Calculate pressure drop along fracture length
• Calculate width and equilibrium height at each segment
• May have proppant transport models run sequentially with    
geometry
© 2009
Example of StimPlan Output

© 2009
Lumped Parameter Models
Upper Height

Frac Tip

Lower Height

• Model gives position of frac at three points only
• Frac growth is driven by vertical and horizontal pressure 
gradient functions
• Fracture outline is connected with concentric ellipses
• May have separate prop transport models that may or 
may not interact with geometry development © 2009
Example of Fracpro‐PT Output

© 2009
Available 3‐D Models
• N‐StimPlan
– Gridded width and flow solution similar to GOHFER™
– Fully‐coupled elastic finite‐element width solution
• GOHFER™ 
– Gridded deformation and flow solution
– Shear‐decoupled formulation
• Terra‐Frac
– Finite‐element solution
– Requires re‐meshing with time
– Single fluid entry point
– Linear‐elastic solution
© 2009
Elastically Coupled Displacement

A point-load causes deformation of the


entire surface

© 2009
What is actually 
Observed in the Field?
• Fracture widths are often less than 
predicted
• High net treating pressures are common
• Height containment is often better than 
expected
• Shear failure occurs in the rock mass 
(microseisms)

© 2009
Displacement With Shear

Shear Plane

Slippage along shear-planes restricts


displacement to a limited area
© 2009
Shear‐Slip Model

• No displacement transmitted across a freely 
sliding shear plane
• No influence from any loads applied on 
opposite side of shear plane
• Integrate applied load over a small area
• No stress concentration at fracture boundary
• Very small fracture widths

© 2009
Frac Extension with Shear‐Slip
Fluid pressure must Fluid pressure enters existing 
penetrate rock and crack and generates a stress 
exceed closure stress concentration

© 2009
Containment
Decoupled System

© 2009
Actual Fracture in Core Section

© 2009
Microseisms After Water Injection

© 2009
Fracture Height Containment Through Shear Slip 
at Bed Boundaries

© 2009
Which Model & Why

If you are taking the time to ‘design’ or evaluate a frac job,


shouldn’t you make it worthwhile?

Sophisticated Models: Simplistic Models:
• Require input to describe  • Easy to use
the reservoir • Require minimal input data
• Accurately describe the  • Take little or no time
fracture
• Allow for making informed 
decisions

© 2009

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