Progress in Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 18, 165-183, 2009
Progress in Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 18, 165-183, 2009
Progress in Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 18, 165-183, 2009
P. De Visschere
Ghent University
ELIS, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41, Gent B-9000, Belgium
1. INTRODUCTION
2. SOURCE TRANSFORMATIONS
∂Dc ¡ ¢
Jc + = ∇×H ·c (27)
∂t
∂Bc ¡ ¢
Jc∗ + = − ∇×E ·c (28)
∂t
0 0
and H − H and E − E are either parallel to c or equal to a
gradient.
3. VECTOR POTENTIALS
4. HERTZ VECTORS
where the operator L(², µ) has been defined in (33). The functions
ψe , ψm can be chosen arbitrarily and are in fact redundant due to
the gauge transformations (7), (8), (17), and (18). However, an extra
term ∇ψe should now be added to the RHS of (45). Substituting (46)
in (44) and (45) and replacing the 2nd order time derivative using (47)
and (33) we find the following symmetric expressions for the fields
∂Πe
B + µ · m∗ = ∇ × + ∇ × ²−1 · ∇ × Πm (49)
∂t
∂Πm
² · E + p = ∇ × µ−1 · ∇ × Πe − ∇ × (50)
∂t
Using gauge transformations (7), (8), (17), and (18), one can try to
simplify equations (47) and (48). One possibility is to eliminate the
magnetizations (m + m∗ → 0) so that also Πm → 0. This is the
essence of the 1-Hertz-vector method followed by Sein [16]. In this
case it is limited to a uniform isotropic medium and therefore using
the conventional Lorentz gauge. Another possibility is to scalarize
the stream functions so that p + p∗ → p0 c c and m + m∗ → m0 ∗c c [7].
For these scalarized sources it is now possible to choose the (gauge)
functions ψe , ψm in (47) and (48) in such a way that Πe , Πm are
also scalarized and thus have only components along c. To that end
we assume Πe/m = Π(e/m)c c and collect the transversal components of
e.g., (47)
∂ £ −1 ¤
µ⊥ (∇⊥ Πec ) = ²⊥ ∇⊥ ψe (51)
∂c
The transversal components of the vector potentials will then vanish
if we choose
1 ∂ Πec
ψe = (52)
²⊥ ∂c µ⊥
This is a particular form of the condition found by Mohsen [6] for a
coordinate system more general than the cartesian system considered
here. The longitudinal part of the same equation is given by
∂ 2 Πec Πec ∂ψe
²// − ∇2⊥ = p0 c + ²// (53)
∂t2 µ⊥ ∂c
and using (52) we obtain
µ 0 ¶
Π ec
Ls (², µ) = −p0 c (54)
µ⊥
where the scalar operator Ls has been defined in (41). A similar
equation can be found starting from (48)
µ 0 ¶
Π mc ∗
Ls (µ, ²) = −µ// m0 c (55)
²⊥
Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 18, 2009 175
Unlike the scalarized current densities, which are unique, the scalarized
stream potentials and corresponding Hertz vector components are not
unique, since they can always be subjected to a gauge transformation.
However, we can in particular choose the scalarized stream potentials
as follows
∂p0 c ∗ ∂m0 ∗c
J 0c = J 0 c = µ// (56)
∂t ∂t
where J 0 c and J 0 ∗c are the (unique) scalarized current densities.
Comparing (54)and (55) with (39) and (40) we conclude that in that
case
∂Π0 ec ∗ ∂Π0 mc
A0 c = A0 c = (57)
∂t ∂t
This correspondence can also be checked by comparing the field
expressions (49) and (50) with (42) and (43) where in (49) and (50)
one should also take into account of the field transformations due to
the scalarization of the current densities (see Tables 2 and 3).
and
µ ¶
∂H ⊥ ∂D⊥
∇⊥ Hc − = c × J⊥ + (62)
∂c ∂t
µ ¶
∂E ⊥ ∗ ∂B ⊥
∇⊥ Ec − = −c × J ⊥ + (63)
∂c ∂t
Taking the cross-product with c, the latter 2 equations become
¡ ¢
∂ c × H⊥ ∂D⊥
c × ∇ ⊥ Hc − = −J ⊥ − (64)
¡ ∂c ¢ ∂t
∂ c × E⊥ ∗ ∂B ⊥
c × ∇⊥ Ec − = J⊥ + (65)
∂c ∂t
The 4 × 4 matrix method is based on (63) and (64), without the source
terms, where (60) and (61) are used for eliminating Ec and Hc , after
inserting the constitutive equations
Dc = ²// Ec D ⊥ = ²⊥ E ⊥ (66)
Bc = µ// Hc B ⊥ = µ⊥ H ⊥ (67)
Weiglhofer [11] deals with the source terms by operating with ∇⊥ · on
the 4 equations (62)–(65) and by introducing the auxiliary functions
already defined in (20) and (21). Using constitutive equations (66),
(67) and decompositions (58), (59), all terms then contain the
Laplacian ∇2⊥ which can be dropped, yielding
∂Π ∂Θ
Hc − − ²⊥ = v (68)
∂c ∂t
∂Φ ∂Ψ
Ec − + µ⊥ = −v ∗ (69)
∂c ∂t
∂Φ ∂Ψ
²⊥ − = −u (70)
∂t ∂c
∂Π ∂Θ
µ⊥ + = −u∗ (71)
∂t ∂c
On the other hand the longitudinal equations (60) and (61) become
∂Ec
−∇2⊥ Ψ = Jc + ²// (72)
∂t
∂Hc
∇2⊥ Θ = Jc∗ + µ// (73)
∂t
Finally ∂Ec /∂t and ∂Hc /∂t can be calculated from (68)–(71) as a
function of Ψ, Θ only, and when substituted in (72) and (73) one
obtains two uncoupled 2nd order equations in Ψ, Θ. We remind
Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 18, 2009 177
the reader that the RHSs of (60), (61) and thus also of (72), (73)
are invariant under the source scalarization transformations shown
in Tables 2 and 3, meaning that ∇⊥ × E ⊥ and ∇⊥ × H ⊥ , and also
Ψ, Θ are invariant under these transformations. Therefore, the scalar
potentials Ψ, Θ can only depend on the unique scalarized current
densities J 0 c and J 0 ∗c . Whereas using the vector potential method
in § 3 or the Hertz vector method in § 4, scalarization could only
be obtained with some effort by applying appropriate source and
gauge transformations; the scalar Hertz potentials Ψ and Θ are the
natural potentials for obtaining scalarization since they are invariant
under the required transformations. The final equations can then also
be obtained immediately by making the RHSs of (68)–(71) zero and
replacing Jc , Jc∗ in (72) and (73) by the scalarized versions J 0 c , J 0 ∗c
leading to
Ls (², µ) (Ψ) = −J 0 c (74)
0∗
Ls (µ, ²) (−Θ) = −J c (75)
However note that Ec , Hc and Φ, Π are not invariant. From (70) and
(71), we find
Z µ ¶
−1 ∂Ψ
Φ = ²⊥ −u + dt (76)
∂c
Z µ ¶
−1 ∗ ∂Θ
Π = −µ⊥ u + dt (77)
∂c
and subsequently from (68) and (69)
∂Φ ∂Ψ
Ec = −v ∗ + − µ⊥ (78)
∂c ∂t
∂Π ∂Θ
Hc = v + + ²⊥ (79)
∂c ∂t
The total fields can then µ be written¶as
∂Ψ
E = − v ∗ + µ⊥ c + ∇⊥ Θ × c + ∇Φ (80)
∂t
µ ¶
∂Θ
H = v + ²⊥ c + ∇⊥ Ψ × c + ∇Π (81)
∂t
These expressions confirm the field transformations in Tables 2 and 3,
and they correspond term for term with the expressions in (42) and
(43) with the correspondence
A0 c ∂ Π0 ec A0 ∗c ∂ Π0 mc
Ψ= = −Θ= = (82)
µ⊥ ∂t µ⊥ ²⊥ ∂t ²
Z Z ∗⊥
u u
Φ = −φ − dt Π = −φ∗ − dt (83)
²⊥ µ⊥
178 De Visschere
which was already (partially) apparent from (74), (75) and (39), (40).
6. GYROTROPIC MEDIA
and therefore the formulation using the scalar Hertz potentials should
still automatically lead to scalarized equations as shown in [9].
Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 18, 2009 179
7. CONCLUSIONS
used in the 2nd method, and eventually we conclude that the three
methods are fully equivalent. It remains to be investigated whether this
conclusion still holds for more complex media for which scalarization
has been obtained using the scalar Hertz potentials [10].
REFERENCES