COMPLETE REPORT OF BASIC BIOLOGY

“ANATOMY OF VERTEBRATE”

NAME : NISA ANDINI SOFYAN

ID : 1614442010
CLASS : ICP BIOLOGY
GROUP : V (FIVE)

BIOLOGY DEPARTEMENT
MATHEMATIC AND SCINCE FACULTY
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MAKASSAR
 RATIFICATION PAGE
Complete report of basic biology with the titlle “anatomy of vertebrate”.
Which made by:
Name : Nisa Andini Sofyan
Reg. Num (ID) : 1614442010
Class : Biology ICP
Group : V (five)
After checked by assistant and assistant coordinator, so this report accepted.

Makassar, December , 2016

Assistant Coordinator Assistant

Djumarirmanto, S.Pd Muhammad Richsan Yamin

ID. 1314440006

Known,
Lecture of Responsibility

Drs. H. Hamka L, MS
NIP.19212311987021005
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background
On the earth, there are humans, animals, plants, bacteria, fungi, as a living
things. Everythings on this earth have a reason why them exist. One of reason
is to fullfill humans necessary. For example plants and animals. Why do we
need them? The answer is caused we got the nutrients from animals or plants
that become our food as a source of energy to perform daily activities. But we
have to see what kind of animals we can get. In our environment, there are
many animals that we know and unknown, now our task is to determine the
type of animal or plant species, so that we can more stability to the environment
of our own.
In order for us easier to know what about the animals, the scientists have
made several groupings for animals like vertebrates and invertebrates. For
example, invertebrates are snails,ticks, scorpio,spiders,butterflies, etc. For
example, in vertebrates there are fish, cats, snakes, eagles, frogs, etc. The
question is what is differencies both of them? We want to know the difference
between invertebrates and vertebrates, so this excuse to do some observation
or experiment.
On this occasion, we only know about vertebrate animals by using one
of the examples of vertebrates, frogs rice (cancarivora) will be used in this
experiment, so we know what the content of the frog's body and we can
compare with other vertebrates or invertebrates with. Maybe for some people,
it's not interesting to do , but we should also know what we can take from this
activity . Because we want to know about frogs, we had to do some surgery on
frogs in the laboratory. Why do we do the surgery? Because in this way,we can
see nothing that make up the contents of the frog frogs, we want to know how
the shape of the organ of a frog, the frog may not use the breathing lungs or
otherwise. So we actually have to do this experiment, so we know most of the
vertebrate animals and question what is different between vertebrates and
invertebrates and will be answered in this experiment.
B. Purpose
After did this activity, students are expexted to knowing structure, colour,
and location of organs, also the connection to other organs on organ system
C. Benefit
Students known the structure, colour, and location of organs, also the
connection to other organs on organ system. Also known the differencies
between vertebrate and invertebrate.
 CHAPTER II
PREVIEW OF LITERATURE

Vertebrates are members of the phylum Chordata, the chordates. Chordates

are bilaterian (bilaterally symmetrical) animals, and within Bilateria, they belong to
the clade of animals known as Deuterostomia (Campbel, 2009).
There are about 3000 species of amphibian that live in this world, that
grouped on 3 groups are Anura (Frog), Caudata (Salamander) and Gymnophiona
(Caecilia). Terminology “amphibian” applied in this class because majority
completely first step of live cycle in water, from frog larvae that breathe with gill
outside, and then the larva take metamorphosis be small frog with respiration tool
is lungs. This life not absolute for all amphibian, there are some never leave water
and other never get in water on specific phase from life cycle. There is haven’t lungs
until mature and breathe with skin (Sukiya, 2003).
Amphibian (class Amphibia), any member of the group
of vertebrate animals characterized by their ability to exploit both aquatic and
terrestrial habitats. The name amphibian, derived from the
Greek amphibios meaning “living a double life,” reflects this dual life strategy
though some species are permanent land dwellers, while other species have a
completely aquatic mode of existence (Duellman, 2016).
Frog have organ systems which are respiratory organs, circulatory organs,
disgestive organs, urinary organs, reproductive organs, and fat bodies. Based on
Anatomy of the Internal Organs of Frog, respiratory organs consist the internal
organs in the chest and abdominal regions of a frog sit in a single cavity called the
coelom. The respiratory organs consist of the trachea and lungs. The trachea is the
windpipe, allowing the passage of air down to the lungs, which are hollow, thin-
walled sacs used for respiration. They are housed in the upper or thoracic portion
of the coelom. (Whalerockdigital, 2015)
The frog heart is the only organ contained within the coelom which has its
own protective covering. This is the pericardium. There are two upper chambers of
the heart, the right atrium and the left atrium. The frog heart, however, has only one
lower chamber, a single ventricle. In man, the lower heart chamber is divided into
two compartments, the right ventricle and the left ventricle. Oxygen-laden blood
and oxygen-poor blood containing waste gases are present together in the frog
ventricle at all times. The oxygen-laden and oxygen-poor bloods, however, do not
mix. Such mixing is prevented by a unique arrangement of the frog's heart. Instead
of "perching" on top of the ventricle, the right atrium dips downward into the
ventricle. This causes oxygen-poor blood entering the right atrium to pass all the
way down to the bottom of the ventricle. Meanwhile, oxygen-laden blood is
received by the left atrium and enters the same single ventricle. The pool of oxygen-
poor blood at the bottom of the ventricle holds up the oxygen-laden blood and
prevents it from sinking to the bottom. When the oxygen-poor blood flows from the
ventricle into vessels leading to the lungs, the oxygen-laden blood tries to "follow"
it. The lung vessels, however, are filled with oxygen-poor blood, blocking the
oxygen-laden blood and forcing oxygen-laden blood to detour into the arteries.
These carry the oxygen-laden blood to the tissues. (Fallow, 2010)
 CHAPTER III
METHOD OF OBSERVATION

A. Time and Place

Day / date : Tuesday 6th, december, 2016
Time : At 07:30pm – 09:00 pm
Place : The third floor laboratory of biology departement
B. Tools and Material
Tools
1. Killer bottle
2. Dissection tray
3. Dissection kit
a. Scissors
b. Pipette
c. Twezers
d. Needle
e. Scalpel
f. Placing bottle
Materials
1. Rana cancarivora
2. Cotton
3. Chloroform
C. Work Procedure
1. External morphology observation
a. Kill a frog (Rana cancarivora)
Take a ball of cotton, give it chloroform then put on killer bottle; also put
a frog (Rana cancarivora) into bottle immediately, then close it. Let it
untill the frog fainted or death.
b. Take out frog from the killer bottle then put it on dissection tray
c. Observed the external morphology of Rana cancarivora includes eyes,
eyelids, nictitating membranes, nosetrils, tympanum, mouth, front leg
 (Branchium, Ante branchium, Manus, Digiti), back leg (Femur, Crus,
Pes, webbed foots), cloaca, and skin.
d. draw how it looks on your result.
2. Dissection
a. Pinch frog legs with brace / needle, then observe the outside of the frog
b. Began to dissect and examine the parts of a frog organs. Disgestive
system observation
3. Obsreved organ systems of frog includes circulatory system, respiratory
system, excretory and reproductive systems
 CHAPTER IV
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Result
1. External morphology of Rana cancarivora
Picture from front side Picture from back side

1
1
10
11 2
3 4
41
5 5
6
6
7
7
10 9
10
9 8

Compared picture

Source: http://www.dinopulera.com/test-gallery/

Notes
1. Mouth 7. femur
2. Nictitating membranes 8. Pes (5 digits)
3. Tympanum 9. Cloaca
4. Manus (4 digits) 10. Crus
5. Antebranchium 11. Eyes
6. Branchium
2. Anatomy of Rana cancarivora
Picture

9 8

Compared picture Notes

1. Gall bladder
2. Liver
3. Lung
4. Pancreas
5. Stomach
6. Large intestine
7. Urinary bladder
8. Small intestine

Source:
http://image.slidesharecdn.com/frogbodypart
sandfunctions2014-140508154132-
phpapp02/95/frog-body-parts-and-functions-
2014-11-638.jpg?cb=1399563747

3. Organ systems of Rana cancarivora

 a. Disgestive system
Picture

(a) (b)

(c)

Compared picture Notes

Source: (a) 1. Gall bladder
https://photos.goog
le.com/ 2. Liver
(b) 1. Glottis
(c) Tongue
(d) 1. Stomach
2. Large intestine
Source:
http://anato 3. Small intestine
myhumanch
art.com/excr
etory-and-
reproductive
-system-of-a-
frog/

b. Circulatory system
Picture

Compared picture Notes

1. Heart
2. Blood vessels

Source:
http://anatomyhumanchart.com/excretory-
and-reproductive-system-of-a-frog/

c. Respiratory system
Picture

Compared picture Notes

1. Right lung
2. Left lung

Source:
http://www.biologyjunction.com/frog_dissecti
on.htm/

d. Excretory and reproductive system

Picture
 Compared picture Notes
1. Kidney
2. Urinary bledder

Source:
http://anatomyhumanchart.com/excretory-
and-reproductive-system-of-a-frog/

B. Discussion
First on external morfology, Rana cancarivora is bilaterally symmetrical
animal. It has moist, smooth, and slippery skin for protect covering the body.
Below epidermis, two glands are present. Poison gland and mucous gland.
Mucous gland secretes a kind of watery fluid called mucin, which keeps skin
moist. Then poison gland which protect frog from the enemy. Besides that, Rana
cancarivora also have parts of body like mouth, eyes, nictitating membranes,
tympanium, 4 digits manus, antebranchium, branchium, femur, pes, cloaca, and
crus. Above the mouth, a pair of nostrils is present. Eyes are bulged and covered
by a nictitating membrane that protects them while in water. On either side of
eyes a membranous tympanum (ear) receives sound signals. Manus and pes help
frog to swimming in the water, walking, and burrowing. We can determine sex
of Rana cancarivora by seeing its digitis hand. On this labwork, frog has one
shorter digiti shows that the frog on this labwork is male frog.
Second on anatomy, Rana cancarivora have liver and gall bladder that
makes and stores bile, lung for takes oxygen in and gives out carbon dioxide,
pancreas with the function to secretes disgestive enzym into duodenum, stomach
to stores food and mixes it with enzymes to begin digestion, large and small
intestine tocontinue digestion process. Similiar to human, frog also fomed by
organ systems like disgestive system, circulatory system, respiratory system,
excretory and reproductive system.
Disgestive system include esophagus, stomach, large and small intestine,
pancreas, liver, gall bladder, and cloaca. But when dessection happen, we
couldn’t found esophagus. The esophagus is the tube that allows food from
mouth to the curved while stomach sac. Then food continues enter to stomach
and mixes it with enzymes, then digestion began. Disgestive juices such as bile
made by liver and pancreas. Bile is stored in the gall bladder. Then passes the
small intestine and be collected on large intestine. After that, it stored in the
cloaca excretion.
Circulatory system include heart, blood vessels, and spleen. The heart
have three chambers, two atria and single ventricle. Atria have function to
receive oxygenated blood from lungs than ventricle pumps blood to all of the
body. Vessels include veins and arteries that move blood to and from the heart.
Then, spleen stores and rycicles old red blood cells.
Respiratory system include nosetrill, trachea, and lungs. Nosetril located
top in the mouth, but when dissection we couldn’t found nosetrill caused so small
like spot only. After air passed nostrill, it continue to the right and left lungs
through trachea. There are several different between human and Rana
cancarivora breathing mechanism. In humans breathing is aided by the ribs, the
diaphragm, and the chest muscles. The frog has no ribs or diaphragm, and its
chest muscles are not involved in breathing.
Excretory system include kidney, urinary bledder, and cloaca. On Rana
cancarivora there is only one excretory cavity thats cloaca. Urine is produced in
the kidneys and passed through ureters then be collected on urinary bledder.
Urine drop out from the body through cloaca. Then, reproductive system of frog.
Male frog have testes as the reproductive organs than female frog have oval that
attached to the kidneys. The testies produce sperm than ovule produce eggs.
Cloaca can be considered a reproductive organ.
 CHAPTER V
CLOSING

A. Conclusion
Rana cancarivora on external morphology looks as small and billaterally
symetrical animal. Similiar to other animals, Rana cancarivora have mouth,
eyes, skin, stomach, hand and foot. Their skin protect to covering the body,
while nictitating help to see under water, then webbeb foot halp to swimming
on water. Anatomically, frog also similiar to human and other animals that have
disgestive system, respiratory system, circulatory system, excretory and
reproductive systems.
B. Suggestion
It is expected that the laboratory, so check carefully whether the goods
will be given to apprentice and goods returned apprentice.The assistant should
teach more details in experiment.
 CHAPTER V
CLOSING

A. Conclusion
The result of this work lab, we known structure animal and plant tissues
then how it looks. We can differentiate about stems between monocots and
dicots, cuboidal and inestinal ephithelial tissues, muscle, and nervous tissues
also compared leaf tissues from different plant, and some on animal tissues.
B. Suggestion
Remember when we do microscopics observation, be carefull on glass
preparations and microscope lenses. Use from small into large magnification
to get clearly pictures. All the things we do on this lab work, need to be
improved next.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Campbell, N.A. 2009. Biology Eighth Edition. Library of Congre.ss Cataloging-in-
Publication Data.
Deullman E, William. 2016. Introduction to Amphibian. Encliclopedia of
Britannica. Britannica Digital Learning.
Fallow, Nile. 2010. Amphibian Anatomy. Infobase Publishing. New York City.
Sukiya.20010. Common Reeksbook Biologi Vertebrata.Yogyakarta. Universitas
Negeri Yogyakarta.
Whalerockdigital media. 2015. Anatomy of the Internal Organs of Frog. San
Vincente.
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