Loss of Prestress

Loss of Pre-Stress
1. Introduction:
The initial prestress in concrete gradually reduces with time due various reasons. The different types of
losses encountered in concrete are as follows.
Pre-Tensioned Post-Tensioned
No losses if all the tendons are simultaneously
stressed.
Elastic Deformation of Concrete
If the tendons are successively tensioned there will
be losses of prestress.
Relaxation of Stress in Steel Relaxation of Stress in Steel
Shrinkage of Concrete Shrinkage of Concrete
Creep of Concrete Creep of Concrete
Friction Loss
Anchorage Loss
In addition to the above there will be losses due to temperature, which should be allowed in the design.
1.1 Classification:
The losses can be classified as
 Short-Term Losses &

 Long-Term Losses
1.1.2 Short-Term Losses:
The losses are calculated immediately after the transfer of prestress to the concrete. This involves checking
of forces acting on concrete that is will below its 28day strength and the stress are limited accordingly.
1.1.3 Long-Term Losses:
The losses are calculated during service stage after the concrete has reached its full characteristic strength.
and the stress are limited accordingly.
2. Short-Term Losses:
2.1 Friction Losses:
The occur in post-tensioning the curved tendon due to friction between tendon and ducts. They occur in
following effects:
 Due to curvature effect

 Due to wobble effect (i.e. unavoidable misalignment)
Px=Poe-(μα+kx).
2.2 Anchorage Losses:
In post-tensioning, when the anchors are released they slip through a small distance causes the losses of
prestress. In-Site this allowed by over extending the tendon provided the stress within 80-85% of ultimate
tensile strength of the wire.
𝑃 𝐸𝑠 𝛥
Loss of Stress 𝐴 = 𝐿
The losses is caused by definite amount of shortening, the percentage of losses is large in short members.
2.3 Elastic Shortening of Concrete:
The losses of prestress depends on the modular ratio and avg, stress in concrete at the level of steel.
Loss of prestress=αefc
𝐸𝑠
where, modular ratio αe =
𝐸𝑐
In post-tensioning system the total loss due sequential tensioning can be estimated as 0.5*(αefc).
3. Long-Term Losses:
3.1 Relaxation of tendon:
The creep of steel causes the losses of stresses in the steel, the values vary from 0 to 90N/mm2 for stress
varying from 0.5fpu to 0.8 fpu.
3.2 Creep of Concrete:
The continuous prestress in concrete results in creep of concrete which reduces the stress in steel.
 Ultimate Creep strain Method:
Loss of Pre-Stress=εccfcEs
 Creep Coefficient Method:
Loss of Pre-stress=φfcαe.
Where
εcc-Ult. creep strain for a sustained unit stress.
αe-modular ratio
creep strain
φ-creep coefficient = elastic strain
𝜀𝑐
𝜑=
𝜀𝑒
4. Total Losses Allowed in Design:
The recommended level of stress after all losses should be
 Pre-tensioned-0.75
 Post-tensioned-0.80.
𝑓𝑝𝑒
Percentage of total losses 𝜂 = 𝑓
𝑝𝑖
where
𝑓𝑝𝑒 -effect stress in tendons after losses.
𝑓𝑝𝑖 -stress in tendon at transfer.

Moment Capacity & Shear Resistance
1.1 Moment Capacity :(IS 1343-Appendix-B)
The Bending moment capacity of a member due to tendon at a section can be calculated by
M=fpuAp(d-0.42x)
where
M- Moment of resistance of the secton
fpu- Ult. tensile stress in tendon
Ap- Area of pre-stressing steel
d- Eff. Depth
x- Neutral axis depth.
And
Total Moment Capacity= Moment Capacity of tendon + Moment Capacity of rebar.
Moment capacity due to rebar:
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑦
Mu=0.87 fy Astd[1- ]
𝑏𝑑𝑓𝑐𝑘
1.2 Shear Resistance: (IS 1343-Cl22.4)

Uncracked Section:
Vco=0.67bD√𝑓𝑡2 + 0.8𝑓𝑐𝑝 𝑓𝑡
where,
b,D- breath and overall depth of the section
𝑓𝑡 - Minimum tensile strength 0.24√fck.
𝑓𝑐𝑝 -Comp. stress at the centroidal axis due to pre-stress.

Cracked section:
𝑓𝑝𝑒 𝑉
Vcr=(1-0.55 )ζcbd+Mo
𝑓𝑝 𝑀
where
b- Breath of the member
fpe- Eff. pre-stress after all losses <0.6fp
fp- Characteristic strength of tendon
ζc- Ult. shear stress capacity of concrete
d- Distance from the extreme comp. fibre to the centroid of the tendons at the section considered
Mo- Moment required to produce zero stress in concrete at that depth
I
Mo=0.8fpt
y
fpt- Stress due to pre-stress at the depth d
V&M-Ult. shear and Moment at the section

Deflection
1.1Short-term Deflection:
Deflection due to load:
5𝑤𝑙4
Δ=384𝐸𝐼
where w- Ult. load combination
Upward Deflection due to tendons:
 Parabolic tendons (central anchors):
5𝑃𝑒𝐿2
a=-[ 48𝐸𝐼 ]
 Parabolic tendons (eccentric anchors):
𝑃𝐿2
a= (−5𝑒1 + 𝑒2 )
48𝐸𝐼
1.2 Final Long term defelection:
𝑃𝑡
𝑎𝑓 = [𝑎𝑖𝑙 − 𝑎𝑖𝑝 x ](1 + 𝜑)
𝑃𝑖
where
ail- Intial deflection due to transverse load
aip- Intial deflection due to prestress
Pt- Prestress after all losses
Pi- Intial Prestress
φ- Creep Co-efficient
1.3 Limitations:
 Short term deflection < 20mm

 Long term deflection Span /deflection<250
Reference:
1. Design of prestress concrete by Krishnaraju

2. Design of prestress concrete by T.y Lin
3. Bs:8110
4. IS 1343

Loss of Prestress

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Loss of Pre-Stress

The losses can be classified as

 Short-Term Losses &

1.1.2 Short-Term Losses:

1.1.3 Long-Term Losses:

and the stress are limited accordingly.

2.1 Friction Losses:

 Due to curvature effect

2.3 Elastic Shortening of Concrete:

3.2 Creep of Concrete:

 Ultimate Creep strain Method:

 Creep Coefficient Method:

εcc-Ult. creep strain for a sustained unit stress.

The recommended level of stress after all losses should be

𝑓𝑝𝑒 -effect stress in tendons after losses.

𝑓𝑝𝑖 -stress in tendon at transfer.

M- Moment of resistance of the secton

fpu- Ult. tensile stress in tendon

Ap- Area of pre-stressing steel

x- Neutral axis depth.

Total Moment Capacity= Moment Capacity of tendon + Moment Capacity of rebar.

Moment capacity due to rebar:

1.2 Shear Resistance: (IS 1343-Cl22.4)

b,D- breath and overall depth of the section

𝑓𝑡 - Minimum tensile strength 0.24√fck.

𝑓𝑐𝑝 -Comp. stress at the centroidal axis due to pre-stress.

b- Breath of the member

fpe- Eff. pre-stress after all losses <0.6fp

fp- Characteristic strength of tendon

ζc- Ult. shear stress capacity of concrete

Mo- Moment required to produce zero stress in concrete at that depth

fpt- Stress due to pre-stress at the depth d

V&M-Ult. shear and Moment at the section

Deflection due to load:

where w- Ult. load combination

Upward Deflection due to tendons:

 Parabolic tendons (central anchors):

 Parabolic tendons (eccentric anchors):

1.2 Final Long term defelection:

ail- Intial deflection due to transverse load

aip- Intial deflection due to prestress

Pt- Prestress after all losses

Pi- Intial Prestress

 Short term deflection < 20mm

1. Design of prestress concrete by Krishnaraju

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