CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

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1.INTRODUCTION:

The vapour absorption refrigeration system is one of the oldest methods of producing
refrigerating effect. The principle of vapour absorption was first discovered by Michael Faraday
in 1824 while performing a set of experiments to liquefy certain gases. The first machine was
based on Vapour Absorption Refrigeration machine was developed by a French scientist,
Ferdinand Carry, in 1860. This system may be used in both the domestic and large industrial
refrigerating plants. The refrigerant commonly used in vapour absorption system is
Ammonia.This system uses Heat energy instead of mechanical energy as in vapour compression
system, in order to change the condition of refrigerant required for the operation of the
refrigeration cycle.

This idea of refrigeration system is being utilized in our project for the purpose of air
conditioning. Like other air conditioner systems, the automobile air conditioner must provide
adequate comfort cooling to the passenger in the conditioned space under a wide variety of
ambient conditions. In automobile air conditioning load factors are constantly and rapidly
changing as the automobile moves over highways at different speeds and through different kind
of surroundings. As the car moves faster there is greater amount of infiltration into the car and
the heat transfer between the outdoor air and the car surface is increased. The sun baking down
on a black top road will raise its temperature to 35 –45 degree celsius approximately and thus
increases the amount of heat transmitted into car. When driving through a grassy terrain, much
less radiant heat is experienced than when passing through sandy flats or rocky hills. Therefore,
the car is subjected to varying amounts of heat load when its orientation changes during the
journey. An automobile engine utilizes only about 35% of available energy and rests are lost in
the form of heat and mechanical losses to cooling and exhaust system. If one is adding
conventional air conditioning system to automobile, it further utilizes about 4-5% of the total
energy. Therefore automobile becomes costlier, uneconomical and less efficient. The
conventional air conditioning system in car decreases the life of engine and increases the fuel
consumption, further for small cars compressor needs 3 to 4 bhp i.e. a significant ratio of the
power output. Keeping these problems in mind, a car air conditioning system is proposed which
is using exhaust heat. The advantages of this system over conventional air-conditioning system
are that it does not affect designed efficiency life and fuel consumption of engine.

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 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

3
2.LITERATURE REVIEW

Alizadeh et al [1] The objective of this paper is carried out theoretical study on design and
optimization of water – lithium bromide refrigeration cycle. They concluded that for a given
refrigerating capacity higher generator temperature causes high cooling ratio with smaller heat
exchange surface and low cost. There is a limiting factor for water lithium bromide cycles
because of the problem of crystallization

S.Lakshmi Sowjanya [2] The objective of this paper is An absorption refrigerator is a

refrigerator that uses a heat source (e.g., solar, kerosene-fueled flame, waste heat from factories
or district heating systems) to provide the energy needed to drive the cooling system. In this
thesis, energy from the exhaust gas of an internal combustion engine is used to power an
absorption refrigeration system to air-condition an ordinary passenger car. All the required parts
for the absorption refrigeration system is designed and modeled in 3D modeling software
Pro/Engineer. Thermal analysis is done on the main parts of the refrigeration system to
determine the thermal behavior of the system. Modeling is done in Pro/Engineer and analysis is
done in Ansys

Ercan and Gogus [3] The objective of this paper is showed the irreversibility’s in components of
aqua-ammonia absorption refrigeration system by second law analysis. They calculated the
dimensionless exergy loss of each component, exergetic coefficient of performance, coefficient
of performance and circulation ratio for different generator, absorber evaporator and condenser
temperature. They concluded that aqua-ammonia system needs a rectifier for high ammonia
concentrations but it will lead to additional exergy loss in the system. They observed the highest
exergy loss in evaporator followed by absorber. I was also concluded that the dimensional less
total exergy loss depends on generator temperature.

Anand and Kumar [4] The objective of this paper is carried out availability analysis and
calculation of irreversibility in system components of single and double effect series flow water
lithium bromide absorption systems. The assumed parameters for computation of results were
condenser and absorber temperature equal to 87.8oC and 140.6oC for single effect and double
effect systems respectively

Khaled AlQdah, Sameh Alsaqoor, Assem Al-Jarrah [5] The objective of this paper is analysis
and design of an automobile air conditioner was made by utilizing the available diesel engine
exhaust waste energy to provide the required heat for the generator. Because automotive air
conditioning is one of the most equipment that heavily uses CFC compounds, and the leakage of
CFCs from such air conditioners affect the environment, the absorption cycle was found to be an
ideal option. Cooling load for the automobile has been estimated and found to be within
acceptable ranges which are about 1.37 TR. The reported results show that the COP values
directly proportional with increasing generator and evaporator temperatures. Measured COP
values of the proposed model varied between 0.85 and 1.04. The generator was designed and
fabricated for optimal performance and could be rapidly transfer to the industrial applications,
The system was found to be applicable and ready to produce the required conditioning effect
without any additional load to the engine The proposed system decreases vehicle operating costs

4
and environmental pollution caused by the heating system as well as causing a lower global
warming. Simple experiments were carried out to examine the performance of the generator heat
shown the benefit of exhaust gases as an alternative heating source.

Isaac Mathew Pavoodath [6] The objective of this paper is about todays automobiles use the
technology of vapour compression system to run the air conditioning system that is required to
cool the passenger and keep them in an optimal temperature range . But however the rising fuel
cost and the load supported on the combustion engines limit prove to be disadvantages .It as well
as takes the riding pleasure off the low capacity engine vehicles. Contrary to this system, the
attempt to have a vapour absorption system on lithium bromide may prove to be an advantageous
alternative. It will not require a power input from the car’s engine as well .Instead the exhaust
gas heat may be used to run the system. The high degree of heat contained in the exhaust is
ample enough to run a decent capacity absorption system and maintain optimal temperature
conditions in the vehicle.

S.S.Mathapati, Mudit Gupta, Sagar Dalimkar [7] The objective of this paper is energy from an
exhaust of an internal combustion engine is used to power an absorption refrigeration systemto
aircondition an ordinary passenger vehicle. Feasibility study has been done to find out the energy
available from exhaust gas of a vehicle. Cooling load for the automobile has been estimated. In
this paper theoretical evaluation ofLiBr-Water based absorption refrigeration system is
presented. Mathematical modeling of system using EES software is done, Alsoeffects on COP of
system with change in different parameters has been studied.

Itard and Machielsen [8] The objective of this paper is surveyed the problems encountered when
modeling compression/resorption heat pumps. Their design showed that LMTD method cannot
be used for modeling of heat exchanger and for COP calculations when working with large
temperature glides. They concluded that a mixture can be more advantageous than a pure
refrigerant. They concluded that for certain external conditions, an optimum overall
concentration exists which is the determining factor for the COP of the system.

Nikolaidis and Probert [9] The objective of this paper is used exergy analysis to investigate the
behaviour of two stage compound compression cycle with flash intercooling using R-22 as
refrigerant by varying the condenser saturation temperature and evaporator saturation
temperature from 298 to 308 K and 238 to 228 K respectively. They determined the effect of
temperature change in condenser and evaporator on plants irreversibility rate. They concluded
that the changes in the temperatures of condenser and evaporator significantly effect the plants
overall irreversibility and therefore the system needs optimization.

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 CHAPTER 3

PROBLEM DEFINITION

6
3.PROBLEM DEFINITION:

The use of air conditioner for transport purpose may be a luxury in India but it is
commonly used in foreign countries. In comparison to domestic air-conditioning a very large
amount of air-conditioning capacity is required for a car. This is due to metal construction of the
car, the flow of air around moving car and relatively large glass area in the
passenger compartment. Typically, a car A/C system capacity may be between 1 to 4 tons. The
system works on Vapour Compression Refrigeration System (VCRS) and the compressor
consumes large amount of engine brake power (1 to 10 h.p.) as it is directly driven by the engine.
This affects the fuel economy severely. A loss in economy level of the order of 1 to 1.5 km/litre
can occur due to the use of A/C. Maximum power is required when the car is running at
maximum speed under high ambient temperature conditions. Apart far from this VCRS has got
certain drawback, which limits its extensive use among common car owner.

DRAWBACKS:

1. High initial cost.

2. High operating cost, since fuel economy is affected, high maintenance cost, costly refrigerant.

3. CFC’s (Chlorofluorocarbon) if leaks out of the system causes great damage to the ozone layer.

4. If the car’s reserve power is less, it can affect its acceleration.

5. Overloading and overheating of the engine takes place.

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 CHAPTER 4

METHODOLOGY

8
4.METHODOLOGY:

Measurement of Exhaust Gas Parameters

Calculation of Heat required from cycle for Analysis

Design of VAR Model

9
4.1 MEASUREMENT OF EXHAUST GAS PRAMETERS

4.1.1 Selection of Engine:

Specifications:

Make : Kirloskar, TV1

Rated Brake Power: 5.2 kW HP
Rated Speed : 1500 rpm
Cylinder Bore dia : 87.5mm
Stroke : 110mm
Compression Ratio : 17.5:1

4.1.2 Experiment:

1. The engine was run on various loads by keeping the speed constant.
2. Exhaust gas temperatures were noted using thermocouples.
3. Exhaust gas velocities were noted using Annometer.

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4.1.3 Observations:

Table 4. 1

Load Exhaust Gas temperature Velocity Mass flow rate

(kg) (degree celsius) (m/s) (cu. m/s)

2 219 20.5 0.022

5 250 22.9 0.0246

10 287 25.4 0.0273

4.1.4 Calculations:

Heat available from engine exhaust

• Calculated as follows:

• FP = mf * Cv

= 0.02204 * 44800

= 987.473 kW

Where , mf=fuel mass flow rate

Cv=calorific value of the fuel 44800 kj/kg

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• Taking 12 liter per hour fuel consumption for a 150 BHP engine. The available heat rejected by
the cooling system can be expressed

Qrej = 0.3 * mf * Cv

= 296.242 kW

The waste heat from the exhaust which can be transferred to the water and the heat gain by water
can be estimated from the following:

Where, Qg= generator heat (kW)

m=water mass flow rate
Cp=specific heat at constant pressure

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 CHAPTER 5

DESIGN MODEL

13
5.DESIGN MODEL:

Fig 5. 1

This refrigeration system consists of a condenser, an expansion valve and an evaporator similar
to a Vapour Compression Refrigeration System. But the compressor of the Vapour Compression
Refrigeration System is replaced by a generator, an absorber and a small pump. A Vapour
Absorption Refrigeration System utilizes two or more than two fluids which has high affinity
towards each other, in which one is the refrigerant and the other is the absorbent. The process of
working of this refrigeration system is that a mixture of refrigerant and an absorber (i,e. strong
solution) is pumped from the absorber using a small pump to the generator. The generator is the
main unit of the whole refrigeration system. This is the place where heat is supplied to the strong
solution. Due to the supplied heat to the mixture in the generator the refrigerant is separated from

14
the strong solution and forms vapour. The remaining weak solution flows back through a
restrictor in to the absorber. The refrigerant is then allowed to pass through a condenser where
the heat of the vapour is extracted and the refrigerant temperature is brought to the room
temperature. This cooled refrigerant is then passed through an expansion device where during
expansion the temperature of the refrigerant falls below the atmospheric temperature. This cold
refrigerant is then passed through an evaporator from where the refrigerant absorbs heat and
produces refrigerating effect. The refrigerant coming from the evaporator is hot and it is passed
to the absorber. The weak solution coming from the generator mixes with the refrigerant coming
from the evaporator in the absorber due to high affinity towards each other for the two fluids,
hence forming a strong solution. The formed strong solution is again pumped into the generator
and the cycle repeats itself.

Fig 5.2

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 CHAPTER 6

WORK TO BE DONE

16
6.WORK TO BE DONE

 Calculations of dimensions of the VAR system components based on respective inlet and
outlet temperatures.
 Creation of a 3D model of the system using Creo Parametric as per the calculated
dimensions.
 Simulation of the designed model using Ansys 15/16.
 Fabrication of the proposed model.

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REFERENCES:

[1] Alizadeh, S., Bahar, F., Geoola, F., Design and optimization of an absorption
refrigeration system operated by solar energy, Solar Energy, Vol. 22, (1997), pp. 149-154
[2] S.Lakshmi Sowjanya , Thermal Analysis of a Car Air Conditioning System Based On an
Absorption Refrigeration Cycle Using Energy from Exhaust Gas of an Internal
Combustion Engine. Advanced Engineering and Applied Sciences: An International
Journal Universal Research Publications.
[3] Ercan Ataer. O, Gogus, Yalcin., Comparative study of irreversibilities in an aqua-
ammonia absorption refrigeration system, International Journal of Refrigeration, Vol.14,
(1991), pp. 86-92
[4] Anand, D.K., Kumar, B., Absorption machine irreversibility using new entropy
calculations, Solar Energy, Vol.39, (1987), pp. 243-256
[5] Khaled AlQdah a,*, Sameh Alsaqoor a, Assem Al-Jarrah b Int. J. of Thermal &
Environmental Engineering Volume 3, No. 2 (2011) 87-93 * Corresponding
authorInternational Association for Sharing Knowledge and Sustainability
DOI:10.5383/ijtee.03.02.005 87
[6] Isaac Mathew Pavoodath, Design and Fabrication of Auto Air Conditioner Generator
Utilizing Exhaust Waste Energy from a Diesel Engine Absorption AC in Vehicles Using
Exhaust Gas. International Conference on Automation, Control and Robotics
(ICACR'2012) December 21-22, 2012 Bangkok (Thailand), ISSN 2091-2730
[7] S.S.Mathapati1, Mudit Gupta2, Sagar Dalimkar, A Study on Automobile Air-
Conditioning Based on Absorption Refrigeration System Using Exhaust Heat of a
Vehicle International Journal of Engineering Research and General Science Volume 2,
Issue 4, June-July, 2014
[8] Itard, L.C.M. and Machielsen, C.H.M., Considerations when modeling
compression/resorption heat pumps, International Journal of Refrigeration, Vol. 17(7),
(1994), pp. 453-460
[9] Nikolaidis, C. and Probert, D., Exergy method analysis of a two stage vapour
compression refrigeration plants performance, Applied Energy, Vol. 60, (1998),pp.
241-256

[10] www.howautoworks.com
[11] www.sciencedirect.com

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