9 Earthwork and Mass Haul Diagram PDF
9 Earthwork and Mass Haul Diagram PDF
9 Earthwork and Mass Haul Diagram PDF
Earthwork
Earthwork
Activities involve:
1. Excavating
2. Loading
3. Hauling
4. Placing
5. Compacting
6. Grading
7. Finishing
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Earthwork
y Earthworks of highways.
y Earthwork activities.
y Earthwork quantities and calculations.
y Area of cross sections.
y Determination of volume of earthworks by appropriate
methods.
y The mass‐haul diagram.
The mass haul diagram
y Determination of the planned movement of materials.
y Calculation of the mean haul distance and the corresponding
cost.
Earthwork
y Highways involve considerable amount of earthwork.
g y
y Earthwork is simply the quantity of material to be moved
or put in place to convert the natural condition and
configuration within the ROW of the road to the section
and grades described in the plans.
y Classification of earthwork operations
y Clearing and grubbing
y Excavation
y Roadway and drainage excavation
y Excavation for structures
y Borrow excavation
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Earthwork
y Clearing and grubbing
y The first operation to be undertaken in road projects.
y Definition: the removal of trees, stumps, roots, down
timber, rotten wood, rubbish and other objectionable
materials form an area marked on the plans.
y Clearing refers to the removal of materials above existing
ground surface and
ground surface, and
y Grubbing means the removal of roots, stumps and similar
objects to a nominal depth below the surface.
y Clearing and grubbing constitute a single contact item
that includes the removal of topsoil to a shallow depth.
Earthwork
y Excavation: the process of loosening and removing earth or
rock from its original position in a cut and transporting it
k f i i i l i i i d i i
to a fill section or to a waste deposit.
y Roadway and Drainage Excavation.
y the excavation and grading of the roadway and ditches, including the
removal and disposal of all excavated material and all work needed
for the construction and completion of the cuts, embankments,
slopes, ditches, approaches, intersections and similar portions of the
work.
y Excavation for structures.
y the excavation of material in order to permit the construction of pipe
culverts, concrete box culverts, foundations for bridges, retaining
walls, and practically all other structures that may be required in a
particular job.
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Earthwork
y Excavation: the process of loosening and removing earth or
p g g
rock from its original position in a cut and transporting it
to a fill or to a waste deposit.
y Borrow excavation.
y when sufficient material for the formation of embankments and
other elements of the roadway structure is not available from
excavation performed with in the limits of the right‐of‐way,
additional suitable material is generally taken from borrow pits.
y .
Earthwork
y Classification of Excavation
y Rock excavation
y material that cannot be excavated without blasting or the use of
rippers and all boulders or other detached stones.
y Common excavation
y excavation and disposal of all materials of whatever character
encountered in the work, which are not classified as rock, borrow.
y Borrow excavation
y excavation of approved material required for construction of
pp q
embankments.
y Unsuitable excavation
y the removal and disposal of deposits of saturated or unsaturated
mixtures of soil and organic matter not suitable for embankment
material.
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Earthwork
Haul and Overhaul
y Free Haul: when material is excavated it will be moved over a certain
distance free of charge. NB: Only the excavation cost is paid, not the
di t f f h NB O l th ti t i id t th
transportation cost of the material.
y Free Haul Distance (FHD): Distance over which excavated material is
moved free of charge (usually 300 – 500 m, but ranges 150 – 900 m).
y Overhaul: is defined as the distance over which the excavated material
must be hauled less the free haul distance. NB: there is extra payment
for transporting material in addition to excavation cost.
y Overhaul distance (OHD): Distance over which excavated material is
transported beyond the free‐hall distance.
OHD = HD ‐ FHD
y Economic Overhaul (EOH): Economic overhaul is a distance beyond
which it is not economic to overhaul.
y Limit of Economic Overhaul (LEH) ‐ is the distance beyond which it is
uneconomic to overhaul plus the free haul distance.
LEH = EOH + FHD
Earthwork
y Haul and Overhaul
y Haul – is equal to the sum of the products of each volume of material and the
distance through which it is moved.
y Waste – is the volume of material, which must be exported from a section of the
road due to a surplus or unsuitability.
y Borrow – is that volume of material, which must be imported in to section of
the road due to a deficiency of (suitable) material.
Cost of 1 m 3 of excavated material from cut & move to fill = Cexc + Coh ⋅ Le
Cost of 1 m 3 of excavated material, waste, borrow & place to fill = Cexc + Cbor
Maximum economical length of over - hauling :
Cexc + Coh ⋅ Le = Cexc + Cbor [ NB : Le = EOH ]
y .
Cbor
EOH ≤ ⇒ Total economic haul distance, LEH = FHD + EOH
Coh
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Earthwork
Estimation of FILL (Embankment)
Earthwork Quantities
The estimation of the quantity
of material which must be
excavated (cut), and the
quantity of material required to CUT (Excavation)
raise the elevation of the
existing ground (fill), is very
useful in the development of a
cost estimate for road projects.
CUT and FILL
Earthwork
Estimation of FILL (Embankment)
Earthwork Quantities
The estimation of the quantity
of material which must be
excavated (cut), and the
quantity of material required to CUT (Excavation)
raise the elevation of the
existing ground (fill), is very
useful in the development of a
cost estimate for road projects.
CUT and FILL
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Earthwork
Estimation of Earthwork Quantities
y Soil Volume Changes
y Excavated in‐situ material used in embankments or fills may swell
or shrink. It is important to determine the properties of a material
in order to evaluate how these properties will affect the earthwork
volume estimates.
Swell / bulking
Shrinkage
Natural or Compacted state
Disturbed state
In‐situ state
Earthwork
Estimation of Earthwork Quantities
y Soil Volume Changes
• Material volume increases during excavation
• Decreases during compaction
• Varies with
• Soil type Swell:
• Excavated rock 5 – 25%
• Fill depth
• high fill: 10 –
hi h fill 15 %
% A3
Shrinkage:
• shallow fill: 20 – 25 %
• Light soilA2
A1 • Ordinary soil 10 – 20%
• Swampy soil 20 – 40%
• Heavy soil upto 10%
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Earthwork
Soil Volume Changes
⎛ Bank density ⎞
S ll (%) = ⎜⎜
Swell − 1⎟⎟ × 100
⎝ Loose density ⎠
⎛ Bank density ⎞
Shrinkage (%) = ⎜⎜1 − ⎟ ×100
⎝ Compacted density ⎟⎠
Loose density 1
Load Factor = =
Bank density 1 + swell
Bank density
Shrinkage (Compaction) Factor = = 1 − Shrinkage
Compacted density
Bank Volume = Loose Volume × Load Factor
Compacted Volume = Bank Volume × Shrinkage Factor
Earthwork
Estimation of Earthwork Quantities
y Estimation of the area of cross‐section as a cut and fill.
y The distance between these areas, l (or L)
y Volume of earthwork
y Cut volume and
y Fill volume.
y Area of cross section A3
y Coordinate method
A2
y Trapezoidal rule A1
y Simpson’s rule
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Earthwork
y Calculation of cross
Calculation of cross‐sectional areas
sectional areas
y Coordinate method:
y With the coordinates of all the corners of a cross‐section
known, the area may be computed by means of the coordinate
method.
y The point of intersection of the center of formation with the
centerline of the road (c) is used as the origin.
y The cut above the formation are written as plus (+) and those
below as minus (‐).
y The distances to the right are written as plus (+) and those to
the left as minus (‐).
Earthwork
y Calculation of cross
Calculation of cross‐sectional areas
sectional areas
y Coordinate method:
Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y1
X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X1
y The products along the marked diagonals are all positive and
the product along the unmarked diagonals are all negative
the product along the unmarked diagonals are all negative.
y The difference gives double area of the section.
y Area, A
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Earthwork
y Calculation of cross
Calculation of cross‐sectional areas
sectional areas
y Trapezoidal rule:
y assumes that if the uniform interval (b) between the offsets is
small, the boundary can be approximated to a straight line
between the offsets.
A1 = 1 2 (h1 + h2 ) ⋅ b
h1 h2 …… hn
A2 = 1 2 (h2 + h3 ) ⋅ b
A = b 2 [h1 + hn + 2(h2 + h3 + L + hn −1 )] b
Earthwork
y Calculation of cross
Calculation of cross‐sectional areas
sectional areas
y Simpson’s rule:
y assumes that instead of being made up of a series of straight
lines the boundary consists of a series of parabolic arcs.
A1 + A2 = b 3 (h1 + 4h2 + h3 )
h1 h2 …… hn
A2 + A4 = b 3 (h3 + 4h4 + h5 )
b
A = b 3 [h1 + hn + 2(h3 + h5 + L + hn − 2 ) + 4(h2 + h4 + L + hn −1 )]
… and n is an odd number
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Earthwork
y Computation of Volumes
y Average end‐area method
y based on the volume of a right prism whose volume is equal to
the average end area multiplied by the length.
y Prismoidal method
y a prismoid is a solid whose ends are parallel and whose sides are
plane surfaces.
A2
A2
A1
.
Computing Volumes
A2
A
Average d areas method
end th d
A1
V = ½ (A1 + A2)L
L
V =L 2 [A1 + An + 2( A2 + A3 + L + An −1 )]
Where
• A1, A2: end cross-section
cross section areas
• L: distance between cross-sections
Example
A0 = 39.2 m2 A1 = 36.5 m2 L = 20 m
V = ½ (39.2 m2 + 36.5 m2)(20 m) = 757 m3
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Computing Volumes
Pi id l method
Prismoidal th d A2
M
V = L/6 (A1 + 4M + A2) A1
V = 2 L 6 [ A1 + An + 2( A3 + A5 + L + An − 2 ) + ( A2 + A4 + L + An −1 )]
… and n is an odd number Where
• A1, A2: cross-section areas
• M: area of middle section
• L: distance between cross-
sections
Earthwork
y Tabulation of earthwork quantities
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Earthwork
y Mass‐Haul Diagrams
y A Mass Haul Diagram is a continuous curve representing the
cumulative volume of earthwork along the linear profile of a
roadway or airfield
y Mass diagrams are extremely useful in determining the most
economical distribution of material
y Horizontal stationing is plotted along the x‐axis
y Net earthwork values are plotted along the y‐axis
p g y
y cumulative earthwork from the origin to that Point
y upward sloping curves (rising left to right) indicate a cut
y downward sloping curves (falling left to right) occur in a fill section
y peaks indicate a change from cut to fill and
y valleys occur when the earthwork changes from fill to cut
Earthwork
y Mass‐Haul Diagrams
g
y Any horizontal line which joins points on the curve
where balance is achieved is called a balance line. The
FHD and/or the limit of economic overhaul are
established and plotted on the mass haul diagram.
y A vertical break between any two balance lines indicates
an area where balance does not occur. At these breaks a
shortfall (borrow ) or excess (waste ) material exists.
y A positive value at the end of the curve indicates that a
waste operation will be the net result
y A negative value at the end of the curve indicates that
borrow is required to complete the fill
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Profile
Elevation
Mass
diagram
Volume
Profile
Grade line
Elevation
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Earthwork
y Calculation of Mass‐haul diagrams manually
y Compute the net earthwork values for each station, applying the
appropriate shrink factor
y Net cuts have a positive value, net fills have a negative value
y The value (earthwork quantity) at the first station (origin) = 0
y Plot the value of each succeeding station which equals the
cumulative value to that point
y Identify the resulting balanced sections, which are bounded by
points that intersect the x‐axis
y The scale length of a horizontal line connecting the centre of gravity
h l l h f h ll h f
of the cut and fill sections is the average length of haul within that
balanced section
y Determine earthwork volumes within each balanced section
y Determine whether there is an overall balance, waste or if borrow is
required
Mass‐Haul Diagram
Between Stations 0 +
00 and 0 + 132, cut and
fill equal each other,
distance is less than
d l h
FHD of 200 m
Note:
Figure NOT to scale!
Source: Wright, 1996
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Mass‐Haul Diagram
Between Stations 0 + 132
and 0 + 907, cut and fill
equal each other, but
distance is greater than
either FHD of 200 m or
LPH of 725 m
Distance =
[0 + 907] – [0 + 132] = 775
m
Source: Wright, 1996
Mass‐Haul Diagram
Between Stations 0 + 179
and 0 + 379, cut and fill
equal each other,
distance = FHD of 200 m
di t FHD f
Treated as freehaul
Source: Wright, 1996
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Mass‐Haul Diagram
Between Stations
0 + 142 and 0 + 867,
cut and fill equal
each other,
distance =
LPH of 725 m
Source: Wright, 1996
Mass‐Haul Diagram
Material between Stations 0 + 132 and 0 + 142 becomes waste and
material between stations 0 + 867 and 0 +907 becomes borrow
Source: Wright, 1996
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Mass‐Haul Diagram
Between Stations 0 + 970 and 1 + 170, cut and fill equal each
other, distance = FHD of 200 m
Source: Wright, 1996
Mass‐Haul Diagram
Between Stations 0 + 960 and 1 + 250, cut and fill equal
each other, distance is less than LPH of 725 m
Source: Wright, 1996
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Mass‐Haul Diagram
Project ends at Station 1 + 250, an additional 1200 m3 of
borrow is required
Source: Wright, 1996
Earthwork
y Use of Mass‐Haul Diagramg
y If mass haul is drawn for each trial grade line it can be used
for selecting the most economical gradient which balance the
cut and fill.
y Once the formation level is designed, it can be used to
indicate the most economical method of moving the earth
around the project and a good estimate of the overall cost of
the earth moving can be calculated.
h h i b l l d
y The required volumes of material are known before
construction begins enabling suitable plant and machinery to
be chosen and sites for spoil heaps and borrows pits to be
located and direction of haul to be established.
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Earthwork
y Example:
y The tabulated data given below is
Th t b l t d d t i b l i
the volume of cut and fill for a
given road bed preparation.
y Costs:
Excavation Ce = 3.00 Birr /m3
Borrow Cb = 4.00 Birr /m3
Overhaul
Coh = 1.35 Birr /m3 – station
[
[1‐station = 100 m] ]
y FHD = 300 m
y a) Draw the mass curve and
the profile
y b) Find out the total estimate of
cost of the project
Earthwork 4.0
3.0
2.0
me (x103)
1.0
y Profile
Volum
00
0.0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
‐1.0
‐2.0
‐3.0
Station
5.0
4.0
103)
y Mass‐Haul 3.0
Cumm. Volume (x1
2.0
diagram 1.0
0.0
‐1.0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
‐2.0
‐3.0
‐4.0
Station
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4.0
3.0 280.2 m 186.4 m Mass‐Haul Diagram
2.0
Volume (x103)
Borrow
1.0
0.0
10 0
‐1.0 200
00 400
00 600 800 1000
000 1200
00 1400
00 1600
600 1800
800
V
‐2.0
‐3.0
5.0
4.0
me (x103)
3.0 FHD
Waste
2.0
LEH
Cumm. Volum
10
1.0
FHD
0.0
‐1.0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
‐2.0 Borrow
Waste
‐3.0
‐4.0
Station
Alternative 1
Cbor 4.0 birr/m 3
Le = EOH = = = 3 stations = 300 m
Coh 1.35 birr/m 3 - sta
LEH = EOH + FHD = 300 m + 300 m = 600 m
1st loop :
Free haul distance, FHD = 300 m [line AB]
Limit of ecoomic haul, LEH = 600 m [line CD]
Average economic hauling distance, AEHD = 4.7 stations = 470 m
Average over - haul distance, AOHD = 470 - 300 = 170 m (1.7 stations)
2 nd loop :
Free haul distance, FHD = 300 m [line EF]
Limit of ecoomic haul, LEH = 380 m [line GH]
Average economic hauling distance, AEHD = 3.4 stations = 340 m
Average over - haul distance, AOHD = 340 - 300 = 40 m (0.4 station)
3rd loop : - No over hauling because the whole loop is with in free haul (< 3 station)
- The balance line is less than the free haul distance.
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4.5
400, 4.2
Mass‐Haul Diagram
4.0 300, 4.0
550 m
1.5
1.0
10
1.0 C D
LEH = 600 m
0.5
Waste Borrow
0.0 0, 0.0 700, 0.0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Station
3.0
Mass‐Haul Diagram
2.0 600, 2.0 1200, 2.0
500 m
G' H'
1.0
D
Cumm. Volume (x103)
AEHD = 340 m 1000, ‐1.4
800, ‐1.8
‐2.0
‐3.0
900, ‐3.4
‐4.0
Station
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Earthwork
Cost summary
y Excavation cost
= (4.15 + 3.4 + 2.0 + 4.0)× 103 m 3 × 3.00 Birr/m3
= 40,650 Birr
y Borrow cost Total Cost
= 1.0 × 103 m 3 × 4.00 Birr/m3 = 40,650 + 4,000 + 5,765
= 50, 415 Birr
= 4,000 Birr
y Overhaul cost
= [1.7(3.3 − 1.0) + 0.5(0.9 − 0 )]× 103 m 3 − Sta × 1.35 Birr/m3 − Sta
= 5,765 Birr
Alternative 2
1st loop :
Free haul distance, FHD = 300 m [line AB]
Limit of ecoomic haul, LEH = 600 m [line CD]
Average economic hauling distance, AEHD = 4.7 stations = 470 m
Average over - haul distance, AOHD = 470 - 300 = 170 m (1.7 stations)
2 nd loop :
Free haul distance, FHD = 300 m [line EF]
Limit of ecoomic haul, LEH = 500 m [line G' H' ]
A
Average economic i hauling
h li distance,
di t AEHD = 4.04 0 stations
t ti = 400 m
Average over - haul distance, AOHD = 400 - 300 = 100 m (1.0 station)
3rd loop : - No over hauling because the whole loop is with in free haul (< 3 station)
- The balance line is less than the free haul distance.
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4.0
3.0 280.2 m 186.4 m Mass‐Haul Diagram
2.0
Volume (x103)
No Borrow
1.0
0.0
10 0
‐1.0 200
00 400
00 600 800 1000
000 1200
00 1400
00 1600
600 1800
800
V
‐2.0
‐3.0
5.0
4.0
me (x103)
3.0 FHD
Waste
2.0
LEH LEH
W
Cumm. Volum
10
1.0
FHD
0.0
‐1.0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
‐2.0 Borrow
Waste
‐3.0
‐4.0
Station
Earthwork
Cost summary (Alternative 2)
y Excavation cost
= (4.15 + 3.4 + 2.0 + 4.0)× 103 m 3 × 3.00 Birr/m3
= 40,650 Birr
y Borrow cost Total Cost
= 40,650 + 0 + 7,844
=0 (No Borrow ) = 48,494 Birr
y Overhaul cost
= [1.7(3.3 − 1.0) + 1.0(1.0 − (−0.9) )]×103 m 3 − Sta ×1.35 Birr/m3 − Sta
= 7,844 Birr
25