Imus Unida Christian School

High school Department

Research in Health II

Submitted by:
Raiza Eladia R. Olandesca
II-Faith

Submitted to:
Ms. Klarisse M. Abuel
Health II Teacher

December 13, 2012

ABORTION
Abortion is the termination of pregnancy by the removal or expulsion from the
uterus of a fetus or embryo prior to viability. An abortion can occur spontaneously, in
which case it is usually called a miscarriage, or it can be purposely induced. The term
abortion most commonly refers to the induced abortion of a human pregnancy.
Abortion, when induced in the developed world in accordance with local law, is
among the safest procedures in medicine. However, unsafe abortions result in
approximately 70 thousand maternal deaths and 5 million disabilities per year globally.
An estimated 44 million abortions are performed globally each year, with slightly under
half of those performed unsafely. The incidence of abortion has stabilized in recent
years, having previously spent decades declining as access to family planning
education and contraceptive services increased. Forty percent of the world's women
have access to induced abortions (within gestational limits).
Induced abortion has a long history and has been facilitated by various methods
including herbal abortifacients, the use of sharpened tools, physical trauma, and other
traditional methods. Contemporary medicine utilizes medications and surgical
procedures to induce abortion. The legality, prevalence, cultural and religious status of
abortion varies substantially around the world. Its legality can depend on specific
conditions such as incest, rape, severe fetal defects or the mother's health being at risk.
In many parts of the world there is prominent and divisive public controversy over the
ethical and legal issues of abortion.
Types of Abortion:
1. Induced - The manner selected often depends upon the gestational age of the
embryo or fetus, which increases in size as the pregnancy progresses. Specific
procedures may also be selected due to legality, regional availability, and doctor or
patient preference.
2. Spontaneous - also known as miscarriage, is the unintentional expulsion of an
embryo or fetus before the 24th week of gestation.
SUICIDE
Suicide is defined as the intentional taking of one's own life. Prior to the late
nineteenth century, suicide was legally defined as a criminal act in most Western
countries. In the social climate of the early 2000s, however, suicidal behavior is most
commonly regarded and responded to as a psychiatric emergency.
Description:
Suicide is considered a major public health problem around the world as well as
a personal tragedy. According to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), suicide
was the eleventh leading cause of death in the United States in 2000, and the third
leading cause of death for people between the ages of 15 and 24. About 10.6 out of
every 100,000 persons in the United States and Canada die by their own hands. There
are five suicide victims for every three homicide deaths in North America as of the early
2000s. There are over 30,000 suicides per year in the United States, or about 86 per
day; and each day about 1900 people attempt suicide.
The demographics of suicide vary considerably within Canada and the United
States, due in part to differences among age groups and racial groups, and between
men and women. Adult males are three to five times more likely to commit suicide than
females, but females are more likely to attempt suicide. Most suicides occur in persons
below the age of 40; however, elderly Caucasians are the sector of the population with
the highest suicide rate. Americans over the age of 65 accounted for 18 percent of
deaths by suicide in the United States in 2000. Geographical location is an additional
factor; according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), suicide
rates in the United States are slightly higher than the national average in the western
states, and somewhat lower than average in the East and the Midwest.
Race is also a factor in the demographics of suicide. Between 1979 and 1992,
Native Americans had a suicide rate 1.5 times the national average, with young males
between 15 and 24 accounting for 64% of Native American deaths by suicide. Asian
American women have the highest suicide rate among all women over the age of 65.
And between 1980 and 1996 the suicide rate more than doubled for black males
between the ages of 15 and 19.
Causes:
Suicide is a complex act that represents the end result of a combination of
factors in any individual. These factors include biological vulnerabilities, life history,
occupation, present social circumstances, and the availability of means for committing
suicide. While these factors do not "cause" suicide in the strict sense, some people are
at greater risk of self-harm than others.
STERILIZATION
Sterilization (also spelled sterilisation) refers to any of a number of medical
techniques that intentionally leave a person unable to reproduce. It is a method of birth
control. For other causes of sterility, see infertility.
Sterilization methods include both surgical and non-surgical, and exist for both
males and females. Sterilization procedures are intended to be permanent; reversal is
generally difficult or impossible.
Methods:
1. Surgical
Tubal ligation in females, known popularly as "having one's tubes tied".
The Fallopian tubes, which allow the sperm to fertilize the ovum and would carry the
fertilized ovum to the uterus, are closed. This generally involves a general anesthetic
and a laparotomy or laparoscopic approach to cut, clip or cauterize the fallopian tubes.
 Vasectomy in males. The vasa deferentia, the tubes that connect the testicles to
the prostate, are cut and closed. This prevents sperm produced in the testicles from
entering the ejaculated semen (which is mostly produced in the seminal vesicles and
prostate). Although the term vasectomy is established in the general community, the
correct medical terminology is deferentectomy, since the structure known as the vas
deferens has been renamed the ductus deferens.
Hysterectomy in females. The uterus is surgically removed, permanently
preventing pregnancy and some diseases, such as uterine cancer.
Castration in males. The testicles are surgically removed. This is frequently used
for the sterilization of animals, but rarely for humans. It was also formerly used on some
human male children for other reasons; see castrato and eunuch.
2. Transluminal
Transluminal procedures are performed by entry through the female reproductive
tract. These generally use a catheter to place a substance into the Fallopian tubes that
eventually causes blockage of the tract in this segment. Such procedures are generally
called non-surgical as they use natural orifices and thereby do not necessitate any
surgical incision.
The Essure procedure is one such transluminal sterilization technique. In this
procedure, polyethylene terephthalate fiber inserts are placed into the fallopian tubes,
eventually inducing scarring and occlusion of the tubes. Following successful insertion
and occlusional response, the Essure procedure is 99.74% effective based on 5 years
of follow-up, with zero pregnancies reported in clinical trials.
Quinacrine has also been used for transluminal sterilization, but despite a
multitude of clinical studies on the use of quinacrine and female sterilization, no
randomized, controlled trials have been reported to date and there is some controversy
over its use
3. Pharmacological
There is no working "sterilization pill" that causes permanent inability to
reproduce, although there have been hoaxes involving fictitious drugs that would
purportedly have such effects, notably progesterex.
Psychological effects
Most people undergoing sterilization experience no change in sexual activity,
quality of marital relationships or work-related behavior.[4] Few regret their choice.[4]
Risk factors for negative consequences after sterilization include.
*being coerced into the procedure
*lacking understanding of the consequences of the procedure
*having health complications after the procedure
 *having an unstable marriage, as it increases the risk of divorce followed by a
new relationship in which the couple desires to have children
*disagreeing with partner about the decision to perform sterilization
MUTILATION
Mutilation or maiming is an act of physical injury that degrades the appearance or
function of any living body, sometimes causing death. It is the act of depriving an
individual of a limb, member, or other important part. Also, the condition resulting
therefrom.
Usage:
Some ethnic groups practice ritual mutilation, e.g. scarification, burning,
flagellation, tattooing, circumcision or wheeling, as part of a rite of passage. In some
cases, the term may apply to treatment of dead bodies, such as soldiers mutilated after
they have been killed by an enemy.
The traditional Chinese practices of língchí and foot binding are forms of
mutilation that have captured the imagination of Westerners, as well as the now tourist
centered "long-neck" people, a sub-group of the Karen known as the Padaung where
women wear brass rings around their neck. The act of tattooing is also considered a
form of self-mutilation according to some cultural traditions, such as within Christianity
and Islam. A joint statement released by the United Nations and numerous other
international bodies opposes female genital cutting (female circumcision) as a form of
mutilation. Whether or not male circumcision amounts to mutilation is a subject of active
academic debate.
Castration is also a form of mutilation.
Punishment:
Maiming, or mutilation which involves the loss of, or incapacity to use, a bodily
member, is and has been practised by many societies with various cultural and religious
significances, and is also a customary form of physical punishment, especially applied
on the principle of an eye for an eye.
The Araucanian warrior Galvarino suffered this punishment as a prisoner during
the Spanish conquest of Chile.
In law, maiming is a criminal offence; the old law term for a special case of
maiming of persons was mayhem, an Anglo-French variant form of the word.
Maiming of animals by others than their owners is a particular form of the offence
generally grouped as malicious damage. For the purpose of the law as to this offence
animals are divided into cattle, which includes horses, pigs and asses, and other
animals which are either subjects of larceny at common law or are usually kept in
confinement or for domestic purposes.
 In Britain under the Malicious Damage Act 1861 the punishment for maiming of
cattle was three to fourteen years penal servitude; malicious injury to other animals is a
misdemeanour punishable on summary conviction. For a second offence the penalty is
imprisonment with hard labor for over twelve months. Maiming of animals by their owner
falls under the Cruelty to Animals Acts.
EUTHANASIA

Euthanasia ("good death”) refers to the practice of intentionally ending a life in

order to relieve pain and suffering.

There are different euthanasia laws in each country. The British House of Lords
Select Committee on Medical Ethics defines euthanasia as "a deliberate intervention
undertaken with the express intention of ending a life, to relieve intractable suffering". In
the Netherlands, euthanasia is understood as "termination of life by a doctor at the
request of a patient".

Euthanasia is categorized in different ways, which include voluntary, non-

voluntary, or involuntary. Voluntary euthanasia is legal in some countries and U.S.
states. Non-voluntary euthanasia is illegal in all countries. Involuntary euthanasia is
usually considered murder.

As of 2006, euthanasia is the most active area of research in contemporary

bioethics.

Classification of euthanasia:

Euthanasia may be classified according to whether a person gives informed

consent into three types: voluntary, non-voluntary and involuntary.

1. Voluntary euthanasia

Main article: Voluntary euthanasia

See also: Right to die

Euthanasia conducted with the consent of the patient is termed voluntary

euthanasia. Active voluntary euthanasia is legal in Belgium, Luxembourg and the
Netherlands. Passive voluntary euthanasia is legal throughout the U.S. per Cruzan v.
Director, Missouri Department of Health. When the patient brings about his or her own
death with the assistance of a physician, the term assisted suicide is often used instead.
Assisted suicide is legal in Switzerland and the U.S. states of Oregon, Washington and
Montana.

2. Non-voluntary euthanasia

Main article: Non-voluntary euthanasia

 Euthanasia conducted where the consent of the patient is unavailable is termed non-
voluntary euthanasia. Examples include child euthanasia, which is illegal worldwide but
decriminalised under certain specific circumstances in the Netherlands under the
Groningen Protocol.

3. Involuntary euthanasia

Main article: Involuntary euthanasia

Euthanasia conducted against the will of the patient is termed involuntary euthanasia.

Passive and active euthanasia

Voluntary, non-voluntary and involuntary euthanasia can all be further divided

into passive or active variants. Passive euthanasia entails the withholding of common
treatments, such as antibiotics, necessary for the continuance of life.[1] Active
euthanasia entails the use of lethal substances or forces, such as administering a lethal
injection, to kill and is the most controversial means. A number of authors consider
these terms to be misleading and unhelpful.

Health Crisis Preparedness and Management (Booklet)

The Committee on Health Crisis Preparedness and Management of the
Philippine College of Physicians (PCP), formerly known as then Committee on Disaster
and Calamity, was created on June 2009 as a response to properly address the then
looming AH1N1 pandemic. The string of recent natural disasters that hit the country like
the typhoons "Ondoy" and "Pepeng" (and the subsequent increase in the incidence of
leptospirosis), the eruption of Mt. Mayon, and the present drought brought about by the
El Nino phenomenon underscored the need for committed efforts to focus on overall
disaster preparedness from a medical standpoint. When faced with these seemingly
insurmountable challenges given the geographical, economic, cultural and sociopolitical
landscape of the country, the committee seeks to promote and to undertake a strategic,
systematic, sustainable, sensible and self-assured approach in reducing both the
vulnerabilities and risks to imminent hazards, The PCP's stand is one of pro-active
approach to informing, motivating and involving people in all aspects of disaster risk
reduction down to the grassroots level by enhancing all the PCP chapters' capability in
risk management preparedness. A more focused and resolute plan of action should be
in place at all times so that individual efforts by members and collective endeavors by
the chapters and by the College itself transcend mere interim responses, knee-jerk
reactions or marginal rejoinders that mitigate nothing but superficial concerns that cloud
the deeper, more significant issues. In a nutshell, the PCP should aim for partnering
with vulnerable communities in developing a culture of resilience to disaster.
Health and Medical Condition in the Philippines
Health Issues in the Philippines
Like any other third-world country, the Philippines have been struggling in some
health issues and one of it is illegal drug use. A lot of Filipinos are addicted to prohibited
drugs. However, the Philippine government has dealt with this issue and although there
are still some recorded incidents of drug abuse, the number of drug dependents in the
Philippines has gradually decreased.

One major health issue in the Philippines, is malnutrition. There have been
studies conducted and accordingly, most of the Filipinos that suffer from malnutrition are
the poor ones. The Philippine government, thru the Department of Social Welfare and
Developments along with the Department of Health has provided projects to help poor
Filipinos from starvation. Other health issues in the Philippines are dengue cases, but
then, these health concerns are only happening in the rural area of the country. Most of
these cases are properly attended to by the Philippine government.

Health Care in the Philippines

Although there have been recorded cases of drug dependency and malnutrition
in the Philippines, you can still consider the health care of this nation is of good quality,
despite the fact that the facilities may not be as impressive as those found in high-end
US hospitals. Top Philippine hospitals include the Medical Center in Alabang, the Asian
Hospital, the Makati Medical Center, the Medical City in Ortigas, and St. Luke’s Medical
Center in Quezon City.

Medical practitioners in the Philippines are graduates from top universities in the
country, and most of them have in United States medical schools. Additionally, there are
also doctors that have practiced medicine in the US before sharing their expertise in the
Philippines. Filipino nurses are also trained by nursing schools with the best standards.
In fact, most of the nurses working in the US are Filipinos.

If you are looking for a dentist or a doctor, it is better that you seek for the
suggestions of expatriates that have been in the Philippines for quite a number of years
already. All in all, Medical care in the Philippines has improved and services expanded,
there are still issues to access and poverty that hamper the development of the system.

Hospitals in the Philippines

Finding the right hospital in the Philippines is not that difficult because there are a
number of options to choose from. The Philippines has both private and public health
care institutions. Most of the government hospitals provide quality healthcare the same
way private hospitals do.
 Some people have these wrong misconceptions though than when you are
seeking for medical advice from doctors in public hospitals, these are not reliable.
However, you should be aware that most of the well-trained doctors in the Philippines
are serving government hospitals. What differs the Philippine government hospitals from
the Philippine private hospitals is simply the facilities. Most of the public hospitals in the
Philippines are not equipped with the latest technologies in medicine. But then, most
Filipinos seek for advice from these government hospitals because charges are not
implemented.

As for the private hospitals, there are also a hundred ones located in key cities of
the nation. There are also tertiary hospitals that have the latest in medical technologies.
However, because they are private hospitals, they are a bit expensive than the
government hospitals.

Emergency in the Philippines

The Philippines have stand by ambulances for any emergency situation. They
also have a hotline number where on can call in times of emergencies. Hospitals are
also equipped with the latest in first aid treatments.

Pharmacies
There are also a thousand of pharmacies in the Philippines that provide Bureau
of Food and Drug approved medicines. Most of the standard pharmacies are manned
with professionals that have studied and trained in top medical schools in the country.
Also, the Philippines is not that very lenient when it comes to prescription drugs. While
there are some countries that allow their patients to obtain drugs without being
prescribed by their respective doctors, the Filipino pharmacists are very strict in dealing
with such situations.

Cost of Medicines and Hospitalizations

Generally, hospitals are not that expensive in the Philippines. Medicines as well
are very affordable. Both locals and foreigners can attest to the fact that medicines sold
in the Philippines are very much affordable.

If you are thinking about relocating in the Philippines, one of your least worries
should be health care. Since the health care system in the Philippines is affordable, and
the doctors are well trained, plus nurses can properly aid you, you really never have to
worry that much.

Additionally, unlike in some countries where most of the population does not
speak English, in the Philippines, almost ninety percent of their population can
understand and speak English well. Communication is never a problem when you are in
the Philippines.
 With the low cost of medicine and health care, living in the Philippines is really
not a thing to worry. The people are very hospitable and accommodating, the doctors
and medical practitioners are friendly, and the place is really very inviting. If you wish to
settle down and relocate in the Philippines, have no doubt about it. In fact, a lot of
people have already relocated in the Philippines and so far, there have been no
recorded negative incidents, as far as their health is concerned.