DTMF BASED LOAD CONTROL SYSTEM

ABSTRACT

The project aims at controlling various loads spread over a large area

remotely by using DTMF concept. The DTMF command tone thus received from

the phone causes electrical load switching. The project is useful for managing

industrial, domestic or agricultural loads that extend over a large area.

The project requires a DTMF decoder interfaced to audio output socket of

the cell phone. Whenever a button on the keypad is pressed the frequency thus

generated from it is received by the decoder and it converts the frequency into its

equivalent digital code. A microcontroller of PIC family is used which is interfaced

to relays through relay driver IC. The digital code is then provided to

microcontroller that identifies the phone commands and initiates the relays to

actuate the respective loads by turning them on and off.

CHAPTER-1
1. INTRODUCTION

The project aims at controlling various loads spread over a large area

remotely by using DTMF concept. The DTMF command tone thus received from

the phone causes electrical load switching. The project is useful for managing

industrial, domestic or agricultural loads that extend over a large area.

The project requires a DTMF decoder interfaced to audio output socket of the cell

phone. Whenever a button on the keypad is pressed the frequency thus generated

from it is received by the decoder and it converts the frequency into its equivalent

digital code. A microcontroller of 8051 family is used which is interfaced to relays

through relay driver IC. The digital code is then provided to microcontroller that

identifies the phone commands and initiates the relays to actuate the respective

loads by turning them on and off.

CHAPTER-2
2. BLOCK DIAGRAM
2.1CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
CHAPTER-3
3. MICROCONTROLLER PIC 16A 877A
The microcontroller is the heart of the embedded system. It constantly

monitors the digitized parameters of the various sensors and verifies them with the

predefined threshold values. It checks if any corrective action is to be taken for the

condition at that instant of time. In case such a situation arises, it activates the

actuators to perform a controlled operation

3.1 PIN DIAGRAM

3.2 POWER SUPPLY:

A power supply is an electrical device that supplies electric power to an

electrical load. The primary function of a power supply is to convert electric

current from a source to the correct voltage, current, and frequency to power the

load. As a result, power supplies are sometimes referred to as electric power

converters. Some power supplies are separate standalone pieces of equipment,

while others are built into the load appliances that they power. Examples of the

latter include power supplies found in desktop computers and consumer electronics

devices. Other functions that power supplies may perform include limiting the

current drawn by the load to safe levels, shutting off the current in the event of an

electrical fault, power conditioning to prevent electronic noise or voltage surges on

the input from reaching the load, power-factor correction, and storing energy so it

can continue to power the load in the event of a temporary interruption in the

source power (uninterruptible power supply).

All power supplies have a power input connection, which receives energy in

the form of electric current from a source, and one or more power output

connections that deliver current to the load. The source power may come from the

electric power grid, such as an electrical outlet, energy storage devices such as

batteries or fuel cells, generators or alternators, solar power converters, or another

power supply. The input and output are usually hardwired circuit connections,

though some power supplies employ wireless energy transfer to power their loads

without wired connections. Some power supplies have other types of inputs and

outputs as well, for functions such as external monitoring and control.

 DC power supplies use AC mains electricity as an energy source. Such

power supplies will employ a transformer to convert the input voltage to a higher

or lower AC voltage. A rectifier is used to convert the transformer output voltage

to a varying DC voltage, which in turn is passed through an electronic filter to

convert it to an unregulated DC voltage.

The filter removes most, but not all of the AC voltage variations; the

remaining AC voltage is known as ripple. The electric load's tolerance of ripple

dictates the minimum amount of filtering that must be provided by a power supply.

In some applications, high ripple is tolerated and therefore no filtering is required.

For example, in some battery charging applications it is possible to implement a

mains-powered DC power supply with nothing more than a transformer and a

single rectifier diode, with a resistor in series with the output to limit charging

current.

3.3 GSM

GSM/GPRS module is used to establish communication between a

computer and a GSM-GPRS system. Global System for Mobile communication

(GSM) is an architecture used for mobile communication in most of the countries.

Global Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is an extension of GSM that enables higher

data transmission rate. GSM/GPRS module consists of a GSM/GPRS modem

assembled together with power supply circuit and communication interfaces (like

RS-232, USB, etc) for computer. The MODEM is the soul of such modules.

Wireless MODEMs

Wireless MODEMs are the MODEM devices that generate, transmit or decode

data from a cellular network, for establishing communication between the cellular

network and the computer. These are manufactured for specific cellular network

(GSM/UMTS/CDMA) or specific cellular data standard

(GSM/UMTS/GPRS/EDGE/HSDPA) or technology (GPS/SIM). Wireless

MODEMs like other MODEM devices use serial communication to interface with

and need Hayes compatible AT commands for communication with the computer

(any microprocessor or microcontroller system).

3.4 GSM/GPRS MODEM

GSM/GPRS MODEM is a class of wireless MODEM devices that are

designed for communication of a computer with the GSM and GPRS network. It

requires a SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) card just like mobile phones to

activate communication with the network. Also they have IMEI (International

Mobile Equipment Identity) number similar to mobile phones for their

identification. A GSM/GPRS MODEM can perform the following operations:

1. Receive, send or delete SMS messages in a SIM.

2. Read, add, search phonebook entries of the SIM.

3. Make, Receive, or reject a voice call.

The MODEM needs AT commands, for interacting with processor or controller,

which are communicated through serial communication. These commands are sent

by the controller/processor. The MODEM sends back a result after it receives a

command. Different AT commands supported by the MODEM can be sent by the

processor/controller/computer to interact with the GSM and GPRS cellular

network.
CHAPTER-4
4. PLC PROGRAM

#include<htc.h>

#include<pic.h>

// Configuration word for PIC16F877A

__CONFIG( FOSC_HS & WDTE_OFF & PWRTE_ON & CP_OFF & BOREN_ON

& LVP_OFF & CPD_OFF & WRT_OFF & DEBUG_OFF);

// Define CPU Frequency

// This must be defined, if __delay_ms() or

// __delay_us() functions are used in the code

#define _XTAL_FREQ 20000000

// Comm Setup

#define BAUDRATE 9600 //bps

// 8 bit data mode with one stop bit

// No flow control, no parity bit

#define rs RD6

//#define rw RC1
#define en RD7

#define load1 RC1

#define load2 RC2

#define load3 RC3

#define load4 RC4

//lcd init

void lcd_init();

void lcd_data(unsigned char);

void lcd_cmd(unsigned char);

void lcd_data_pointer(unsigned char *);

//Serial init

void InitUsart(void);

void putchar(unsigned char byte);

unsigned char getchar(void);

void serial_data_pointer(unsigned char *ew);

void enter();
void interrupt ISR(void);

//Dtmf fun

void dtmf_checking();

void checking_number();

char a;

void main()

{ //Dir reg

TRISB4= TRISB5= TRISB0= TRISB6= TRISB7=0X00;

TRISD=0X00;

TRISC1=0x00;

TRISC4=0x00;;

InitUsart();

lcd_init();

lcd_cmd(0x01);

lcd_data_pointer("ONE BYTE TECH");

lcd_cmd(0xc0);
 lcd_data_pointer("SYSTEM STARTED");

__delay_ms(2000);

checking_number();

void checking_number()

{ lcd_cmd(0x01);

lcd_data_pointer("WAITING FOR");

lcd_cmd(0xc0);

lcd_data_pointer("YOUR CALL");

__delay_ms(2000);

do

a=getchar();

}while(a!='9');

do

{
a=getchar();

}while(a!='5');

do

a=getchar();

}while(a!='9');

do

a=getchar();

}while(a!='7');

do

a=getchar();

}while(a!='8');

do

{
a=getchar();

}while(a!='9');

do

a=getchar();

}while(a!='2');

do

a=getchar();

}while(a!='6');

do

a=getchar();

}while(a!='3');

do

{
 a=getchar();

}while(a!='8');

serial_data_pointer("ATA\r");

enter();

enter();

// __delay_ms(500);

lcd_cmd(0x01);

lcd_data_pointer("CALL ATTENDED");

lcd_cmd(0xc0);

lcd_data_pointer("DTMF WAITING");

// __delay_ms(2000);

dtmf_checking();

}
//////SERIAL FUN/////////////

void dtmf_checking()

int i,j,k,l;

i=j=k=l=0;

while(1)

do

a=getchar();

}while(a!='D');

do

a=getchar();

}while(a!='T');
do

a=getchar();

}while(a!='M');

do

a=getchar();

}while(a!='F');

do

a=getchar();

}while(a!=':');

do

a=getchar();

}while(a!=' ');
do

a=getchar();

}while(a!=' ');

a=getchar();

if( (a == '1') && (i == 0) )

lcd_cmd(0x01);

lcd_data_pointer("LOAD ONE ON");

load1=1;

// lcd_cmd(0xc0);

// lcd_data_pointer("ACTIVATED");

// __delay_ms(500);

i++;
}

else if( (a == '1') && (i == 1) )

lcd_cmd(0x01);

lcd_data_pointer("LOAD ONE OFF");

load1=0;

// lcd_cmd(0xc0);

// lcd_data_pointer("DE-ACTIVATED");

// __delay_ms(500);

i=0;

else if( (a == '2') && (j == 0) )

lcd_cmd(0x01);
 lcd_data_pointer("LOAD TWO ON");

TRISC2=0X00;

load2=1;

// lcd_cmd(0xc0);

// lcd_data_pointer("DE-ACTIVATED");

// __delay_ms(500);

j++;

else if( (a == '2') && (j == 1) )

lcd_cmd(0x01);

lcd_data_pointer("LOAD TWO OFF");

TRISC2=0X00;

load2=0;

// lcd_cmd(0xc0);
 // lcd_data_pointer("DE-ACTIVATED");

// __delay_ms(500);

j=0;

else if( (a == '3') && (k == 0) )

lcd_cmd(0x01);

lcd_data_pointer("LOAD THREE ON");

TRISC3=0X00;

load3=1;

// lcd_cmd(0xc0);

// lcd_data_pointer("ACTIVATED");

// __delay_ms(500);

k++;

}
else if( (a == '3') && (k == 1) )

lcd_cmd(0x01);

lcd_data_pointer("LOAD THREE OFF");

TRISC3=0X00;

load3=0;

// lcd_cmd(0xc0);

// lcd_data_pointer("DE-ACTIVATED");

// __delay_ms(500);

k=0;

else if( (a == '4') && (l == 0) )

lcd_cmd(0x01);

lcd_data_pointer("LOAD FOUR ON");

load4=1;
 // lcd_cmd(0xc0);

// lcd_data_pointer("DE-ACTIVATED");

// __delay_ms(500);

l++;

else if( (a == '4') && (l == 1) )

lcd_cmd(0x01);

lcd_data_pointer("LOAD FOUR OFF");

load4=0;

l=0;

else if( (a == '0') )

serial_data_pointer("ATH\r");
 enter();

enter();

__delay_ms(50);

lcd_cmd(0x01);

lcd_data_pointer("CALL CANCELLED");

checking_number();

load1=load2=load3=load4=0;

i=0;j=0;k=0;l=0;

else

lcd_cmd(0x01);

lcd_data_pointer("NO SIGNAL");

// lcd_cmd(0xc0);

// lcd_data_pointer("SIGNAL");

// __delay_ms(500);
 }

void enter()

putchar(0x0D);

putchar(0x0A);

void InitUsart(void) {

// TX Pin - output

TRISC6 = 0;

// RX Pin - input

TRISC7 = 1;

// RX Setting, 8bit, enable receive,

RCSTA = 0x90;

// TX Setting, 8bit, Asinchronius mode, High speed

 TXSTA = 0x24;

// Set Baudrade - 9600 (from datasheet baudrade table)

SPBRG = 129;

void putchar(unsigned char byte) {

// wait until register is empty

while(!TXIF);

// transmite byte

TXREG = byte;

unsigned char getchar(void) // Reads a character from the serial port

if(OERR) // If over run error, then reset the receiver

{
 CREN = 0;

CREN = 1;

while(!RCIF); // Wait for transmission to receive

return RCREG;

void serial_data_pointer(unsigned char *ew)

while(*ew)

putchar(*ew++);

////////////LCD FUN/////////////

void lcd_init ()

{
 rs=0;

PORTB =0x20;

en=1;

__delay_ms(50);

en=0;

lcd_cmd(0x28); // 4-bit mode - 2 line - 5x7 font.

lcd_cmd(0x0C); // Display no cursor - no blink.

lcd_cmd(0x06); // Automatic Increment - No Display shift.

lcd_cmd(0x80); // Address DDRAM with 0 offset 80h.

void lcd_cmd(unsigned char u)

rs=0;

PORTB = u;

en=1;
__delay_ms(50);

en=0;

PORTB =((u<<4) & 0xF0);

en=1;

__delay_ms(50);

en=0;

void lcd_data(unsigned char y)

rs=1;

PORTB =y;

en=1;

__delay_ms(50);

en=0;

PORTB=((y<<4)&0xF0);

en=1;
 __delay_ms(50);

en=0;

void lcd_data_pointer(unsigned char *e)

while(*e)

lcd_data(*e++);

void delay(unsigned int ewq)

int i,j;

for(i=0;i<ewq;i++)

for(j=0;j<1275;j++);

}
///INTERRUPT FUN

4.1 RELAY WITH DRIVER CIRCUIT

This product is a 2-channel relay module board with LED indicators; it can

be controlled by microcontrollers such as Arduino, AVR, PIC, ARM any other

microcontroller operating at 5V.

4.1.1 SPECIFICATIONS
 Working voltage: 12V

 Channel: 2 channel

 This relay module is 5V active low.

 It is a 2-channel relay interface board, which can be controlled

directly by a wide range of microcontrollers such as Arduino, AVR,

PIC, ARM, PLC, etc.

 It is also able to control various appliances and other equipment

with large current.

  Relay output maximum contact is AC250V 7A and DC30V

10A.

 Standard interface can be directly connected with

microcontrollers.

 Working status indicator lights are conducive to the safe use.

 PCB Dimensions (LxWxH in mm): 50.5x1.5x69.4mm

4.1.2 BULB

An incandescent light bulb, incandescent lamp or incandescent light globe is

an electric light with a wire filament heated to such a high temperature that it

glows with visible light (incandescence). The filament, heated by passing an

electric current through it, is protected from oxidation and, to a lesser degree, from

evaporation with a glass or fused quartz bulb that is filled with inert gas or more

rarely is evacuated of all gases, such as those found in air. In a halogen lamp,

filament evaporation is slowed by a chemical process that redeposits metal vapor

onto the filament, thereby extending its life.

The light bulb is supplied with electric current by feed-through terminals or wires

embedded in the glass. Most bulbs are used in a socket which provides mechanical

support and electrical connections

4.1.3 LCD
The liquid-crystal display has the distinct advantage of having a low power

consumption than the LED. It is typically of the order of microwatts for the display

in comparison to the some order of mill watts for LEDs. Low power consumption

requirement has made it compatible with MOS integrated logic circuit. Its other

advantages are its low cost, and good contrast. The main drawbacks of LCDs are

additional requirement of light source, a limited temperature range of operation

(between 0 and 60° C), low reliability, short oper-ating life, poor visibility in low

ambient lighting, slow speed and the need for an ac drive.

Basic structure of an LCD

A liquid crystal cell consists of a thin layer (about 10 u m) of a liquid crystal

sand-wiched between two glass sheets with transparent elec-trodes deposited on

their inside faces. With both glass sheets transparent, the cell is known as

transmissive type cell. When one glass is transparent and the other has a reflective

coating, the cell is called reflective type. The LCD does not produce any

illumination of its own. It, in fact, depends entirely on illumination falling on it

from an external source for its visual effect.

 Each pixel of an LCD typically consists of a layer of molecules aligned

between two transparent electrodes, and two polarizing filters (parallel and

perpendicular), the axes of transmission of which are (in most of the cases)

perpendicular to each other. Without the liquid crystal between the polarizing

filters, light passing through the first filter would be blocked by the second

(crossed) polarizer. Before an electric field is applied, the orientation of the liquid-

crystal molecules is determined by the alignment at the surfaces of electrodes. In a

twisted nematic (TN) device, the surface alignment directions at the two electrodes

are perpendicular to each other, and so the molecules arrange themselves in a

helical structure, or twist. This induces the rotation of the polarization of the

incident light, and the device appears gray. If the applied voltage is large enough,

the liquid crystal molecules in the center of the layer are almost completely

untwisted and the polarization of the incident light is not rotated as it passes

through the liquid crystal layer. This light will then be mainly polarized

perpendicular to the second filter, and thus be blocked and the pixel will appear

black. By controlling the voltage applied across the liquid crystal layer in each

pixel, light can be allowed to pass through in varying amounts thus constituting

different levels of gray. Color LCD systems use the same technique, with color

filters used to generate red, green, and blue pixels.[3]

 LCD in a Texas Instruments calculator with top polarizer removed from

device and placed on top, such that the top and bottom polarizers are

perpendicular.

The optical effect of a TN device in the voltage-on state is far less dependent

on variations in the device thickness than that in the voltage-off state. Because of

this, TN displays with low information content and no backlighting are usually

operated between crossed polarizer’s such that they appear bright with no voltage

(the eye is much more sensitive to variations in the dark state than the bright state).

As most of 2010-era LCDs are used in television sets, monitors and smart phones,

they have high-resolution matrix arrays of pixels to display arbitrary images using

backlighting with a dark background. When no image is displayed, different

arrangements are used. For this purpose, TN LCDs are operated between parallel

polarizer’s, whereas IPS LCDs feature crossed polarizer’s. In many applications

IPS LCDs have replaced TN LCDs, in particular in smart phones such as phones.

Both the liquid crystal material and the alignment layer material contain ionic

compounds. If an electric field of one particular polarity is applied for a long

period of time, this ionic material is attracted to the surfaces and degrades the

device performance. This is avoided either by applying an alternating current or by

reversing the polarity of the electric field as the device is addressed (the response
of the liquid crystal layer is identical, regardless of the polarity of the applied

field).

Displays for a small number of individual digits or fixed symbols (as in

digital watches and pocket calculators) can be implemented with independent

electrodes for each segment. In contrast, full alphanumeric or variable graphics

displays are usually implemented with pixels arranged as a matrix consisting of

electrically connected rows on one side of the LC layer and columns on the other

side, which makes it possible to address each pixel at the intersections. The general

method of matrix addressing consists of sequentially addressing one side of the

matrix, for example by selecting the rows one-by-one and applying the picture

information on the other side at the columns row-by-row. For details on the various

matrix addressing schemes see passive-matrix and active-matrix addressed LCDs.

CHAPTER-5
5.PCB DESIGN:
A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically

connects electronic components or electrical components using conductive tracks,

pads and other features etched from one or more sheet layers of copper laminated

onto and/or between sheet layers of a non-conductive substrate. Components are

generally soldered onto the PCB to both electrically connect and mechanically

fasten them to it.Printed circuit boards are used in all but the simplest electronic

products. They are also used in some electrical products, such as passive switch

boxes.

Alternatives to PCBs include wire wrap and point-to-point construction,

both once popular but now rarely used. PCBs require additional design effort to lay

out the circuit, but manufacturing and assembly can be automated. Specialized

CAD software is available to do much of the work of layout. Mass-producing

circuits with PCBs is cheaper and faster than with other wiring methods, as

components are mounted and wired in one operation. Large numbers of PCBs can

be fabricated at the same time, and the layout only has to be done once. PCBs can

also be made manually in small quantities, with reduced benefits.

PCBs can be single-sided (one copper layer), double-sided (two copper

layers on both sides of one substrate layer), or multi-layer (outer and inner layers

of copper, alternating with layers of substrate). Multi-layer PCBs allow for much
higher component density, because circuit traces on the inner layers would

otherwise take up surface space between components. The rise in popularity of

multilayer PCBs with more than two, and especially with more than four, copper

planes was concurrent with the adoption of surface mount technology. However,

multilayer PCBs make repair, analysis, and field modification of circuits much

more difficult and usually impractical.

5.1 ADVANTAGE
One can control home appliances from anywhere. It reduces wastage of

electricity when we forgot to switch off the lights & fans and gone outside. It is

very low cost compared to other technologies like GSM.

CHAPTER-6
6. CONCLUSION

Tone from mobile is sent to op-amp through series of resistor (100 kilo-

Ohm) and capacitor (1nf). Pin1 of DTMF IC i.e. non inverting pin is connected to

pin4 i.e. Vref. Pin3 is the output of operational amplifier which is feedback to pin2

using 100 kilo-Ohm resistor. 7 and 8 pins are connected to crystal oscillator of

frequency 3.579545 MHz 15th pin is data valid pin it becomes high when DTMF

tone is detected else remains low. The process of frequency detection to

digitalization of the signal is done by steering circuit consisting of EST, RT/GT,

and resistor (10k), capacitor. Pins 11 to 14 produce the decoded output. So by this

method , different types of load is controlled using DTMF Decoder.

Reference:

[1]Electric fuses P.G. Newbery, B.Sc, C.Eng., M.I.E.E., and Prof. A. Wright, D.Sc, Ph.D., C.Eng.,
F.I.E.E. http://www.electronicsforu.com/EFYLinux/circuit/January2010
/Blown%20Fuse%20Indicator.pdf
[2] http:// www. slideshare.net/Ecwayt/high-voltage-fuse-blownindicatorwith-voice-based-
announcement-system-29910233
[3] Negative-Sequence Relay Protection for Blown High-Side Transformer Fuse Detection, Alan Hannah
Principles of Power System by V.K. Mehta Reliability concept for electric fuses, X.Z. Meng, J.G.J.Sloot
TO THE ORIGINS OF FUSES, Jean-Louis GELET