H5.

2
Chapter 2
 L1 - 5ESS SWITCH FEATURES
1.0 Introduction to the 5ESS Switch
The 5ESS –2000 Switch is digital exchange that can serve as a local
(lines), toll (trunks),tandem(lines &trunks),OSPS(Operator Service Position
System, or (Gateway Exchange ,depending on the type of switch. It can serve a
small community with fewer than 100 subscribers or a large metropolitan area
serving more than 100,000 subscribers.
The 5ESS switch from, Lucent Technologies’ can support combinations of
wireline, wireless, voice, data, multimedia and video on the same switch. The
network operator can flexibly offer combinations of services based on the latest
technology from the same switch to meet the telecommunications needs of
individuals, organizations and businesses today.
Future-proof platform
The switch is future-proof in its basic architecture and design. New
applications and services, signaling types, subscriber interface types and
switching technologies can be integrated into the existing switch architecture.
1.1 Modular Distributed Design:-
The 5ESS-2000 Switch is a digital switching system with distributed
processing. Distributed processing means that multiple processors handle all call
processing functions. Many processors are distributed through out the system
supported by a central processor. Call processing, self-maintenance, and testing
are performed independently in each module . Modular architecture makes it easy
to increase or decrease the capacity of the exchange. Increase in the capacity of
the switch is called ‘growth’. Decrease in the capacity of the switch is termed
‘degrowth’. The Switching Module (SM) is the primary module for growth or
degrowth of the 5ESS-2000 switching system.
1.2 Different Module Types :-
The architecture o f the switch is based on modules. The module building blocks
of the switch are :
Switching Module(SM)
Administrative Module(AM)
Communications Module(CM)
A switch is usually composed of an AM,CM and a number of SMs (upto 192 SMs
or 23 SM-2Ks)

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1.3 SWITCHING MODULE CLASSIC SM-2K

There are two types of switching modules. SM –Classic and SM-2000.The SM-
classic (hereafter called as simply SM) provides a switching fabric capable of
terminating up to 5120 lines,496trunks or combinations of lines and trunks
depending subscriber line occupancy and the application of the switch.
SM-2000 terminates combinations of 30,000 lines and up to 4080 trunks,
depending on subscriber line occupancy and the application of the switch. Its
processor capacity is continually evolving to handle increasing capacity
requirements. Both types of SM can be integrated in the same switch.

AM

CM
SM SM

SM

MODULAR DISTRIBUTED DESIGN

1.4 TIME SLOT INTERCHANGER IN SM-2K
Time slot interchanger performs the time switch part (T-switch) of the T-S-T
switching in the 5ESS switch. It can handle 30,000 timeslots. Implementation is
through 10 slices and each can handle 3000 timeslots.
The TSI TRANSMITS AND RECEIVES PERIPHERAL TIME SLOTS TO AND
FROM PERIPHERAL UNITS.peripheral time slots contain digital call data from
lines and trunks or other user data, such as from computers. The TSI also switches
data from the network side to the CM where it is routed to other SMs. The TSI
interchanges the peripheral time slots on two NCT (Network Control and Timing)
optical links. The TSI also interchanges peripheral time slots between different
peripheral units.

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1.5 The Space Switch in 5ESS
In the switch ,the AM and SMs are not directly connected to each other.
The CM routes messages between each module so they all work together.
The CM has a four main functions:
Call switching:- The CM interconnects the paths between switching modules to
complete telephone calls and to relay data
Message switching:-The CM provides paths to send information between
processors to process calls ,maintain records ,and perform system tasks.
Networking Timing – The CM provides accurate timing and synchronization for
the 5ESS-2000 Switch.
Fast Pump –The CM provides resources to quickly download(pump) software,
from the AM to SM, if needed.
The CM is functionally divided into the following main units:
ONTC-Office Networking and Timing Complex
MSGS-Message Switch
ONTC provides physical path for voice , data and control messages between
switching modules and the AM. It performs the space switching for all time slots
and contains the Network Clock.
MSGS provides the control message transfer between SM-2000s and between
AM and SM-2Ks.
1.6 ADMINISTRATIVE MODULE FUNCTIONS
In the 5ESS-2000 switch, the AM(Administrative Module )is a switch
equipment module which has the overall control of the entire 5ESS-2000 switch.
The AM controls the CM and communicates with all the SMs (through the
CM).The AM monitors itself and the CM for malfunctions. If there are any
problems, they are reported to, maintenance personnel.
The AM performs resource allocation and processing functions that are
done more efficiently on a centralized basis such as:
call routing for inter-module and intra-module calls ,Administrative data
processing or billing data, traffic measurement reports /system performance
reports, memory management, system maintenance, Maintaining file records of
changes to the system software release, personnel interface/system monitoring,
allocating trunks for call processing.
There are three main units located within AM
CU (Control unit)
IOP (Input /Output unit)

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DFC (Disk File Controller)

The CU monitors overall system operation. The IOP interfaces with the
MCC(Master Control Centre),ROP(Receive Only Printer) and other peripheral
devices. The DFC controls the DAT(Digital Audio Tape) Drive and Disk Drive.
1.7 SUBSCRIBER AND LINE INTERFACE:-
The Subscriber Interface unit is known as Access Interface Unit(AIU).It
houses PCBs for line terminations, Ringers, and interfaces to SM control cabinet.
Three types of subscriber circuit packs are available. The LPZ circuit pack caters
termination for 32 subscribers, LPP circuit pack supports 12 periodic metering
STD subscribers and LPU houses 24 ISDN BRI subscribers.
The digital trunk interface is via DFC-2 CIRCUIT PACK. Digital facility
interface model 2 caters 2 digital streams.
2.0 CALL PROCESSING
2.1 Basic call types
The most important function of a 5ESS-200 Switch is to process
subscriber calls. Subscribers calls can be classified as line-to-line, line-to-trunk,
trunk-to-line, or trunk-to-trunk. A line-to-line call is a call that starts on a line
served by a 5ESS-2000 switch and terminates to another line served by the same
switch. The SMs involved in the call will perform almost 95% of the call
processing functions.
Basic Call types
Origination Termination

Line Line

Line Trunk

Trunk Line

Trunk Trunk

2.2 Call Processing stages

There are five functional steps of call processing, Including the location of
the originating and terminating equipment .These steps are Origination, Digit
Analysis, Routing/screening, charging and termination

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 Subscriber Line or Incoming Trunk

Origination

Digit Analysis

Routing/Screening

Charging Termination

Subscriber line or Outgoing trunk

Origination begins when the subscribers line goes off-hook or when an
incoming trunk is seized .Origination receives the incoming digits, selects the
digit analysis table and determines the screening information for this call.
Digit Analysis interprets the digits that it receives from origination, selects
a destination for each call and passes the dialed digits to routing
Routing /Screening
Routing uses the destination information from digit analysis and screening
information from origination to select the terminating trunk group or line. The
type of charges associated with this call is determined and sent to charging.
Charging uses the charging information from routing to expand the charging data
into a format useable by the call accounting process. There are various types of
call accounting features, from basic AMA records to Fee Calculation.
Termination is the last
2.3 Analysis

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During line to line call the originating SM detects when a subscriber ‘s

telephone receiver has been picked up. The SM provide dial tone and then
removes the dial tone when the first digit is dialed. It then collects and analyzes
the dialed digits. Next, the SM sends a request to the AM for a call path. The
terminating SM locates the subscriber line for the line-to-line call and provides
ringing.
When the AM has selected an available path ,it alerts the CM to set up a
link between the SMs. The CM provides call paths between SMs and carries all
internal system communications.
The functions of the SM,AM and CM in a trunk –to trunk call are basically the
same as the line to-line call described above except that the originating SM
detects a trunk seizure rather than subscriber picking up the receiver. Also the
terminating SM locates an available trunk instead of a line.
If a call involves both a line and trunk (line-to-trunk, trunk-to-line),the scenarios
above may differ slightly. Also the scenarios may differ depending on the
applications supported.
Line –to-line calls can be of two types
Intra-SM –where both subscriber lines(originated and terminated) are connected
to the same SM. This does not require use of CM.
Inter SM – where both subscriber lines are connected to different SMs. This
requires use of CM.
3.0 Packet Switch Unit, Digital Service Unit & Metallic Service Unit
3.1 PACKET SWITCH UNIT
The packet Switch Unit is a special interface unit that does not directly
terminate lines or trunks. The PSU performs several miscellaneous ISDN
functions
-Processes ITU-T No-7 signalling
-Processes packet switched data.
3.2 PROTOCOL HANDLER CIRCUIT(PHC)
The PSU Hardware consists of PHs (Protocol handlers )and common
circuits. The common circuits consist of the control fanout (CF),PF(packet
fanout),and DF(Data Fanout).The common circuits are fully duplicated for
reliability. If more service is required than the basic unit offers ,growth units may
be added. The growth unit will include additional DFs, PHs and PFs. Only the
basic unit is equipped with the CF circuit pack. A maximum of 16 PHs can be
mounted in the basic unit or a growth unit. Each of PH3,PH4 or PH6 can handle

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 128 BRA D-channels or 32 PRA D-channels. The difference in the PHs is the
amount of memory provided with each ISDN PH.
3.3 DIGITAL SERVICE UNIT MODEL2 & DIGITAL SERVICE UNIT
MODEL3 Functions
There are five types of service units ,three of which are referred to as
DSUs (Digital Service Units)The different types are
LDSU (Local Digital Service Unit)
The LDSU has the following functions:
To generate digital tones
To decode digital tones
The tones generated or decoded by the LDSU can be routed to any line or
trunk on a particular SM.The LDSU functionality can be provided in a variety of
equipment configurations ranging from a full unit to a single circuit pack.
GDSU (Global Digital Service Unit)
Every 5ESS-2000 Switch has at least one GDSU, which can provide
services to any SM in the exchange. The GDSU can also be configured in a
variety of ways. The GDSU has the following two functions:
Conference capabilities
Transmission testing
DSU2 (DIGITAL SERVICE UNIT MODEL 2)
The DSU2-RAF/SAS provides an announcement when a call is routed to a vacant
code ,equipment is busy or blocking conditions exist. Other uses include OSPS
features and when customised announcements ARE NEEDED .SAS HAS MORE
announcement capacity than its predecessor RAF.
3.4 MODULAR METALLIC SERVICE UNIT (MMSU)
The MMSU provides the following three functions:
-Metallic test access
-Subscriber line testing
-A scan and distribute function
4.0 HUMAN MACHINE INTERFACE (HMI)
4.1 MASTER CONTROL CENTRE CONFIGURATION
The master control Centre is the primary communication link between the
5ESS switch and personnel administering and maintaining the system.
4.2 MCC TERMINAL & ROP

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The MCC Hardware consists of MCC terminal, RC/V terminal, STLWS

(Subscriber & Trunk Line Work Station) and Receive Only printer. MCC
terminal supports recent change and verify function and emergency action (EA)
page. STLWS supports MCC pages and subscriber and line testing. System output
is routed to either the ROP, a log file or both. This depends on the message class
of the reports and their routing definition in the Equipment Configuration Data.
4.3 MCC Pages
The Master Control Center pages support command input through a
layered graphic user interface. The administrative and maintenance commands
can be effected through this interface. The administrative personnel will be
landing first to an outer menu of the MCC page. From there he will be taken to
some inner forms and finally to a page where actions can be carried out. MCC
pages bear the following display regions
Office data, summary status area, command and page identifier, control and
display area, input /output message area. There are provisions to enter poke
commands as well as actual wordy commands. The poke commands are the
equivalent numerical direct command. MCC page 100 is the index page.
4.4 RC/V FUNCTIONS
The Recent Change/Verify terminal supports form mode inputting. Forms
are views of a relational database. From the index RC/V page to any class or
class.view can be seen. The MCC gives two types of RC/V pages. One is Office
Dependent Data RC/V. And another one is the Equipment Configuration Data
(ECD) RC/V.
4.5 TLWS FUNCTIONS
ALL TLWS Functions can be performed from the MCC. Status of the test
positions is verified first. If any test position is free, its identity is used to proceed
further testing.
4.6 MULTI FUNCTION OPERATING SYSTEM (MFOS)
The Multi function Operating system is a telephone management system
through which centralized operations, administration, maintenance and
provisioning functions are carried out. MFOS gives a user programmable
environment. OAM&P functions are related to centralized fault management,
Configuration management and file transfer.
There are three logical layers for the MFOS architecture. User Interface
Management, Functional applications and network interface management.

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 PRINTER
HP

USER EQUIPMEN INTERFACE

HP HP
SER SERV
VER ER

NETWORK INTERFACE
NE
NE

MFOS ARCHITECTURE
5.0 REMOTE SWITCHING
5.1 HSM,RSM CONCEPTS
Units of the switch may be remotely located from a host SM-2000.Remote
units offer cost-effective solutions when a full switch is not viable and when
upgrading and expanding an existing network. The remote units can be managed
centrally from the host AM.
The following figure summarizes the
units, which can be remotely located from H C A
the host. The distance figures provide an S
M M M
indication of the remote capability. Actual
maximum distances are dependent on
engineering and transmission network delay
factors. The distances are also application-
related.

Upto 200 Km RSM

The RSM is basically a standard SM.
Normally SM-classic will be remote SMs.

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5.2 MULTIMODULE REMOTE SWITCHING MODULE (MMRSM)

The MMRSM serves communities with greater needs that cannot be met
by a single-module RSM. An MMRSM is a maximum of four RSMs in a cluster.
The MMRSM is engineered to provide as many subscriber lines and/or trunks as
are needed. Dependent on traffic considerations there may be more than one HSM
required to serve the MMRSM cluster. It is important to remember that an
MMRSM is just a cluster of RSMs. Each RSM in the MMRSM cluster is capable
of performing the functions of a single RSM.
In the event that communication between the HSM and the
RSM/MMRSM is interrupted, the RSM is able to continue to operate in a stand-
alone mode. In this mode subscribers can continue to make intra-RSM or intra-
MMRSM calls. Trunks connected to other exchanges will continue to work
normally. Charging records will store at the RSM for transmission to the host
switch when communication is restored.

AM

CM

H
S H L
M S S
M M

R R R
S S S
M
M M
MMRSM
5.3 UMBILICAL LINKS
The DLTU require termination cards (Digital Facility Interface) for PCM
links from the RSM(Umbilical links).This is provided by DFI TX .For a capacity

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 of 6500 lines, 28 Umbilical has to be interfaced. For this 14 DFI TX Cards are
required.
5.4 DIGITAL CARRIER FACILITIES
In the 5ESS system digital trunk terminating unit is called E1 Digital
Interface Packs Model 2 (DFI TXT).Each DFI TXT can terminate 2 PCMs. The
Total no. of PCM junction circuits in a host exchange is about 25 to 30 % of the
subscriber lines depending on the traffic and including the RSM capacity.
6.0 SOFTWARE FEATURES
6.1 SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE
The 5ESS switch uses the following software architecture principles:
-Modularity
-Process definition
-Distributed architecture
-Subsystems.
Software modularity simplifies the addition of new telephony features, adapts
more readily to new hardware and software technology advances and supports
lower costs by permitting program portability between processors.
A Process is a software entity, a sequence of actions that is executed on a
processor logically in parallel with other processes. Processes communicate with
each other by means of messages via the operating system called Operating
Systems for Distributed Switching (OSDS)
Distributed architecture
Each software process independently performs asynchronous tasks related
to a particular subscriber line’s or trunk’s, telephony needs When necessary ,SM-
2K processes communicate with each other and with the AM by control messages
that are transferred through the CM via the NCT links.
Subsystems
Software in 5ESS Switch is divided into different software subsystems,
each with a different function. Parts of some software subsystems exist in both the
SM-2000 and the AM processors. Distributed architecture allows the processing
power of the exchange to grow by the addition of SM(-2000)s.
6.2 UNIX-RTR & OSDS
An OS is software that governs the control of equipment resources and
software functions in the 5ESS switch as memory management, i/o activities, file
system management ,communications, timing and process management.
The 5ESS switch software is controlled by two operating systems.

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- UNIX –RTR (Real Time Reliable)

- Operating System FOR distributed Switching (OSDS)
UNIX-RTR is responsible for the scheduling and dispatching of all UNIX
processes and it is located in the AM only.
OSDS is located in the SMs, PSU (protocol Handler and packet Interface ,and in
the AM.OSDS is a distributed OS ,specifically designed for telephony, and
provides a uniform interface to all higher –level software functions, irrespective
of their physical allocation. This means that the software environment is created
in the SM-2000 and on the AM.
The main functions of the OSDS are:
- Process handling, such as scheduling and resource allocation
- Inter-process communication
- Control of the access-to-shared (global) data
- Timing functions
6.3 DATABASES( ODD,ECD/SG)
To achieve the quick access time needed for reading data in a real-time
environment, a large part of the database must permanently reside in the main
memory (AM and all SMs) .The data required for call processing is available in
the memories of the SM(-2000)s.
The static data of the system is stored in one of the following databases:
- Office(Exchange)Dependent Data (ODD) base
- Equipment Configuration Data (ECD) base.
ODD – Contains operational telephony data, such as exchange characteristics, call
processing data, hardware configurations of SM,CM and peripheral equipments,
ECD
Contains hardware configuration data of the AM and its peripheral units,
such as disk units. The initial population of the databases is generated offline. The
data can be changed and verified by administrative or maintenance personnel. To
improve the system reliability ,backup data can be stored on tapes and on system
disks.
7.0 REMOTE ACCESS USING V5 INTERFACE
V5 interface is used to access networks and it is described by ETSI
standards. This interface connects access network to the local exchange.

The following are some of the characteristics of the V5 interface:

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 5ESS AN

V5 interface

- Open interface
- Message based protocol
- Line hardware functions
- Switching and supplementary services
- 2.048 Mbps base
V5.1 and V5.2 are two versions of V5 interface. In V5.1 no concentration
is there. Only one 2Mbps link is there between access network and local
exchange. In V5.2 a maximum of 16 E1s are interfaced between Access Network
and local exchange. Both bearer information and signaling information is
transferred over V5.

PH AN
SM DFI

SM - Switching Module
PH - Protocol Handler in the packet switch unit
DFI - Digital facility Interface
AN - Access Network

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Orientation Course for SDEs 5ESS

Differences between V5 Types

V 5Type E1s Concentration Protection
Mechanism
V5.1 1 No no
V5.2 release 1 1 Yes no
V5.2 16 Yes Yes

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 L2 5ESS SERVICES
1.0 PSTN SERVICES OF THE SWITCH
1.1 NETWORK ELEMENTS
According to ITU-T ,the public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) is a
telecommunications network set up by an administration to perform telephonic
services for public subscribers. The main characteristic of PSTN is that most
PSTN subscribers have analog access to the network. PSTN is the largest network
in the world. The three main elements of PSTN are local exchange, toll exchange,
international gateway exchange.

Gateway
Other
Network

TRANSIT

TRAN
TANDEM
SIT
TOLL

Combined LOCAL
LOCAL
Local/Toll

Other LICENCED
OPERATOR

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1.2 LOCAL AND TOLL EXCHANGE

Via local exchange subscribers are connected to the network. The main
functions of this type of exchanges are to connect a subscriber to another
subscriber on the same local exchange, connect a subscriber of the exchange to
another part of network
Provide services to the subscriber
Monitoring charging of calls and the use of services,
TOLL EXCHANGE:- A toll exchange (also called as a transit
exchange)connects a couple of local exchanges to the rest of the world. A Toll
exchange is also connected to other Toll exchanges. The advantage of using a toll
exchange is that only the toll exchanges have to be connected to each other
,instead of all the local exchanges. Less connections are needed when only the toll
exchanges are connected to each other. An exchange that has almost same
functionality as atoll exchange is a Tandem exchg. A tandem connects local
exchanges or different operators. The difference between a toll and a tandem is
that calls via a toll are charged and via a tandem the call is not charged.
Combined or Local/toll exchange
An exchange that has the functions of both a local and a toll exchange is
called a combined exchange or local/toll exchange.
1.3 International gateway switch
An international gateway exchange connects a national network to another
national network. It is the point at which international calls enter and leave the
national network. An international gateway exchange is designed to
accommodated the national switching, signaling, operations & Maintenance
requirements of the countries in which it is installed ,as well as international
requirements of the network providers to which it is connected.
A main task of an international gateway exchange is to convert the
signaling. The 5ESS switch international gateway exchange is capable of
supporting all major international signaling systems as recommended by ITU-T.
1.4 NON DIALING AND INDIALING PBX
Two types of Private Branch exchanges(PBX) are used by
companies.1.Non-dialling PBX 2..Indialing PBX
The non-dialling PBX can be reached by dialing its directory number.
The PBX in the 5ESS Switch hunts for free PBX member to route the call to.
Non-dialing PBX does not physically exist, but it is defined in the software in the
5ESS switch.

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 In dialing PBX:- An important difference between an in dialing PBX and a non-
dialing PBX is that an in dialing PBX physically exists. Every member has his
own directory number. Every directory number starts with the same digits which
identify the PBX. The last digits dialed identify the member who is connected to
the PBX.
1.5 ATTENDANT GROUP
An attendant group can only be connected to PSTN via a business group.
A business group is a group of subscribers that from the perspective of the
network provider is administered as a single entity. The subscribers of one
business group can be connected to more than one 5ESS switch. Each attendant
group can have up to ten attendant positions attached to it. A calling party reaches
the attendant group by dialing its directory number. The call is routed to an
attendant position according to hunting algorithm.
2.0 ISDN SERVICES
2.1 ADVANTAGES OF ISDN
Integrated Services Digital Network ISDN offers the following
enhancements over the PSTN services
- The ability to integrate speech and data services. With this ability, ISDN extends
the supplementary services to data subscribers.
- The ability to provide system response to service requests from the subscribers
in the form of a display on the subscribers ISDN terminal.
- The availability of a separate D-channel for signaling in the ISDN that makes
the control procedures more user-oriented.
- High speed reliable data transmission
The service is digital, this results in less noise and higher speech quality.
- The out-of band signaling allows support of additional supplementary services
such as User-to-User Signaling (UUS),Closed User Group, and number
identification Services.
- Additional out-of band call-associated information (such as high and low layer
compatibility, bearer capability and sub-addressing) can be supported.
The advantages and benefits of ISDN include
- Switched communications at higher rate,64kbps over existing 2-wire lines.
- Multiple channels for simultaneous transfer of voice and user information.
- Integrated signaling and transmission network.
- Integrated or standard customer premise equipment
- Compatibility of services across network boundaries

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- Inter working between national networks.

2.2 BRA &PRA
The B-channel is a circuit switched 64 kbps channel that carries a variety
of information streams, including speech, bulk data and packet data.
The D-channel carries signaling information and packet data at either 16
kpbs or 64 kbps. depending on the interface type.
The B-channel and D-channel are grouped together over two types of
access, the basic Rate Access(BRA)and the primary Rate Access(PRA)
BRA :-
The BRA is composed of TWO B-channels and one 16 kbps D-channel.
Thus maximum information rate for the BRA is 144 Kbps. The call control and
channel signaling for the two B-channels and the packet data is done over the D-
channel.
PRA :-
The PRA is mainly used to access the exchange from a Private Automatic
exchange or host computer at a rate of 2mbps.PRA operating at 2Mbps provides
30B channels and one64 kbps d-channel.
2.3 SWITCH ARCHITECTURE SUPPORTING BRA & PRA

TSI
AIU
NCT
D PSU
R
S
L
T
M
U DLTU

DLTU SMP

Digital
Trunks &
PRA

A Digital Line Trunk unit(DLTU) terminates 32-channel PRAs

Processing the D-channel requires a packet Switch Unit (PSU)

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2.4 D-CHANNEL SIGNALLING
The D-CHANNEL of DSL carries the signaling information for circuit
switched calls through a B-channel. If more than one exchange is involved in the
connection ,the signaling information between the exchanges is typically
transported through Common Channel Signaling (CCS) data links. On the
subscriber loops of the originating and terminating customer premises equipment
(CPE),the D-channel signaling protocol is used. Between two exchanges ,a trunk
signaling system such as the ITU-T signaling system No.7 is used.
3.0 BO3 CENTREX SERVICES
3.1 DIGITAL EXCHANGE BUSINESS GROUP

The 5ESS –2000 switch digital exchange business services (CENTREX)

application provides CENTREX functionality. CENTREX provides CENTRX
services for groups of business subscribers. This application can support business
groups from a few lines to many thousands of lines on a single switch or on
multiple switches. CENTREX requires the switch to support the local
applications.

All CENTREX lines are terminated in the exchange in the same manner as
regular subscriber lines. The switch treats all CENTREX lines associated with a
single business group as a single unit for the purpose of billing and
administration. As a result the CENTREX software enables a network provider to
offer virtual-PABX services from the central office. The CENTREX subscriber
can receive group oriented billing ,group specific measurements, group-
determined call and feature restrictions and group-wide dialing plan
3.2 CENTREX CONCEPTUAL MODEL
CENTREX Enhances both the simplest and the most advanced of
telecommunications networks. The network operator can assure customers that a
CENTREX solution will evolve to meet their future needs. One example of the
CENTREX architecture is that PSTN and ISDN subscribers can be members of
the same CENTREX BUSINESS GROUP & CENTREX private dialing plan. A
CONCEPTUAL MODEL of the concept is shown

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INDIVIDUAL
SUBSCRIBER
SERVICES

PSTN Centrex ISTN IN

The essence of CENTREX is the group subscriber services that

distinguish CENTREX subscribers from the public network business subscribers.
By creating communities of interest within a local exchange ,these group
subscribers allow the network provider to offer a public service that emulates the
communications environment of private communications system.
Individual subscriber services are available that include features that add
value to a business communications environment by increasing the number of
ways a subscriber can use a phone. For the network provider ,Individual
Subscriber Services increase network utilization and improve the
probability that a call will be answered. Typical services include Call
Forwarding ,call transfer, and call waiting.
CENTREX is a package of business services ;not specific network
topology. CENTREX services therefore require an underlying network
foundation ranging from basic analog PSTN to sophisticated Intelligent network.
4.0 IN SERVICES
4.1 USE OF IN WITHIN THE TELEPHONE NETWORK
By implementing Intelligent Network in or above the existing telephony
network, it is possible to add additional services to the network, These services
provide easy access for calling subscribers to service providers increase revenue
or provide extra services like Virtual Private Network(VPN) service.
The Main characteristic of the IN is the use of centrally controlled
databases providing call handling functions for IN services. The power of IN
concept stems from the flexibility due to its routing and call-handling capacities.
These capabilities are implemented primarily through logic contained within the
centralized data.
IN increases the network providers revenue benefit.

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 The revenue derived from the IN falls into three general categories,
-Additional traffic on the network
-Higher call completion rate
-New tariffed features.
4.2 IN NETWORK ELEMENTS
The IN defined by the ITU-T comprises a number of network elements.
The fig. Shows the functional structure of the IN Network elements

SCE SMS

SCP

STP
IP
SSP

TOLL XGE.

LOCAL XGE

SSP service Switching point is capable of recognizing incoming IN calls and after
‘querying’ the SCP what to do for the call, processing the received call handling
instructions.
IP Intelligent Peripheral serves SSP whenever an incoming call requires
interaction with the calling party.
STP Signaling Transfer Point passes CCS-7 related call messages between the
SSP and SCP.

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Orientation Course for SDEs 5ESS

SCP Service Control Point is the centralized database for the IN containing the
service call-processing logic or the service provider plan which contains
instructions on how to handle an IN call.
SMS Service Management System provides the network provider and the service
providers with the ability to modify or create customer call-handling data for the
SCP database.
SCE Service Creation Environment enables the network providers to rapidly
create new services in the SMS using a GUI or direct commands.
4.3 THE 5ESS SWITCH SSP
The 5ESS SWITCH has a flexible architecture that ensures smooth
integration of the SSP functionality into an existing or new IN network. The SSP
functionality can be added to an existing 5ESS switch serving as a local/toll
exchange with no hardware modifications; only extra software needs to be
provided.
The 5ESS switch serving as an SSP supports the IT-T CCS No.7 circuit
related signaling for setting up a trunk or circuit for a telephony connection
between two SSPs. It also supports ITU-T CCS No.7 with the ITU-T capability
Set 1 IN application protocol (INAP) for the non-circuit related signaling. This
type of signaling is used for the transfer of the signaling messages sent between
the SSP and SCP.
The application layer of the SSP-SCP interface supports the ITU-T INAP
recommendation Q.1218 (with TCAP),and Lucent Technological IN platform is
fully compliant with the ETSI Core INAP, a subset of ITU-T CS-1 Q.121X Series
recommendations.
If required the IP functionality can be integrated in the 5ESS switch
serving as an SSP by using the Service Announcement System(SAS) .
The 5ESS switch serving as an SSP has extensive traffic measurement and
reporting capabilities.
5.0 WIRELESS SERVICES
5.1 DIFFERENT SYSTEMS
The goal of wireless communication is to give the user access to global
telecommunication network services at any time, regardless of location or
mobility.
Cordless telephony and wireless access are generally recognized as wire-
line communication, whereas cellular systems are referred to as wireless
telephony.

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 Cellular system supported throughout the world are
AMPS-Advanced Mobile Phone System (Analog)
NMT450 Nordic Mobile Telephone –450Mhz (Analog)
NMT900 Nordic Mobile Telephone –900Mhz(Analog)
TACS Total Access Communications System (Analog)
D-AMPS TDMA Digital Advanced Mobile Phone System (digital)
D-AMPS CDMA Digital Advanced Mobile Phone System (digital)
GSM 900 Global System for Mobile Communications 900Mhz(Digital)
GSM 1800 GSM Global System or Mobile Communications1800Mhz(Digital)
JDC Japan Digital Cellular (Digital)
PHS Personnel Handy Phone System (Digital)
Currently two new standards are being developed ,to which the current cellular
communications systems are expected migrate
UMTS –Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (ETSI)
IMT-2000 International Mobile Telecommunications 2000(ITU-T)
5.2 Cellular systems supported by the 5ESS switch
The cellular systems supported by the 5ESS switch is used for switching
wireless calls and maintaining mobile subscriber data are
- GSM
- D-AMPS TDMA
- D-AMPS-CDMA
- JDC
- PHS
The following figure shows the GSM reference model that serves the basis
for the MSC implementation.

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Orientation Course for SDEs 5ESS

OMC Other
V MSCs
EIR
L VLRs
R

MSC
B
T
S BSC A HLR
U
C
M
S Other
MSCs OTHER
NETWORKS

Lucent Technologies GSM-2000 system

Network Sub System (NSS)
GSM Entity Lucent Technologies product name
MSC – 5ESS switch
VLR - (integrated)
HLR - (integrated)
AuC - (integrated)
EIR - (integrated)
S-HLR - 5ESS switch
Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
GSM Entity Lucent Technologies product name
TRAU TCE-2000
STF-2000
BSC BCE-2000
BCF-2000
BTS BTS-2000/12
BTS-2000/6id
BTS-2000/2C
Operation Subsystem (OSS)
GSM Entity Lucent Technologies product name
OMC OMC-2000
PMC-PMS

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 The 5ESS switch MSC has a functionally distributed architecture
providing modular growth, duplicated hardware for reliability and automatic
recovery through re-configurations. The GSM databases(HLR,AUC,EIR,VLR)
may be integrated within the 5ESS switch MSC, or may be external (eg. 5ESS
switch S-HLR configuration, without the VLR).
The STF-2000 (Speech Transcoding Frame) provides the TRAU
(Transcoding /Rate Adapter Unit) functionality. This includes speech
transcoding ,data rate adaptation and submultiplexing functions between MSC (A-
interface) and BCF-2000 (through the Lucent Technologies proprietary M-
interface, which functions as the
Ater interface. The TCE-2000 (Transcoding equipment) is the predecessor
of the STF-2000.
The BCF-2000 (Base Station Control Frame )provides the control part of
the BSS as well as the interfaces to the BTSs(via the
A bis interface ),STF-2000(via the M-interface) and OMC-2000.The BCE-2000 is
the predecessor of the BCF-2000.
The OMC-2000 provides functions needed to perform administration,
maintenance, status monitoring, configuration control, network updating etc. for
the BSS. Performance monitoring for both BSS and MSC is also provided.
The OMC-PMS(OMC-Performance Management System) is used to
analyze performance measurements data. Its main application areas are Network
Operations, Engineering and traffic Management.
5.3 5ESS SWITCH MSC HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE
If the 5ESS switch is used as a GSM MSC ,not mixed with other
applications ,the following hardware is required.
- Administrative Module(AM)
- Communication Module(CM2)
- Switching Module (SM) and Switching Module SM-2000
- (optionally) Remote Switching Module (RSM)
The following figure shows the hardware configurations of a 5ESS MSC.

AM
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Orientation Course for SDEs 5ESS

CM

WS WSM WGSM SM SM GSM

M

PLMN
PSTN

The following SM Types are used in the MSC

- Wireless SM (WSM) provides the Base Station system (BSS) voice and
signaling link terminations and storage of Home Location Register(HLR) ,Visitor
Location Register (VLR),Equipment Identity Register (EIR) and AuC. Nailed up
connections between the WSM and the WGSM through the CM are provided to
terminate the signaling links at the WGSM .The WSM also supports voice trunks
to the PSTN.
- Global SM (GSM) provides the terminations for the ITU-T signaling
system No.7 connections from the PSTN.
- Wireless Global SM (WGSM) provides the signaling terminations for the
A-interface from the BSSs.
- Switching Module (SM) provides voice trunk connections to the PSTN.
The ITU-T Signaling System No.7 connections can be terminated on these SMs
.In such cases ,these signaling connections need to be nailed-up through the CM
and terminated at the PSTN GSM.

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