Elements of Latin

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BACULUS IUBET LOCUM MURO ALTO MUNIRI
(See page 291)
ELEMENTS OF LATIN
BY
BENJAMIN L. D'OOGE, Ph.D.

PROFESSOR IN THE MICHIGAN STATE NORMAL COLLEGE
Ne quid nimis — Terence
GINN AND COMPANY

BOSTON - NEW YORK - CHICAGO - LONDON
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COPYRIGHT, 1921, BY BENJAMIN L. D'OOGE
ENTERED AT STATIONERS' HALL
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
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GINN AND COMPANY- PRO
PRIETORS • BOSTON • U.S.A.
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PREFACE
The present volume is not a revision of the author's " Latin for
Beginners," but is an entirely new book. However, all features of
the earlier book that have been highly commended and have proved
their value have been retained. Chief among these are the separation
of the special vocabularies from the lessons and the insertion of
frequent reviews.
The body of the book is divided into two parts : fifty-six lessons
for the first half year and fifty-four for the second. While greater in
number than in " Latin for Beginners," the lessons are much shorter
and simpler, and are designed, in most cases, for a single recitation
period. Two optional lessons have been added, covering matter that
some teachers prefer to include in the work of the first year. The
remainder of the book up to the reviews is supplementary in charac
ter, and is intended to diversify and enrich the regular work through
the lessons, and to supply reading matter after the lessons are com
pleted. Some classes will be able to use more of this material, some
less ; but all will be able to draw something interesting from it.
The vocabulary has been limited to about five hundred words,
averaging less than five new words per lesson. These words have
been carefully selected from standard word lists, and are listed on
pages 357-360 for convenience of reference and review. Nearly all
the words are Caesarian, and more than ninety per cent are used in
Caesar five or more times. Still, the vocabulary is of a general rather
than of a military character, and most of the words are found also in
Cicero and Vergil.
The principles of syntax discussed have been reduced to the bare
essentials, the author fealing strongly that the tendency still prevailing
in some quarters to include the more difficult constructions in the work
of the first year is a very mistaken one. The fundamental principles
of English grammar are compared with the Latin, and constructions
v
vi PREFACE
are presented from the standpoint of English. The order of presenta

tion is systematic, and related constructions are treated together.
Connected reading in the form of dialogues and stories is intro
duced as early as possible. The material is abundant and very simple.
It includes famous Greek myths and many legends of ancient Rome,
and is designed to arouse and hold the interest of the young. The
supplementary reading comprises selections for sight translation, a
Latin play, and a story which is intended to serve as an introduction
to Caesar. If not used the first year, it will be found very helpful at
the beginning of the second.
Great emphasis is laid throughout the book on word formation and
derivation. Matters of derivation are discussed in many paragraphs,
and some entire lessons are devoted to this important and practical
subject. Furthermore, the words in the special vocabularies are
accompanied by parallel columns of related words, and these are again
called for in the vocabulary reviews.
The book is very fully illustrated. While a few pictures have been
inserted for the general purpose of interesting pupils in Rome and the
Romans, the great majority of the pictures are illustrative of the
stories they accompany and were prepared for that specific purpose.
Those illustrating the legends of ancient Rome are reproductions
of some famous historical pictures published by Paravia and Com
pany of Rome. The colored plates are from original paintings by
Mr. M. McGregor Jamieson of New York. Particular attention is
called to the series of pictures in the chapter entitled " Original
Stories," pages 263-27i. Teachers are urged to make frequent use
of this material for original work in substitution for exercises found
in the lessons.
The author wishes to express his gratitude to the many teachers
who have given him freely of their wisdom and experience. Particular
acknowledgments are due to Miss Anne C. Wilder and to Mr. A. T.
Chapin of Kansas City, Missouri, who have read all the proof and
offered many valuable suggestions.
BENJAMIN L. D'OOGE
MICHIGAN STATE NORMAL COLLEGE
CONTENTS
To THE STUDENT — BY WAY OF INTRODUCTION PAGE
Latin, the Language of the Romans i
THE ALPHABET AND SOUNDS OF THE LETTERS 5
SYLLABLES ; QUANTITY AND ACCENT ; PARTS OF SPEECH ... 8
LESSON
I. First Principles of Syntax 11
II. Inflection and Cases 13
III. Forms and Position 15
IV. Number ; Agreement of Verbs 17
V. The Dative Case; Indirect Object; Predicate Noun ... 19
VI. The Ablative Case; The First Declension 21
VII. Prepositions 24
VIII. Gender; Declension, Agreement, and Position of Adjectives ;
Predicate Adjectives. Galba et Lesbia 26
IX-X. Second Declension ; Vocative Case ; Apposition. Dialogue . 29
XI. Second Declension (Continued); General Rules of Declen
sion; Questions. Dialogue 33
XII. Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions; Genitive of
Nouns in -ius and -ium. Dialogue 36
XIII. Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions (Continued);
Adverbs 38
XIV. Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions (Concluded);
The Dative with Adjectives. Insula Marci Nautae . 40
XV. Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns 43
XVI. Conjugation ; Present Indicative of sum ; Predicate Genitive
of Possessor. Gallia 46
XVII. The Four Regular Conjugations ; Present Indicative Active
of the First Conjugation 50
XVIII. The Ablative Denoting with — Cause, Means, Accompani
ment, Manner 53
XIX. Past and Future Indicative of sum ; The Preposition e or
ex. Dialogue 55
vii
viii CONTENTS
LESSON FAGB
XX. Past Indicative Active of the First Conjugation. Britannia 57
XXI. Future Indicative Active of the First Conjugation ... 60
XXII. Present, Past, and Future Indicative Active of the Second
Conjugation 62
XXIII. Latin Order of Words 65
XXIV. The Demonstrative is, ea, id 67
XXV. The Possessive of the Third Person 69
XXVI. The Present Indicative Active of the Third Conjugation.
Dialogue 71
XXVII. The Present Indicative Active of the Fourth Conjugation.
De Castrls Romanis 73
XXVIII. The Dative with Special Intransitive Verbs 75
XXIX. The Past Indicative Active of rego and audio. De Deis
Romanis 77
XXX. The Future Indicative Active of the Third and Fourth
Conjugations. Theseus et MInotaurus . ... 79
XXXI. Verbs in -id of the Third Conjugation. Theseus et
MInotaurus (Continued) 82
XXXII. The Imperative Mood; Questions and Answers. Theseus
et MInotaurus (Continued) 84
XXXIII. Present Indicative Passive of the First Conjugation.
Theseus et MInotaurus (Concluded) .... 87
XXXIV. Present Indicative Passive of moneo; Ablative of the
Personal Agent 89
XXXV. The Past and Future Indicative Passive of the First and
Second Conjugations 91
XXXVI The Present Indicative Passive of the Third and Fourth
Conjugations. De Bellls Romanorum et Gallorum 93
XXXVII. The Past and Future Indicative Passive of rego and
audio 95
XXXVIII. The Present, Past, and Future Indicative Passive of
capio. De Ludo Romano 97
XXXIX. The Present Infinitive and the Present Imperative, Active
and Passive 99
XL. Synopses in the Four Conjugations. De Malo Magis-
tro Ludi 101
CONTENTS ix
LESSON PAGE
XLI. The Ablative Denoting from — Place From Which,
Separation 104
XLI I. Principal Parts; Verb Stems; The Perfect Stem; The
Endings of the Perfect 106
XLIII. The Perfect, Past Perfect, and Future Perfect Indicative
of sum. Dialogue 108
XLIV. Use and Inflection of the Perfect Indicative Active. De
Curio Dentato no
XLV. Principal Parts of Verbs. De Curio Dentato (Con
cluded) 113
XLVI. Past Perfect Indicative ; Principal Parts (Continued) . . 115
XLVII. Future Perfect Indicative and Perfect Infinitive Active;
Principal Parts (Concluded) 117
XLVIII. Review of the Active Voice 119
XLIX. Word Formation. Galll Romam Oppugnant . . . 121
L. The Past Participle ; The Passive Perfects 1 24
LI. The Perfect Infinitive Passive and the Future Infinitive
Active; Prepositions 127
LII. The Conjugation of possum. De Mucio Scaevola . 129
LIII. The Infinitive Used as in English 131
LIV. Word Formation. De Mucio Scaevola (Concluded) . 134
LV. Sentences and Clauses ; Relative Pronouns 137
LVI. Interrogative Pronouns and Adjectives ; The Ablative
Absolute 140
SECOND HALF YEAR
LVII. The Third Declension, Consonant Stems, Masculines and
Feminines 143
LVI II. The Third Declension, Consonant Stems, Neuters.
Dialogue 1 46
LIX. Reading Lesson, Romulus et Remus 148
LX. The Third Declension, /-Stems, Masculines and Feminines. .
R6ma.nl et Sabini 149
LXI. The Third Declension, /-Stems, Neuters 152
LXII. The Third Declension, Irregular Nouns. De Bruto
Primo Consule 154
c CONTENTS
LESSON PAGE
LXIII. Reading Lesson, Orpheus et Eurydice .... 157
LXIV. Word Formation 158
LXV. Adjectives of the Third Declension, Three Endings . 160
LXVI. Adjectives of the Third Declension, Two Endings . . 162
LXVII. Adjectives of the Third Declension, One Ending.
Midas, the King of the Golden Touch . . 163
LXVIII. Regular Comparison of Adjectives; The Comparative
with quam 165
LXIX. Declension of Comparatives; The Ablative of the
Measure of Difference 167
LXX. Irregular Comparison of Adjectives ; The Declension
of plus 169
LXXI. Formation and Comparison of Adverbs 171
LXXII. Formation and Comparison of Adverbs (Concluded).
Dialogue 173
LXXIII. The Fourth Declension 175
LXXIV. Expressions of Place 177
LXXV. The Fifth Declension ; The Ablative of Time ... 1 79
LXXVI. Gender in the Third Declension ; Word Formation . 181
LXXVII. The Nine Irregular Adjectives 183
LXXVIII. Classes of Pronouns; Personal and Reflexive Pro
nouns 185
LXXIX. The Intensive Pronoun ipse; The Demonstrative
Pronoun idem 188
LXXX. The Demonstrative Pronouns hie, iste, ille . . . . 190
LXXXI. Indefinite Pronouns 192
LXXXII. The Cardinal Numerais and their Declension. The
Contest of the Horatii and the Curiatii . 194
LXXXIII. Ordinal Numerals; The Genitive of the Whole . . 198
LXXXIV. The Accusative of Duration of Time or Extent of
Space. Caesar in Gaul 200
LXXXV. The Ablative of Respect; The Genitive with Ad
jectives 202
LXXXVI. Deponent Verbs; The Genitive or Ablative of De
scription. Caesar and the Helvetians . . . 204
CONTENTS xi
LESSON PAGB
LXXXVII. Participles 206

LXXXVIII. Word Formation 209
LXXXIX. The Subjunctive Mood ; Present Subjunctive of the
First and Second Conjugations ; The Indicative and
Subjunctive Compared 211
XC. The Present Subjunctive of the Third and Fourth
Conjugations; The Subjunctive of Purpose . . . 214
XCI. Past Subjunctive of the First and Second Conjuga
tions ; Sequence of Tenses 216
XCI I. Past Subjunctive of the Third and Fourth Conjuga
tions; Noun Clauses of Purpose 219
XCIII. Subjunctive of sum and possum 222
XCIV. Perfect and Past Perfect Subjunctive of vocd, moned,
regd, and audio. Hero et Leander 224
XCV. The Subjunctive of Result. Hero et Leander
(Concluded) 226
XCVI. The Dative with Compounds . 229
XCVII. Word Formation 231
XCVIII. The Irregular Verbs void, nolo, maid 233
XCIX. Vocabulary Review ; Constructions with cum . . . 235
C. Vocabulary Review ; The Irregular Verb ed . . . . 237
CI. Vocabulary Review ; Indirect Statements .... 238
CII. Vocabulary Review ; The Irregular Verb ferd . . . 242
CI 1 1. Vocabulary Review; Indirect Questions 243
CIV. Vocabulary Review; The Irregular Verb fid . . . 246
CV. Vocabulary Review ; Predicate Accusative ; Dative of
Purpose 247
CVI. Vocabulary Review ; The Gerund and Gerundive . . 249
CVII. Vocabulary Review; Review of Agreement and of the
Genitive and Dative 252
CVIII. Vocabulary Review; Review of the Accusative and
Ablative 254
CIX. Vocabulary Review; Review of the Gerund and Ge
rundive, the Infinitive, and the Subjunctive . . . 256
CX. Vocabulary Review; Review of Word Formation . . 257
xh CONTENTS
OPTIONAL LESSONS PAGE

A. The Subjunctive of Characteristic or Description 259
B. The Periphrastic Conjugations and the Dative of Agent . . . 261
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL
ORIGINAL STORIES 263
SELECTIONS FOR SIGHT READING 273
LATIN PLAY — PERSEUS AND ANDROMEDA 279
STORY — BACULUS THE CENTURION 283
LATIN SONGS 294
REVIEWS, APPENDIXES, VOCABULARIES, ETC.

REVIEWS 299
SUMMARY OF RULES OF SYNTAX 321
GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 325
WORD LISTS FOR FIRST AND SECOND HALF YEARS . . . . 357
SPECIAL VOCABULARIES 361
DERIVATION NOTEBOOK, SPECIMEN PAGE 382
COMMON ABBREVIATIONS OF LATIN WORDS 383
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY I
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 23
INDEX 37
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
PAGE
i. Baculus iubet locum muro alto munirl (in colors) Frontispiece
2. Roman Children at Play 6
3. Roman Writing Tablets 7
4. Interior View of a Roman House 10
5. View of Rome from the Dome of St. Peter's Church . ... 12
6. Singing the Wedding Song . . 16
7. Playing Jackstones 18
8. Agricola 24
9. Lesbia Galbam vocat 28
10. Servus equis aquam dat 30
1i. Lesbia per agros properat et aquam ad servos portat 32
12. Marcus frumentum a terra ad Insulam portat ... 42
13. On the Sacred Way in the Roman Forum 45
14. The Active Voice and the Passive Voice 46
1 5. The Island in the Tiber 51
16. A Roman Spoon 54
17. Quo, Quinte, properas? 56
18. Britanni erant barbari 59
19. Orae Britanniae erant altae 61
20. The Roman Forum as it Now Appears 66
2i. The Roman Forum at its Western End 70
22. Castra Romana 74
23. A Cockfight (Pompeian Wall Painting) 76
24. Athena Dea Sapientiae 78
25. The Tribute to the Minotaur 81
26. Glass Vases from Pompeii 82
27. The Appian Way and the Claudian Aqueduct 86
28. Pueri puellaeque Theseum amant (Pompeian Wall Painting) 88
29. Roman Swords 93
30. RomanI magnum numerum captlvorum capiunt . . 94
3i. Ludus Romanus 98
32. Malus magister ludi poenam dat 103
33. Curius Dentatus and the Samnite Ambassadors 112
34. The Forum, the Capitoline, and Adjacent Buildings (Restored) . 1 16
35. A Chariot Race in the Circus Maximus 120
36. A Roman Market Place 122
37. The Sacred Geese Save the Capitol 123
38. Roman Hairpins, Powder Boxes, and Other Toilet Articles . .126
Xiii
xiv LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
PAGE
39. The Tiber, Castle of St. Angelo, and St. Peter's 1 26
40. The Roman Forum, A. D. 400 133
4i. Mucius Scaevola 135
42. The Arch of Titus and the Colosseum 142
43. Mulieres bellum prohibuerunt 151
44. The Tiber at the Foot of the Aventine 153
45. Brutus fllios suos interficl iubet 155
46. Orpheus and Eurydice 156
47. A Roman Street Scene 159
48. Roman Silver Cups 164
49. The Roman Campagna and the Alban Mount 1 74
50. Offering a Sacrifice 176
5i. Athenae, urbs Minervae 178
52. So-called Tomb of the Horatii and Curiatii 195
53. Pater ipse tribus flliis arma nova dedit 196
54. Villa of a Wealthy Roman 197
55. A Gate of Pompeii (Restored) 201
56. Ancient Coins 203
57. The Gate of St. Sebastian 210
58. Greek Vases 213
59. Gladiators' Helmets 221
60. Finger Rings with Engraved Settings 223
6i. Hero and Leander 227
62. A Roman Stove with Hot-Water Boiler 234
63. Golden Fibula, or Brooch 236
64. A Street in Pompeii 241
65. A Musical Recital 245
66. Roman Lamps 253
67. Steelyards from Pompeii 255
68. The Gauls in Sight of Rome 258
69. Roman Caestus, or Boxing Glove 260
70. The Romans Storm the Enemy's Stronghold 262
71-79. Nine pictures suggesting original stories 263-271
80. The Return of Persephone 272
8i. Arion Saved by a Dolphin 274
82. Cincinnatus Called from the Plow 277
83. Perseus Andromedam servat 282
84. Venlte! Venite, Romani! (in colors) 292
85. Roman Mosaic 324
86. Sermoneta 384
Map of Gaul and Parts of Germany, Spain, Italy, and Britain . . 49
Map of Italy (in colors) 72
ELEMENTS OF LATIN
h
TO THE STUDENT — BY WAY OF
INTRODUCTION
LATIN, THE LANGUAGE OF THE ROMANS
Rome was the whole world, and all the world was Rome. — SPENSER
Latium,1 a small district on the western coast of ancient

Italy, was the home of the Latins. The chief city of the
Latins was Rome, which, according to tradition, was founded
753 years before Christ. Beginning as a small settlement on
the banks of the Tiber and the surrounding hills, and con
trolling at first a territory of not more than twenty-five square
miles, the city remained weak and insignificant for many
centuries, and its very existence was frequently threatened by
warlike neighbors. But the Romans, inspired by a spirit that
never owned defeat, gradually extended their boundaries.
Before the middle of the third century before Christ they
had conquered all Italy. Then they reached out for the lands
across the sea and beyond the Alps, and finally Rome became
the head of a mighty empire, which ruled over the whole
ancient world for more than four hundred years.
The Latin language, meaning the language of Latium, was
spoken by the Romans and other inhabitants of Latium, and
Latin was the name applied to it after the armies of Rome
had carried the knowledge of her language throughout the
1 Pronounced Ld'shf-Hm.
j
2 LATIN AND ENGLISH
world. Rome impressed not only her language but also her
laws, customs, beliefs, and ideals upon the subject nations ;
and the world has remained largely Roman ever since.
LATIN AND THE MODERN WORLD

Even after the fall of the Roman Empire Latin lived on,
and lives today as Italian, Spanish, French, and other so-called
Romance, or Roman, languages. Many millions of people are
therefore still speaking a modernized form of Latin which differs
from ancient Latin little more than modern English differs
from the English of bygone centuries. Latin is not a dead
language, but has only changed its name. During the Dark
Ages the knowledge of Latin was the only light of learning that
kept burning, and in the succeeding years Latin continued to
be the common language of the schools and universities, and
is even yet, more nearly than any other tongue, the universal
language of the learned. It survives, too, in the services of the
Roman Catholic Church and in much sacred poetry and song.
The life of today is much nearer the life of ancient Rome than
the lapse of centuries would lead one to suppose. You and I
are Romans still in many ways, and if Caesar and Cicero should
appear among us, we should not find them, except for dress and
language, unlike men of today.
LATIN AND ENGLISH

Do you know that more than half the words in the English
dictionary are Latin and that you are speaking more or less
Latin every day ? How did this come about ?
In the first place Latin and English, along with most of the
other languages of Europe, are descended from a very ancient
mother speech, which has long since disappeared. They are,
therefore, sister languages and have many words in common.
WHY STUDY LATIN? 3
Furthermore, in the year 1066 William the Conqueror
invaded England with an army of Normans and established
a Norman civilization among the Anglo-Saxons. The Normans
spoke a kind of French, which, as has been said, is a modern
form of Latin, and from this source hundreds of so-called Latin
derivatives were added to our vocabulary. Some of these
derivatives are pure Latin and others differ only in their
endings. Note the following examples :
LATIN WORDS ENGLISH WORDS
horror horror
census census
animal animal
labor labor
superior superior
inferior inferior
calamitas calamity
barbarus barbarous
virtus virtue
Besides, in later years many Latin words have been brought

into English through the writings of scholars, and many of the
technical terms used in the sciences and the professions of
law, medicine, engineering, etc., are of Latin derivation, and
many new inventions are given Latin names.
WHY STUDY LATIN?

Latin, as we have seen, touches the life of the modern
world in many ways and the study of it adds greatly to our
intelligence and efficiency. Indeed, few studies are more prac
tical. You may be asked why you are studying Latin. The
following summary of reasons will help you to make a forceful
and convincing reply :
4 WHY STUDY LATIN?
i. Latin was the language of the Romans, on whose civili
zation our own civilization is largely based. In their writings
we find the origin and the reason for many of our institutions.
2. In Roman literature we find the models which modern
writers have imitated. Our literature is full of allusions and
quotations which only the student of Latin can fully understand.
3. A knowledge of French, Spanish, Portuguese, or Italian
is best obtained by studying Latin first. The value of these
languages to an American is greater today than ever before.
4. Latin grammar makes English grammar easy, and a
knowledge of Latin words makes clear the meaning of English
words. A mastery of English is gained by the study of
Latin, and the ability to use good English promotes success
in every calling. Even a year or two of Latin will be a great
help in grammar, spelling, and composition.
5. A knowledge of Latin is of great service in the pursuit
of the sciences and professions. That is why Latin is required
for entrance to schools of medicine, law, engineering, and other
higher institutions of learning.
QUESTIONS
What is Latin ? Where is Latium ? Where is Rome ? What river
flows through Rome ? What date is given for the founding of Rome ?
How long did the Roman Empire endure ? How wide was its power ?
What was the language of the Roman Empire ? What besides their
language did the Romans impress upon the world ? What is meant
by the Romance languages ? If you wish to master French or
Spanish, what language should you study first ? Why ? Is Latin a
dead language ? What great service did Latin render during the Dark
Ages ? Why do some scholars still write their books in Latin ? What
proportion of English words is of Latin origin ? How did this come
about? What five reasons can you give for the study of Latin?
Which one of these reasons do you consider the most important ?
FIRST HALF YEAR
THE ALPHABET AND SOUNDS OF

THE LETTERS
Errare humanum est — To err is human 1
THE ALPHABET
1. The Latin alphabet is the same as the English except
that it has no/ or w.
2. The vowels, as in English, are a, e, i, o, u, y. The other
letters are consonants.
3. The letter i is used both as a vowel and as a consonant.
When standing first with a vowel following it, or between vowels
within a word, it has the value of a consonant, and is called
I consonant.
Thus, in iam and maior, i is a consonant ; in ianitor the first i is
a consonant, the second is a vowel.
SOUNDS OF THE LETTERS

4. The sounds of the letters are best learned by hearing them
correctly pronounced. The matter in sections 5-7 is, therefore,
intended for reference rather than for assignment as a lesson.
As a first step it is suggested that the teacher pronounce the
examples in class, the pupils following.
1 From Seneca, a Roman philosopher.
5
VOWEL SOUNDS
5. Vowels. Vowels are either long or short. In this book

long vowels are marked (a), short ones are unmarked (a). The
vowels have the following sounds :
LONG SHORT
a as in artist : hac, stas a as in artistic: amat, canas

6 as a in fate : t61a, meta e as in net: tenet, pedes
i as in machine : serti, prati i as in bit : sitis, bibl
0 as in bone: Roma, oris o as in obey : modS, bonSs
u as in rude : umor, tuber u as \nfull: ut, tutus
6. Diphthongs. A diphthong is a combination of two vowels

in a single syllable. The Latin diphthongs and their sounds
are as follows :
ae as ai in aisle : taedae eu almost like ew in new : seu

au as on in out : gaudet oe as oi in boil: foedus
ei as in eight : hei ui almost like we : cui, huic
ROMAN CHILDREN AT PLAY

CONSONANT SOUNDS
7. Consonants. Consonants are pronounced as in English,

with the following exceptions :
c always has the sound of k : cado, cibus, cena

g is always like g in get : gemo, gigno
i, when a consonant, is sounded like.y in. yes: iam, iocus, cuius
qu, gu, and sometimes su before a vowel, have the sound of qw,
gw, and sw, respectively : inquit, lingua, suadeo
s is always like s in sea : rosa, is
t is always like t in native (never as in nation): ratio, natio
v has the sound of w : vinum, vir
x always has the sound of ks : extra, exactus
bs, bt, are like ps, pt : urbs, obtineo
ch, ph, th, are like c, p, t: pulcher, Phoebg, theatrum
8. Learn the following Latin mottoes :

E pluribus unum, one out of many (motto of the United States).
out of many one
Ad astra per aspera, to the stars through difficulties (motto of Kansas).
to stars through
difficulties
Labor omnia vincit, toil conquers all things (quotation from the
Latin poet Vergil).
ROMAN WRITING TABLETS

SYLLABLES, QUANTITY, AND ACCENT
Festlna lente — Make haste slowly1
SYLLABLES
9. A Latin word has as many syllables as it has vowels
and diphthongs.
Thus, H-ber'-tfis has three syllables, au-di-en'-dae has four.
10. Words are divided into syllables as follows :

a. A single consonant between two vowels is pronounced with the
following vowel: as, a-ma'-bi-lis, a'-best, pe-rS'-git; also bl, br, tr,
and similar combinations with 1 or r that can be pronounced in one
syllable are pronounced with a following vowel : 2 as, pu'-bli-cus,
5'-bri-us, ma'-tris, a'-gri.
b. In all other combinations of consonants the last of the group
is pronounced with the following vowel : as, mag'-nus, e-ges'-tas,
hos'-pes, an'-nus, su-bac'-tus, sanc'-tus, il'-le.
C. The last syllable of a word is called the uVti-ma ; the next to
the last, the pe-nuW ; that before the penult, the an'te-pe-nult'.
Thus, amantur consists of a- (antepenult), -man- (penult), -tur
(ultima).
QUANTITY OF SYLLABLES
11. The quantity of a syllable is the time occupied in pro
nouncing it. About twice as much time should be given to
long (that is, slow) syllables as to short (that is, quick) ones.
12. A syllable is long if it contains a long vowel or a
diphthong : as, cu'-ro, poe'-nae, aes-ta'-te ; or if it ends in a
consonant which is followed by another consonant : as, the first
1 A favorite saying of Augustus, the first emperor of Rome.
! But prepositional compounds follow rule b : as, ab'-luo, ab-rum'pS, etc.
8
ACCENT • PARTS OF SPEECH 9
syllables of cor'-pus and mag'-nus. A^l other syllables are
short : as, a'-ni-mal, me-mo'-ri-am, nu'-me-rus, pa'-tri-a.
Note. The vowel in a long syllable may be either long or short, and
should be pronounced accordingly. Thus, in ter-ra, in-ter, the first syllable
is long, but the vowel in each case is short and should be given the short
sound. In words like saxum the first syllable is long because x has the
value of two consonants (cs or gs).
ACCENT
13. Words of two syllables are accented on the first : as,
men'-sa, Cae'-sar.
14. Words of more than two syllables are accented on the
penult if the penult is long. If the penult is short, the ante
penult is accented. Thus, mo-ne'-mus, re'-gi-tur, a-gri'- co-la,
a-man'-dus, a-man'-tur.
15. Sing the following translation of the first two stanzas
of "America " :1
Te cano, Patria, Te cano, Patria,
Candida, libera ; semper et atria
te referet ingenuum ;
portus et exulum laudo virentia
et tumulus senum ; culmina, flumina ;
libera montium sentio gaudia
vox resonet, caelicolum.
THE PARTS OF SPEECH

16. Words, according to their use, are divided into eight
classes called parts of speech : nouns, pronouns, adjectives,
verbs, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections.
The parts of speech in English and in Latin are the same.
1 Translated by Professor George D. Kellogg, Union College, and pub
lished in the Classical Weekly, VIII, 7.
IO PARTS OF SPEECH
17. Nouns. A noun is the name of a person or thing : as,
Caesar, Ccesar ; Roma, Rome ; domus, house ; virtus, virtue.
18. Pronouns. A pronoun (pro, 'instead of,' and noun) is a
word used instead of a noun.
Thus, in / am studying Latin, I is used instead of the
speaker's name. Pronouns are often used to avoid repeating
the same noun : as, The soldiers are weary ; they have
marched many hours.
a. Nouns and pronouns are called substantives.
19. Adjectives. An adjective is a word that describes a
noun or pronoun, and is said to belong to the word which it
describes : as, The great forest was full of beautiful flowers.
20. Verbs. A verb is a word which asserts something (usu
ally an act) about a person or thing : as, The girl is carrying
water. She has a rose in her hair.
INTERIOR VIEW OF A ROMAN HOUSE

LESSON I
Carpe diem — Make the most of today l
FIRST PRINCIPLES OF SYNTAX
21. Subject and Predicate. A sentence is a group of words

expressing a thought. A sentence consists of two parts, a
and a predicate.
22. The subject is the person or thing spoken of.
23. The predicate says something about the subject.
SUBJECT PREDICATE
Puel'la regl'nam vo'cat
The girl calls the queen
Les'bia bo'nam memo'riam ha'bet
Lesbia has a good memory
24. Transitive and Intransitive Verbs. Some verbs are fol

lowed by nouns or pronouns which receive their action and
complete the sense. Such verbs are called transitive verbs,
and the nouns or pronouns are called the direct objects.
Thus, in the sentences above, vocat (calls) and habet (has) are transi
tive verbs, and rgginam (queen) and memoriam (memory) are their
direct objects.
25. Verbs that have no direct object are called intransitive

verbs : as,
Puel'la pro'perat, the girl hastens
Agri'cola labo'rat, thefarmer toils
1 From Horace, a Roman poet. Literally, Seize the day.
II
12 FIRST PRINCIPLES OF SYNTAX
26. A form of the verb to be (is, are, was, etc.), connecting

the subject with a noun or adjective in the predicate, is called
the copula ('joiner' or 'link'): as,
lu'lia est pul'chra puel'la, Julia is a pretty girl
EXERCISE
27. Pronounce the Latin of the following sentences and
name the nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, copulas, subjects,
objects, and predicates, and state whether the verbs are transi
tive or intransitive :
i. E'go pa'triam a'mo.
/ (my) country love.
2. Puel'lae in mag'natn sil'vam pro'perant.
(The) girls into (the) great forest are-hastening.
3. Les'bia, pul'chra fi'lia agri'colae, nul'lam
Lesbia, (the) beautiful daughter of(the) farmer, no
pecu'niam ha'bet.
money has.
4. Agri'cola fi'liam ex par'va ca'sa vo'cat.
(The) farmer (his) daughter from (the) little cottage calls.
5. Is pul'chram puel'lam a'mat.
He (the) pretty girl loves.
6. Lin'gua Lati'na est pul'chra.
The language Latin is beautiful.
NOTE. Latin has no article the or a ; thus puella may mean the girl,
a girl, or simply girl. Further, the possessive adjectives my, your, his, her,
etc. are not expressed if the meaning of the sentence is clear without
them. Note, too, in 6 that in Latin the adjective may follow the noun.
Mview
of
work
the
high,
feet hadoverelranfguel o, by
wobtains
hundred
four
Peter-s,
St.
dome
iFrom
ocnone of
iPeter-s,
ellipse
cimposing
huge
Piazza
the
is
below
St.
Ionlmcoannleodasieasdt.ely The
city. Hcbeyond
of
tomb
flat
and
Tiber
river,
the
daidrsnowexpanse
middle
In are
ctiualnac.re
of
aMthe
without
almost
and
Rome
peopled,
densely
Campus
buildings
ncrwasitenuts
COF
S
PETER
ST.
DOME
THE
FROM
ROME
VIEW
HURCH
LESSON II
Audentes fortuna iuvat — Fortune favors the brave l
INFLECTION AND CASES

28. Inflection. Words may change their forms to indicate
some change in their meaning, or their use in a sentence :
as, is, are ; know, knew ; we, us ; woman, woman's, -women.
This change is called inflection.
29. The inflection of a verb is called its conjugation ; that

of a noun, adjective, or pronoun, its declension.
30. Declension. To decline a word means to give in order

all its different forms : as, who, whose, whom. Each one of
the forms is called a case.
31. Cases in English. Observe the following sentences :

Who is this man ?
Whose son is he ?
Whom do I see ?
We use the form who as the subject, whose to denote pos
session, and whom as the object. The three forms illustrate
the three cases found in English.
The subject case is called the Nominative case.
The case of the possessor is called the Possessive case.
The object case is called the Objective case.
32. Cases in Latin. In Latin the subject case is called the

Nom'inative ; the possessive, or case of the possessor, is called
the Gen'itive ; and the object case is called the Aceusative.
1 From Vergil, Rome's greatest epic poet.
13
14 INFLECTION AND CASES
Gal'ba (NOMINATIVE) est agri'cola, Galba (SUBJECT) is a farmer
Gal'bae (GENITIVE) fi'lia eat Les'bia, Galba's (POSSESSOR) daughter
is Lesbia
Gal'bam (ACCUSATIVE) fi'lia a'mat, (his) daughter loves Galba
(OBJECT)
33. Rule for Nominative Subject. The subject ofafinite

verb is in the Nominative and answers the question Who ?
or What?
34. Rule for Genitive of the Possessor. The word de
noting the owner or possessor of something is in the
Genitive and answers the question Whose ?
35. Rule for Accusative Object. The direct object of a
transitive verb is in the Aceusative and answers the
question Whom ? or What ?
36. When the nominative singular ends in -a (as, Galba),
the genitive singular ends in -ae and the accusative singular in -am.
EXERCISES
37. In the following sentences add the proper Latin endings :
i. Lesbia (SUBJECT) loves thefarmer (OBJECT), Lesbi- amat agricol-
2. The farmer's (POSSESSOR) daughter (SUBJECT) loves Galba
(OBJECT), agricol- fill- amat Galb-
3. TJie farmer (SUBJECT) calls Galba's (POSSESSOR) daughter
(OBJECT), agricol- vocat Galba- fili-
38. State what nouns in the following sentences would be
nominative, genitive, and accusative if translated into Latin :
i. A lion was terrifying the villagers. 2. A hunter found
the lion's den. 3. The hunter shot the lion and captured the
lion's cubs. 4. The lion's cubs bit the hunter's hand.
LESSON III
Fiat lux — Let there be light1
FORMS AND POSITION
39. English and Latin Compared. Observe the following

sentences :
Galba loves his daughter
His daughter loves Galba
The nouns Galba and daughter have the same form in both
these sentences, although the noun that is the subject in the
one becomes the object in the other. In other words, the nomi
native and the objective case are alike in English, and the only
way to distinguish them is by the order of the words.
In the Latin of this sentence no doubt can arise, for the sub
ject ends in -a and the object in -am, and this remains true
no matter in what order the words are written.
Gal'ba a'mat fi'liam ]
Fi'liam„a'mat Gal'ba \ Galba
_ ,, loves
. ... , t
,,, , ... his daughter
A'mat Gal'ba fi'liam |
Gal'ba fi'liam a'mat j
As you see, all these arrangements mean the same thing.
The form of the Latin noun, therefore, and not its position in
the sentence, shows its use.
40. Position of Subject and Verb. The subject of a short,
disconnected sentence generally stands first ; the verb, last.
But est, is, and other forms of the verb to be usually stand,
as in English, between the subject and a noun or adjective
in the predicate : as,
Gal'ba est agri'cola, Galba is a farmer
1 From the Latin translation of the Bible.
1S
16 FORMS AND POSITION
41. Position of Genitive. The genitive may stand either
before or after the noun to which it belongs : as, Gal'bae fi'lia
or fi'lia Gal'bae, Galbas daughter.
VOCABULARY
42. Learn the following words so that you can give the
English for the Latin or the Latin for the English :
agri'cola, farmer a'mat, loves, is-loving
fi'lia, daughter pro'perat, hastens, is-hastening
puel'la, girl vo'cat, calls, is-calling
rggl'na, queen
EXERCISES
NOTE. In translating a Latin genitive into English we may use either
the preposition of and the noun, or its possessive case : as, filia reginae,
the daughter of the queen, or the queen's daughter.
- 43. i. Regina puellam amat. 2. Puella reginam amat.

3. Filia agricolae properat. 4. Puella filiam agricolae vocat.
5. Filia agricolae puellam amat. 6. Regina agricolam vocat,
agricola properat.
44. i. The farmer is-calling (his) daughter. 2. The daughter
is-calling the farmer. 3. The girl loves the queen's daughter.
4. The queen's daughter calls the girl. 5 . The queen is-hastening.
SINGING THE WEDDING SONG

LESSON IV
Omne initium est difficile — Every beginning is hard 1
NUMBER • AGREEMENT OF VERBS
45. Number. Latin, like English, has two numbers, singular

and plural.
46. Plural of Nouns. In English the plural of nouns is
usually formed by adding -s or -es to the singular. So Latin
changes the singular to the plural by changing the ending.
SINGULAR
NOM. (subject) puell-a, girl
GEN. (possessor) puell-ae, girl's, of the girl
Ace. (object) puell-am, girl
PLURAL
NOM. (subject) puell-ae, girls
GEN. (possessor) puell-arum, girls', of the girls
Ace. (object) puell-as, girls
Note that the genitive singular and the nominative plural
are alike.
a. Some Latin words ending in -a have passed into English without
change and form the plural in -ae : as, alumna, alumnae ; formula,
formulae; minutia, minutiae; nebula, nebulae; vertebra, vertebrae.
Consult the dictionary for the meaning of these words.
47. Plural of Verbs. Verbs, as well as nouns, form the
plural with different endings. In the singular the third person
ends in -t, in the plural in -nt. Thus,
porta-t, he (she, if) carries porta-nt, they carry
puella portat, the girl carries puellae portant, the girls carry
1 A Latin proverb.
17
18 AGREEMENT OF VERBS
The endings -t and -nt, which show the person and number
of the verb, are called personal endings, and take the place of
the English personal pronouns.
48. Rule for Agreement of Verbs. Thefinite verb agrees
with its subject in person and number.
EXERCISES
49. Write and give orally the nominative, genitive, and
accusative, singular and plural, of the Latin nouns meaning
farmer, daughter, queen, girl.
50. Write and give orally the third person singular and
plural of the Latin verbs meaning love, call, hasten.
51. Derivation. Define the following English words : vocal,
vocation, filial, amiable, agriculture. To what Latin words are
they related ?
PLAYING JACKSTONES
LESSON V
Bis dat qul cito dat — He gives twice who gives quickly1
THE DATIVE CASE • INDIRECT OBJECT - PREDICATE NOUN
52. Dative Case. In English many relationships between

words are expressed by to, for, from, with, in, at, and the like.
These are called prepositions. Latin, too, often makes a similar
use of prepositions, but frequently expresses such relationships
by means of case forms that English does not possess. One of
these cases is called the Daltive.
53. The dative case is used after verbs and adjectives to
express the relation conveyed in English by the prepositions
to or for somebody or something.
He gave the money to John They are ready for war
She was kind to him He is no match for you
NOTE. To or for in expressions of motion, like He went to New York,
He sailedfor Europe, are not denoted by the dative.
54. What dative relations do you discover in the following ?

To Captain Smith was given the cross of war, an honor great
enough for any man. He was always ready for action and
was equal to all demands. To him nothing seemed impossible.
No wonder the general said to him, " France gives to you
an honor well deserved."
55. Case Endings of Dative. When the nominative singular

ends in -a, the dative singular ends in -ae and the dative
plural in -Is.
NOTE. The genitive singular, the dative singular, and the nominative
plural have the same ending, -ae ; but the uses of the three cases are different.
1 From Andrea Alciati, an Italian author of maxims.
19
20 INDIRECT OBJECT • PREDICATE NOUN
56. Indirect Object. In English the person to whom some

thing is given, told, refused, etc. is called the indirect object.
The queen gives money to the girl (or gives the girl money)
57. The indirect object is clearly a dative relation (§ 5 3)~ and
is expressed in Latin by the dative case.
Regma puellae pecuniam dat
58. Rule for Dative of Indirect Object. The indirect
object of a verb is in the dative.
59. The indirect object may either precede or follow the
direct object.
60. Predicate Noun. A noun standing in the predicate,
describing or defining the subject and connected with it by
some form of the verb to be, is called a predicate noun.
Galba est agricola, Galba is a farmer
61. Rule for Predicate Noun. A predicate noun agrees
with the subject in case.
EXERCISES
62. Write the nominative, genitive, dative, and accusative,
singular and plural, of the nouns agricola, regina, puella. .
First learn the special vocabulary, page 361
63. i . Puella est regina. 2. Puellae sunt reginae. 3. Agricola
properat. 4. Agricolae properant. 5. Filiae agricolarum regi-
nam vocant. 6. Filia agricolae reginam vocat. /. Regina puellis
agricolae pecuniam dat. 8. Filiae reginae fabulas puellis agri
colarum narrant.
64. i. The queen is a farmer's daughter. 2. The girls give
the farmers' money to-the-queen. 3. The girl is-telling the
queen's daughter a story. 4. The girl loves the queen's daughter.
5. The girls are daughters of-farmers.
LESSON VI
Ars longa, vita brevis — Art is long, time is fleeting 1
THE ABLATIVE CASE • THE FIRST DECLENSION
65. Ablative Case. Another case lacking in English, but
found in Latin, is the Ab'lative. This case is used to express
the relations conveyed in English by the prepositions from, by,
with, at, in, or on. Sometimes, as will be shown later (§ 79),
Latin uses similar prepositions with the ablative.
66. Ablative Relations. What ablative relations do you dis

cover in the following sentences ?
At two o'clock the troops began to march by, the general with
his staff leading the van. Many thousands were in line and
the ground shook with their martial tread. From sidewalks,
windows, and housetops the spectators viewed the wonder
ful sight. On every side flags were waving in the breeze
and everyone was wild with joy. Our boys were back
from France.
67. Case Endings of Ablative. When the nominative singu

lar ends in -a, the ablative singular ends in -a, and the ablative
plural in -is.
a. Note that the final -a is long in the ablative and short in the
nominative : aqua, nominative ; aqua, ablative.
b. Note that the ablative plural is like the dative plural.
68. Declensions. Latin has five declensions.

1 Latin form of a saying attributed to the Greek writer Hippocrates.
Literally, Art long; life short. The verb to be is often omitted when it can
readily be supplied.
21
22 FIRST DECLENSION
69. The declension to which a noun belongs is shown by the

ending of the genitive singular.
70. First Declension. Nouns having the ending -ae in the

genitive singular belong to the First Declension. They are
declined as follows :
Noun Translation Use of Each Case
singular
Nom. aqua the water The subject
Gen. aquae of the water, or the The possessor
water s
Dat. aquae to ox for the water The indirect object
Ace. aquam the water The direct object
Abl. aqua from, by, with, at, in, Relation denoted by
or on the water the prepositions/ww,
by, with, at, in, or on
PLURAL
Nom. aquae the waters The subject
Gen. aqua'rum of the waters, or the The possessor
waters'
Dat. aquis to ox for the waters The indirect object
Ace. aquas the waters The direct object
Abl. aquis from, by, with, at, in, Relation denoted by
or on the waters the prepositions/>ww,
by, with, at, in, or on
a. The nouns filia, daughter, and dea, goddess, have filiabus and
deabus in the dative and ablative plural.
71. Base. That part of the word which remains unchanged

throughout the declension, and to which the terminations are
added, is called the base. Thus, aquis the base of aqua.
FIRST DECLENSION 23
72. How to learn a Declension. First pronounce each form care

fully, with due regard for the sounds of the letters and the accent,
giving the corresponding English meaning. Repeat again and again
until you have the declension memorized. Then close your book and
write the Latin forms, marking the quantity of the long vowels in the
case endings, and write also the meaning of each form. Then open
your book and correct any errors in your work. For further drill
make a blank scheme of the declension as shown below, and, pointing
rapidly with your pencil to the different spaces, give quickly the Latin
forms that would appear there, using a variety of words. Persist in
drilling yourself until you can give the ten Latin forms complete in
ten seconds.
SINGULAR PLURAL
NOM.
GEN.
DAT.
Ace.
ABL.
EXERCISES
73. Write the declension of puella, dea, and agricola, with
the meaning of each form.
74. Give orally the declension of fabula, regina, filia, pecunia.
75. Give the case or the cases, and the meaning or the
meanings, of the following : puellarum, filiabus, pecuniae,
fabula, reginam, deas, agricolis.
76. Derivation. The noun aqua appears in the English words
aquarium, aqueous, aquatic, aqueduct. What do they mean ?
Consult the English dictionary if you do not know.
LESSON VII
Mens sana in corpora sand — A sound mind in a sound body1
PREPOSITIONS
77. While many relations expressed in English by preposi
tions are in Latin expressed by case forms, still prepositions are
of frequent occurrence, but only with the accusative or ablative.
78. Prepositions with Accusative. The relations to, into,
and throtigh in expressions of motion are expressed in Latin
by the prepositions ad, in, and per, with the accusative.
Nauta ad aquam properat, the sailor hastens to the water
Nauta in aquam properat, the sailor hastens into the water
Nauta per aquam properat, the sailor hastens through the water
79. Prepositions with Ablative. The relations from the side
of, in company with, and in or on are expressed in Latin
by the prepositions a or ab, cum, and in, with the ablative.
Nauta ab aqua properat, the sailor hastensfrom the water
Nauta cum Galba properat, the sailor hastens with Galba
Nauta in aqua est, the sailor is in (or on) the water
NOTE. The preposition a is used only before words beginning with a
consonant, ab before either vowels or consonants.
1 From Juvenal, a Roman poet.
PREPOSITIONS
80. The meanings of & (or ab), ad, in, and per are illus
trated by the following diagram, the square representing the
place in question :
per (through) with the ace.

in (into) with the ace. a, ab (from)
Place with the abl.
ad (to) with the ace.
in (in, on) with the abl.
EXERCISES
81 . i . Nautae aquam amant ; agricolae terram amant. 2. Nauta
cum filiabus reginae ab terra ad aquam properat. 3. Filiae
reginae in (on) aqua sunt. 4. Nautae per aquas properant.
5. Agricola filiabus reginae aquam dat. 6. Puellae agricolarum
in terra sunt.
82. i. Lesbia hastens from the land to the water. 2. The
sailors are in the water. 3. Galba is with the farmers' daughters.
4. The queens' daughters hasten through the land.
First Review of Vocabulary and Grammar, §§ 732-73^
I AM OF THE OPINION THAT THE VALUE OF CLASSICAL STUDIES IS SERI

OUSLY UNDERESTIMATED TODAY. WHOLLY OUTSIDE OF THEIR ACKNOWL
EDGED LITERARY VALUE, CLASSICAL STUDIES CULTIVATE THE POWER OF
EXPRESSION AND A DISCRIMINATING USE OF WORDS ESSENTIAL TO CLEAR
NESS OF THINKING. HERBERT C. HOOVER
LESSON VIII
Numquam retr5rsum — Never turn back l
GENDER • DECLENSION, AGREEMENT, AND POSITION OF
ADJECTIVES • THE PREDICATE ADJECTIVE
83. Gender. Latin, like English, has three genders : mas

culine, feminine, and neuter.
84. Gender in English is distinction according to sex. Names
of males are masculine ; of females, feminine ; and of things
without animal life, neuter. This is called natural gender.
85. The rules for natural gender are applied also in Latin to
beings having life : words denoting males are masculine, and
words denoting females are feminine. But the gender of
words denoting things is generally determined by the termina
tion of the nominative singular. This is called grammatical
gender. Hence nouns which in English would be neuter may
in Latin be masculine, feminine, or neuter.
Thus, in Latin, sol, sun, is masculine ; luna, moon, feminine ;
caelum, sky, neuter.
86. Gender of Nouns of First Declension. Nouns of the first
declension are feminine unless they denote males.
Thus, aqua, water, is feminine, but nauta, sailor, is masculine.
87. Adjectives. Examine the following sentence :
Puella parva bonam reginam amat, the little girl likes the good queen
In this sentence parva, little, and bonam, good, are not
nouns, but descriptive words expressing quality. Such words
are called adjectives and are said to belong to the noun
which they describe.
1 A Latin slogan. Literally, Never backward.
26
DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES 27
88. Declension of Adjectives. In English the adjective
remains unchanged even when the noun changes its form : as,
the good man, the good man's, the good men. In other words,
in English, adjectives are not declined. In Latin, adjectives
have declensions like those of nouns.
89. Feminine adjectives in -a have the same case forms as
nouns in -a. Decline nouns and their adjectives together, as
follows :
aqua (base aqu-), F., water ; bona (base bon-), p., good
NOUN ADJECTIVE
TERMINATIONS
NOM. aqua bona good water -a
GEN. aquae bonae ofgood water -ae
DAT. aquae bonae to vt forgood water -ae
Ace. aquam bonam good water ' -am
ABL. aqua bona from, with, by, in good water -a
NOM. aquae bonae good waters -ae
GEN. aqua'rum bona'rum ofgood waters -arum
DAT. aquis boms to or for good waters -Is
Ace. aquas bonus good waters -as
ABL. aquls bonis from, with, by, ingood'waters -is
90. Agreement of Adjectives. In the phrase aqua bona, we

have a feminine noun aqua combined with a feminine adjective
bona. When the phrase is declined, a change in the number
or the case of the noun is accompanied by a corresponding
change in the adjective. This is called agreement.
91 . Rule for Agreement of Adjectives. Adjectives agree
with their nouns in gender, number, and case.
92. An adjective may either precede or follow its noun.
28 PREDICATE ADJECTIVE
93. Predicate Adjective. An adjective standing in the predi
cate, but describing the subject, is called a predicate adjective.
Puellae sunt pulchrae, the girls are pretty
NOTE. In English the predicate adjective is often called the attribute
complement or subjective complement.
GALBA ET LESBIA
94. Galba est agricola. Lesbia est filia Galbae. Lesbia est
pulchra. Galba flliam pulchram amat. Agricola parvae puellae
bonas fabulas narrat. Galba cum Lesbia in casa parva habitat.
Galba et Lesbia casam parvam amant. Lesbia Galbam vocat et
agricola ad parvam casam properat (see picture).
95. i. The little cottage is beautiful. 2. Galba hastens through

the land to the pretty cottage. 3. Galba is with the sailor. 4. The
girls hasten into the cottage. 5. Farmers live in small cottages.
LESSON IX
Fit via vi — Energy wins the way1
THE SECOND DECLENSION • THE VOCATIVE CASE
96. Second Declension. Nouns ending in -i in the genitive
singular belong to the Second Declension.
97. Gender and Declension. Nominatives of the second de
clension ending in -us or -er are masculine ; those ending in
-um are neuter.
Thus, servus, slave, and ager, field, are masculine; but oppidum,
town, is neuter.
Masculine nouns in -us are declined as follows :
servus (base serv-), m., slave
Terminations Terminations
Nom. servus -us servi -i
Gen. servi -i servorum -orum
DAT. servo -S servis -is
Ace. servum -um servos -5s
Abl. servo -S servis -is
Note. In learning all declensions, follow the suggestions given in § 72.
a. Some Latin words ending in -us have passed into English
without change and form the plural in -i : as, alumnus, alumni ;
syllabus, syllabi; focus, foci; radius, radii; stimulus, stimuli; nar
cissus, narcissi. Consult the dictionary for the meaning of these words.
98. Vocative Case. A noun used to address or call a person
is in the vocative case (from Latin voco, / call). The form
of the vocative is regularly the same as the nominative, but
the vocative singular of nouns in -us of the second declension
ends in -e : as, serve, O slave ; Marce, O Marcus.
1 From Vergil, a Roman poet. Literally, A way is made by force.
29
r
30 SECOND DECLENSION
99. In English the name of the person addressed often stands
first. The Latin vocative rarely stands first.
Lesbia, the cottage is small, casa, Lesbia, est parva
EXERCISES
100. i. Quo nauta properat? 2. Nauta ad parvam casam
Galbae properat. 3. Ubi est Galba ? 4. Galba cum Lesbia
et cum amicis Lesbiae in casa parva est. 5. Agricola parvis
puellis bonas fabulas narrat. 6. Ubi, Marce, est servus agri-

colae ? 7. Servus agricolae equis aquam dat. 8. Aqua est
bona et equi bonam aquam amant.
101. i. Marcus, Galba is-calling the slaves. 2. Slaves, where
are the horses? 3. The horses, Galba, are-hastening to the
cottage. 4. The water of-the-cottage is good. 5. The slaves
are the friends of-the-horses.
LESSON X
Sic semper tyrannis — Thus ever to tyrants 1
THE SECOND DECLENSION (CONTINUED) • APPOSITION
102. Declension of Nouns in -er. Masculine nouns in -er of
the second declension are declined as follows :
puer (base puer-), M., boy ; ager (base agr-), M., field
TERMINATIONS TERMINATIONS
NOM. puer ager — puerl agri -I
GEN. pueri agri -i puerorum agrorum -orum
DAT. puero agro -S pueris agris -is
Ace. puerum agrum -um puerSs agros -Ss
ABL. puero agro -S pueris agris -is
a. Nouns in -er are declined just like servus, except that they have
no termination -us in the nominative singular.
b. In puer the e appears in each case ; in ager it appears only in
the nominative singular. Most nouns in -er are declined like ager.
The genitive singular shows whether the noun follows puer or ager.
C. The noun vir, man, is declined like puer : vir, viri, virS, etc.
103. Apposition. Observe the following sentences :
Marcus nauta ad casam properat, Marcus, the sailor, hastens to
the cottage
Galba Marcura nautam amat, Galba loves Marcus, the sailor
In each sentence the word sailor is added to Marcus to explain
who he is. A noun explaining another noun, and signifying
the same person or thing, is called an appositive, and is said to
be in apposition. A noun and its appositive agree in case.
104. Rule for Apposition. An appositive agrees in case
with, the noun which it explains.
1 Motto of the state of Virginia.
31
SECOND DECLENSION
EXERCISES
DIALOGUE. PUERI, SEXTUS ET QUINTUS
105. SEXTUS. Ubi, Quinte, servi Galbae agricolae laborant ?
QUINTUS. In agris, Sexte. servi Galbae agricolae laborant.
LESBIA PER AGROS PROPERAT ET AQUAM AD SERVOS PORTAT
S. Quis per agros ad servos properat ?

Q. Lesbia, filia Galbae agricolae, per agros ad servos properat.
S. Quid Lesbia, pulchra filia Galbae agricolae, portat ?
Q. Aquam, Sexte, Lesbia portat. Aquam servis Lesbia dat
et servi Lesbiam, bonam filiam Galbae agricolae, amant.
106. i. Who lives with the friends of-Marcus the sailor?
2. What are the boys' horses carrying, Sextus ? 3. Who is-telling
stories to-Lesbia, Galba's little daughter ? 4. Whither are the
men carrying water ?
LESSON XI
Amlcus est alter Idem — A friend is a second self1
THE SECOND DECLENSION (CONTINUED) - GENERAL RULES

OF DECLENSION • QUESTIONS
107. Declension of Nouns in -am. Neuter nouns in -um belong

to the Second Declension, and are declined as follows :
oppidum (base oppid-), N., town
NOM. oppidum -um oppida -a
GEN. oppidi -i oppidSrum -orum
DAT. oppidS -S oppidis -is
Ace. oppidum -um oppida -a
ABL. oppidS -6 oppidis -is
a. Some Latin words ending in -um have passed into English
without change and form the plural in -a: as, stratum, strata;
datum, data ; curriculum, curricula ; memorandum, memoranda.
108. General Rules of Declension. Write side by side the

declension of servus, aqua, and oppidum. A comparison of
the forms gives us the following rules, which apply not only
to the first and second declensions but to all five (§ 68) :
a. The nominative and accusative of neuter nouns are alike, and in
the plural end in -a.
b. The accusative of masculines and feminines ends in -m in the
singular, and in -s in the plural.
c. The dative and ablative plural are alike.
d- Final -i and -o are long ; final -a is short except in the ablative
singular of the first declension.
1 From Cicero, who wrote a famous essay on friendship.
33
34 SECOND DECLENSION
QUESTIONS
109. Questions may be introduced, as in English, by such
words as quis ? who ? quid ? what ? ubi ? where ? and quo ?
whither? But questions that can be answered by yes or no
have, in Latin, a special question sign -ne attached to the
emphatic word, which stands first and is usually the verb.
Est'ne puella pulchra ? Is the girlpretty ?
Properant'ne pueri ? Are the boys hastening ?
110. There are no single Latin words meaning simply yes

and no. Questions are usually answered in the affirmative by
repeating the verb ; in the negative, by repeating the verb with
non, not.
Properant'ne pueri ? Properant. Are the boys hastening 1 Yes.
Properant'ne pueri ? Non properant. Are the boys hastening) No.
EXERCISES
111. Derivation. Using the prefixes ex- (out), im- (in),
re- (back), sup- (under), trans- (across), with -port, from the
Latin verb portS, to carry, make five English words and define
them.
112. What English words in the following paragraph do you
know to be of Latin derivation ? Define the words, using the
dictionary if necessary, and give the Latin sources.
Below the terrace was an aquarium fed by an aqueduct, a gift
of Mr. B , concerning whose bounty and fabulous wealth
the inhabitants of the town love to tell. But these data are
not essential to my narrative, and I will speak only of his
love for the sea, aquatic sports, and nautical affairs.
QUESTIONS 35
DIALOGUE. PUELLA ET SERVUS

113. Puella. Quo, serve, viri properant ?

Servus. In oppidum, puella, viri properant.
P. Quis viros et pueros con'vocat ?
S. Regina bona viros et pueros con'vocat.
P. Cur reglna bona viros et pueros con'vocat ?
S. Ad arma, puella, reglna populum vocat.
P. Estne puer Sextus cum viris ?
S. Est, et arma bonae reginae portat. Sextus bonam
reginam amat.
P. Ubi, serve, est Quintus, amicus pueri Sexti ? Estne
Quintus in oppido ?
S. In oppido Quintus non est. Quintus est cum Marco
nauta.
P. Laborant'ne Quintus et Marcus ?
S. Labo'rant,
114. 1. Are the men of-the-town hastening, Marcus? No

(Latin, they are not hastening). 2. What are the farmers'
boys carrying? They-are-carrying arms. 3. Whither are the
queens calling the peoples ? 4. The queens are-calling the
peoples from the fields into the towns. 5. Why do the good
queens call the people together ? 6. Are the slaves toiling in
the fields ? Yes (Latin, they-are-toiling).
IN NO OTHER COUNTRY IS IT SO NECESSARY AS IN OURS TO PROVIDE

FULLY, FOR THOSE WHO HAVE THE CHANCE AND DESIRE TO TAKE rT,
BROAD AND HIGH LIBERAL EDUCATION, IN WHICH ONE ESSENTIAL
ELEMENT SHALL BE CLASSICAL TRAINING. — THEODORE ROOSEVELT
rr
LESSON XII
Semper fidelis — Always faithful1
ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS
GENITIVE OF NOUNS IN -IUS AND -IUM
115. Adjectives of First and Second Declensions. We have
seen that feminine adjectives in -a, like bona, are declined like
aqua (§ 89). So masculine adjectives in -us, such as bonus,
are declined like servus ; and neuter adjectives in -um, such as
bonum, are declined like oppidum. For this reason such adjec
tives are called Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions.
116. The adjective and noun, masculine and neuter, are

•declined as follows :
servus bonus (bases serv- bon-), M., the good slave

NOM. servus bonus -us servl boni -i
•GEN. servl boni -i servorum bonorum -orum
DAT. servS bonS -S servis bonis -is
Ace. servum bonum -um servos bonos -Ss
ABL. servS bono -S servis bonis -is
oppidum bonum (bases oppid- bon-), N., the good toum

NOM. oppidum bonum -um oppida bona -a
•GEN. oppidi boni -i oppidorum bonorum -orum
DAT. oppido bono -S oppidis bonis -is
Ace. oppidum bonum -um oppida bona -a
ABL. oppido bono -S oppidis bonis -is
1 Motto of the United States marines.
36
ADJECTIVES 37
Decline together equus parvus, the small horse; bellum
magnum, the great war.
117. Genitive of Nouns in -ius and -ium. Nouns in -ius
and -ium end in -i in the genitive, not in -il, and the accent
remains on the same syllable as in the nominative : nomina
tive fi'lius (sen), genitive fi'li, dative filio, etc.; nominative
auxi'lium (aid), genitive auxi'li, dative auxilio, etc.
EXERCISES
DIALOGUE. MARCUS ET FILIUS
118. MARCUS. Quid, fili,1 servl Galbae agricolae in magnum
oppidum portant ?
FILIUS. Frumentum, Marce, servl Galbae agricolae in mag
num oppidum portant. Regina magni oppidi populum ad arma
vocat. Regina novum et magnum bellum parat.2 Arma et
frumentum et pecuniam, auxilia3 belli, parat.2
M. Ubi sunt boni filii pulchrae reginae ?
F. Cum sociis, Marce, filii reginae sunt.
M. Dantne socii bonae reginae auxilium ?
F. Dant. Socii arma nova et pecuniam magnam reginae dant.
M. Estne, fili,1 terra reginae pulchra ?
F. Pulchra et magna est terra reginae. Populus oppidi
bonam reginam et pulchram terram amat.
i . fill is the vocative of filius. 2. Note that parat means prepare for
as well as prepare. 3. In apposition with the preceding nouns.
119. i. The arms of-the-new ally are good. 2. The sons of-
the-allies do-give great assistance to-the-people of-the-small
towns. 3. The farmers are-toiling in the new fields. 4. Why,
(my) son, is the good queen calling the people together ? 5 . Are
the new allies preparing grain ? Yes.
LESSON XIII
Parvum parva decent — Small things become the small 1

(Continued) • ADVERBS
120. Adjectives of First and Second Declensions. The com

plete declension of bonus, -a, -um, is given below :
Mase. Fem. Neut.
Nom. bonus bona bonum
Gen. boni bonae boni
DAT. bono bonae bono
Ace. bonum bonam bonum
Abl. bono bona bono
Nom. boni bonae bona

Gen. bonS'rum bona'rum bond'rum
Dat. bonis bonis bonis
Ace. bonus bonas bona
Abl. bonis bonis bonis
Note. Learn to recite and to write the forms of adjectives across the
Page, thus giving the three genders for each case. Make a blank scheme
(cf. § 72) of the declension above and use it for drill on a variety of adjectives.
a. Decline magnus. -a, -um ; parvus, -a, -um ; novus, -a, -um.
121. The agreement between an adjective and its noun does

not mean that they must have the same termination. Often
the adjective and the noun belong to different declensions
and hence have different terminations ; for example, nauta,
sailor, being a masculine noun, requires the masculine form
1 From Horace, Rome's greatest lyric poet.
38
ADVERBS 39
of the adjective in agreement. But the masculine adjective
bonus belongs to the second declension, while nauta belongs
to the first ; hence, a good sailor is nauta bonus. Learn to
decline nouns and adjectives together as follows :
nauta bonus (bases naut- bon-), M., the good sailor
NOM. nauta bonus nautae bom
GEN. nautae bonl nautarum bonorum
DAT. nautae bono nautis boms
Ace. nautam bonum nautas bonos
ABL. nauta bonS nautis boms
122. Adverbs. An adverb is a word which modifies a verb,

an adjective, or another adverb.
Most adverbs answer the questions How ? Where ? When f
To what degree?
123. Position of Adverbs. Adverbs, unless emphatic, stand
directly before the words which they modify: as,
Regma Galbae pecuniam saepe dat, the queen often gives money
to Galba
Interrogative adverbs (where ? when ? why ? etc.) regularly
stand first, as in English. Other adverbs, when emphatic, stand
in some unusual position.
EXERCISES
124. i. Agricola bonus est in magno agro. 2. Marcus nauta

est amicus agricolae boni. '3. Marcus agricolae bon5 auxilium
saepe dat. 4. Amat'ne Marcus agricolam bonum ? Amat.
5. Quo Marcus cum Galba, agricola bono, properat ? In notum
oppidum. 6. Agricolae boni multum frumentum per longas
vias portant. 7. Suntne agri agricolarum bonorum magni ?
40 ADJECTIVES IN -ER
Sunt. 8. Viri oppidi noti agricolis bonis pecuniam saepe dant.

9. Cur populi oppidorum notorum agricolas bonos convocant ?
Oppida nota longum bellum parant. 10. Socii notae reginae
cum agricolis bonis Iaborant.
125. i. Are the new spears long? No. 2. In the new lands
are many famous towns. 3. The reputation of-the-new town is
good. 4. The road through the good farmer's fields is new.
LESSON XIV
Non scholae, sed vitae discimus — We learn not for school, but for life 1

(CONCLUDED) - THE DATIVE WITH ADJECTIVES
126. Masculine Adjectives in -er. Not all masculine adjec

tives of the second declension end in -us, like bonus, but some
end in -er and are declined like ager or puer (§ 102). The
feminine and neuter nominatives show which model to follow.
127. Declension of liber, libera, liberum, free :
MASC. FEM. NEUT.
NOM. liber libera liberum
GEN. liberl liberae llberi
DAT. libero liberae libero
Ace. liberum liberam liberum
ABL. liberS libera libero
NOM. liberl liberae libera
GEN. liberorum liberarum liberorum
DAT. liberis liberis liberis
Ace. liber&s liberas libera
ABL. liberis liberis liberis
/<
DATIVE WITH ADJECTIVESi/'
128. Declension of pulcber^Jiîa, julchrum, pretty :

Masc. Fem. Neut.
I
NOm. pulcher pulchra pulchrum
Gen. pulchri pulchrae | pulchri
DAT. pulchro pulchrae pulchro
Ace. pulchrum pulchram | pulchrum
Abl. pulchro pulchra I pulchro
NOm. pulchri pulchrae | pulchra
Gen. pulchrorum pulchrarumi pulchrorum
DAT. pulchris pulchris pulchris
Ace. pulchros pulchras . pulchra
Abl. pulchris k pulchris pulchris
129. Dative with Adjectives. We learned in § 53 for what

sort of expressions we may expect the dative, and in § 57 that
one of its commonest uses is with verbs to express the indirect
object. It is also very common with adjectives to express the
object toward which the quality denoted by the adjective is
directed. In English this dative would be in the objective case
after the preposition to ox for: as, near to town, fit for service.
130. Rule for Dative with Adjectives. The dative is

used with adjectives to denote the object toward which
the given quality is directed. Such are those meaning
near, also fit, friendly, pleasing, like, and their opposites.
Fabula est grata Lesbiae, the story is pleasing to Lesbia
Ager est proximus oppido, thefield is nearest to the town
a. Among such adjectives are
amicus, -a, -um, friendly (to)
inimicus, -a, -um, hostile (to)
gratus, -a, -um, pleasing (to)
proximus, -a, -um, nearest (to)
42 DATIVE WITH ADJECTIVES
INSULA MARCl NAUTAE

131. Galba agricola in agris pulchris habitat, Quintus in

oppido magno et noto habitat ; sed Marcus nauta in insula
parva habitat. Parva insula est pulchra et grata Marco
nautae. Terra est grata Galbae et Quint5, sed Marcus
altas aquas amat. Insula parva Marcl nautae est proxima 5
MARCUS FRUMENTUM A TERRA AD INSULAM PORTAT
•agris pulchris Galbae agricolae. Marcus ab insula parva

ad terram saepe navigat et per agros pulchros ad parvam
casam Galbae agricolae properat. Lesbia, filia Galbae, Marco
nautae frumentum saepe dat et Marcus frumentum a terra
ad parvam insulam portat. Lesbia est Marco nautae amica 10
sed inimica Quint5. Agri n5n grati Quint5 sunt. Quintus
arma et tela et bella amat. Estne Marcus servus ? N5n est.
Marcus est liber.
LESSON XV
Pro bono publico — For the public weal l
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS

132. Observe the following sentences :
Marcus is my son Marcus is mine
In the first sentence my is a possessive adjective ; in the
second mine is a possessive pronoun. Similarly in Latin the
possessives are sometimes adjectives and sometimes pronouns.
133. The Latin possessives are declined like adjectives of
the first and second declensions, and are as follows :
_ . . to fmeus, mea, meum. my,
Refernng J mine
< tuus, tua, tuum, your, yours
{ suus, sua, suum, his (own), her (own), its (own)
„ r . fnoster, nostra, nostrum, our, ours
Referring to
more than one vester' vestra' vestrum' W^. W"?
[suus, sua, suum, their (own), theirs
Note. The vocative singular masculine of meus is mi: as, mi fill,
(O) my son ; mi serve, (O) my slave.
134. Rule for Agreement of the Possessive Adjective.
The possessive adjective agrees with the noun which it
modifies hi gender, number, and case.
a. Compare the English and Latin in
Galba
, ,. is. calling
„. his
. friends,
. . , Galba .
- .. \suos amicos vocat
Lesbia is calling her friends, Lesbia J
The girls are calling theirfriends, puellae suds amicos vocant
Observe that suos agrees with amicos and is unaffected by the
gender, number, and case of Galba, Lesbia, or puellae.
1 A Latin slogan.
43
44 POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS
135. Suits, the Reflexive Possessive. The possessive suus
is reflexive ; that is, it stands in the predicate and refers to
the subject, indicating that the subject is the possessor. In
English the meaning of the sentence Galba is calling his
daughter is doubtful, for we cannot tell whether Galba is
calling his own daughter or the daughter of someone else.
But in Latin Galba filiam suam vocat can mean only the
former, for suam must refer to Galba.
136. Omission of Possessives. The Latin possessives are
omitted whenever the meaning is clear without them.
137. Position of Possessive Adjectives. Possessive adjectives,
when not emphatic, follow their nouns ; when emphatic, they
precede : as,
Lesbia est filia mea, Lesbia is my daughter
Lesbia est mea filia, Lesbia is my daughter
EXERCISES
138. i. Regina suis sociis auxilium dat. 2. Sera frumentum
vestrum portant. 3. Socii nostrl nova bella parant. 4. Tela
sunt mea, arma sunt tua. 5. Agrl pulchrl sunt grati flliabus
meis. 6. Populus est inimicus suis sociis. 7. Insula nostra est
proxima tuae terrae. 8. Meae viae non sunt tuae viae.
I AM STRONGLY IN FAVOR OF CONTINUING THE CLASSICS IN AN ACADEMIC

EDUCATION. I CONSIDER THAT, IN ADDITION TO THE MENTAL DISCIPLINE
WHICH STUDY OF THEM AFFORDS, THEY ARE THE MOST HELPFUL IN THE
MATTER OF CORRECT ENGLISH STYLE, IN LAYING SOUND FOUNDATIONS FOR
GRAMMATICAL CONSTRUCTION, AND IN FURNISHING A BASIS FOR THE
STUDY OF ALL MODERN LANGUAGES. — WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS 45
139. Answer the following questions in Latin, basing your
replies on § 131 :
i. Quis in insula habitat?
2. Ubi Galba habitat?
3. Ubi Quintus habitat?
4. Quid est gratum Marco ?
5 . Estne insula nautae proxima terrae ?
6. Suntne servi liberl ?
7. Quo Marcus saepe navigat?
8. Quid Lesbia Marco dat?
9. Cur est Lesbia Quinto inimica ?
Second Review, Lessons VIII-XV, §§ 737-742
ON THE SACRED WAY IN THE ROMAN FORUM

This picture of the Roman Forum shows the Sacred Way with its ancient
pavement. At the left rise the three remaining columns of the temple of
Castor. At the right are the ruins of the temple of Saturn, and in the right
background towers the Capitoline Hill
LESSON XVI
Experientia docet stultos — Experience teaches fools
CONJUGATION - PRESENT INDICATIVE OF SUM • PREDICATE
GENITIVE OF POSSESSOR
140. Conjugation. The inflection of the verb is called its

conjugation. Through its conjugation the verb expresses voice,
mood, tense, number, and person.
141. Voice. There are two voices, active and passive. A verb
in the active voice represents the subject as performing the
action : as,
The boy >- hit >- the ball
A verb in the passive voice
represents the subject as re
ceiving the action : as,
The girl -< was hit -< by
the ball
Note the direction of the

ACTIVE VOICE
arrows. PASSIVE VOICE
142. Mood. In Latin there are three moods : indicative,

subjunctive, and imperative.
143. Tense. The tense of a verb indicates its time.
144. In English there are six tenses :
1 . Present, referring to present time, I call.
2. Past, referring to past time, I called.
3. Future, referring to future time, I shall call.
46
PRESENT INDICATIVE OF SUM 47
4. Present perfect, denoting action completed in present time,
/ have called.
5. Past perfect,1 denoting action completed in past time, /
had called.
6. Future perfect, denoting action completed in future time,
/ shall have called.
There are also six tenses in Latin, with practically the same
names and meanings.
145. Number. In Latin, as in English, there are two numbers,
singular and plural.
146. Person. Latin, like English, has three persons. The first
person is the person speaking (/ call) ; the second person, the
person spoken to ( you call) ; the third person, the person or
thing spoken of (he calls). In English, person and number
are indicated by personal pronouns. In Latin, on the other
hand, person and number are indicated by personal endings
(§ 47). We have already learned that -t and -nt are endings
of the third person, singular and plural. The complete list of
personal endings of the active voice is as follows :
SINGULAR PLURAL
IST PERSON -m or -S / -mus we
20 PERSON -s thou or you -tis you
30 PERSON -t he, she, it -nt they
147. Indicative Mood. The indicative mood is used to make
a statement or to ask a question concerning a real or assumed
fact.
148. Regular and Irregular Verbs. Most verbs form their
moods and tenses after a regular plan, and are called regular
verbs. Verbs that depart from this plan are called irregular.
1 Also called the pluperfect.
48 PREDICATE GENITIVE OF POSSESSOR
149. Present Indicative of sum. The verb sum, I am, irreg

ular in Latin as in English, is conjugated in the present
indicative as follows :
SINGULAR PLURAL
IST PERSON sum, I-am sumus, we-are
20 PERSON es, you-are estis, you-are
30 PERSON est, he-, she-, or it-is sunt, they-are
a. Est meaning there is, or sunt meaning there are, precedes its
subject. In this use there is called an expletive.
Distinguish, therefore, between insula est magna, the island is
large, and est insula magna, there is a large island.
150. Rule for Predicate Genitive of Possessor. The pos

sessive genitive often stands in the predicate, and is con
nected with its noun by a form of the verb sum.
Pecunia est servi, the money is the slave's, or, freely, belongs to the
slave (literally, is of the slave)
GALLIA
151. Gallia est terra Gallorum. Terra Gallorum est
pulchra, et Galli, populus Galliae, patriam (country) suam
amant. Sunt in Gallia multa oppida magna. In agris multi
agricolae habitant, et equi agricolarum multum frumentum per
vias longas in oppida portant. Bella Gallis grata non sunt. 5
Sed proximi Gallis habitant Germani. Germani bellum
amant et semper sunt in armis. Saepe Germani cum sociis
suis in Galliam properant et agros occupant. Tum Galli
populum ad arma vocant et cum Germanis pugnant. Magna
est fama bellorum et notae sunt victoriae. Sed victoria non 10
semper est Gallorum. Saepe German! superant.
GAUL AND PARTS OF GERMANY, SPAIN, ITALY, AND BRITAIN
50 PRESENT INDICATIVE ACTIVE
152. i. Are you friendly to my allies? Yes. 2. Your well-
known victories, my son, are pleasing to our land. 3. Are the
men of your towns free ? No. 4. The new spears belong to
(are of) my son. 5. Are we very near to the high island?
6. No, the island is not very near.
LESSON XVII
Vox populi vox Dei — The voice of the people is the voice of God
THE FOUR REGULAR CONJUGATIONS • PRESENT INDICATIVE

ACTIVE OF THE FIRST CONJUGATION
153. Four Regular Conjugations. There are four regular
conjugations of verbs. These conjugations are distinguished
from one another by the distinguishing, or characteristic, vowel
appearing at the end of the present stem.
154. The present stem of each conjugation is found by
dropping -re, the ending of the present infinitive active, which
is given in the vocabularies.
155. Below are given the present indicative and the present
infinitive active of a verb of each conjugation, the infinitive
showing the present stem with its distinguishing vowel. These
are the first two of the principal parts of the verb.
CONJUGA PRES. INDIC. PRES. PRES. DlSTINGUISH-

TION INF. STEM ING VOWEL
I vo'co, call voca're voca- a
II mo'neo, advise mone're mone- e
III re'gS, rule re'gere rege- e
IV au'dio, hear audi're audi- 1
FIRST CONJUGATION 51
156. From the present stem are formed the present, past
(also called imperfect), and future tenses.
157. Present Indicative Active of First Conjugation. Verbs
having the infinitive termination -are, such as voca're, belong
to the First Conjugation.
158. The present indicative is inflected by adding the per
sonal endings to the present stem. The distinguishing vowel -a
disappears in the first person singular, and is shortened before
the endings -t and -nt in the third person singular and plural.
159. The inflection of voco, vocare (pres. stem voca-), call, in

the present indicative active is as follows :
Personal Personal
Endings Endings
1. vo'co, I-call -5 voca'mus, we-call -mus
2. vo'cas, you-call -s voca'tis, you-call -tis
3. vo'cat, he-, she-, or it-calls -t vo'cant, they-call -nt
160. Translation of Present. English has three forms for

the present tense : / call, I am calling, I do call, Latin has
but one form, voco ; this is used for any one of the three
English forms.
THE ISLAND IN THE TIBER

On the right is the Fabrician bridge, which was built 62 B.C., in the days of
Caesar and Cicero
52 PRESENT INDICATIVE, FIRST CONJUGATION
EXERCISES
161. Inflect the present indicative of the following verbs, all
of which you have had before :
Indicative Present Infinitive Present

a'mo, I love ama're, to love
con'vocS, I call together convoca're, to call together
do, Igive da're, to give
ha'bito, I live, I dwell habita're, to live, to dwell
labo'rS, I toil labora're, to toil
uslt'tH, ftell narra1 re, to tell
na'vigS, I sail naviga're, to sail
oc'cupo, I seize occupa're, to seize
pa'ro, Iprepare para're, to prepare
por'to, I carry porta're, to carry
pro'pero, I hasten propera're, to hasten
pug'nS, Ifight pugna're, tofight
Note. In do, dare, the a of the present stem is short. The only indic
ative form of do having the stem vowel long is das, you give, second
person singular of the present.
162. Translate each of the following forms and give its voice,
mood, tense, person, and number. When translating a verb,
note first the personal ending.
I. Occupa'mus, propera'tis, con'vocant. 2. Datis, labo'ras,
pugna'tis. 3. Paras, portat, ama'mus. 4. Narrat, dant, pro'-
perat. 5. Occupa'tis, na'vigas, portant. 6. Habita'tis, labo'-
rant, das.
163. 1. We-dwell, we-are-dwelling, we-do-dwell. 2. You-seize

(singular), you-are-seizing, you-do-seize. 3. We-do-carry, they-
are-laboring, we-hasten. 4. He-is-giving, he-calls-together, you-
are-sailing. 5. They-do-fight, he-carries, we-are-living.
LESSON XVIII
Laborare est orare — To labor is to pray1
THE ABLATIVE DENOTING WITH

164. One of the relations denoted by the Latin ablative is
expressed in English by the preposition with (§ 65). But
with varies in meaning, and cannot always be translated by the
Latin preposition cum. This becomes clear from the following
sentences :
i. The fields are thick with grain
2. Marcus fights with his spear
3. Julia is living with Lesbia
4. Galba toils with great industry .
With denotes cause in i, with grain meaning because of

grain.
With denotes means in 2, with his spear meaning by means
of his spear.
With denotes accompaniment in 3, the meaning being that
Julia is not living alone but in company with Lesbia.
With denotes manner in 4, with great industry telling how
Galba works.
These four meanings of with are expressed in Latin by four
different constructions of the ablative, known as the Ablative of
Cause, the Ablative of Means, the Ablative of Accompaniment,
and the Ablative of Manner.
165. Rule for Ablative of Cause. Cause is denoted by
the ablative, usually without a preposition, and answers
the question Because of what ?
Agri sunt crebri friimento, thefields are thick with grain
1 Motto of the monks of the order of Saint Benedict.
S3
54 ABLATIVE DENOTING WITH
166. Rule for Ablative of Means. Means is denoted by
the ablative without a preposition. This ablative answers
the question By means of what ? With what ?
Marcus telo pugnat, Marcus fights with his spear
167. Rule for Ablative of Accompaniment. Aceompani

ment is denoted by the ablative with cum. This ablative
answers the question In company with whom ?
lulia cum Lesbia habitat, Julia is living with Lesbia
168. Rule for Ablative of Manner. Manner is denoted

by the ablative with cum. Cum may be omitted if an ad
jective is used with the ablative. This ablative answers
the question How ? In what manner ?
Galba (cum) magna diligentia laborat, Galba works with great
industry
EXERCISE
169. What uses of the ablative do you discover in the follow
ing passage and what question does each answer ?
The day after the battle we retreated with all our forces. The
roads were deep with mud and the men were weary with
fighting. To make matters worse, aviators attacked our
crowded ranks with bombs. The machines flew low, -but
with such speed that we could not hit them. At last with
a sigh of relief we entered a forest so thick with trees that
we were well protected by the branches. Many wretched
refugees with their wives and children sought shelter there.
A ROMAN SPOON
LESSON XIX
Multum in parvo — Much in little
PAST AND FUTURE INDICATIVE OF SUM • THE
PREPOSITION E OR EX
170. Past and Future Indicative of sum. The past1 and

the future indicative of the irregular verb sum are conjugated
as follows :
PAST INDICATIVE
1. e'ram, I-was era'mus, we-were
2. e'ras, you-zvere era'tis, you-were
3. e'rat, he-, she-, or it-was e'rant, they-were
FUTURE INDICATIVE
1 . e'ro, I-shall-be e'rimus, we-shall-be
2 . e'ris, you-will-be e'ritis, you-will-be
3. e'rit, he-, she-, or it-will-be e'runt, they-will-be
171. Preposition e or ex. Latin has two prepositions mean

ing from, with the ablative : a or ab and e or ex.
Vir ab castris properatl J7 , , , J7
\tlie man hastens from the camp
Vir ex castris properatj
But a or ab means from the outside of, and e or ex from the

inside of. Note the diagram :
e or ex Place a or ab
with the abl. with the abl.
Note. Write S before consonants only, ex before either vowels or

consonants.
1 Also called the imperfect.
55
PAST AND FUTURE INDICATIVE OF SUM
PUERI SEXTUS ET QUlNTUS

172. SEXTUS. Qu5, Quinte, properas ? Cur arma nova et
telum longum portas ?
QUINTUS. Ad castra proxima propero, Sexte, cum viris et
pueris oppidi nostrl. Cur in armis non es ? Cur terrae nostrae
tuum auxilium non das ?
S. Romanus sum. Po-
pulo Romano bellum sem
per gratum est. Sed in
nostro oppid5 non erat
fama belli. Ouis, Quinte,
bellum parat ? Eritne no-
vum bellum cum Gallis ?
O. Non cum Gallis.
Germani, semper inimici
Romanis, bellum magna
diligentia parant. Ex silvis
Germaniae copias suascon-
vocant. Mox viae, Sexte,
erunt crebrae equis et viris,
et agri Romani proximi Ger
maniae in periculo erunt.
Qu5, QUINTE, PROPERAS? Sed nostra victoria erit.
173. i . The Germans fight with long spears. 2.We-are-hasten-
ing from (the inside of) the Roman camp. 3. Shall-you-be with
Sextus? We-shall-be, soon. 4. The perils of-our forces were many.
174. Derivation. Give the meaning of the following English
words and tell to what Latin words they are related :
insulate conservation longevity agriculture elaborate
sinecure navigable servile virile depopulate
LESSON XX
Nil desperandum — There 's no such word as fail1
PAST INDICATIVE ACTIVE OF THE FIRST CONJUGATION
175. Formation of Tenses. Instead of using auxiliary verbs,

like was, shall, will, etc., to express differences in tense, Latin
adds to the verb stem certain elements that have the force of
auxiliary verbs. These are called tense signs.
176. The tense sign of the past is -ba-, which is added to

the present stem. The past consists, therefore, of three parts :
PRESENT STEM TENSE SIGN PERSONAL ENDING
vocaba- m
calling- was- I
a. Note that the Latin verb is translated from right to left, so that
English I was calling is in Latin voca'bam, calling-was-I~.
177. Inflection of Past Indicative Active. The personal end

ings of the past are the same as those of the present, except
that -m is used instead of -s in the first person singular.
SINGULAR
1 . voca'bam, I-was-calling or I-called
2. voca'bas, you-were-calling or you-called
3. voca'bat, he-, she-, it-was-calling or he-, she-, it-called
PLURAL
1. vocaba'mus, we-were-calling or we-called
2. vocaba'tis, you-wcre-calling or you-called
3. voca'bant, they-were-calling or they-callcd
1 From Horace, a Roman poet. Literally, In nothing must it be despaired.
57
58 PAST INDICATIVE ACTIVE, FIRST CONJUGATION
a. Note that the inflection above is somewhat like that of eram
(§ 170), the past tense of sum, and that the long a of the tense sign
-ba- is shortened before final -m, -t, and -nt. A long vowel is regularly
shortened before nt and final -m or -t. Learn this rule now.
178. Meaning of Past Tense. The Latin past tense has

two uses.
a. It may represent an action as going on in past time and not yet
completed, and is then translated by the English past progressive : as,
vocabam, I was calling. For this reason this tense is often called the
imperfect.
b. It usually describes a past situation, and is then translated by
the English past : as, vocabam, / called. For this reason this tense is
often called the past descriptive.
EXERCISES
179. Inflect in the past indicative active the verbs given
in § 16I.
180. i. Narras, narrabas, paramus, parabamus. 2. Pugnatis,
portabat, occupant, dabam. 3. Occupabatis, navigatis, lab5rabas,
habitant. 4. Datis, pugnabam, properatis, occupabamus.
BRITANNIA
First learn the special vocabulary, page 364, and locate on the map,
page 49, the countries mentioned in the story.
181. Britannia, terra Britannorum, est insula magna.
Britanni erant barbari et in silvis magnis et oppidis parvis
habitabant. Britannia est proxima Galliae et Britanni erant
amici Gallorum. In longis bellis Gallorum et Romanorum
Britanni sociis suis auxilium saepe dabant. lam nota populo 5
Romano erat Britannia. Sed amicitia Britann5rum et Gallo-
rum populo Romano grata non erat. Itaque Romani copias
convocabant et arma sua et magnam copiam frumenti
PAST INDICATIVE ACTIVE, FIRST CONJUGATION 59
parabant. Magna cum diligentia laborabant. Tum cum multis
'viris ad Insulam Britanniam navigabant. Tnsula erat crebra 10
silvis et viae non bonae erant. Itaque RomanI in periculo
saepe erant. Britanni ex castris suis properabant et cum
Romanis pugnabant. Sed victoria Romanorum erat, et
RomanI copiis suis multa oppida Britannofum occupabant.
BRITANNI ERANT BARBARI
182. i. The Romans were-fighting in the forest with the

savage Britons. 2. The Britons carried grain to the camp
with-their horses. 3. Your friendship will-be known to-the-
Romans. 4. Because-of-the-danger l of-war the Britons were
already calling-together their forces. 5. The Romans sailed
through the deep waters with great danger.
i. Ablative of cause, § 165.
LESSON XXI
Montanl semper liberl — Mountaineers are always free l
FUTURE INDICATIVE ACTIVE OF THE FIRST CONJUGATION
183. Formation of Future Indicative Active. The tense sign

of the future in the first conjugation is -bi-. This is added to
the present stem and followed by the personal endings.
PRESENT STEM TENSE SIGN PERSONAL ENDING
vocabi- t
call- will- he
184. Inflection of Future Indicative Active. The first person
singular ends in -bo, the i of the tense sign disappearing.
In the third person plural -bi- becomes -bu-.
i. voca'bo, I-shall-call voca'bimus, we-shall-call
2. voca'bis, you-will-call voca'bitis, you-will-call
3. voca'bit, he-, she-, it-will-call voca'bunt, they-will-call
a. Note that the inflection is somewhat like that of ero (§ 170),
the future of sum.
EXERCISES
185. I. Ouis fabulam insulae1 Britanniae narrabit ? 2. Cur,

mi fili, Britanni erant miseri ? 3. Bellis crebris BritannI
erant miseri. 4. Erantne orae insulae1 altae2? Altae erant.
5.' Britanni Gallis, sociis suis, auxilium saepe dant. 6. Itaque
Romani magnis cum copiis ad oras altas Insulae navigabunt.
1 Motto of the state of West Virginia. The verb to be is omitted in this
motto, as in many others.
60
FUTURE INDICATIVE ACTIVE 61
7. lam RomanI barbaros multis proeliis 3 superabunt. 8. Magna
erunt praemia victoriae. 9. Tum insula erit Romanorum.
i. Genitive. 2. Predicate adjective, nominative plural. 3. Ablative of
186. i. The shore of-the-island, nearest to-Gaul, is high.

2. We-shall-fight with the hostile savages l in the great forests.
3. Our friends will-be wretched because-of-the-dangers 2 of-the-
battle. 4. You-will-conquer the Britons, O Romans, 'with-your
long spears.3 5 . Soon (iam) the Romans will give great rewards
to their allies.
i. Ablative of accompaniment. 2. Ablative of cause. 3. Ablative of
means.
187. Inflect in the future indicative active the verbs given

in § 161.
ORAE BRITANNIAE ERANT ALTAE

LESSON XXII
Virtus praemium est optimum — Virtue is the best prize 1
PRESENT, PAST, AND FUTURE INDICATIVE ACTIVE

OF THE SECOND CONJUGATION
188. Formation of Present, Past, and Future Indicative
Active. Verbs having the infinitive termination -ere, such as
mone're, belong to the Second Conjugation.
189. The present, past, and future of the second conjuga

tion, as of the first, are formed on the present stem.
190. The present stem of the second conjugation ends in

-e (§ 155). This characteristic vowel appears in every form
of the present, past, and future.
191. The same personal endings and the same tense signs
are used as in the first conjugation.
192. Inflection of Present, Past, and Future Indicative

Active. The inflection below shows the present, past, and
future indicative active of vo'co (/ call) of the first conjuga
tion and of mo'neo (/ advise or warn) of the second. Review
the forms of vo'co and learn the corresponding tenses of mo'neo.
vo'co, voca're (pres. stem voca-), call

PRESENT
1. vo'co, I-call voca'mus, we-call
2. vo'cas, you-call voca'tis, you-call
3. vo'cat, he-, she-, it-calls vo'cant, they-call
1 From Plautus, a writer of Latin plays.
62
PRESENT, PAST, AND FUTURE INDICATIVE 63
PAST (Imperfect)
1 . voca'bam, I-was-calling or I-catted
2. voca'b&s, you-were-calling or you-called
3. voca'bat, he-, she-, it-was-calling or he-, she-, it-callea
1 . vocaba'mus, we-were-calling or we-called
2. vocaba'tis, you-zvere-calling or you-called
3. voca'bant, they-were-calling or they-called
FUTURE
1. voca'bo, I-shall-call voca'bimus, we-shall-call
2. voca'bis, you-will-call voca'bitis, you-will-call
3. voca'bit, /&£-, j/^-, it-will-call voca'bunt, they-will-call
mo'neo, mone're (pres. stem mone-), advise

PRESENT
1. mo'neo, I-advise mone'mus, we-advise
2. mo'nes, you-advise mone'tis, y0tc-advise
3. mo'net, he-, she-, it-advises mo'nent, they-advise
PAST (Imperfect)
1 . mone'bam, I-was-advising or I-advised
2. mone'bas, you-were-advising or you-advised
3. mone'bat, he-, she-, it-was-advising or he-, she-, it-advised
1 . moneba'mus, we-were-advising or we-advised
2. moneba'tis, you-were-advising ox you-advised
3. mone'bant, they-were-advising or they-advised
FUTURE
1. mone'b5, I-shall-advise mone'bimus, we-shall-advise
2. mone'bis, you-will-advise mone'bitis, you-will-advise
3. mone'bit, he-will-advise mone'bunt, they-will-advise
64 SHORTENING OF VOWELS
193. Nearly all regular verbs ending in -eo belong to the

Second Conjugation.
194. Shortening of Vowels. Attention has been called to the

shortening of long vowels in certain forms. The following rules
are of general application :
I. A long vowel is shortened before another vowel.
Thus, mone-S becomes mone-S.
2. A long vowel is shortened before nt and nd, before final
-m or -t, and, except in words of one syllable, before final
-1 or -r.
Thus, vocant, vocfindus, vocaWfm, vocabat, monct.
EXERCISES
195. Like moneo, inflect the present, past, and future

indicative of
DERIVATIVES
habeS, habe're, have habit
teneo, tene're, hold, keep tenacious
timeo, time're, fear timid
video, vide're, see vision, evident
196. I. Tenetis, vocabitis, habebant. 2. Videbunt, mone-

bamus, narrabat. 3. Habebo, times, vocatis. 4. Videsne altas
oras insulae ? 5. Numquam, Romani, sine auxilio sociorum
nostrorum praemia victoriae tenebimus.
MY FIRST REMEMBRANCE OF GRAMMAR IS MY STUDY OF THE LATIN GRAM

MAR, WHICH GAVE ME, AS FAR AS I NOW CAN SEE, WHATEVER KNOWL
EDGE I POSSESS OF THE STRUCTURE OF LANGUAGE. LYMAN ABBOTT
LESSON XXIII
Lupus in fibula — The wolf in the story1
LATIN ORDER OF WORDS
197. Order of Words in English and Latin Compared. In

English, words are arranged in a fairly fixed order, and this
order cannot be changed, as a rule, without changing or destroy
ing the meaning of the sentence.
198. In Latin the office of the words in a sentence is shown
by their forms (§ 39), and their position is much more free.
Still there are general rules of order, which should be carefully
observed. The rules already given in the preceding lessons
are here summarized for review.
a. The subject generally stands first, the verb last. But, to avoid
obscurity, est, is, and other forms of the verb to be usually stand, as in
English, between the subject and a noun or adjective in the predicate.
NOTE. In connected narrative each succeeding sentence begins with
the word or words that link it most closely to the sentence preceding. For
example, in " The Rhine was the frontier of Germany. Caesar built a bridge
across this river," the order of words in Latin would be " The Rhine was
the frontier of Germany. Across this river Caesar a bridge built." Observe
that the first words of the second sentence, "Across this river," link it to
the sentence preceding and are therefore placed before the subject, " Casar."
b. The indirect object may either precede or follow the direct object.
C. The vocative case rarely stands first.
d. An adjective or genitive may either precede or follow its noun.
e. The possessive adjective regularly follows its noun.
/. Adverbs normally stand directly before the words they modify.
1 From Terence, a writer of Latin comedies. The expression applies to an

unexpected and unwelcome appearance ; cf. " Speak of the devil."
65
66 LATIN ORDER OF WORDS
199. Words are made emphatic by placing them in unusual
positions. Thus we have seen that possessive adjectives, which
regularly follow their nouns, are made emphatic by placing
them before their nouns (§ 1 37) ; and any adjective or other
modifier is made emphatic by separating it from the word to
which it belongs. Observe the following sentences :
Caesar agros pulchros Gallorum occupat
Caesar pulchros Gallorum agros occupat
In the first sentence pulchros is not emphatic. In the second
it has been made so by separating it from its noun agros.
The order of words, therefore, in a Latin sentence tells the
eyes of the reader as much about the emphasis as his ears
tell him when he hears a man speak. If you do not note the
order, you will often fail to get the sense.
EXERCISES
200. Derivation. What Latin derivatives can you find in
the following paragraph ? Give the meaning of each derivative
and the Latin word from which it is derived.
Britain, because of its insular character, was not occupied by
the Romans for many years. Its inhabitants were a great
multitude, barbarous in their habits of life, very belligerent,
and not slow to fight for their liberties. Then, too, the visible
and the invisible perils of navigation in the open sea, though
not insuperable, made the Romans timid.
Third Review, Lessons XVI-XXIII, §§ 743-748

hof
political
life
ihas
cthan
and
the
No
Forum,
Roman
ongreater
center
spot
msteorceisatcl for gsmorewerentiofriecdent is
mthan
buildings
Its
Empire.
rRoman
last
sixth
the
in
Then
time
aecentury. adestroyed
the
tthat
they
shnyat
rubbish,
in
buried
and psocnowayears
tsowereauievsmeatnmitedcanlty the
below
feet
forty
Plevel
and
Hill,
places
ground.
is
picture
of
left
At
aat
present
latine
FORUM
ROMAN
APPEARS
THE
NOW
IT
AS
the
of
end
farther
Capitoline
is
Forum
LESSON XXIV
Quandoque bonus dormltat Homerus — Even good Homer
sometimes nods1
THE DEMONSTRATIVE IS, EA, ID

201. Definition of a Demonstrative. A demonstrative is a
word that points out an object, as, this, that, these, those.
Sometimes these words are pronouns : as, Do yon hear these f
Sometimes they are adjectives : as, Do yon hear these men f
In the former case they are called demonstrative pronouns, in
the latter demonstrative adjectives.
202. Agreement of Latin Demonstratives. Demonstrative
pronouns agree in gender and number with the nouns to
which they refer, but their case is determined by the way they
are used.
Demonstrative adjectives, like other adjectives, agree with
their nouns in gender, number, and case.
203. Demonstrative is, ea, id. The demonstrative most used
is is (masculine), ea (feminine), id (neuter), meaning this or
that in the singular and these or those in the plural. It is
declined as follows :
MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.
NOM. is ea id el (il) eae ea
GEN. eius eius eius eorum earum eorum
DAT. ei ei ei eis (iis) eis (iis) eis (iis)
Ace. eum eam id eos efts ea
ABL. eo ea eo eis (iis) eis (iis) eis (iis)
1 From Horace. The meaning is that even the best make mistakes. Of
similar sentiment are his words " Viti-is nemo sine nascitur," no one is born
without faults.
6?
68 THE DEMONSTRATIVE IS, EA, ID
The genitive singular eius is pronounced ek'yus. The plural
forms with two i's are pronounced as one syllable. Hence,
pronounce ii as i and iis as is.
204. Position of Demonstrative Adjectives. Demonstrative
adjectives normally precede their nouns : as,
Ad eam Insulam navigat, he is sailing to this (or that) island
205. Demonstratives used as Personal Pronouns. Latin de

monstratives are frequently used for the personal pronouns of
the third person, he, she, it, or (plural) they. Is, as a personal
pronoun, has the following meanings :
NOM. is, he ; ea, she ; id, it
GEN. eius, of him, his ; eius, of her, her, hers ; eius, of it, its
DAT. el, to or for him; ei, to or for her; el, to or for it
Ace. eum, him ; eam, her ; id, it
ABL. eo, with, from, etc., him ; ea, with, from, etc., her;
eo, with, from, etc., it
NOM. ei or ii, eae, ea, they
GEN. ecrum, earum, eorum, of them, their
DAT. eis or iis, eis or iis, eis or iis, to orfor them
Ace. eos, eas, ea, them
ABL. eis or iis, eis or iis, eis or iis, with, from, etc., them
EXERCISES
206. I. Quis ea consilia Romanorum iam nuntiabat? Bonus
amicus Britannorum. 2. Quo ei Romani navigabunt? Ad
insulam ei Romani navigabunt. 3. Quid in eam insulam por-
tabunt ? Multos viros et equos et magnam copiam frumenti
in eam insulam portabunt. 4. Pugnabuntne Britanni cum Ro-
manis ? Mox pugnabunt, sed eos non superabunt. 5 . Amantne
POSSESSIVE OF THE THIRD PERSON 69
Britanni insulam suam ? Amant. 6. Habentne Britanni socios ?
Nunc Galli sunt socii eorum, sed auxilium Gallorum eos num-
quam servabit. 7. lam (soon) magnam victoriam R5man; nun-
tiabunt. 8. Iniuriae Britannorum erunt magnae et vita1 eorum
erit semper misera.
i . Observe that vita is translated lives. The plural of vita is not used
except in the sense of biographies, as, vitae magnorum virSrum, lives of
great men.
207. i. He-sees him, her, it, them. 2. This plan, that life,
these boys. 3. For-those rewards, with that friend, the rumor
of-that battle. 4. The story of-those wrongs, for-that life,
those girls.
LESSON XXV
Aurea mediocritas — The golden mean1
THE POSSESSIVE OF THE THIRD PERSON
208. We learned in § 135 that the possessive of the third
person, suus, -a, -um, his, her, its, their, is reflexive and is
used when the subject is the possessor : as,
Britanni insulam suam amant, the Britons love their island
209. When his, her, its, their do not refer to the subject, but
to other persons or things, we translate his, her, its by eius
(of him, of her, of it), and their by eorum (of them) for mas
culine or neuter possessors and earum for feminine possessors.
Galba sees his (own) danger, Galba periculum suum videt
Galba sees his danger (not his own), Galba periculum eius videt
The men see their (own) danger, viri periculum suum vident
The men see their danger (not their own), viri periculum eorum
(earum) vident
1 From Horace, the noted lyric poet.
70 POSSESSIVE OF THE THIRD PERSON
EXERCISES
210. I . Regina amicos suos servabat. 2. Regina amicos eius1
servabat. 3. Romani finitimos suos servabunt. 4. Romani
finitimos eorum servabunt. 5. Ei barbarl copiis suis muros
altos et latos eorum tenebant. 6. Is Gallus Romanos non
timebat, sed eis iniurias suas narrabat. 7. Amatisne patriam
vestram ? Clara oppida et latos agros eius amamus. 8. Germani
victorias esrum nuntiabunt. 9. Non sine praemio auxilium
reginae dabis.
i. Do not forget that eius, being masculine, feminine, or neuter, may
mean /iis, her, or its. Usually the context will show which meaning to use.
211, i. That slave will-save his (his own) life. 2. That slave
will-save his (not his own) life. 3. Those girls were-holding
their (their own) prizes. 4. Those savages will-fear their (their
own) neighbors. 5. They love their queen and see her danger.
THE ROMAN FORUM AT ITS WESTERN END

On the left are three columns of the temple of Vespasian and the arch of
Septimius Severus. On the right are the ruins of the temple of Saturn. The
canvas near the foot of the arch covers an excavation where were found the
alleged tomb of Romulus and the oldest Latin inscription
LESSON XXVI
Formosa facies muta commendatio est — A pleasing countenance is
a silent recommendation1
THE PRESENT INDICATIVE ACTIVE OF THE THIRD

CONJUGATION
212. Verbs having the infinitive termination -fire belong to
the Third Conjugation : as, rego, re'gSre (ride), present stem
regfi- (cf. § 155). »
213. The present indicative active of rego is inflected as

follows :
PERSONAL ENDINGS PERSONAL ENDINGS
1. re'go, I-rule -s re'gimus, we-rule -mus
2. re'gis, you-rule -s re'gitis, you-rule -tis
3. re'git, he-, she-, it-rules -t re'gunt, tkey-rule -nt
a. Note that the final -e of the present stem disappears in the first
person singular, becomes -u- in the third person plural and -i- else
where. The inflection is much like that of ero, the future of sum.
EXERCISES
214. Like rego, re'gere, inflect the present indicative active
of dico, di'cere, speak, say; and duco, du'cere, lead.
215 Derivation. From the verb duco many English words

are derived. Define the following :
ductile induce produce adduce
duke introduce reduce deduce
1 From Publilius Syrus, a writer whose short and witty sayings were memo
rized in the Roman schools.
71
72 PRESENT INDICATIVE OF REGO
MAGISTER ET DISCIPULl1
216. MAGISTER. Saepe, discipuli mei, de Roma dicimus,
sed ubi est Roma ?
DISCIPULT. Roma, magister, est in Italia, clara patria
Roman5rum.
M. Habetisne tabulam (a map) Italiae ?
D. Tabulam bonam Italiae in libris nostris habemus.
M. Estne Italia lata ?
D. f%ta Italia non est. Longa est.
M. Quid libri vestri de viis Romanis narrant ?
D. Romani multas et longas vias habebant. Eae viae per
Italiam, Galliam, Germaniam patebant. Nota erat Appia via.2
De ea libri saepe dicunt.
M. Eratne Roma semper magna ?
D. Non semper. Per multos ann5s Roma erat parva et
finitimi eius erant inimici. Sed populus Romanus eos multis
proeliis superabat. Tum in (against) barbaros Romani c5pias
suas ducunt et denique multas terras regunt.
M. Optime (well done), discipuli. Aliquand5 (some day) a
patria nostra ad Italiam navigabitis et oras pulchras et insulas
eius et muros altos Romae videbitis.
i . Teacher and Pupils, 2. See page 86.
WE SHOULD HAVE SCANT CAPITAL TO TRADE ON WERE WE TO THROW

AWAY THE WISDOM WE HAVE INHERITED AND SEEK OUR FORTUNE
WITH THE SLENDER STOCK WE OURSELVES HAVE ACCUMULATED. THIS,
IT SEEMS TO ME, IS THE REAL, THE PREVALENT ARGUMENT FOR HOLD
ING EVERY MAN WE CAN TO THE INTIMATE STUDY OF THE ANCIENT
CLASSICS. — WOODROW WILSON
LESSON XXVII
Cum grano salis — With a grain of salt1
THE PRESENT INDICATIVE ACTIVE OF THE FOURTH

CONJUGATION
217. Verbs having the infinitive termination -ire belong to
the Fourth Conjugation : as, audio, audi're {hear), present stem
audi- (cf. §iSS).
218. The present indicative active of audio, audi're, is

inflected as follows :
Personal Personal
Endings Endings
i. au'dio, I-hear -5 audi'mus, we-hear -mus
2. au'dis, you-hear -s audi'tis, you-hear -tis
3. au'dit, he-, she-, it-hears -t au'diunt, they-hear -nt
a. Note that i, the characteristic vowel, is always long except

where long vowels are regularly shortened (cf. § 194). In the third
person plural u is inserted between the stem and the personal
ending: as, audi-u-nt.
EXERCISES
219. Like audio, audire, inflect the present indicative active
of venio, venire, come, and munio, munire, fortify.
220. 1. Nuntiabunt, venitis, habebat, munis. 2. Videbatis,

audimus, timebit, veniunt. 3. Dabit, tenebunt, munitis, naviga-
bas. 4. Audit, timebatis, narrant, habebimus. 5. Properabunt,
venimus, parabas, muniunt.
1 From Pliny. An expression used to indicate that the real facts have been
exaggerated : as, " That story must be taken cum grand salis."
73
74 PRESENT INDICATIVE OF AUDIO
DE CASTRlS ROMANlS
221. Videtisne castra Romana? Castra sunt magna, et
quattuor (four) portas (gates) habent. Per eas portas
Romani in castra veniunt et ex eis portis copias suas ducunt.
In castris multos viros et equos videmus. Videmus viros
qui in armis sunt et viros qul magna diligentia laborant. Ei 5
CASTRA ROMANA
qul laborant castra muniunt. Romani castra sua alto vallo

et alta fossa semper muniunt. Videtisne eos qul terram
ex fossa portant ? Barbari castra sua non muniunt, itaque
vita 1 e5rum multis periculis patet. Sed Romani sine periculo
castra sua tenent nee (nor) barbaros timent. In mediis castris 10
est praetorium (general's tent). Idne2 videtis ? Is qul c5pias
Romanas ducit est clarus vir. Saepe suos 3 convocat. Nunc
eis4 dicit (is talking) et el eum audiunt.
I. Translate, lives. 2. Made up of id and -ne, the question sign. 3. His
men. The possessives are often pronouns (cf. § 132). 4. Indirect object.
LESSON XXVIII
Palma non sine pulvere — No prize without a struggle l
THE DATIVE WITH SPECIAL INTRANSITIVE VERBS
222. Intransitive verbs do not admit of a direct object (§ 25).

Many such verbs, however, are of such meaning that they can
govern a dative as indirect object (§ 58). This dative, in Latin,
represents the person or thing to which a benefit, injury, or
feeling is directed ; but it appears in English as a direct object.
223. Learn the following list of common verbs whose mean
ings call for a dative as indirect object :
DERIVATIVES
cre'dS, crg'dere, believe (give belief to), trust creed, credit, creditor
fa'veS, fave're,/rtwr (show favor to) favorite, favorable
no'ceo, noce're, injure (do harm to) noxious, innocent
pa'reo, pare're, obey (give obedience to)
persua'deo, persuade're, persuade (make a dissuade, suasion
thing agreeable to)
resis'to, resis'tere, resist (offer resistance to) persist, insist, desist
stu'deo, stude're, be eager (give attention to) study, student, studious
a. The verbs credS and persuadeo are transitive in some senses and
take an accusative (direct object) along with the dative (indirect object) :
as, RSmSnls sua credunt, they intrust their possessions to the Romans.
224. Rule for Dative with Intransitive Verbs. The

dative of the indirect object is used with the intransitive
verbs credo, faved, noceo, pared, persuaded, resisto, studeo, and
others of like meaning.
1 Literally, No palm without dust, referring to the palm branch, the prize of
the victor in the chariot race, and the dust raised by the struggle. Compare
Mrs. Browning's " No cross, no crown."
7B
;6 DATIVE WITH INTRANSITIVE VERBS
EXERCISES
225. Inflect the present indicative active of servo, faveo,
credo, and munio.
226. Derivation. The verb resisto, resist, is composed of the
verb sisto, stand, and the prefix re-, back or again, so that
resist means to stand back in the line or stand again after
running away.
Look up the words consist, desist, exist, insist, and persist,
and note the force of each of the prefixes.
227. i. Credisne sociis e5rum ? Eis non cred5. 2. Mel fini-
timi consiliis novis tuis non favent. 3. Servi bello student.
4. Bonae puellae libris suis numquam nocent. 5. Equi Galbae
Marco nautae non parent.
228. 1 . We-persuade our friends. 2. We-resist our neighbors.
3. That boy does not obey Lesbia. 4. You-believe them, my
friends, because-of-your friendship.1
1. Ablative of cause, § 165.
A COCKFIGHT
A wall painting from a house in Pompeii
LESSON XXIX
Dirigo — I point the way1
THE PAST INDICATIVE ACTIVE OF PEGO AND AUDIO

229. Formation and Inflection. The tense sign is -ba-, as in
the first two conjugations. The past indicative of rego is formed
and inflected just like that of moneo. The past indicative of
audio has ie before the tense sign : as, audie'bam.
THIRD CONJUGATION
1. rege'bam, I-was-ruling or I-ruled
2. rege'bas, you-were-ruling or you-ruled
3. rege'bat, he-was-ruling or he-ruled
I . regeba'mus, we-were-ruling or we-ruled
2. regeba'tis, you-were-niling or you-ruled
3. rege'bant, they-were-rnling or they-ruled
FOURTH CONJUGATION
1 . audie'bam, I-was-hearing or I-heard
2. audie'bas, you-were-hearing or you-heard
3. audie'bat, he-was-hearing or he-heard
1 . audieba'mus, we-were-hearing or we-heard
2. audieba'tis, you-iuere-hearing or you-heard
3. audie'bant, they-were-hearing or they-heard
230. The Conjunction -que. The conjunction and is often
expressed in Latin by -que added to the second of two asso
ciated words : as,
senatus populus'que Romanus, the senate and the Roman people
1 Motto of the state of Maine.
77
PAST INDICATIVE OF REGO AND AUDIO
a. Words which do not stand alone, but are attached to other words,
are called endifics. We have already had -ne, the question sign.
EXERCISES
231. Inflect the present and past indicative of nuntio, studeo,
credo, and venio.
232. i. Dicebant, audiebatis, superabit, ducunt. 2. Tenebis,
regitis, muniebamus, habebunt. 3. Dicimus, timebatis, patent,
veniebat. 4. Ducebam, muniunt, videbitis, patebis. 5. Servabo,
audiebas, tenes, dicebamus.
DE DElS ROMANlS
First learn the special vocabulary, page 365. The names of the gods men
tioned below, being the same in English and Latin, are not included.
233. i. Romani multos decs et multas deas habebant.
2. Poetae Romani multas fabulas de deis et deabus l narrabant.
3. Eisfabulis noncredimus. 4. Populus
R5manus deos deasque timebat et eis
parebat. 5. In numero deorum erant
luppiter et Neptunus et Mars. 6. lup-
piter deos deasque regebat, Neptunus
in aquis altis habitabat. 7. Mars erat
deus belli, et proeliis semper studebat.
8. In numero dearum erant luno et
Minerva et Diana. 9. luno erat regina
dearum. 10. Minerva erat dea sapi-
entiae. 1 1 . Diana erat regina silvarum.
ATHENA DEA SAPIENTIAE i. dea is declined like filia (§ 70. a), having
deabus in the dative and ablative plural.
234. i. Good men obey the gods. 2. Evil men resist the
gods. 3. The gods never do-harm to-good boys and girls.,
4. Minerva favors men who (qul) are-eager for wisdom.
LESSON XXX
In hoc signo vinces — In this sign thou shall conquer1
THE FUTURE INDICATIVE ACTIVE OF THE THIRD AND
FOURTH CONJUGATIONS
235. Tense Sign and Inflection. The tense sign of the future
in the third and fourth conjugations is not -bi-, as in the first
and second conjugations, but -a- in the first person singular
and -e- in the rest of the tense. This tense sign takes the
place of the final vowel of the present stem in verbs conju
gated like rego, and is preceded by the stem vowel -i in verbs
conjugated like audis. The usual shortening of long vowels
takes place (cf. § 194).
236. The inflection of the future indicative active of rego
(third conjugation) and audis (fourth conjugation) is as follows:
i. re'gam, I-shall-rule au'diam, I-shall-hear
2. re'ges, you-will-rule au'dies, you-will-hear
3. re'get, he-will-rule au'diet, he-will-hear
i. rege'mus, we-shall-rule audie'mus, we-shall-hear
"2. rege'tis, you-will-rule audig'tis, you-will-hear
3. re'gent, they-will-rule au'dient, they-will-hear
a. Observe that the future of the third conjugation is like the
present of the second, except in the first person singular.
EXERCISES
237. Inflect the present, past, and future indicative active
of con'voco, te'neo, dico, and mu'nio.
1 Translation of the Greek motto which Constantine, the first Christian
emperor, is said to have seen on a flaming cross in the sky. This vision, we
are told, led to his conversion, and his banners afterwards bore a cross with
its motto. It is now the motto of the order of Knights Templar.
79
8O FUTURE INDICATIVE OF REGO AND AUDIO
238. Derivation. Latin prepositions are often used as prefixes
and added to simple verbs to make compound verbs. These same
prefixes appear in English and generally have the same meanings
as in Latin.
Form English derivatives from each of the following Latin
compounds, and note the force of the prefix :
ab,from + duco, lead = abduco, lead away
ad, to + duco, lead = adduco, lead to
dg, down or from + duco, lead = deducS, lead down orfrom
e, out of+ duco, lead = educS, lead out of
in, into + duco, lead =• induco, lead into
THE'SEUS ET MlNOTAU'RUS1
First learn the special vocabulary, page 366. Consult the general vocabulary
for new words or words you have forgotten.
239. Olim (once upon a time) Min5s, qul Insulam Cretam
regebat, bellum cum Graecis gerebat. Graeci magno animo
pugnant, sed Minos eos crebris proeliis superat. Tum
Minos dicit : " Nunc, Graecl, victoria est mea et servi mel
estis. Nunc iniuriis2 vestris poenam dabitis magnam. 5
Quotannis (every year) ad patriam meam septem (seven)
pueros et septem puellas mittetis. Cum eis ad oras altae
Cretae navigabitis. E5s in labyrinthum a inducemus. Tum
barbarus Minotaurus veniet. Eum videbunt et audient et
timebunt. Amicos suos vocabunt, sed quis ad eos auxilia 10
portabit ? Sine consilio,3 sine armis vltam suam Minotauro
barbar5 dabunt. Ea, Graeci, erit poena vestra. Quid dicitis?"
i. Theseus (the'sus) and the Min'o-taur. The Minotaur was a fabulous
monster, which lived on the island of Crete in the labyrinth, a structure
containing so many rooms and winding passages that nobody could get
out of it. The Minotaur fed on human flesh. 2. Ablative of cause. The
Greeks had caused the death of a son of Minos, and this led to the war.
3. Resource.
H
O
o
H
H
M
sH
82 VERBS IN -IO, THIRD CONJUGATION
240. i . The wretched men will-suffer punishment. 2. Whither
will Minos lead the boys and girls? 3. He-will-lead them1 to
his island. 4. The forces will-wage war with great spirit.
i. Use the masculine form.
GLASS VASES FROM POMPEII
LESSON XXXI
Non est ad astra mollis e terrls via.— Not easy is the way
from the earth to the stars l
VERBS IN -IO OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION

241. Some verbs of the third conjugation do not end in -S
like rego, but in -io, like audio of the fourth conjugation. The
fact that they belong to the third conjugation and not to the fourth
is shown by the ending of the infinitive (§ 155). Compare
audio, audl're (hear), fourth conjugation
capio, ca'pere (take), third conjugation
242. Observe that capio is inflected like audio throughout

the past and future ; but that in the present only the forms
capio and capiunt are like audio and audiunt, all the other forms
being like corresponding forms of rego (cf. capis, regis ; capit,
regit ; etc.).
VERBS IN -I0, THIRD CONJUGATION 83
capio, capere (pres. stem cape-), take
PRESENT PAST FUTURE
I. ca'pio capie'bam ca'piam
2. ca'pis capie'bas ca'pies
3. ca'pit capie'bat ca'piet
1. ca'pimus capieba'mus capie'mus
2. ca'pitis capieba'tis capie'tis
3. ca'piunt capie'bant ca'pient
EXERCISES
243. Like capi5, inflect the present, past, and future of facio,
facere, make, do.
THESEUS ET MINOTAURUS (Continued)
244. Miser! Graeci timent et parent. Itaque quotannis

(yearly) ad Cretam septem pulchros puer5s et septem pulchras
puellas mittunt. Numquam postea filios filiasque vident.
Tum Theseus, clarus heros (hero) Graecorum, in patria
non erat. Sed mox famam miseram audit et in patriam 5
celeriter properat. Populum convocat et dicit : " Semper, O
Graeci, erimus servl ? Semper filios filiasque ad Cretam
mittemus ? Bonum consilium capiam. Minerva, dea sapien-
tiae, auxilium dabit. Minotaurum malum non timeo. Cum
eo pugnabo et eum vincam." 10
245. 1. We-were-making, they-will-wage, you-are-sending.

2. We-shall-conquer, you-will-take, they-will-make. 3. He-was-
waging, we-shall-come, you-hear. 4. They-will-say, he-will-
announce, we-shall-make.
LESSON XXXII
Ne cede malls — Do not yield to misfortunes 1
THE IMPERATIVE MOOD • QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
246. The imperative mood expresses a command : as, come !

go ! speak !
247. The Latin imperative has two tenses, the present and
future. The present is used more than the future, which is
not included in this book.
248. The present imperative is used only in the second
person, singular and plural. In the active voice the singular
is the same in form as the present stem. The plural is formed
by adding -te to the singular.
249_ FIRST CONJUGATION

2. voca, call-thou voca'te, call-ye
SECOND CONJUGATION
2. mone, advise-thou mone'te, advise-ye
THIRD CONJUGATION
2. rege, rule-thou re'gite,2 rule-ye
FOURTH CONJUGATION
2. audi, hear-thou audi'te, hear-ye
250. The irregular verb sum has es, be thou, and este, be ye,
as present imperatives.
1 From Vergil, author of the /Ene'id, the greatest Latin epic poem.
2 Note that in the third conjugation e of the stem becomes i before -te.
84
IMPERATIVE MOOD 85
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

251. We learned in § 109 that questions might be intro
duced, as in English, by interrogative pronouns or adverbs :
as, quis ? who ? ubi ? where ? quo ? whither ? cur ? why f and
that questions expecting the answer yes or no were often intro
duced by -ne, the question sign, combined with the first word.
But questions expecting the answer yes or no may take one
of three forms :
i. Venitne? Is he coming ? (Asking for information.)
2. Nonne venit ? Is he not coming ? (Expecting the answer yes.)
3. Num venit ? He isn't coming, is he ? (Expecting the answer no.)
252. We learned in § no that yes-or-no questions are usually

answered by repeating the verb, with or without a negative.
Instead of this, ita, vero, certe, etc. (so, truly, certainly, etc.)
may be used for yes ; and non, minima, etc. for no if the denial
is an emphatic by no means, not at all, or the like.
Num via longa est ? Minimi!. The road isn't long, is it? Notatall.
EXERCISES
253. Give the present imperative of the following verbs :
capio, venio, gero, pateo, servo.
THESEUS ET MiNOTAURUS (CONTINUED)

254. Tum Theseus navigium celeriter parat et ad Insulam
Cretam navigat. Cum1 ad oram altam venit, ex navigio
properat et terram petit. Eum Ariadne,2 filia rcginae, videt.
Tum cum vocat et dicit : " Quis es, bone vir 3 ? Quid in
patria mea petis ? Nonne Graecus es ? Creta est inimica s
Graecis et vita tua est in periculo." Theseus respondet :
86 IMPERATIVE MOOD
"Theseus sum, Graecorum her5s (herd), notus fama4 mea
per multas terras. Minotaurum peto. Cum 1 eo pugnabo.
Eum vincam. Nonne Theseo auxilium dabis ? " Tum Ari
adne, clara fama et magn5 animo Thesei comm5ta (moved), 10
eum amat et respondet : " Num barbara sum ? Vitam tuam
servabo. Cape arma et veni."
i. The conjunction cum, when, and the preposition cum, with, though
alike, are easily distinguished, as cum, with, is followed by the ablative case.
2. Pronounce in English A-ri-ad'ne. 3. Good sir. 4. Ablative of cause.
255. I. Nuntia, munite, mitte. 2. Pete, veni, navigate.

3. Servate, muni, tene. 4. Videte, porta, mittite.
Fourth Review, Lessons XXIV-XXXII, §§ 749-754
THE APPIAN WAV AND THE CLAUDIAN AQUEDUCT

The Romans excelled as engineers and builders. A system of splendid roads
connected the capital with the different parts of the Empire. " All roads lead
to Rome " was literally true. The Appian Way extended southeast to -Brun-
disium, the great commercial port for the East. Equally famous were the
aqueducts, bringing the city an abundant water supply
LESSON XXXIII
Accipere quam facere iniuriam praestat — It is better to suffer
a wrong than to do one 1
PRESENT INDICATIVE PASSIVE OF THE FIRST

CONJUGATION
256. Passive Voice. The passive voice (§ 141) uses a different
set of personal endings from those of the active. The present
indicative passive of voco is inflected as follows :

Personal Endings
1. vo'cor, I-am-called -r or -or
2. voca'ris or -re, you-are-called -ris or -re
3. voca'tur, he-, she-, it-is-called -tur
1. voca'mur, we-are-called -mur
2. voca'mini, you-are-called -mini
3. voca'ntur, they-are-called -ntur
a. The letter r, which appears in all but one of the personal end
ings, is sometimes called the passive sign.
b. A long vowel is shortened before final -r or -ntur (cf. § 194. 2).
C The forms vocor etc. may be translated either / am called etc.
or / am being called etc.
EXERCISES
257. Like vocor, inflect amor, servor, nuntior, portor, superor.
258. Derivation. The prefix con- (com-, co-), identical with

the preposition cum (with), added to simple verbs makes many
compounds both in Latin and English. This prefix sometimes
1 From Cicero, Rome's greatest orator and man of letters.
87
88 PRESENT PASSIVE OF VOCO
means with or together, and sometimes strengthens the simple

verb with the meaning completely, forcibly. What is the force
of this prefix in the following words ?
contain (teneo) compete (peto) conserve (servo)
convoke (convoco) convince (vinco) conduct (duco)
collaborate l (laboro) convene (venio) commit (mitto)
I. The final letter of the prefix is often assimilated (made like) to the
first letter of the simple verb.
THESEUS ET MlNOTAURUS (Concluded)

First learn the special vocabulary, page 366. Read the story as a whole
259. Tum Ariadne Theseum in notum labyrinthum inducit

et el longum filum (string) dat et dicit : " Tene id filum.
Filum vestigia (steps) tua
reget 1 et ex labyrinth5 te
(yon) educet. Nunc pro- 5
pera. Minotaurum audio.
Num times ? Ei fortiter
resiste et clara erit victSria
tua. Vince et serva vitam
puer5rum puellarumque 10
Graeciae." Mox Theseus
Minotaurum videt et
petit.2 Diu pugnatur 3
nee sine magno periculo.
Denique Minotaurus su- 15
peratur, et postea pueri
puellaeque servantur.
PUERI PUELLAEQUE THESEUM AMANT
From a Pompeian wall painting 1. Guide. 2. Attack. 3. The
form pugnatur means it isfought ;
translate freely, the battle is fought or the contest rages. The verb pugno
in Latin is intransitive, and so has no personal subject in the passive. A verb
with an indeterminate subject is called impersonal, as in English it rains.
LESSON XXXIV
Terras irradient — Let them illumine the earth1
PRESENT INDICATIVE PASSIVE OF MONEO • ABLATIVE
OF THE PERSONAL AGENT
260. The present indicative passive of the second conjugation
is inflected as follows :
PERSONAL ENDINGS
i. mo'neor, I-am-advised -r or -or
2. mone'ris or -re, you-are-advised -ris or -re
3. mone'tur, he-, she-, it-is-advised -tur
i. mone'mur, ^ve-are-adviscd -mur
2. mone'mini, you-are-advised -mini
3. monen'tur, they-are-advised -ntur
261. Rule for Ablative of Personal Agent. TJie ablative

with the preposition a or ab is used with passive verbs
to indicate the person by whom the act is performed.
Pueri a Romania servantur, the boys are saved by the Romans
NOTE. The literal meaning of a Romania is from the Romans, but in
our idiom by the Romans is a better translation.
262. Ablative of Means and Ablative of Agent Compared.

Compare the two sentences :
Pueri a Romania servantur, the boys are saved by the Romans
Pueri navigio servantur, the boys are saved by (or witK) a boat
In the first sentence a Romanis is the ablative of personal
agent ; in the second navigio is the ablative of means. To
1 Motto of Amherst College.
90 ABLATIVE OF PERSONAL AGENT
aid in distinguishing these two constructions, which are often

confused, observe the following facts :
a. The agent is a person ; the means is a thing.
b. The ablative of personal agent has the preposition a or ab ; the
ablative of means has no preposition.
C. The ablative of personal agent is used only with a passive verb ;
with the ablative of means the verb may be either active or passive.
EXERCISES
263. Like moneor, inflect habeor, teneor, timeor, videor.

264. i . Superaris, habemur, videntur. 2.Tenetur, occupamini,
timemur. 3. Videris, parantur, tenemini. 4. Servatur, habetur,
tenemur. 5. PortaminI, haberis, teneor.
265. i. Galli crebra proelia faciunt et fortiter pugnant, sed

a finitimis superantur. 2. Minotaurus a filiabus eorum timetur.
3. Num Theseus Minotaurum barbarum timet ? Non timet.
4. Capite arma, Romani ; a barbaris inimicis videmini. 5. Nee
frumentum nee aquam in castris habemus. Quid faciemus ?
6. Tene castra, Marce, boms telis. lam (soon) socii nostrl
auxilium mittent.
266. i . The Gauls are quickly conquered by-the-arms of-the-

Romans. 2. Are not pleasing stories told by many poets?
Yes. 3. Theseus is-advised by Minerva, the goddess of-wisdom.
4. By-the-wisdom of-Minerva we-are-saved. 5. Give that money
to-the-good queen, my son. 6. The camp of-the-savages has
neither wall nor ditch. 7. When we-are-seen by your men,
we-shall-suffer punishment.
LESSON XXXV
Salve! — Haili
THE PAST AND FUTURE INDICATIVE PASSIVE OF THE

FIRST AND SECOND CONJUGATIONS
267. The tense signs of the past and future passive are the
same as in the active. The inflection of voco and moneo in
these two tenses is as follows :

PAST INDICATIVE PASSIVE (TENSE SIGN -ba-)
PERSONAL ENDINGS
1. voca'bar, I-was-called2 -r
2. vocaba'ris or -re, you-were-called -ris or -re
3. vocaba'tur, he-, she-, it-was-called -tur
i. vocaba'mur, we-were-called -mur

2. vocaba'mini, you-were-called -mini
3. vocaban'tur, they-were-called -ntur
FUTURE INDICATIVE PASSIVE (TENSE SIGN -bi-)

i. voca'bor, I-shall-be-called -r
2. voca'beris or -re, you-will-be-called -ris or -re
3. voca'bitur, he-, she-, it-will-be-called -tur
i. voca'bimur, we-shall-be-called -mur

2. vocabi'mini, you-will-be-called -mini
3. vocabun'tur, they-will-be-called -ntur
1 Motto of the state of Idaho.
2 Or I-was-being-called, etc. Thus for all verbs in the past indicative
passive.
91
92 PAST AND FUTURE PASSIVE
PAST INDICATIVE PASSIVE (Tense Sign -ba-)

Personal Endings
1. mone'bar, I-was-advised -r
2. moneba'ris or -re, you-were-advised -ris or -re
3. moneba'tur, he-, she-, it-was-advised -tur
1. moneba'mur, we-were-advised -mur

2. moneba'mini, you-were-advised -mini
3. moneban'tur, they-were-advised -ntur
FUTURE INDICATIVE PASSIVE (Tense Sign -M-)

1. mone'bor, I-skall-be-advised -r
2. mone'beris or -re, you-will-be-advised -ris or -re
3. mone'bitur, he-, she-, it-will-be-advised -tur
1. mone'bimur, we-shall-be-advised -mur

2. monebi'minl, you-will-be-advised -mini
3. monebun'tur, they-will-be-advised -ntur
a. In the future passive the tense sign -bi- appears as -bo- in the
first and as -be- in the second person singular, and as -bu- in the third
person plural.
EXERCISES
268. Inflect the following verbs in the present, past, and

future, active and passive : amo, nuntio, porto, teneo, video, timeo.
269. 1. Amabas, amabaris, timebis, timeberis. 2. Servat,

servatur, dabit, dabitur. 3. Portamus, portabamus, portabimus.
4. Dabimini, videbuntur, tenemur. 5. Amantur, dabatur, ti-
mentur. 6. Videris, nuntiamus, timebat. 7. Tenent, timebunt,
moneris. 8. Videbant, amabimini, portamur. 9. Venite, time.
PASSIVE OF REGO AND AUDIO 93
270. i. They-will-be-feared, I-am-loved, we-were-seen. 2.. We-
are-carried, you-will-be-advised (plur.), they-have. 3. He-will-
hasten, you-were-announcing (sing.), he-persuades. 4. I-shall-
injure, you-favor (sing.), you-will-be-overcome (phir.). 5. We-
shall-be-carried, I-was-eager-for, you-will-favor (sing.). 6. He-
will-obey, we-are-held, they-were-seen.
ROMAN SWORDS
LESSON XXXVI
In medias res — Into the midst of things 1
THE PRESENT INDICATIVE PASSIVE OF THE THIRD AND

FOURTH CONJUGATIONS
271. The present indicative passive of re'go (third conjuga
tion) and au'dio (fourth conjugation) are inflected as follows :
re'go, re'gere (pres. stem rege-), rule
i. re'gor, I-am-ruled re'gimur, we-are-ruled
2. re'geris or -re, you-are-ruled regi'mini, you-are-ruled
3. re'gitur, he-, she-, it-is-nded regun'tur, they-are-nded
au'dio, audi're (pres. stem audi-), hear
i. au'dior, I-am-heard audi'mur, we-are-heard
2. audl'ris or -re, you-are-heard audi'mini, you-are-heard
3. audi'tur, he-, she-, it-is-heard audiun'tur, they-are-heard
a. Observe the changes of the final stem vowel -e in the third con
jugation. It appears unchanged only in the second person singular :
as, re'ge-ris or re'ge-re.
1 From Horace, Romes greatest lyric poet
94 PASSIVE OF REGO AND AUDIO
EXERCISES
272. Like rego, inflect the present active and passive of duco,
vinco, and gerS.
273. Like audio, inflect the present active and passive of munio.
274. i. Teneberis, dicitur, habebamim. 2. Superabitur, mu-
niuntur, geritur. 3. Munitur, parabit, vincite.
ROMANI MAGNUM NUMERUM CAPTIVORUM CAPIUNT
DE BELLlS ROMANORUM ET GALLORUM

275. Cum bella in Gallia a Romanis geruntur, castra eorum

latis fossis vallisque altis celeriter muniuntur. Tum c5piae
ex portis (gates) castrorur educuntur, sed castra firmd
praesidio tenentur. Saepe t'omani proelia in mediis silvis
PASSIVE OF REGO AND AUDIO 95
faciunt, saepe diu pugnatur l ; sed denique barbari bonis 5

armis Romanorum vincuntur. Roman! magnum numerum
captlvorum capiunt. In numero captivSrum multi pueri puel-
laeque videntur. Captivi a Romanis in Italiam inducuntur.
Ibi erunt servi miseri nee postea patriam videbunt.
1. See § 259, note 3.
I AM A FIRM BELIEVER IN THE VALUE OF STUDYING GREEK AND LATIN.

ALTHOUGH IN AFTER LIFE ONE MAY FORGET MUCH THAT HE HAS LEARNED,
HE CAN NEVER LOSE THE INFLUENCE UPON HIS CHARACTER. ELIHU ROOT,
FORMER SECRETARY OF STATE
LESSON XXXVII
Repetltid est mater studiorum — Repetition is the mother of learning
THE PAST AND FUTURE INDICATIVE PASSIVE OF

REGO AND AUDIO
276. The past and future indicative passive of regS (third
conjugation) and audio (fourth conjugation) are inflected as
follows :
re'go, re'gere (pres. stem rege-), rule
1 . rege'bar, I-was-nded regeba'mur, we-were-niled
2 . regeba'ris or -re, you-were-ruled regeba'mini, you-zvere-rulcd
3. xegebdJtuT,he-,she-,it-was-rnled regeban'tur, they-were-nded
FUTURE INDICATIVE PASSIVE (Tense Signs -»- and -S-)

1 . re'gar, I-shall-be-nded rege'mur, we-shall-be-nded
2. rege'ris or -XQ,you-will-be-nded rege'mini, you-will-be-nded
3. iege'tvLT,/ie-,s/ie-,it-zvill-be-ruled regea'tur, they-will-be-ruled
96 PASSIVE OF REGO AND AUDIO
au'dio, audi're (pres. stem audi-), hear

1. audie'bar, I-was-heard
2. audieba'ris or -re, you-were-heard
3. audieba'tur, he-, she-, it-was-heard
1. audieba'mur, we-were-heard
2. audieba'mini, you-were-heard
3. audieban'tur, they-were-heard
FUTURE INDICATIVE PASSIVE (Tense Signs -a- and -§-)

1. au'diar, I-shall-be-heard
2. audie'ris or -re, you-will-be-heard
3. audie'tur, he-, she-, it-will-be-heard
1. audie'mur, we-shall-be-heard
2. audie'mini, you-will-be-heard
3. audien'tur, they-will-be-heard
EXERCISES
277. Like rego, inflect the present, past, and future, active
and passive, of ducS, vinco, and gero.1
278. Like audio, inflect the present, past, and future, active
and passive, of munio.
279. 1. Ducebas, ducebaris, munies, munieris. 2. Vincit,

vincet, veniet, munietur. 3. Gerebamus, gerebamur, gerimus,
geremus. 4. Ducemini, regimini, audiebantur. 5. Amabunt,
nocebunt, venient, munientur. 6. Timeris, munimus, veniemus,
1 Extend the blank- scheme (§748) of verb inflection to include the first
three tenses of the passive voice, and use it for self-drill with a variety of
yerbs. You cannot know verbs too well.
PASSIVE OF CAPIO 97
capiunt. 7. Persuadent, tenebunt, videberis, audientur. 8. Ge-
runtur, gerebatur, geritur. 9. Paremus, paramur, nocebunt,
mQniemini.
280. 1 . They-are-sent, they-will-be-conquered, I-am-heard, we-
were-led. 2. We-are-sent, you-will-be-fortified {sing.), they-come.
3. He-will-resist, you-seek (sing.), you-will-be-conquered (filnr.).
4. You-were-believing (sing.), he-carried-on, I-shall-come. 5. We-
shall-be-heard, I-was-leading, you-will-seek (plur.). 6. He-will-
carry-on, we-are-fortified, they-were-carried-on.
LESSON XXXVIII
Deo, amicls, patriae — For God, for friends, for country
THE PRESENT, PAST, AND FUTURE INDICATIVE PASSIVE
OF CAPIO
281. The present indicative passive of capio (cf. § 242) is
inflected like regor, except the two forms capior and capiuntur.
which are like audior and audiuntur. The past and future
throughout are inflected like audiebar and audiar.
Present Passive Past Passive Future Passive

1. ca'pior capie'bar ca'piar
2. ca'peris or -re capieba'ris or -re capie'ris or -re
3. ca'pitur capieba'tur capie'tur
1. ca'pimur capieba'mur capie mur
2. capi'mini capieba'mini capie'mini
3. capiun'tur capieban'tur capien'tur
EXERCISES
282. Like capio, inflect rapio, seise, in the present, past, and
future, active and passive.
98 PASSIVE OF CAPIO
DE LUDO1 ROMANO
283. Spectate, amici mei, picturam (picture) ludi Romani.
Videtisne discipulos (pupils) ? Sunt Gnus,2 duo, tres, quat-
tuor, quinque, sex discipuli. Duo pueri stant (are standing)
et quattuor sedent. Quid pueri faciunt? Laborant magna
diligentia. Duo tenent tabellas.3 Tres tenent libros. Libri 5
Roman5rum erant volumina (rolls). In subsellio (bench)

sunt duo libri et tres tabellae 3 et atramentum (ink). Spectate
magistrum (teacher). Quid facit ? Magister discipulis fabulam
narrat. Magister multas et gratas fabulas in memoria habet.
Cum pueri sunt tardi, tum poenam dant. Sed boms pueris prae- 10
mia pulchra a magistro dantur. Amatisne praemia ? Certe.
i. Latin has two words for school, ludus, an elementary school, and
scliola, an advanced school or college for adults. 2. One. The next five
numerals follow. Learn to count six in Latin. 3. Writing tablets. These
were thin boards smeared with wax (cf. picture, p. 7). The writing was done
with a stilus, a pointed instrument, like a pencil, made of bone or metal.
LESSON XXXIX
Dura spiro, spero — While I breathe, I hope1
THE PRESENT INFINITIVE AND THE PRESENT IMPERA
TIVE, ACTIVE AND PASSIVE
284. Infinitive Defined. The infinitive is a verbal noun,

giving the general meaning of the verb without person or
number : as, amare, to love.
285. Present Infinitive. The present infinitive active is
formed by adding -re to the present stem (§ 154). The
present infinitive passive may be formed from the active by
changing final -e to -i, except in the third conjugation, which
changes final -ere to -i.
CON'J. PRES. STEM FRES. INF. ACTIVE PRES. INF. PASSIVE

I voca- voca're, to-call voca'ri, to-be-called
11 mone- mone're, to-advise mone'rl, to-be-advised
III regere'gere, to-ride re'gi, to-be-ruled
IV audi- audi're, to-hear audi'rl, to-be-heard
a. The present infinitive of sum is esse. There is no passive.
286. Present Imperative. The active forms of the present

imperative, already given in § 249, are repeated below for
comparison with the passive forms. The present imperative
passive ends in -re in the singular and in -mini in the plural.
Thus the singular of the passive imperative is like the present
active infinitive, and the plural is like the second person plural
of the present indicative passive.
1 Closing words of the motto of the state of South Carolina. Free transla
tion, " While there 's life, there's hope."
99
IOO INFINITIVE AND IMPERATIVE
ACTIVE IMPERATIVE
Conj. I vo'ca, call-thou voca'te, call-ye

II mo'ne, advise-thou mone'te, advise-ye
III re'ge, rule-thou re'gite, rule-ye
IV au'di, hear-thou audi'te, hear-ye
PASSIVE IMPERATIVE
Conj. I voca're, be-thou-called voca'minl, be-ye-called

II mone're, be-thou-advised mone'mini, be-ye-advised
III re'gere, be-thou-ruled regi'mini, be-ye-rided
IV audi're, be-thou-heard audl'mini, be-ye-heard
EXERCISES
287. Give the active and passive present infinitives of narro,
rapio, munio, respondeo, paro, gero, video, specto, duco, vinco.
288. Give the imperative active of dlco,1 duco, facio, nuntio,

venio, credo, noceo, faveo, resist5, sedeo.
289. Give the imperative passive of narro, rapio, porto, peto,

occupo, vinco, servo, timeo, munio, video.
290. i. Hasten-thou, to-be-prepared, be-ye-sent, lead-thou.

2. To-lead, to-be-led, be-ye-seized, come-thou. 3. To-be-sent,
to-save, lead-ye, speak-thou. 4. To-be-sought, be-ye-led, to-
seize, to-be-held. 5. Fear-thou, come-ye, be-ye-prepared, to-be-
fortified.
1 The verbs dico, duco, and facio have die, due, and fac in the singular of
the present imperative active. The plural is formed regularly : dicite, etc.
'
LESSON XL
Melius esse quam viderl — Better to be than to seem l
SYNOPSES IN THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS
291. Learn to give rapidly the synopses of the verbs you

have had, in any person or number, following the model
given below :
FIRST CONJUGATION SECOND CONJUGATION

INDICATIVE
ACTIVE PASSIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE
PRES. vo'co vo'cor mo'neo mo'neor
PAST voca'bam voca'bar mone'bam mone'bar
FUT. voca'bo voca'bor mone'bo mone'bor
IMPERATIVE
PRES. vo'ca voca're mo'ne mone're
INFINITIVE
PRES. voca're voca'rl mone're mone'rl
THIRD CONJUGATION THIRD CONJUGATION (-io verbs)

INDICATIVE
ACTIVE PASSIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE
PRES. re'go re'gor ca'pio ca'pior
PAST rege'bam rege'bar capie'bam capie'bar
FUT. re'gam re'gar ca'piam ca'piar
1 Motto of the state of North Carolina, adapted from Sallust.
IOT
I02 SYNOPSES OF REGULAR VERBS
IMPERATIVE
Pres. re'ge re'gere ca'pe ca'pere
INFINITIVE
Pres. re'gere re'gi ca'pere ca'pi
Fourth Conjugation
indicative
Active Passive
Pres. au'dio au'dior
Past audie'bam audie'bar
Fut. au'diam au'diar
IMPERATIVE
Pres. au'di audi're
INFINITIVE
Pres. audi're audi'ri
DE MALO MAGISTRO LUDI

292. Olim (once upon a time) Roman! cum finitimo oppido

bellum gerebant. Camillus, vir clarus, copias Romanas
ducebat. In eo oppido erat quidam magister ludi.1 Eum
pueri amabant et viri oppidi ei2 credebant. Saepe magister
pueros ex oppidS per agros proximos educebat, nee pueri in 5
periculo erant, nam oppidum a Romanis nondum (not yet)
oppugnabatur. Sed denique magister puer5s in media castra
Romana inducit et dicit : " Specta, Camille, e5s pueros. Ei
erunt captivi tui." Sed Camillus dicit : " Malum animum,
SYNOPSES OF REGULAR VERBS 103
magister, habes. N5n cum pueris RomanI bellum gerunt." 10

Tum suis3 dicit, " Rapite et ligate (bind) eum." Tum
pueris virgas (rods) dat et dicit, " lam agite, puerl mei, eis
MALUS MAGISTER LUDI POENAM DAT
virgis eum malum magistrum in oppidum vestrum." Id

factum erat gratum viris eius oppidi et mox amicitiam
R5mae petunt. 15
i . quidam magister ludl, a school teacher. 2. ei, dative with credebant
(§ 224). 3. To his men.
293. Derivation. What is the meaning of the following Eng

lish words and to what Latin words are they related ?
dictate clarify capacity repeat retard
regulate regent factory sediment rapture
Fifth Review, Lessons XXXIII-XL, §§ 755-761

LESSON XLI
Equo ne credite — Do not trust the horse 1
THE ABLATIVE DENOTING FROM
294. One of the relations covered by the ablative case is

expressed in English by the preposition from (cf. § 65).
This relation is represented in Latin by a number of special
constructions. One of these, the ablative of personal agent,
has been already discussed (§ 261). Two others of importance
are the ablative of the place from, many instances of which
have occurred in the preceding exercises, and the ablative
of separation.
295. Rule for Ablative of Place From. The place from
which is expressed by the ablative with the prepositions
a (ab), de, I (ex).
Agricolae ex agris veniunt, thefarmers comefrom thefields
a. A or ab denotes from near a place ; e or ex, outfrom it ; and de,
down from it. This may be represented graphically as follows :
1 This is taken from Vergil's ^neid, and refers to the famous wooden
horse by means of which the Greeks took Troy after they had besieged it in
vain for ten years. Used in a general way, the expression is a warning against
the tricks of an enemy.
104
ABLATIVE DENOTING FROM 105
296. Rule for Ablative of Separation. Words express
ing separation or taking away are followed by the abla
tive, often with the prepositions a (ab), de, e (ex).
i. Theseus patriam a Minotauro liberat, Theseus frees his country
from the Minotaur
2. Theseus patriam perlculo liberat, Theseus frees his country
from peril
a. When there is actual separation of one material thing from
another, as in i, the preposition is usually present. When the sep
aration is figurative, as in 2, the preposition is usually omitted.
EXERCISES
297. i. Galll crebris proeliis Germanos ab agris suis pro-
hibebunt. 2. Facto1 Camilli pueri ex castris Romanis celeriter
dimittentur. 3. Ibi ab amicis suis longe aberant. 4. Memoria
eius factl animis nostris numquam longe aberit. 5. Cur vir
malus pueros a muris oppidl abducit ? 6. Vir malus amicitiam
Camilli petebat. 7. Libera filios nostros periculo, Camille.
8. Certe eos Iiberabo et vir malus poenam dabit. 9. Facto1
malo eum ex castris meis agam.
i. Ablative of cause. •
298. i. The Roman camp was far distant from that place.
2. We shall be freed from the memory of those wrongs. 3. De
part from this place, my friends, and attack their towns. 4. My
men will lead them away from the walls. 5. Keep 1 the savages
out of your towns, Romans. 6. Seize that man, my son, and
send him away. 7. The boys are not dull, are they2?
i. Imperative of prohibeo. 2. Review § 25i.
LESSON XLII
Non omne quod nitet aurum est — All is not gold that glitters
PRINCIPAL PARTS • VERB STEMS • THE PERFECT STEM

THE ENDINGS OF THE PERFECT
299. Principal Parts. Certain forms of the verb are impor
tant because we cannot inflect the verb without knowing them.
These are called the principal parts.
In English, the principal parts are the present indicative, the
past indicative, and the past participle : as, go, went, gone.
In Latin, the principal parts are the first person singular of
the present indicative, the present infinitive, the first person
singular of the perfect indicative, and the past participle : as,
vo'cS voca're voca'vi voca'tus
300. Verb Stems. From the principal parts we get three

verb stems, from which we construct the entire conjugation.
These are the present stem, formed from the present infinitive
(§ 154), the perfect stem, and the participial stem.
301. The perfect stem is found by dropping final -I from the

first person singular of the perfect : as, vocav- from voca'vi,
perfect of voco.
302. The participial stem is found by dropping final -us

from the past participle : as, vocat- from voca'tus, past par
ticiple of voco.
303. From the perfect stem are formed

The Perfect Indicative Active
The Past Perfect Indicative Active
The Future Perfect Indicative Active
1 06
ENDINGS OF THE PERFECT 107
304. Endings of the Perfect. The perfect is inflected by
adding the following endings to the perfect stem :
1 . -I, I -imus, we
2. -isti, you -istis, you
3. -it, he, she, it -erunt or -ere, they
The endings of the perfect are different from those found in
any other tense. They are the same in all conjugations.
305. Practically all the verbs of the first conjugation have
regular principal parts : as,
vo'co vocfi're voca'vi vocfi'tus
Following the model, give the principal parts of ami), narro,
porto, parS, occupo, pugno, supero, specto, libero.
EXERCISES
306. I . Barbarl magnam copiam frumenti comparabunt et ex

agris suis discedent. 2. Multa oppida finitimorum oppugna-
bunt. 3. Ea oppida muris altis et fossis latis muniuntur et for-
titer defendentur. 4. Quam longe ab Italia absunt ea oppida ?
N5n longe absunt. 5. Nonne Romani auxilium ad ea oppida
mittent ? Certe, nam populi eorum oppidorum sunt socii
Romanorum. 6. Amplae copiae Romanorum animos timidos
sociorum confirmabunt. 7. Romani firma praesidia in eis
oppidis locabunt. 8. Itaque barbari iniuriis prohibebuntur et
copias suas dlmittent.
307. I. The cowardly allies will be "efended by the Romans.
2. How far distant were those places1 from their2 camp?
3. Prepare an abundant supply3 of grain, Marcus, and place
it in our town. 4. Because of the memory4 of your deeds,
108 PERFECT TENSES OF SUM
we shall be neither slow nor cowardly. 5. Their2 hearts were

encouraged, and so they seized their arms and bravely assaulted
the lofty walls. 6. Why are you sitting there ? Depart and
quickly free those captives.
1. What is there irregular tabout the plural of locus? 2. Not suus
(cf. §§ 135, 209). 3. copia. 4. Ablative of cause.
LESSON XLIII
Dimidiumfactl est coepisse — Well begun is half done 1
THE PERFECT, PAST PERFECT, AND FUTURE PERFECT

INDICATIVE OF SUM
308. The irregular verb sum is inflected in the perfect, past
perfect, and future perfect indicative as follows :
Prin. Parts : sum, esse, fui (perf. stem fu-)
PERFECT
fu'i, / have been, I was fu'imus, we have been, we were
fuis'ti, you have been, you were fuis'tis, you have been, you were
fu'it, he has been, he was fue'runt or fue're, they have
been, they were
PAST PERFECT (Tense Sign -era-)
fu'eram, / had been fuera'mus, we had been
fu'eras, you had beett fuera'tis, you had been
fu'erat, he had been fu'erant, they had been
FUTURE PERFECT (Tense Sign -eri-)
fu'ero, I shall ht.ve been fue'rimus, we shall have been
fu'eris, you will have be::i fue'ritis, you will have been
fu'erit, he will have been fu'erint, they will have been
1 From Horace, the greatest Roman lyric poet and still the most widely read.
The literal translation of the Latin is Half of an achievement is to have begun it.
PERFECT TENSES OF SUM 109
a. The past perfect may be formed by adding eram, the past
of sum, to the perfect stem. The tense sign is -era-.
b. The future perfect may be formed by adding ero, the future of
sum, to the perfect stem. But the third person plural ends in -erint,
not -erunt. The tense sign is -eri-.
C, The perfect, past perfect, and future perfect of all active verbs
are formed on the perfect stem. They are all inflected like sum.
SEXTUS, QUlNTUS, MARCUS
309. MARCUS. Ubi fuistis, Sexte et Quinte ?
SEXTUS. Ego (/) in nostra villa ful, et Quintus in sua villa
fuit. Diu in agris nostris fuimus. Officia agricolarum sunt
multa. Habesne bonos servos?
M. Habeo. Diu exempla egregiae diligentiae fuerunt. Eis
ampla praemia mox dabo et eos Hberabo.
S. Sine sapientia fueris. Tene bonos servos et libera eos
numquam. Sed quid spectas, Quinte ?
QUINTUS. Specto eum pulchrum librum. Estne tuus ?
M. Meus est. Semper bonis libris1 studebam. Is liber
erat Galbae2 et iam diu in casa eius erat. Liber est notus et
de bellis Romanorum Gallorumque narrat. Denique Galll pa-
cantur, sed iam per septem3 annos Romani in Gallia fuerant.
i. Dative. See § 224. 2. Genitive of the possessor, § 150. 3. Can you
count seven in Latin ?
310. i. Where had the farmers been? They had been on
their farms. 2. Have you not been examples of remarkable
industry, O slaves ? Yes. 3. Soon, Romans, we shall have been
in Gaul for1 seven years. 4. How long2 have we been absent
from our duties ? 5 . Finally the Gauls will be subdued, but they
will have been neither stupid nor cowardly. 6. Encourage the
loyal hearts of their 3 allies with an abundant supply of money.
i. per. 2. Distinguish between quam diu, how long, and quam longe,
how far. 3. Not suus (cf. §§ 135, 209).
LESSON XLIV
N5n ministrarl, sed ministrare — Not to be ministered unto,
but to minister1
USE AND INFLECTION OF THE PERFECT INDICATIVE

ACTIVE
311. Use of the Perfect. The perfect indicative has two dis
tinct meanings ; according to its translation, it is called the
present perfect or the past absolute.
312. As present perfect, the perfect is translated by the

English present perfect with have, and denotes the action as
completed at the time of speaking : as, / have now finished
my work.
313. As past absolute, the perfect is translated by the English

past tense, and denotes that the action took place sometime in
the past : as, Ifinished my work.
314. Translation of the English Past. The English past is

expressed sometimes by the Latin perfect and sometimes by
the Latin past. In telling a story the perfect is used to mark
its successive forward steps, and the past to describe past
situations and past circumstances that attended those steps.
What tenses would be used in a Latin translation of the
following passage ?
I sailed the seas for many years. Once a school of whales sur
rounded our ship. The whales were swimming slowly along
and were not terrified by our presence. Spouts of water arose
on every side and some of the passengers were greatly
alarmed. Then the monsters suddenly vanished.
1 Motto of Wellesley College.
USE AND INFLECTION OF THE PERFECT ill
315. Inflection of the Perfect. The perfect indicative active

of the four conjugations is inflected like ful (cf. § 308), and is
as follows :
First Conjugation Second Conjugation
voca'vi (perf. stem vocav-), mo'nul (perf. stem monu-),
/ have called, I catted I have advised, I advised
1. voca'vi voca'vimus mo'nul monu'imus
2. vocavis'ti vocavis'tis monuis'ti monuis'tis
3. voca'vit vocave'runt or -e're mo'nuit monue'runt or -e're
Third Conjugation Fourth Conjugation

re'xi (perf. stem rex-), audi'vi (perf. stem audiv-),
I have ruled, I ruled I have heard, I heard
I. re'xi re'ximus audi'vi audi'vimus .
2. rexis'ti rexis'tis audivis'ti audivis'tis
3- re'xit rexe'runt or -e're audi'vit audive'runt or -e're
a. In vocabularies the first person of the perfect is always given
as the third of the principal parts. Principal parts must be learned
thoroughly. With principal parts and the rules for tense formation
well in mind, the conjugation of verbs becomes easy.
EXERCISES
316. Nearly all perfects of the first conjugation are formed

by adding -vi to the present stem. Like voca'vi, inflect ama'vi,
narra'vi, paca'vi.
317. Like monui, inflect habui, tenui, patul.

318. Like rexi, inflect dixi (perfect of dico), duxi (perfect of
duco), mlsi (perfect of mitto), and cepi (perfect of capio).
319. Like audivl, inflect munivi.

112 USE AND INFLECTION OF THE PERFECT
CURIUS DENTATUS AND THE SAMNITE AMBASSADORS
DE CURIO DENTATO
First learn the special vocabulary, page 368. See if you can explain the
use of the past and perfect tenses in this story.
320. In numero clarorum Romanorum erat Curius Den-
talus. Saepe magna proelia faciebat, saepe inimica castra
oppidaque capiebat. Sed in mediis victoriis vita eius erat
vera et Integra. Nee in villa ampla, sed in casa parva habi-
tabat, et cum officia publica non prohibebant, magna diligentia 5
in parvo agro laborabat. Olim Samnites,1 finitimi R5ma-
norum, qui amicitiam Dentati petebant, ad eum legatos
miserunt. LegatI multa praemia pulchra et copiam auri
(gold) portabant et ad agrum Dentati properaverunt.
i. The Samnites, living east and south of Latium, conquered by the
Romans after a great struggle, in which Dentatus played a prominent part.
LESSON XLV
Ut sementem feceris, ita metes — As you sow, so shall you reap1
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF VERBS
321. The following verbs include the three irregular verbs

and all verbs of the second conjugation previously used. Review
the meanings and drill on the inflection of the perfect.
322. Principal Parts of Irregular Verbs. Learn the principal

parts of the following irregular verbs :
PRES. INDIC. PRES. INF. PERFECT PAST PART.
sum ease fui be
ab'sum abes'se a'fui be away
do dare dedi datus give
a. Sum and absum have the future participles futurus and afuturus.
323. Principal Parts of Second Conjugation. Learn the prin

cipal parts of the following verbs of the second conjugation :
fa'veS fave're favi fautu'rus favor
ha'beo habe're ha'bui ha'bitus have
mo'neo mone're tno'mil mo'nitus advise
no'ceo noce're no'cui nocitu'rus injure
pa'reo pare're pa'rui obey
pa'teS pate're pa'tui extend
persua'deo persuada're persua'sl persua'sus persuade
prohi'beo prohibe're prohi'bui prohi'bitus prevent
respon'deo respond6' re respon'di respon'sus reply
se'deo sede're sedi sessus sit
etn'Ho™ cfnHS'rA iofii'ilnT hf fncrfr
1 From Cicero, Rome's greatest orator and generally considered her first
man of letters.
"3
114 PRINCIPAL PARTS OF VERBS
te'neo teng're te'nul hold
ti'meo timg're ti'mui fear
vi'deo vidg're vidi visus see
a. Note that all these verbs have the infinitive ending -ere. This
marks them as belonging to the second conjugation. Further, observe
that the formation of the perfect varies in different verbs and that the
past participle is sometimes lacking. Occasionally a verb that has no
past participle will have a future participle ending in -urus, and this
is then given in the principal parts. There are two examples of this
in the above list. Do you see them ? In dealing with verbs make it
a rule to look at the infinitive first of all to determine the conjugation,
and do not be surprised to find irregularities in the formation of the
perfect and the participle.
DE CURIO DENTATO (CONCLUDED)

324. Non in agr5 sed in casa legatl Dentatum invenerunt.
Vir clarus ante mensam 1 sedebat. Ibi cenam 2 rapulorum 3
edebat.4 Tum legatl casam intraverunt5 et dlxerunt : "Factis
tuis egregiis et officiis publicis, Dentate, Samnites amicitiam
tuam petunt. Ea praemia et id aurum (gold) sunt tua." 5
Tum Dentatus respondit : " Minima, Samnites, naturam
meam tenetis.8 Verus Romanus non studet auro sed imperio
in (over) eos qul aurum habent. lam discedite."
i. mensa, -ae, F., table, 2. cena, -ae, F., dinner. 3. rapulum, -i, N.,
young turnip. 4. edo, -ere, eat. 5. intro, -are, enter. 6. Understand.
THAT CLASSICAL STUDIES HAVE BEEN OF VERY GREAT VALUE TO MANY

PERSONS IS SIMPLY A MATTER OF FACT, AND NOT OF OPINION. THEIR
VALUE MOREOVER HAS NOT BEEN PURELY CULTURAL BUT INTENSELY
PRACTICAL. MARION LEROY BURTON, PRESIDENT OF THE UNIVERSITY
OF MICHIGAN
LESSON XLVI
Amicus certus in re incerta cernitur — A friend in need is
a friend indeed 1
PAST PERFECT INDICATIVE • PRINCIPAL PARTS (CONTINUED)

325. Past Perfect Indicative. The tense sign of the past
perfect indicative active is -era-. This is added to the perfect
stem. The personal endings are the same as in the past indica
tive, and the inflection is like that of fueram (§ 308).
326. The past perfect indicative active of the four conjuga
tions is inflected as follows :
voca'veram (perf. stem vocav-), monu'eram (perf. stem monu-),
/ had called I had advised
i. voca'veram vocavera'mus monu'eram monuera'mus
2. voca'veras vocavera'tis monu'eras monuera'tis
3. voca'verat voca'verant monu'erat monu'erant
THIRD CONJUGATION FOURTH CONJUGATION
re'xeram (perf. stem rex-), audi'veram (perf. stem audiv-),
/ had ruled I had heard
i. re'xeram rexera'mus audi'veram audivera'mus
2. re'xeras rcxera'tis audi'veras audivera'tis
3. re'xerat re'xerant audi'verat audl'verant
327. Principal Parts of Third Conjugation. Learn the prin
cipal parts of the following verbs of the third conjugation.
The list includes all previously used. Review the meanings
and drill on the inflection of the perfect and the past perfect.
1 From Ennius, the most famous of the early Latin poets. More literally,
The faithful friend is revealed when all is unfaithful. Note the play on words.
"5
n6 PRINCIPAL PARTS
RES. InDIC. Pres. Inf. Perfect Past Part.
abdu'co abdu'eere abdu'xi abduc'tus lead away

agS a'gere egi actus drive
ca'pio ca'pere cSpi captus take
credo cre'dere cre'didi cre'ditus believe
defen'do defen'dere defen'di defen'sus defend
dico di'cere dixi dictus say
dimit'to dimit'tere dimi'si dimis'sus send away
disce'do disce'dere disces'si disces'sus go away
ducS du'eere duxi ductus lead
edu'eo edu'eere edu'xi Sduc'tus lead out
fa'ciS fa'cere feci factus make
gerS ge'rere gessi gestus carry on, wage
indu'eo indu'eere indu'xi induc'tus lead in
mitto mit'tere misi missus send
petS pe'tere peti'vi or peti'tus seek
pe'tii
ra'pio ra'pere ra'pui raptus seize
rego re'gere rexi rectus rule
TPRis'tn Tpî'^'tprp
XCOIO LC1C re'stiti resist
vinco vin'cere vici victus conquer
EXERCISES
328. i. Egeramus, misisti, vicit. 2. Capiet, gesserunt, resti-

terat. 3. Rexit, induxerant, faciemus. 4. Vocaveras, monuit,
petierunt. 5. Habebit, rapuistis, eduxeratis. 6. Credideram,
egisti, paruit. 7. Fecit, defenderat, persuasimus. 8. Mittit,
mittet, misit. 9. Duxerunt, dimiseramus, nocebit. 10. Dixisti,
discesserant, eduxistis.
329. 1. We have conquered, he will favor, he had made.

2. You (sing.) have waged, they will extend, lead thou. 3. He
has seized, they had departed, you (plur.) had taken. 4. He
has said, we were defending, we shall reply.
with
the
left
filled
is
shows
CPsmall
of
palaces
and
side
right
The
apart
lecaasotarinse.r with
CHill,
the
of
The
and
middle,
in
lies
Forum
bounded
by
end
Fora
Roman
is
aat
peimtpoelroirnse. between
right
the
and
left.
building
long
Citadel,
Csummit
Jupiter
of
temple
its
The
Arx,
aponoritolinus
66
TCompare
is
Building.
Record
the
with
facing
picture
this
abpage
orularium,
one
(RESTORED)
FORUM,
BCTHE
ADJACENT
AND
UAIPLDTIONLGISNE,
>
,
LESSON XLVII
Veni, vidi, vici — I came, I saw, I conquered1
FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE AND PERFECT INFINITIVE

ACTIVE • PRINCIPAL PARTS (CONCLUDED)
330. Future Perfect Indicative Active. The tense sign of

the future perfect indicative active is -eri-. This is added to
the perfect stem. The personal endings are the same as in the
future, and the inflection is like that of fuero (§ 308).
331. The future perfect indicative active of the four con
jugations is inflected as follows :
voca'vero (perf. stem vocav-), monu'ero (perf. stem monu-)
/ shall have called I shall have advised
i. voca'vero vocave'rimus monu'ero monue'nmus
2. voca'veris vocave'ritis monu'eris monue'r.itis
3. voca'verit voca'verint monu'erit monu'erint
THIRD CONJUGATION FOURTH CONJUGATION
re'xero (perf. stem rex-), audi'vero (perf. stem audiv-),
/ shall have ruled / shall have heard
i. re'xero rexe nmus audi'vero audlve'rimus
rexe'ritis audl'veris audlve'ritis
3. re'xerit re'xerint audi'verit audi'verint
332. Perfect Infinitive Active. The perfect infinitive active
is also part of the perfect system and is easily learned in this
connection. It is formed by adding -isse to the perfect stem.
1 A famous dispatch of Cassar at the conclusion of a short and brilliant
campaign. He was a man of quick decision and tireless energy.
117
Ii8 FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE
Conj. Perfect S Perfect Infinitive
I vocav- vocavis'se, to have called
II monu- monuis'se, to have advised
III rex- rexis'se, to have ruled
IV audiv- audivis'se, to have heard
sum fu- fuis'se, to have been
333. Principal Parts of Fourth Conjugation. The following

list comprises the verbs of the fourth conjugation thus far
used. Learn the principal parts, review the meanings, and
drill on the perfect, past perfect, and future perfect indicative
and the perfect infinitive.
Pres. Indie. Pres. Inf. Perfect Past Part.
au'dio audi're audi'vi audi'tus hear
inve'nio inveni're inve'ni inven'tus find
mu'nio muni're munl'vl muni'tus fortify
ve'niO venl're veni ventus come
EXERCISES
334. Give the present and perfect infinitives of d<5, munio, facio,
credo, dlco, mitto, teneo, video, persuadeo, porto, absum, paco.
335. Inflect the following verbs in the perfect, past perfect,

and future perfect : narro, timeo, venio, ago, loco, mitto, pugno,
munio, sum.
336. I. You (sing) have had, they have believed, they had
sent. 2. He has seen, you (sing.) will have said, to have led.
3. You (plur.) have sent, they have obeyed, we had departed.
4. He has attacked, I had given, I shall have sent. 5. We shall
have feared, he has extended, to have been. 6. You (sing.) had
given, you (plur.) will have made, to have sent. 7. You (sing.)
had come, you (plur.) had given, he will have carried.
LESSON XLVIII
Forsan et haec olim meminisse iuvabit — Perhaps some day you
will take pleasure in remembering even this 1
REVIEW OF THE ACTIVE VOICE
337. Formation of Tenses of Indicative. A review of the
tenses of the indicative active shows the following formation :
PRESENT First of the principal parts

PAST Present stem + -ba-m
„j-icatm, OLCiu-r*i(-bo, Coni. I and II i
FUTURE Present stem -H „ } .. TTT
^ TTT ,
[-a-m, Conj. Ill and
PERFECT Third of the principal parts
PAST PERF. Perfect stem + -era-m
FUT. PERF. Perfect stem + -ero
338. Synopsis of voco. The synopsis of the active voice of

voco, as far as we have learned the conjugation, is as follows :
PRINCIPAL PARTS : voco, voca're, voca'vi, voca'tus

(pres. stem voca-, perf. stem vocav-)
(PRESENT voco f PERFECT voca'vi
PAST voca'bam ^.?VE j PAST PERF" voca'veram
FUTURE voca'bo [FUT. PERF. voca'vero
PRES. IMPER. voca
PRES. INFIN. voca're PERF. INFIN. vocavis'se
1 From Vergil, author of the i'Ene'id, the greatest Latin epic. The senti
ment is appropriate when a person is beset by difficulties and dangers. Of
similar import are his words, " Revocate animos, maestumque timorem mittite,"
Recall your courage and banish gloomy fear.
119
I2O REVIEW OF THE ACTIVE VOICE
EXERCISES
339. Following § 338 as a model, learn to write and to
recite rapidly the principal parts and the synopsis of the
following verbs in any person or number : pare, do, habeo,
video, dico, duco, capio, munio, venio, and other verbs selected
from the lists in §§ 161, 323, 327, 333.
340. Read again the story about Curius Dentatus and
answer the following questions in Latin :
1 . Qu5 Samnites legatos miserant ?
2. Cur Samnites legatos ad eum miserant?
3. Quid legati comparaverant et ad Dentatum portaverant ?
4. Num Dentatus amplam villam habuit ?
5. Nonne vita Dentali vera et Integra fuerat?
6. Laboraveratne Dentatus in agro ?
7. Ubi legati Dentatum invenerunt ?
8. Cepitne Dentatus praemia pulchra Iegatorum ?
9. Quid dlxit ?
Sixth Review, Lessons XLI-XLVIII, §§ 762-767
A CHARIOT RACE IN THE CIRCUS MAXIMUS

The Circus Maximus was among the most magnificent structures of the
Roman world, and held nearly 400,000 people
LESSON XLIX
Tempus fugit — Time flies
WORD FORMATION
341. Something has been said in §§238 and 258 concern

ing Latin and English prefixes. Those mentioned before are
here reviewed and three new ones are added.
a, ab, from, as in abducS, lead away ; English, abduct
ad, to, as in adduco, lead to ; English, adduce
con- (com-, co-), together, as in conduco, lead together; English,
conduct. Often with intensive force, as in convinco, conquer
completely ; English, convince
de, down from, as in deduco, lead down • English, deduce
e, ex, outfrom, as in educo, lead out ; English, educe
in, in, into, as in induco, lead in • English, induce
pro, forth , forward, as in produco, leadforward ; English, produce
re- (red-), back or again, as in reduco, lead back ; English, reduce
trans (tra-), across, as in traduco, lead across ; English, traduce
All these prefixes, excepting con- and re-, are also used
alone as prepositions.
NOTE. An English derivative from a Latin compound often loses the
literal meaning of the Latin and is used only in a figurative sense. This is
well illustrated by the derivatives given above. For example, traduce never
means to lead across, but is used only in the figurative sense of to make a
parade of, dishonor, slander. The Latin student has the advantage of
being able to trace the figurative meaning back to its literal source.
342. Derivation. Write a list of English derivatives from the

verbs servo, loco, voco, video, mitto, dico, specto, selecting the
proper prefixes from § 341, and adding such English suffixes
as you may know. Use the English dictionary.
NOTE. Students should keep derivation notebooks. See page 382.
121
122 WORD FORMATION
GALLI ROMAM OPPUGNANT

343. Olim Galli Italiam vastabant. lam agricolas miseros
ex agris latis egerant et equ5s pulchros eorum rapuerant.
lam multa oppida expugnaverant. lam Romam petebant.
Tum Romani magnopere perterrebantur et in Capitolium l
fugerunt. Manlius, vir egregius belli, Capitolium firm5 5
praesidio tenuit nee Gallos timuit. Capitolium erat in Ioc5
' alto et magnis muris muniebatur. Diu populus natura loci
et praesidio defendebatur et Galli frustra (in vain) labora-
bant. Victoria longe aberat. Sed denique barbari novum
c5nsilium ceperunt.2 Nocte3 magno silentio4 saxa6 alta 10
ascenderunt. Nee audiebantur nee prohibebantur. lam
muros Capitoli tenebant. Sed erant in Capitolio sacri
anseres.6 Ei anseres Gallos audlverunt et Capitolium serva-
verunt. Nam clamore7 su5 Manlium ex somno8 excita-
verunt.9 Manlius arma rapuit, suos vocavit, Gallos de saxis 15
altis iecit.
i. The Capitolium was the citadel of Rome. It was located on the
Capitoline Hill, which was steep and rocky. 2. consilium capere, to form
a plan. 3. By night. 4. silentium, silenti, N., silence. 5. saxum, -i, N.,
rock. 6. Geese. These were sacred to Juno, whose temple was on the
Capitoline. 7. clamore suo, by their cackling. 8. somnus, -i, M., sleep.
9. excito, -are, arouse.
A ROMAN MARKET PLACE

THE SACRED GEESE SAVE THE CAPITOL
LESSON L
Vincit qui se vincit — He conquers who conquers himself 1
THE PAST PARTICIPLE • THE PASSIVE PERFECTS
344. Participles Defined. A participle is a verbal adjective,

and takes its name from the fact that it participates in the
uses of both verb and adjective. As a verb, it has tense and
voice, and may be either transitive or intransitive. As an
adjective, it is declined, and agrees with its noun in gender,
number, and case. Thus, in " He, seeing the enemy, fled,"
seeing is a participle, present, active, and transitive, with enemy
as its direct object. This is its verbal side. As an adjective,
it agrees with he in gender, number, and case.
345. Participles, in English. In English the chief classes
of participles are present and past. The present participle
ends in -ing. It usually describes an action as taking place
at the same time with some other action : as, " Reaching for
the boat I lost my balance." The past participle expresses
completed action. In the passive it has the same form as the
past tense : as, " The floors are swept" " The chairs are
mended." The active past participle is formed by putting
having before the passive past participle : as, " Having swept
the floors, I rested," " Having mended the chairs, I sold
them." Sometimes having is used also in passive participial
expressions : as, " The floors having been swept, I rested."
Participles with having are often called perfect participles.
346. Past Participles in English and Latin. English has
both an active and a passive past participle : as, having called
1 From Publilius Syrus. Born a slave and educated by his master, he was
granted his freedom and became a noted writer.
124
PASSIVE PERFECTS OF THE INDICATIVE 125
(active), (having been) called (passive). Latin has only a passive
past participle, and this participle is of special importance
because, as we have seen (§ 299), it is the fourth and last of
the principal parts.
347. Participial Stem. The participial stem is found, as
will be recalled, by dropping -us from the past participle.
From this stem are formed the future active infinitive and all
passive perfects.
348. Perfect, Past Perfect, Future Perfect Indicative Passive.
In English the perfect, past perfect, and future perfect tenses
of the indicative passive are made up of forms of the auxiliary
verb to be and the past participle : as, / have been called, I had
been called, I shall have been called.
Very similarly in Latin the perfect, past perfect, and future
perfect passive use the present, past, and future of sum as an
auxiliary verb with the past participle : as,
Perfect passive, voca'tus sum, I have been called m was called
Past perfect passive, voca'tus eram, I had been called
Future perfect passive, voca'tus ero, I shall have been called
349. The past participle is declined like bonus, bona, bonum.

When making part of a verb form, it agrees in gender, number,
and case with the subject of the verb, as shown below :
EXAMPLES IN THE SINGULAR
Vir vocatus est, the man was called or has been called
Puella vocata est, the girl was called or has been called
Praesidium vocatum est, the garrison was called or has been called
EXAMPLES IN THE PLURAL
Viri vocati sunt, the men were called or have been called
Puellae vocatae sunt, the girls were called or have been called
Praesidia vocata sunt, the garrisons were called or have been called
126 PASSIVE PERFECTS OF THE INDICATIVE
350. In all the conjugations the perfect, past perfect, and

future perfect indicative passive are formed and inflected in
the same way. Study these inflections, §§ 832-835.
EXERCISES
351. Inflect the perfect, past perfect, and future perfect
indicative, active and passive, of voco, moneo, rego, and audio.
352. i. Agricolae frumentum in oppidum sacrum portave-

runt. 2. Frumentum ab agricolis in oppidum sacrum portatum
est. 3. Regina Lesbiae pecuniam dederat. 4. Pecunia a regina
Lesbiae data erat. 5. Manlius de muro sacro Gallos iecerit.
6. Galll a Manlio de muro sacro iactI erunt. 7. Dentatus lega
tos dimiserat. Legati a Dentato dimissl erant. 8. Puellae
exemplum egregium verae amicitiae viderant. 9. Exemplum
egregium verae amicitiae a puellis visum erat. 10. AnimI
timidi eorum factis vestris c5nfirmatl sunt. 1 1 . Galli ab agris
nostris armis Romanis prohibiti erant.
353. i. Greece had been freed from danger. 2. Fresh troops

had been put before the sacred town by the Romans. 3. The
girls had been greatly terrified and had fled. 4. The fields had
been laid waste, but, because of the nature of the place, the
camp had not been taken by storm. 5. Did the Gauls climb
your walls ? Not at all, but they laid waste the fields.
ROMAN HAIRPINS, POWDER BOXES, AND OTHER TOILET ARTICLES

of
There
ruins
NaTiber,
the
ilittle
Rome.
great
mnto
apvcarewasnowonoicrgeotauntnico,en The
docks
mouth,
of
Castle
still
and
city
in
rOstia,
dthe
miles
sixteen
St.
oiat
greater
wnvonessetre-ams.
is
Angelo
of
CHtomb
the
facing
Emperor
Peter-s,
St.
picture
and
aonote
dn12
page
compare
rciearn.ing
S
PETER
AND
ANGELO,
ST.
OF
CASTLE
TIBER,
THE
LESSON LI
Da dextrnm misero — Lend a hand1
THE PERFECT INFINITIVE PASSIVE AND THE FUTURE

INFINITIVE ACTIVE • PREPOSITIONS
354. As the perfect infinitive passive and the future infinitive

active are also formed from the participial stem, they are most
easily learned at this point.
355. Perfect Infinitive Passive. The perfect infinitive passive
is formed by adding esse to the past participle : as, vocatus esse,
to have been called. Similarly in the other conjugations we
have monitus esse, to have been advised; rectus esse, to have
been ruled; auditus esse, to have been heard.
356. Future Infinitive Active. The future infinitive active
of voco is vocatu'rus esse, to be about to call. This is formed
by adding -urus esse to the participial stem. Similarly in the
other conjugations we have monitu'rus esse, to be about to
advise ; rectu'rus esse, to be about to rule ; auditu'rus esse,
to be about to hear.
357. We have now completed the infinitive, active and pas
sive. The synopsis of the infinitives of voco is as follows :
ACTIVE PASSIVE
PRES. voca're, to call voca'rl, to be called
PERF. vocavis'se, to have called voca'tus esse, to have been
called
FUT. vocatu'rus esse, to be about (Rare and hence omitted)
to call
1 From Vergil. Literally, Give your right (hand) to an unfortunate (man).
127
128 INFINITIVES • PREPOSITIONS
a. The infinitives of the other conjugations are similarly formed; but

do not forget the peculiar formation of the present infinitive passive
in the third conjugation (§ 285).
358. Prepositions. We learned in § 77 that only the accusa

tive and ablative are used with prepositions. Those prepo
sitions which we have had before are here summarized and
three more added.
a. Prepositions expressing ablative relations (from, with, in, etc.)
govern the ablative case. Learn the following list :
a or ab,from, by e or ex, outfrom, out of
cum, with in, in or on
de, down from, concerning, about pro, in behalf of, for
sine, without
b. Prepositions not expressing ablative relations must govern the
accusative. Among these are
ad, to, towards per, through
ante, before, in front of P°st, after
in, into, to, against trans, across
There are many others ; but learn the list above of prepositions taking
the ablative, and use the accusative after all others.
EXERCISES
359. i. Imperium Romanum Germams qul trans Rhenum

habitabant non gratum erat. 2. Itaque per multos annos Ger
mani Roman5s ab regnis suis prohibuerunt. 3. Firmis et1
veris animis pro patria fortiter pugnaverunt. 4. Regna Ger-
manorum longe trans Rhenum patebant. 5. Germani c5pias
integras ex silvis oppidisque evocabant. 6. Numerus virorum
erat magnus et animi eorum bello studebant. 7. Sed fortuna
belli erat iniqua Germams ac Romanis victoriam dedit. 8. Antea
CONJUGATION OF POSSUM 129
Germani fuerant liberi, sed post victoriam Romanam multi in

magnas silvas fugerunt. 9. Multl rapti sunt atque in Italiam
missl sunt. 10. Quam misera erat fortuna eorum captiv5rum !
i. What are the three Latin words for and?
360. i. The Roman power did not formerly extend across the
Rhine. 2. When you are in the realm of the Germans, you
will see great forests. 3. The nature of the place was certainly
unfavorable for the battle. 4. They will fight bravely and many
will give their lives1 for their country.2 5. After the unfavorable
battle grain was provided and many fresh troops were called out.
i . Singular. 2. Not the dative.
361. Give the infinitives, active and passive, of the following

verbs : paco, habeo, video, ago, gero, capio, iacio, audio, mimio.
LESSON LII
Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori — Sweet and fitting it is
to die for one's country l
THE CONJUGATION OF POSSUM

362. Possum, I am able, I can, is a compound of the adjec
tive potis, able, and sum, / am. It is inflected in the indicative
and infinitive as follows :
PRINCIPAL PARTS : possum, posse, potui,
INDICATIVE MOOD
PRESENT
possum, / am able, I can pos'sumus, we arc able, we can
potes, you are able, you can potes'tis, you are able, you can
potest, he is able, he can possUnt, they are able, they can
1 From one of the Odes of Horace, Rome's greatest lyric poet.
130 CONJUGATION OF POSSUM
PAST
po'teram, / was able, I could; potera'mus, we were able, we
etc. could ', etc.
FUTURE
po'tero, / shall be able ; etc. pote'rimus, we shall be able ;
etc.
PERFECT
po'tul, / have been able, I potu'imus, we have been able,
could; etc. we could; etc.
PAST PERFECT
potu'eram, / had been able ; potuera'mus, we had been able ;
etc. etc.
FUTURE PERFECT
potu'ero, 1'shall have been able; potue'rimus, we shall have
etc. been able ; etc.
INFINITIVE MOOD
PRESENT PERFECT
posse, to be able potuis'se, to have been able
a. This verb has no imperative and no future infinitive. The per
fect infinitive, as in all verbs, is formed by adding -isse to the perfect
stem (§ 332).
EXERCISES
DE MUCIO SCAEVOLA
363. Olim Porsenna, qui regnum Etruscorum i tum
obtinebat, cum Romanis de imperio Italiae pugnavit et
Romam magnis copiis oppugnavit. lam Romani inopia
frumentl laborabant2 et magnopere perterrebantur. Erat in
numero Romanorum egregius iuvenis 3 Mucius Scaevola.4 Is 5
timid5s animos eorum conflrmavit atque dixit : " In castra
INFINITIVE USED AS IN ENGLISH 131
Etruscorum procedam et Porsennam interficiam. Itaque
patriam periculo liberab5." Fortiter negotium suscepit, sed
visus captusque est. Tum ante Porsennam productus est.
i. Etrusci, -orum, M., the Etruscans, neighbors of the Romans to the
north and their most powerful enemies in the early years of the city.
2. Used here in the sense of suffer. 3. Youth. 4. The English pronuncia
tion is SeiSo-la.
364. i . They had held the sovereignty across the Rhine for
(per) many years. 2. Because of the scarcity of grain the men
had not advanced. 3. That matter had been undertaken by
Mucius. 4. The captives had been led before your camp.
5. After the battle a large supply of money was found there.
LESSON LIII
Possunt quia posse videntur — They can because they think they can 1
THE INFINITIVE USED AS IN ENGLISH
365. Nature of the Infinitive. The uses of the infinitive are

much the same in Latin as in English. Being a verbal norm
it is used sometimes as a verb and sometimes as a noun.
As a verb, it has tense and voice, may govern a case, and may
be modified by an adverb. As a noun, it may have the con
struction of a noun. For example, in To cross the •marsh
quickly was difficult, the infinitive to cross is a noun, for it is
the subject of was ; but it is also a verb, for it takes an object
(mars/i) and is modified by an adverb (quickly).
366. Infinitive Clause as Object. In English, verbs of com
manding, wishing, forbidding, and the like may be followed
by a clause consisting of a noun or pronoun in the objective
1 From Vergil. Literally, They are able because they seem (think themselves)
to be able.
132 INFINITIVE USED AS IN ENGLISH
case and an infinitive : as, the slave commanded the men to
flee. The same construction is used in Latin.
Servus virSs fugere iussit, the slave commanded the men toflee
Eos fabulam audire cupit, he wishes them to hear the story
Bum dicere vetat, heforbids him to speak
367. Rule for the Infinitive Object Clause. The verbs

iubed, command ; cvpio, wish ; veto, forbid, and the like
are often followed by an infinitive clause as object.
368. Rule for Subject of Infinitive. The subject of the
infinitive is in the aceusative.
369. Complementary Infinitive. In English, and also in
Latin, an infinitive without a subject may be added to many
verbs as an adverbial modifier to complete their meaning.
Such verbs are called verbs of incomplete predication, and the
added infinitive is called a complementary infinitive. Among
such verbs are the following :
incipio, I begin possum, I am able, I can
propero, I hasten stutleo, I am eager
Fugere incipiunt, they begin to flee
Oppidum capere properat, he hastens to take the town
Non pugnare potes, you are not able tofight or you can'tfight
Eum invenire studeo, I am eager tofind him
370. Infinitive as Noun. In English, and also in Latin, the
infinitive is often a pure noun, being used as the subject of a
sentence or as a predicate noun : as,
Videre est credere, seeing (to see) is believing (to believe)
Vincere est gratum, to conquer is pleasing
a. An infinitive used as a noun is neuter singular, as is shown in
the sentence above by gratum, a neuter adjective in agreement with
vincere, the subject.
INFINITIVE USED AS IN ENGLISH 133
EXERCISES
371. I. Vincere Romanos erat gratum inimicis finitimis.
2. Mucius Porsennam interficere studebat. 3. Romani eum
suscipere id neg5tium cuplverunt. 4. Populus eum in castra
inimica procedere non vetuit. 5. Romani imperium Italiae
obtinere inceperunt. 6. Inopia frumentI Roma.nl diu resistere
non poterant. 7. Porsenna Mucium produci iussit. 8. Porsen
nam interficere erat officium publicum veri Romani.
372. i. To possess power was pleasing to Dentatus. 2. The
ambassadors were eager to give him 1 money. 3. But they could
not persuade him.2 4. They began to speak, but Dentatus com
manded them to depart. 5. He wished them to see an example
of a true Roman. 6. Therefore he did not desire them to give
him the money. 7. Dentatus forbade them to seek his friend
ship with money.3
i. Indirect object. 2. What case? See § 224. 3. Ablative of means.
THE ROMAN FORUM, A.D. 400

Note the Capitoline Hill with its two summits in the background
LESSON LIV
Oleum et operam perdidi — I have wasted time and labor 1
WORD FORMATION
373. One of the most important of the Latin ' prefixes is in-.
We have already learned something of its use with verbs. It
is then the same as the preposition in, and has the same mean
ings of in, on, into, against, and has the same force in related
English words : as, Latin induce, lead into ; English induce,
meaning to lead one into some course of action.
374. But there is another prefix in-, identical in form but
of a different origin, which may be combined with an adjective
or an adverb. This in- negatives the word to which it is
attached : thus, firmus, firm or strong, but Infirmus, infirm or
weak. The same prefix is similarly used in English : as, in
secure, iu-sincere, iu-valid, etc. In English the prefix often
changes its form to uu-, as in unsafe, unmoved, etc. This in-
is never used as a Latin preposition, but only as a prefix.
375. Latin prefixes before a consonant may change their final
consonant to a similar letter or one more easily pronounced.
This is called assimilation. Thus, in- + maturus = immaturus,
immature ; in- + mortalis = immortalis, immortal; con- + rectio
= correctio, correction. Compare also such English words as
impossible (in- + possum), irresponsible (in- + respondeo), illiberal
(in- + liberalis), etc.
376. Another important point is that Latin simple verbs
having a short a in the first syllable followed by a single con
sonant (as in capio) generally change a to i in the present, and
1 From Plautus. Literally, I have wasted oil (i. e. lamp oil) and labor.
134
136 WORD FORMATION
to e in the past participle, when the simple verb is compounded

with a prefix. So in- + capio becomes incipio in the present and
inceptus in the past participle. The same change in spelling
follows in English ; from capio we have capture, but incipio
gives us incipient, and inceptus, inception. So recipio gives us
recipient, recipe, and receptus, reception, receptive.
EXERCISES
377. Derivation. Name ten English words in the composition
of which the prefix inis used, and state the force of the prefix.
378. Give the synopsis, active and passive, of iacio, cupiS,

iubeo, vasto.
DE MUCIO SCAEVOLA (CONCLUDED)

379. Porsenna in mediis castris sedebat et magnopere per-
terrebatur, nam suum periculum ex animo agere n5n poterat.
Spectavit MQcium et dixit : "Vltam meam petere, Romane,
parabas. Meo iudicio sine auxilio sociorum id negotium non
suscepisti. Narra malum consilium ac conserva vitam tuam. 5
Si non ita facies, igni 1 cremaberis." 2 Mucius respondit :
" Non vitam sed patriam conservare est officium Romanum.
Poenas tuas minime timeo. Vitam Romanam rapere potes,
sed animo8 Romano nocere non potes." Tum statim dex-
tram 4 medio igni,6 qui non longe aberat, iniecit,6 nee dolore 7 10
superabatur. Post id factum egregium Porsenna vetuit eum
interfici et iussit eum ad Romanos remitti. Postea Mucius
appellatus est Scaevola.8
i. By fire. 2. cremS, -are, burn, consume. 3. Why dative? See § 224.
4. dextra, -ae, P., right hand. 5. medio igni, into the midst of a fire.
6. iniecit, he thrust. 7. By the pain. 8. Scaevola, left-handed.
LESSON LV
In Deo speramus — In God we trust1
SENTENCES AND CLAUSES • RELATIVE PRONOUNS
380. Sentences and Clauses. Sentences are simple, com

pound, or complex.
381. A simple sentence makes but one statement, and has but
one subject and one predicate : as,
Columbus discovered America
382. A compound sentence contains two or more independent
statements : as,
Columbus discovered America | and \ he thereby won immortalfame
383. A complex sentence contains one independent state

ment and one or more dependent statements : as,
When Columbus discovered America \ he won immortalfame
384. The separate statements in a compound or complex

sentence are called clauses. An independent statement is called
a main clause ; a dependent statement, a subordinate clause.
385. Subordinate clauses may be used as nouns, adjectives,
or adverbs. Hence we have noun clauses, adjective clauses,
and adverb clauses.
386. Relative Pronouns. Examine the following sentences:
i. This is the wounded soldier.
2. This is the soldier who has been wounded.
3. This is the soldier, and the soldier has been wounded,
1 Motto of Brown University.
138 RELATIVE PRONOUNS
Number I is a simple sentence. Number 2 is complex, the
adjective wounded in number I being represented in number 2
by the subordinate adjective clause who has been wounded.
The word who is a pronoun, taking the place of soldier, as
shown by number 3, and it also connects the subordinate adjec
tive clause who has been wounded with the noun soldier. A
pronoun that connects an adjective clause with a noun or pro
noun is called a relative pronoun, and the noun or pronoun
is called its antecedent. In English the relative pronouns are
who, whose, whom, which, what, that.
387. Declension of Relative Pronoun qul. The relative pro

noun in Latin is qul, quae, quod. It is declined as follows :
NOM. qul quae quod qul quae quae
GEN. cuius cuius cuius quorum quarum quorum
DAT. cui cui cui quibus quibus quibus
Ace. quem quam quod quos quas quae
ABL. quo qua quo quibus quibus quibus
C. Review the declension of is, § 203, and note the similarity in
the endings. The forms qul, quae, and quibus are the only forms
showing new endings.
NOTE. The genitive cuius is pronounced coo'yoos, and the dative cui
is pronounced kwee.
388. Translation. The relative qul is translated as follows :

MASC. AND FEM. NEUT.
NOM. who, that which, what, that
GEN. of whom, whose of which, of what, whose
DAT. to or for whom to or for which, to or for what
Ace. whom, that which, what, that
ABL. from, etc., whom from, etc., which or what
RELATIVE PRONOUNS 139
389. Agreement of Relative Pronoun. Note the following
sentences :
Puer quem vides est Marcus, the boy whom you see is Mark
Puella quam vides est Lesbia, the girl whom you see is Lesbia
The relatives quem and quam agree with their antecedents

puer and puella in gender and number, but not in case. The
antecedents are nominatives, subjects of est, and the relatives
are accusatives, objects of vides. The rule for the agreement
of the relative is, therefore, as follows :
390. Rule for Agreement of Relative Pronoun. The rela

tive agrees with its antecedent in gender and mimber, but
its case is determined by its use in its own clause.
•
EXERCISES
391. I. Mucius, qui a Porsenna in iudicium vocatus est,
animum verum habebat. 2. Roma, quam Porsenna expugnare
cupiebat, inopia frumentl laborabat. 3. Vir cuius vita pro patria
datur egregiam famam obtinebit. 4. Porsenna, quem Mucius
interficere studebat, magnopere perterritus est. 5. Factum quo
Mucius vitam suam conservare potuit a multis poetis narratum
est. 6. Quid de Mucio putas ? Vir clarus meo iudicio erat
Mucius. 7. Cur appellatus est Scaevola ?
392. i. Afterwards the camp was moved from that unfavor
able place. 2. Only a few hurled their spears, the rest imme
diately fled. 3. The baggage which was captured was placed
in our camp. 4. Will he begin to send back the grain which
they have found? I don't think so. 5. He will command the
troops which he has summoned to move the baggage across
the Rhine.
LESSON LVI
Iacta est alea — The die is cast1
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES - THE

ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE
393. Interrogatives in English. Interrogative pronouns and

adjectives are used in asking questions. In English the inter
rogative pronouns are who ? which ? and what ? Which and
what are used also as interrogative adjectives.
Who is yourfriend? {Who, interrogative pronoun)
Whatfriends have you ? (What, interrogative adjective)
394. Interrogatives *n Latin. The Latin interrogative pro

noun is quis (who ?), quid (what ?). It is declined in the singular
as follows :
Masc. and Fem. Neut.
Nom. quis, who ? quid, what ? which ?
Gen. cuius, whose ? cuius, whose ?
Dat. cui, to or for whom ? cui, to or for which or zvhat f
Ace. quem, whom ? quid, what ? which ?
Abl. quo, from, etc., whom, f quo, from, etc., which or what ?
The plural forms are the same as those of the relative (§ 387).
Quis est amicus tuus, who is yourfriend7
Qui sunt amici tui, who are yourfriends ?
395. The Latin interrogative adjective is qui (or quis), quae,

quod. It is declined like the relative (§ 387).
QuSs libros habes, what books have you ?
1 Words of Julius Csesar when he crossed the river Rubicon, the boundary
of his province, with an armed force. This act amounted to a declaration of
war against the Roman government.
140
ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE 141
396. Ablative Absolute. In English a noun with a participle

attached is often used to make a phrase grammatically inde
pendent of the main clause : as,
The town having
'• been captured^
* ., lieutenantfled
} the ,. . . „ ,
With the town captured J
The independent phrase is called the absolute construction.
The noun is in the nominative case, and is called the nomi
native absolute.
397. In Latin a noun with attached participle in the absolute

construction is put in the ablative, and the construction is called
the ablative absolute : as,
Oppido capto, legatus fugit
a. The ablative absolute denotes the circumstances accompanying
the action of the main verb, a fundamental ablative relation often
expressed in English by the preposition with. Note the second form
in § 396 : With the town captured, the lieutenantfed.
398. There is no present participle " being " in Latin. In

consequence we often have two nouns, or a noun and an adjec
tive, in the ablative absolute with no participle : as,
filia regina, his daughter being queen
pueris tardis, the boys being slow
399. Translation of Ablative Absolute. The absolute con

struction, rather rare in English, is very common in Latin,
and is often best translated by a clause introduced by whcn,
after, since, though, etc. Use the form of clause that will best
express the thought. Note the following translations of oppido
capto, Iggatus fugit :
the town was captured, the
when, since, after, although, etc. j
limtenantfled
142 ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE
400. Rule for Ablative Absolute. The ablative of a

noun and a participle, a noun and an adjective, or two
nouns may be used in the absolute construction to denote
attendant circumstances.
EXERCISES
401. i. Castris motis, crebra tela nostris1 nocere non potue-
runt. 2. E5 Ioc5 occupato, reliquae copiae periculo liberatae
sunt. 3. Agris vastatis et equis raptis, inopia frumenti mox
laborabimus. 4. Sociis nostris interfectis, a quibus auxilium
petemus ? 5 . Eo proelio facto, paucl procedere studebant.
6. Quorum 2 erat imperium Italiae ? Imperium Italiae erat
Romanorum. 7. Qui Germanos copias integras ducere trans
Rhenum vetuerunt ? Romani. 8. Quibus bona regina pecuniam
dari iussit ? Miseris captivis. 9. Legato in iudicium vocato,
populus bellum gerl non cupivit.
i . Why dative ? See § 224. 2. Predicate genitive of possession, § 1 50.
402. i. After the battle was fought,1 to what famous place

did they wish the lieutenant to move the camp ? 2. How far
away was the camp which you saw? 3. Did the battle rage2
a long time ? I think so. 4. Whose money did you find ?
Galba's. 5. After the town had been stormed, did not the
people suffer 3 the penalty for 4 (their) wicked deeds ? 6. Who
can tell the story of Dentatus ? I can.
i. Not pugno. 2. Literally, was it fought, the word battle not being
expressed. See § 259, note 3. 3. do, -are. 4. pro with the ablative.
Seventh Review, Lessons XLIX-LVI, §§ 768-773

coteoureramwasrcuemtoreiaodtne CTo
first
of
Titus
Arch
eThe
din
the
by
Jerusalem
rcentury
sto belongs
period
ithe
five
about
covering
Rome,
in
ruin
In
it
omost
mlpsameoarscersesui.mv,e for
hcgand
five
nearly
held
There
almost
luoseats
sanm1wereyears.
pdb0ieacrt,eoa0dsrtio0arls
the
ghstime
in
fight
could
beasts
wild
lueat
anvorsamederieantdlaors
COLOS EUM
AND
TITUS
OF
ARCH
THE
SECOND HALF YEAR
Classes should have reached at least this point at the beginning of
the second half year. This is suggested not as a maximum, however,
but as a minimum. Go as far beyond it as you can consistently with
good work, so as to have more time for the reading of the stories at
the end of the book before the close of the year.
LESSON LVII
Salus populi suprgma lex esto — The safety of the people shall be
the supreme law l
THE THIRD DECLENSION • CONSONANT STEMS
403. Nouns that end in -is in the genitive singular are of

the Third Declension. They may be masculine, feminine, or
neuter.
CLASSES OF NOUNS IN THE THIRD DECLENSION

404. Nouns of the third declension are divided into two
classes, known as consonant stems and i-stcms.
a. The stem is the body of a word to which the terminations are
added. When the stem ends in a consonant, the stem is the same as
the base. In vowel stems the stem is formed by adding the stem
vowel to the base : thus, the base of hostis, enemy, is host-, and the
stem is host + i = hosti-. Consonant stems and i-stems differ some
what in declension, so the distinction is an important one.
1 Motto of the state of Missouri, quoted from a famous code of Roman laws.
144 THIRD DECLENSION, CONSONANT STEMS
CONSONANT STEMS, MASCULINES AND FEMININES
405. Masculines and feminines are declined alike. The

nominative is often the same as the base or nearly so. Often
it is formed by adding -s to the base. In that case the added
-s causes various changes in spelling. Always learn the geni
tive along with the nominative, for the genitive gives the key
to all the other forms.
consul, m., consul legi5, f., legion pater, m., father

(base consul-) (base legion-) (base patr-) Termina
TIONS
Nom. con'sul le'gio pa'ter
Gen. con'sulis legio'nis pa'tris -is
DAT. c5n'suli legio'ni pa'tri -i
Ace. con'sulem legio'nem pa'trem -em
Abl. con'sule legio'ne pa'tre -e
Nom. con'sules legio'nes pa'tres -es

Gen. con'sulum legio'num pa'trum -um
DAT. c5nsu'libus legio'nibus pa'tribus -ibus
Ace. c5n'sules legio'nes pa'tres -es
Abl. consu'libus legio'nibus pa'tribus -ibus
princeps, m., chief miles, m., soldier rex, m., king

(b;ase princip- 1) (base milit-1) (base reg-)
Nom. prin'ceps miles rex -s A

Gen. prin'cipis mi'litis regis -is
DAT. prin'cipi mi'liti regi -i
Ace. prin'cipem mi'litem regem -em
Abl. prin'cipe mi'lite rege -e
1 An i in the last syllable of the base is often changed in the nominative

to e : as, princeps, base princip- ; miles, base milit-.
THIRD DECLENSION, CONSONANT STEMS 145
NOM. prin'cipes mi'lites reges -es
GEN. prin'cipum mi'litum regum -um
DAT. princi'pibus mili'tibus re 'gibus -ibus
Ace. prin'cipes mi'lites reges -es
ABL. princi'pibus mili'tibus re 'gibus -ibus
fl. The nominative case termination s combines with a final c or g
of the base and makes x : thus, rgg + s gives rex, king ; and due + a
gives dux, leader. A final d or t is dropped before s : thus, lapid + 8
gives lapis, stone ; milet + s gives miles, soldier.
b. The base or stem is found by dropping -is in the genitive singular.
c. Review § 108 and apply the rules to this declension.
EXERCISES
406. i. Si milites regis oppidum nostrum oppugnabunt, ab
legionibus Romanis vincentur. 2. Cum tela nostra iacere inci-
piemus, pauci resistent ; reliqui statim fugient. 3. Milites nostri
a patre consulis ducebantur. 4. Multis interfectis, rex principes
regni legatos1 misit et pacem petiit. 5. Legatis auditis, pax
regi data est. 6. Pater consulis iussit regem in suum regnum
discedere nee iniuriam agris nostris facere. 7. Rex, qui Iegiones
nostras magnopere timuit, imperio2 Romano paruit et statim
discessit. 8. Numquarrr postea bellum cum legionibus nostris
gerereôterit.
i. In apposition with principgs. 2. Why dative? See § 224.
x 407. i. The consul commanded the soldiers to move the
camp quickly from that unfavorable place. 2. The legions
could not fight bravely there. 3. The king, who was eager to
make peace, sent ambassadors. 4. After peace had been made,1
the chiefs forbade the king's father to call out the legions.
i. Ablative absolute.
LESSON LVIII
Si quaeris peninsulam amoenam, circumspice — If you are
seeking a charming peninsula, look about you 1
THE THIRD DECLENSION, CONSONANT STEMS (Continued)
408. Neuter Consonant Stems. There are many neuter con

sonant stems. The nominative singular generally differs from
the base. Thus, bases in -in- have final -en in the nominative,
and bases in -er- or -or- generally have -us.
flumen, n., river tempus, n., time caput, n., head

(base flumin-) (base tempor-) (base capit-) termina-
Nom. flu'men tem'pus ca'put

Gen. flu 'minis tem'poris ca'pitis -is
Dat. flu'minl tem'pori ca'piti -i
Ace. flu'men tem'pus ca'put
Abl. flu'mine tem'pore ca'pite
Nom. flu'mina tem'pora ca'pita -a

Gen. flu'minum tem'porum ca'pitum -um
Dat. flumi'nibus tempo'ribus capi'tibus -ibus
Ace. flu'mina tem'pora ca'pita -a
Abl. flumi'nibus tempo'ribus capi'tibus -ibus
a. These neuter nouns, like all other neuters, have the nominative
and accusative alike, which in the plural end in -a (§ 108. a).
b. Some neuters of this class have passed into English without
change : as, acumen, omen, specimen. A few have kept the Latin form
also in the plural : as, genus, plural genera ; stamen, plural stamens
and stamina, with a difference in meaning. Note, too, the plurals
viscera and capita.
1 Motto of the state of Michigan.
146
THIRD DECLENSION, CONSONANT STEMS 147
MARCUS ET QUINTUS
409. QuIntus. Quid audlvisti, Marce, de magno bello quod

c5nsul noster in Germania nunc gerit ? Diu patria in periculis
mediis fuit et timidi animi perterreri incipiunt.
Marcus. Bona fama venit. Consul magnas copias Ger-
man5rum crebris proeliis superavit atque e5s trans flumen
Rhenum egit. Rex Germanorum, vir barbarus et inimicus,
in silvas fugit. Et1 mater et soror eius, quae in castris
Germanis erant, captae sunt.
Q. Certe ea fama, si vera est, grata populo Romano erit.
Quo modo {how) de victoria audivisti ?
M. Et pater et frater meus cum legionibus pugnant.
Hodie2 litteras3 a patre accepimus.
- Q. Certe animum meum cSnfirmavisti. Sed tempus fugit.
Val6.4
1. et . . . et, both . . . and. 2. Today. 3. litterae, -arum, f., letter.
4. Cood-by.
l/L 410. 1. When kings vruled the Romans, the times were evil.
2. Rome, the capital of Italy, has a well-known river. 3. After
the fiing was killed,'1 both his son and his brother begged for
peace. 4. Did not the Romans capture both his mother and
his sister?2 I think so. 5. After the ambassadors had been
received,1 the chiefs who were eager for war3 fled.
1. Ablative absolute. 2. See § 251. 3. What case? See § 223.
r
LESSON LIX
Cedant arma togae — Let arms yield to peace l
ROMULUS ET REMUS
First learn the special vocabulary, page 37I. Decline all the nouns, adjec
tives, and pronouns in the story, and give the principal parts of all the verbs.
411. Romulus et Remus erant fllii Martis,1 del belli.
Eorum mater erat Rhea Silvia, fllia Numitoris,2 qul rex
Albanorum 3 antea fuerat, sed a malo fratre Amulio pulsus
erat. Itaque Amulius, qui regnum Alban5rum tum obtinebat,
pueros magnopere timuit et eos interficere consilium cepit. 5
Rhea vltam filiorum suorum conservare studebat, sed rex
iussit servum eos in flumen deicere. Imperio regis autem
servus non paruit, sed pueros in area lignea.4 posuit, quae.
aqua B fluminis sine periculo vehi 6 poterat. Mox pueri ad
rlpam fluminis vectl sunt.6 Ibi lupa,7 quae non longe aberat, 10
pueros audivit atque curavit.8 Postea pastor 9 benignus 10
eos invenit et in casam parvam portavit.
Post longum tempus Romulus et Remus, qui viri iam
erant, et malum regem interfecerant et regnum Numitori
reddiderunt. Tum auxilio sociorum suorum novum oppidum 1 5
ad (near) flumen posuerunt. Eius fluminis nomen est
Tiberis.11 Eius oppidi nomen est Roma. Roma posita est
in eo loco ubi (where) Romulus et Remus inventi erant.
i. Mars, genitive Martis. 2. Numitor, brother of Amulius, was the
dethroned king of Alba, at that time the largest town in Latium. 3. Albani,
-orum, M., the Albans. 4. in area lignea, in a loooden chest. 5. Abla
tive of means. 6. veho, -ere, carry. 7. lupa, -ae, F., wolf. 8. euro, -are,
care for. 9. pastor, -S'ris, M., shepherd. 10. benignus, -a, -um, kind.
n. Tiberis, the Tiber.
1 Motto of the state of Wyoming. Literally, Let arms yield to the toga.
The toga, the dress of the civilian, was a sign of peace.
148
LESSON LX
Virtute et armls — By valor and arms 1
THE THIRD DECLENSION, T^STEMS, MASCULINES

AND FEMININES
412. Masculine and feminine i-stems are declined alike. As

distinguished from consonant stems, they have -ium in the
genitive plural and -Is or -es in the accusative plural.
caedes, f., slaughter hostis, m., enemy

(stem caedi-, base caed-) (stem hosti-, base host-)
Nom. caedes caedes hostis hostes
Gen. caedis cae'dium hostis hos'tium
Dat. caedi cae'dibus hosti hos'tibus
Ace. caedem caedis, -es hostem hostis, -es
Abl. caede cae'dibus hoste hos'tibus
urbs, f., city cohors, f., cohort
(stem urbi-, base urb-) (stem cohorti--, base cohort-)
Nom. urbs urbes co'hors cohor'tes
Gen. urbis ur'bium cohor'tis cohor'tium
Dat. urbi ur'bibus cohor'ti cohor'tibus
Ace. urbem urbis, -es cohor'tem cohor'tis, -es
Abl. urbe ur'bibus cohor'te . cohor'tibus
a. A few nouns have either -i or -e in the ablative singular : as, civis
(abl. civi or cive), ignis (abl. igni or igne), navis (abl. navl or nave).
b. A number of Latin and Greek nouns ending in -is or -x have
passed into English without change and form- their plural in -es : as,
analysis, analyses ; appendix, appendices ; axis, axes ; basis, bases ;
crisis, crises ; hypothesis, hypotheses ; index, indices ; oasis, oases ; pare?v
thesis, parentheses ; thesis, theses ; vertex, vertices.
1 Motto of the University of Mississippi.
i.(9
"
ISO THIRD DECLENSION, /-STEMS
413. Masculine and feminine i-stems include the following :

a. Nouns in -Ss or -is with the same number of syllables in the
genitive as in the nominative.
Thus caedes, caedis, is an i-stem, but miles, militis, is a con
sonant stem.
6. Nouns of more than one syllable in -ns or -rs: as, cliens,
cohors.
c. Nouns of one syllable in -s or -x preceded by a consonant:
as, urbs, arx.
ROMANI ET SABTnI
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 37 1
414. Erant in urbe nova multi viri, sed mulieres paucae.
Itaque RSmulus spectacula 1 publica comparavit et Sabinos,2
finitimos suos, invitavit.3 Magnus numerus Sabinorum cum
filiabus ad spectacula Romana venit. Tum sign5 dato4
Roman! filias Sabinorum rapuerunt. Statim Sabini cohortes 5
ad bellum evocaverunt, et iam caedes misera non longe
aberat. Sed mulieres, filiae Sabinorum, quas Romani in
matrimonium duxerant, in medium proelium properaverunt
et bellum prohibuerunt.
1 . spectaculum, -i, N., spectacle, game. 2. Sabini, -5rum, m., the Sabtnes,
the nearest neighbors of Rome. 3. invitS, -are, invite. 4. Ablative absolute.
415.VI. The king had been driven from his realm by his
wicked brother. 2. Where did Romulus build the new city ?
y 3. After the city was built,1 whose daughters did the Romans
marry? 4. The neighbors commanded the Romans , to give
back the women, but could not persuade them.2 ' 5. The
cohorts of the enemy were thrown down from the rampart
with great slaughter.3
1. Ablative absolute. 2. What case ? See § 224. 3. What construction ?
See § 168.
MULIERES BELLUM PROHIBUERUNT
LESSON LXI
Deus dltat — God enriches1
THE THIRD DECLENSION, /-STEMS, NEUTERS
416. Neuter i-stems end in -e, -al, or -ar in the nominative

singular, in -i in the ablative singular, and have an -i- in every
form of the plural. They are declined as follows :
mare, n., sea animal, n., animal calcar, n., spur

(stem mari-, (stem animali-, (stem calcari-,
base mar-) base animal-) base calcar-) Termina
tions
Nom. ma're an'imal cal'car —
Gen. ma'ris anima'lis calca'ris -is
DAT. ma'ri anima'li calca'ri -i
Ace. ma're an'imal cal'car —
Abl. ma'ri anima'li calca'ri -i
Nom. ma'ria anima'lia calca'ria -ia
Gen. anima'lium calca'rium -ium
DAT. ma'ribus anima'libus calca'ribus -ibus
Ace. ma'ria anima'lia calca'ria -ia
Abl. ma'ribus anima'libus calca'ribus -ibus
a. In the nominative and accusative singular the final -i of the
stem is either dropped or changed to -e.
EXERCISES
417. Equites Roman! calcaria magna gerebant et equi eSrum

erant pulchra animalia. 2. Ora Galliae maribus et insulis con-
tinetur. 3. Gallia multas civitates et multas linguas habet.
1 Motto of the state of Arizona, whose wealth consists of minerals.
152
, THIRD DECLENSION, 7-STEMS 153
4. Principes civitatis, qul bello semper studebant, legatos ad
Roman5s remittl vetuerunt. 5. Vidistine animalia magna quae
in medio marl habitant ? Pauca vidi. 6. Num. calcaria quae
eques gerit equ5 nocebunt ? Kon nocebunt. -J. Barbari copias
suas trans flumen duxerunt, sed legatus iussit cohortes castris z
contineri. ^-8. Linguae Latinae magna dlligentia studemus.
9. Ponite castra celeriter, hostes impedimenta iam ceperunt.
I. Latin, by camp, ablative of means.
418. i. Do their horsemen wear spurs? I think so. 2. If

the danger is great, we can keep the soldiers in camp.1 \/f>. We
saw many large animals in theiorests of Germany. 4. To sail
through the deep seas is pleasing to sailors.2^. The Romans
found savage peoples and strange3 languages in those states.
I. Compare § 417. 7. 2. See § 130. 3. novus, -a, -um.
THE TIBER AT THE FOOT OF THE AVENT1NE

LESSON
•
LXII
Nil sine numine — Nothing without divine guidance 1
THE THIRD DECLENSION, IRREGULAR NOUNS

419. A few nouns of the third declension are somewhat
irregular in inflection. Among these are the following :
homo, M., man vis, F., force iter, N., march
NOM. ho'mo vis iter
GEN. ho'minis vis (rare) iti'neris
DAT. ho'mini vi (rare) iti'neii
Ace. ho'minem vim iter
ABL. ho'mine vi iti'nere
NOM. ho'mines vi'res iti'nera
GEN. ho'minum vi'rium iti'nerum
DAT. homi'nibus vl'ribus itine'ribus
Ace. ho'mines vl'ris, -es iti'nera
ABL. homi'nibus vl'ribus itine'ribus
a. The accusative plural viris may be distinguished from the
dative and ablative plural viris (from vir) by the length of the i in
the first syllable.
EXERCISES
N DE BRUTO PRfMO CONSULE
420. Olim Roman! a regibus regebantur, sed post multos
annos reges vi et armis pulsi sunt atque consulibus imperium
cpmmissum est. Primus consul erat Brutus, quem egregia
virtute populus amabat. Tamen erant in urbe quidam1 mali
1 Motto of the state of Colorado.
154
156 THIRD DECLENSION, IRREGULAR NOUNS
homines qul imperio consulis inimici erant ac reges reduci

cupiebant. In eorum numero erant filii Bruti. Itaque Brutus
filios su5s in iudicium vocavit et iussit eos interficl. Quid de
eo exemplo virtutis Romanae putas ?
i. quidam, some, certain. •
421. i. The men Wno were in the boat were overcome by
the'^vlblence of the sea. 2. A few who were saved will march
to the nearest city. 3. After the battle had begun,1 our soldiers
by their great valor quickly conquered the remainder of the
enemy.2 4. Nevertheless, the enemy did not flee, but led their
forces back into eamp. .
i. Ablative absolute. 2. Latin idiom, tffe remaining enemy.
ORPHEUS AND EURYDICE

LESSON LXIII
Iustitia omnibus — Justice to all1
ORPHEUS ET EURYDICE
422. Poetae multas fabulas de Orpheo, sacro vate,1 narrant.

Eum etiam animalia et arbores2 libenter3 audiebant. Orpheus
puellam pulchram, Eurydicen/ in matrimonium duxerat, sed
mors eam rapuit et Orpheus vir miser relictus est. Tum
Orpheus dolorem5 suum continere non poterat et ausus est 5
ad inferos6 descendere.7 Ibi Plutonem,8 regem inferorum,
petiit et dixit : " Cur, Pluto, eam iniuriam misero viro
fecisti ? Certe non aequum est Eurydicen morti dari. Eam
reducere stude5." Tum dulcissime9 cecinit10 et etiam Plu-
toni persuasit. Tamen Pluto eum spectare Eurydicen vetuit 10
et dixit, " Si in eo loco eam spectabis, postea eam videbis
numquam." lam salus non longe aberat. Sed Orpheus
resistere non potuit et Eurydicen spectavit. Statim magna
vi Eurydice rapta est et numquam est reddita.
1. vates, -is, m. and f., bard, inspired singer. 2. arbor, -oris, F., tree.
3. Gladly. 4. Eu-ryd'i-ce. This is the accusative case. 5. dolor, -oris, m.,
grief. 6. inferi, -orum, m., shades, lower world. 7. descendS, -ere, descend.
8. Pluto, -Snis, m., Pluto. 9. Very sweetly. 10. Perfect of cano, -ere, sing.
423. Answer the following questions in Latin :

1 . Qui de Orpheo fabulas narrant ?
2. Quam puellam Orpheus in matrim5nium duxit ?
3. Cur mala erat fortOna Orphei ?
4. Quid Orpheus facere studuit?
5. Quid Pluto vetuit?
6. Num Orpheus puellam servare potuit ?
1 Motto of the District of Columbia.
157
LESSON LXIV
Alls volat proprils — She flies with her own wings1
WORD FORMATION
424. Selecting appropriate prefixes from § 341, write a, list of
English derivatives from the following verbs. Define the deriva
tives, looking them up in the English dictionary if necessary.
putS ago habeo
moveS parS pe11S
capio pugno teneo
425. Latin Suffixes. Many Latin words are formed from

others by means of suffixes. Thus :
civis, citizen clvitiis, state
advenio, come to adventus, arrival
capio, take captivus, captive
aequus, level aequo, make level
liber, free libertas, freedom
magnus, great magnitude, greatness
pecus, cattle pecunia, wealth
vir, man virtus, manliness, courage
We see, too, that by the use of suffixes different parts of
speech are derived from each other, such as verbs from nouns,
nouns from verbs, nouns from adjectives, etc. Some of the
suffixes are readily recognized and have a uniform and easily
defined meaning. We shall study some of the more important
ones later on (§§ 626—629). A knowledge of prefixes and
suffixes will greatly increase your Latin and English vocabu
lary, as it will enable you to grasp the meaning of many words
without consulting a dictionary.
1 Motto of the state of Oregon.
158
WORD FORMATION 159
426. English Suffixes. Suffixes are equally important in Eng

lish. Many of them are of Latin origin and have the same
meaning as in Latin. As an illustration of the part that suffixes
play in the making of English words, note the following com
binations of port-, 'carry,' from Latin porto :
porter portly portage portability portable
Using prefixes as well, we get a much larger number : as,
comport unexportable importation
comportable exportation importer
deport exporter reimport
deportable reexport report
deportation import reportable
deportment importable unreportable
export important reporter
exportable unimportant etc.
Eighth Review, Lessons LVII-LXIV, §§ 774-777
A ROMAN STREET SCENE

LESSON LXV
Te Deum laudamus — We praise Thee, O God
ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION, THREE ENDINGS
427. All adjectives are either of the first and second declen
sions (like bonus, pulcher, liber) or of the third declension.
428. Nearly all adjectives of the third declension have i-stems
and are declined like nouns with i-stems (§ 412).
•
429. Classes of Adjectives. Adjectives of the third declen
sion are classified as follows :
Class I. Adjectives of three endings — a different form in
the nominative for each gender.
Class II. Adjectives of two endings — the nominative of
the masculine and feminine alike, the neuter different.
Class III. Adjectives of one ending — the nominative mas
culine, feminine, and neuter all alike.
430. Adjectives of the third declension in -er have three
endings ; those in -is have two ; the others have one.
CLASS I
431. Adjectives of three endings are declined as follows :
acer, acris, acre (stem acri-, base acr-), sharp, keen, eager
MASC.FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.
NOM. acer acris acre acres acres acria
GEN. acris acris acris acrium acrium acrium
DAT. acri acri acri acribus acribus acribus
Ace. acrem acrem acre acris, -es acris, -es acria
ABL. acri acri acri acribus acribus acribus
160
ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION 161
EXERCISES
432. i. R5mam acre proelium cum c5piis pedestribus eques-
tribusque hostium facient. 2. Proelio commisso equites nostri
copias equestres hostium in fugam dare cupient. 3. Hostes
magna virtute pugnabunt, tamen vincentur. 4. Mulieres puellae-
que, quae proelium spectant, aut capientur aut salutem fuga
petent. 5 . Castra nostra in aequ5 loco posita sunt. 6. Firmum
praesidium ante castra locatum erat. 7. Copiae pedestres per
silvas magnis itineribus1 reductae erant. 8. Homines eius civi-
tatis bona tela habebant et vallum magna vl oppugnaverunt.
i. magna itinera, forced marches.
433. i. The sailors of Britain are not timid, and do not fear
death. 2. But with eager hearts they dare to sail even through
the midst of the perils of the sea. 3. Leaving safety behind,1
they put the enemy to flight. 4. The spurs which the cavalry
forces wore2 were new. 5. The men had swift horses, and
sought safety in flight.3 6. Either kill the captive or let him go.4
i. Ablative absolute. 2. gerS, -ere. 3. Latin, by flight. 4. Imperative
of dimitto, -ere.
*
434. Derivation. Define the following English words and
give the Latin word to which each is related :
dislocate repel disintegrate dispute
prohibition project legation temporal
amplify official minimize invincible
LESSON LXVI
Christo et Ecclesiae — For Christ and the Church1
ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION, TWO ENDINGS
CLASS II
435. Adjectives of two endings are declined as follows :
omnis, omne (stem omni-, base omn-), every, all*
M. AND F. NEUT. M. AND F. NEUT.
NOM. omnis omne omnes omnia
GEN. omnis omnis omnium omnium
DAT. omni omni omnibus omnibus
Ace. omnem omne omnis, -es omnia
ABL. omni omni omnibus omnibus
EXERCISES
436. i. Brutus, primus consul, su5s filios in iudicium voca-
vit. 2. Brutus eos ad certam mortem duel iussit. 3. Filii
consulis in1 salutem communem consilia capere inceperant.
4. Itaque coacti sunt grave supplicium dare. 5. Brutus erat
certus amicus patriae et omnia2 pro bon5 publico faciebat.
6. Etiam Romanis id grave supplicium non gratum erat.
7. Non omnes Brut5 similes esse possunt. 8. Romani omnibus
terris multa exempla virtutis verae dederunt.
i. Against. 2. Adjective used as a noun. This usage is very common.
1 Motto of Harvard University.

s Omnis is usually translated every in the singular and all in the plural.
162
ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION 163
437. i. The languages of Gaul and of Italy were not at all
similar. 2. The wars which the Romans waged with the Gauls
were long and severe. 3. The fortune of war is not always
sure. 4. All men are compelled to defend the common safety,
or the country cannot be preserved. 5 . Our courageous soldiers
with their swift horses will keep1 the violence of the enemy
from our towns.
I. prohibeo, -ere.
LESSON LXVII
Pares cum paribus facillime congregantur — Birds of a feather
flock together 1
ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION, ONE ENDING
CLASS III
438. Adjectives of one ending are declined as follows :
par (stem pari-, base par-), equal
M. AND F. NEUT. M. AND F. NEUT.
NOM. par par pares paria
GEN. paris paris parium parium
DAT. par! pari paribus paribus
Ace. parem par paris, -es paria
ABL. pari pari paribus paribus
a. Some adjectives of one ending have -e in the ablative singular.
6. Adjectives declined like par do not always end in -r, but have
various other endings, such as -x, -ns, -es, etc. The final letter of the
base is shown by the genitive : as, felix, felicis ; amens, Smentis ; etc.
1 Literally, Equals most easily assemble with equals. A Latin proverb,
quoted by Cicero in his well-known essay on old age. •
1 64 ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION
MIDAS, THE KING OF THE GOLDEN TOUCH1

439. Olim erat rex cuius nomen erat Midas. Ei deus
Bacchus erat amicus et dixerat : " Tibi,1 rex, beneficium
dare studeo. Id quod maxime petis, tibi dabo." Sed
sapientia regis par bonae fortunae non erat et respondit,
" Cupio omnia quae corpore me5 tangam 2 in aurum 3 mu- 5
tari." 4 Statim rex accepit donum6 quod petiverat. Saxum6
tangit et saxum in aurum solidum 7 mutatur. Tum arborem 8
tangit, et arbor est similis auro. Rex gaudet 9 et deo gratias
agit. Sed cum cibum 10 et aquam tangit, et cibus et aqua
in aurum mutantur. Magnopere perterritus Midas mortem 10
certain timuit et deum vocavit : " Serva, serva, Bacche.
Da auxilium misero. Donum5 tuum non est beneficium,
sed grave supplicium." Bacchus audivit et iussit eum in
flumine corpus suum lavere.11 Rex paruit et liberatus est.
Etiam nunc harena12 eius fluminis est aurea.13 15
1. tibi, to you. 2. Future of tango, -ere, touch. 3. aurum, -i, n., gold.
4. muto, -are, change. 5. donum, -i, w..,gift. 6. saxum, -i, n., stone. 7. soli-
dus, -a, -um, solid. 8. arbor, -oris, f., tree. 9. gaudeo, -ere, rejoice. 10. cibus,
-i, m., food. 1 1 . lavo, -ere, wash. 1 2. harena, -ae, f., sand. 1 3. aureus, -a,
-um, golden.
440. Give the principal parts of all the familiar verbs used
in § 439. Decline the nouns aqua, beneficium, rex, nomen,
mors, corpus. Decline the adjectives certus, similis.
1 Read " The Golden Touch " in Hawthorne's " The Wonder-Book."
ROMAN SILVER CUPS

LESSON LXVIII
Excelsior — Higher1
REGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES • THE
COMPARATIVE WITH QUAM
441. Comparison of Adjectives in English. In English, adjec
tives regularly change their form to express quality in different
degrees. This is called comparison. There are three degrees
of comparison : the positive, the comparative, and the super
lative. The usual way of comparing an adjective is by using
the suffix -er for the comparative and -cst for the superla
tive : as, positive high, comparative higher, superlative highest.
Sometimes we. use the adverbs more and most : as, positive
beautiful, comparative more beautiful, superlative most beautiful.
442. Comparison of Adjectives in Latin. In Latin, as in

English, adjectives are regularly compared by adding suffixes.
From the base of the positive the comparative is formed by
adding -ior, masculine and feminine, and -ius, neuter ; the
superlative, by adding -issimus, -issima, -issimum. Thus, altus
(base alt-), high, and gravis (base grav-), heavy, are compared
as follows :
altus, -a, -um, altior, altius, altissimus, -a, -um,
high higher highest
gravis, grave, gravior, gravius, gravissimus, -a, -um,
heavy heavier heaviest
443. Adjectives in -er form the comparative regularly, but
the superlative is formed by adding -rimus, -rima, -rimum to
the nominative masculine of the positive. Thus, acer (base acr-),
1 Motto of the state of New York.
165
166 COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
sharp ; pulcher (base pulchr-), pretty ; and liber (base liber-),
free, have the following comparative and superlative forms :
acer, acris, acre, acrior, acrius, acerrimus, -a,
sharp sharper -um, sharpest
pulcher, pulchra, pul- pulchrior, pulchrius, pulcherrimus, -a,
chrum, pretty prettier -um, prettiest
liber, libera, liberum, liberior, liberius, liberrimus, -a,
free freer -um, freest
444. The superlative is often translated by very : as, altissi-
mus, very high.
445. Comparative with quam. In English two objects are
compared by the use of a comparative followed by the con
junction than : as, the ditch is wider than the wall. In this
sentence ditch is nominative, subject of is ; and wall is also
nominative, subject of is understood. That is to say, the two
objects compared are in the same case. In Latin the word
for than is quam and the usage is the same. Thus the
sentence above becomes fossa est latior quam murus.
446. Rule for Comparative with quam. In comparisons

with quam the two objects compared are in the same case.
EXERCISES
447. i. Consul est aequior quam rex. 2. Supplicium regis
erat gravissimum. 3. Equus est celerior quam homo. 4. Sed
equus non est omnium animalium celerrimum.1 5. Virtus Scae-
volae, qul ignem et mortem n5n timebat, erat clarissima. 6. Quis
erat fortior quam Theseus, qui pueros puellasque patriae serva-
vit ? 7. Viae Romanae erant longissimae et per multas terras
patebant. 8. Iter quod per silvas ducebat erat difficile. 9. Castra
DECLENSION OF COMPARATIVES 1 6;
in loco iniquissimo posita erant. 10. Id iter erat brevius el

facilius. 1 1 . Mare est altius quam flumen.
i. Neuter, agreeing with animal understood.
448. i. The wall of that town was very high. 2. Galba's
horse is more beautiful and swifter than mine. 3. Those soldiers
are very eager. 4. That route was longer and more difficult.
5. The longest rivers are not always the deepest. 6. The fire
which the goddess gave to the queen was very sacred.
449. Compare the adjectives brevis, fortis, nStus, gravis,
creber, miser, gratus, longus, tardus, integer.
LESSON LXIX
Silent leges inter arma — Laws are silent amid arms 1
DECLENSION OF COMPARATIVES • THE ABLATIVE OF
THE MEASURE OF DIFFERENCE
450. Declension of Comparatives. Comparatives are adjec

tives of the third declension. They are of two endings (§ 429)
and are declined as follows :
altior, higher
MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT.
NOM. altior altius altiores altiora
GEN. altioris altioris altiorum altiorum
DAT. altiorl altiori altioribus altioribus
Ace. altiorem altius altiores altiora
ABL. altiore altiore altioribus altioribus
451. Ablative of Measure of Difference. In the sentence
Sextus is a foot taller than Julia the word foot expresses the
measure of difference in height between Sextus and Julia.
1 From Cicero, the greatest Roman orator.
i68 DECLENSION OF COMPARATIVES
The Latin form of expression would be Sextus is taller by a
foot than Julia, Sextus est longior pede quam lulia, and the
ablative pede is called the ablative of the measure of difference.
452. Rule for Ablative of Measure of Difference. With
comparatives and words implying comparison the abla
tive is used to denote the measure of difference.
a. The neuter ablatives multo, by much ; nihilo, by nothing • and
paulo, by a little, are very common in this construction.
EXERCISES
453. i. Corpus hominis est multo levius quam corpus equi.
2. Inter ea oppida iter est nihilo facilius. 3. Puellae sunt
paulo breviores quam pueri. ~4. Mea poena est multo gravior
quam tua. '5. C5piae pedestrcs erant nihilo fortiores quam
copiae equestres. 6. Nihil gratius quam fabulam de virtute
Dentatl audivimus. 7. Estne tua soror brevior quam mea ?
Longior pede ea est. 8. Animalia vidimus quae multo tardiora
sunt quam equl. 9. Urbe expugnata, filia pulcherrima reginae
inter ignes et arma relicta est. 10. Oppidum vestrum ab e5
• loco magno spatio abest.
454. i. The marches which the commander made were

neither very long nor very swift. 2. The commander thanked'^
the -bravest legion most of all. 3.-Your spears are no1 longer
and no lighter than mine. 4. Between the Gauls and the
Germans very frequent wars were waged. 5. That river is
no l ssrider, but a foot 1 deeper. 6. Nothing is more beautiful
[than Rome, the capital of Italy. '7. We are a long distance^~
from Italy.
I. Ablative of measure of difference. 2. Latin, distant by a great space.
455. Decline the comparatives occurring in § 453-

LESSON LXX
Lux et Veritas — Light and truth 1
IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES • THE

DECLENSION OF PLUS
456. Irregular Comparison of Adjectives. Some adjectives
in English have irregular comparison : as, good, better, best ;
much, more, most. So some Latin adjectives are compared
irregularly. Among these are the following :
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
bonus, -a, -um, good melior, melius optimus, -a, -um
magnus, -a, -um, great maior, maius maximus, -a, -um
malus, -a, -um, bad peior, peius pessimus, -a, -um
multus, -a, -um, much , plus plurimus, -a, -um
parvus, -a, -um, small minor, minus minimus, -a, -um
457. The following adjectives, with regular comparative, form

the superlative by adding -limus to the base of the positive :
facilis, -e, easy facilior, -ius facillimus, -a, -um
difficilis, -e, hard difficilior, -ius dimcillimus, -a, -um
similis, -e, like similior, -ius simillimus, -a, -um
dissimilis, -e' unlike dissimilior, -ius dissimillimus, -a' -um
458. Declension of plus. Plus, more, in the singular is a

neuter noun. The plural {more, many, several) is used as an
adjective. It is declined as follows :
1 Motto of Yale University, the University of Indiana, the University of
North Carolina, and the University of Montana.
.69
r
IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
SINGULAR PLURAL
NEUT. NOUN MASC. AND FEM. ADJ. NEUT. ADJ.
NOM. plus plures plura
GEN. pluris plurium plurium
DAT. - pluribus pluribus
Ace. plus pluris, -es plura
ABL. plure pluribus pluribus
EXERCISES
459. i. Reliqul hostes, qui proelium committere audebant,
copiis nostris non pares erant atque in maximam silvam fuge-
runt. '2. Llbertas est multo melior quam servitus. ^3. Nihil
peius quam servitus esse potest. 4. Leges quibus1 paremus
sunt legibus 2 Romanis non dissimillimae. K5 . Dux vetuit plures
captlvos dimitta. 6. Linguae Galliae et Britanniae erant simil-
limae. 7. Fortes mulieres difficillimum iter aut pericula plurima
silvarum non timuerunt. 8. Rex pessimus ampliorem pecuniara
petiit, sed populus plus dare non potuit. 9. Minores principes
'clvitatis maximam auctoritatem non habebant. 10. Agris3 igni
vastatis, dux oppida maxima oppugnare incepit.
i. What case? See § 224. 2. Dative, § 130. 3. Ablative absolute.
460. Among the Romans the consuls had the greatest

authority. ' 2. After the kings l were driven out, greater liberty
was given to the people. ' 3. The smallest states often have the
bravest men and the best women. 4. The shortest route was
much more difficult than the longest. 5. After that time the
captives feared either certain death or the worst slavery. 6. Your
laws and your languages are very different.2
i. Ablative absolute. 2. Express by the superlative.
LESSON LXXI
Omnia praeclara rara — All the best things are rare *
FORMATION AND COMPARISON OF ADVERBS
461. Formation of Adverbs. An adverb is a word that

modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb, and gener
ally answers the question How? Where? When? Why? To
what extent?
462. Rule for Adverbs. Adverbs modify verbs, adjec

tives, and other adverbs.
463. Adverbs are generally derived from adjectives. In

English they usually end in -ly : as, adjective brave, adverb
bravely. Latin adverbs, too, have certain endings. They are
compared, but not declined.
464. Adverbs derived from adjectives of the first and second

declensions are formed by adding -€ to the base of the adjective.
Adj. latus, wide pulcher, beautiful liber, free
Adv. late, widely pulchre, beautifully libere, freely
465. Adverbs derived from adjectives of the third declension

are generally formed by adding -iter to the base of the adjective.
Adj. acer, sharp celer, swift brevis, brief
Adv. acriter, sharply celeriter, swiftly breviter, briefly
466. Comparison of Adverbs. Adverbs are compared like

the adjectives from which they are derived, except that the
comparative ends in -ius and the superlative in -e.
1 From Cicero, Rome's foremost man of letters.
171
r*
172 FORMATION AND COMPARISON OF ADVERBS

late, widely latius latissime
pulchre, beautifully pulchrius pulcherrime
libere, freely liberius liberrime
acriter, sharply acrius acerrime
similiter, similarly similius simillime
467. Using the regular terminations, form adverbs from the
following adjectives, and compare them :
longus brevis altus gravis celer
tardus similis mains levis fortis
EXERCISES
468. i. Dux tardissime processit quod nihil de natura loci
cogn5verat. 2. Tum iussit equites celerrime discedere et
homines ex proximo oppido rapere. 3. Post breve tempus
equites septem 1 homines ceperunt et e5s ad ducem adduxerunt.
4. Dux cuplvit captivos narrare omnia quae cognoverant.
5. Is captivis dixit : " Dicite liberrime, homines. Si ita
non facietis, gravissimum supplicium dabitis." 6. Tamen sep
tem captivl nihil responderunt et certam mortem fortissime
exspectaverunt.
i. Count seven in Latin; see § 283.
469. i. When that plan i became known, their2 allies quickly
deserted the city and sought safety in flight.3 2. The com
mander had been very severely wounded by a spear. 3. The
soldiers advanced more slowly because they were waiting for
fresh troops. 4. The captives were quickly brought to the com
mander. 5. He wished to learn the nature of the place. 6. A
few 1 being lightly wounded, the rest did not advance farther.
i. Ablative absolute. 2. Not suus. 3. Latin, by flight.
LESSON LXXII
Sal us populi — The safety of the people1
FORMATION AND COMPARISON OF ADVERBS (CONCLUDED)
470. Case Forms used as Adverbs. The accusative or the

ablative neuter singular of some adjectives is used adverbially.
Thus the comparative adverb in -ius is really the accusative
neuter singular of the comparative adjective. Other examples
are the following :
facile, easily, accusative of facilis, easy
plurimum, -very much, accusative of plurimus, most
primum, first, accusative of primus, first
primo, at first, ablative of primus, first
471. The following adverbs are formed irregularly and have
irregular comparison :
bene, well melius, better optime, best
diu, long (time) diutius, longer diutissime, longest
magnopere, greatly magis, more maxime, most
saepe, often saepius, oftener saepissime, oftenest
a. Note the difference in meaning between diu, long in time, and
longe, long in space.
472. In English, adverbs and adjectives are often compared

by means of more and most. So some Latin adverbs and adjec
tives are compared by means of magis, more, and maxime,
most: as, idSneus, suitable; magis idoneus, more suitable',
maxime idoneus, most suitable.
a. The Latin comparative sometimes means quite or somewhat,
and the superlative is often best translated by very or exceedingly.
1 Motto of the University of Missouri.
174 FORMATION AND COMPARISON OF ADVERBS
COLLOQUIUM — DUO DISCIPULl

473. PRIMUS. Habesne multas fabulas in tuo libro ?
SECUNDUS. Plurimas fabulas habeo. Omnes fabulae sunt
bonae ; sed optima fabula, me5 iudicio, est fabula de Theseo.
Quam facile et bene pericula maxima superavit !
P. Certe facta Thesel sunt notissima, tamen fabula Manll,
virl clarissimi, meum animum magis tenet. Is Romam a Gallis
qul muros ascenderant servavit. Facta Manll sunt maiora quam
facta Thesel.
S. Minime ita puto. Quid autem de Scaevola dicam ?
Nonne erat eius virtus multo magis egregia ?
P. Id est verum, nam is ignem mortemque n5n timebat.
Tamen Dentatus maiora negotia, primo in bello deinde in
pace, suscepit ac saepius patriam servavit. Itaque Dentatus
erat maior quam Scaevola.
S. lam de quattuor viris famae n5tissimis dlximus. Primus 1
erat Theseus, secundus erat Manlius, tertius erat Scaevola,
quartus erat Dentatus. De Bruto autem, primo consule, non
dlximus. Sed de omnibus dicere n5n possumus. Diutius manere
non possum. Prater meus me 2 exspectat et a villa nostra magno
spatio absum.
i. Learn the ordinal numerals, first, second, third, fourth, as they appear
here. 2. Me.
474. Derivation. Using prefixes previously studied (§§341,

373. 374) and such suffixes as appear in § 426, and any others
you know, make a list of at least twenty-five English derivatives
from the verbs navigo, timeo, sedeo, vinco, facio.
Ninth Review, Lessons LXV-LXXII, §§ 778-782

The
plain
tknown
sancient
times
eRome,
Campagna,
the
bare,
nearly
in
great
ur a
erwasnowassoturniadling has
of
paradise
ivillas
and
After
bgardens.
by
it
Empire
Roman
fall
the
laid
nawaste
vrbawasdreirasn been
rits
Alba
built
Alban
The
slope
Mount
sacred
On
Latins.
the
of
emconlwasuaenivtmeadir.n
THE
CALBAN
ROMAN
AND
MOUNT
AMPAGNA
city
mother
Rome-s
Longa,
'--
LESSON LXXIII
Ad miiurem Dei gloriam — To the greater glory of God 1
THE FOURTH DECLENSION
475. Nouns that end in -us in the genitive singu

the Fourth Declension.
V
476. Nouns of the fourth declension are either masculine or
neuter. The nominative singular of masculine nouns ends in
-us ; of neuters, in -u.
a. Feminines, by exception, are domus, house ; manus. hand ; and a
few others.
477. Nouns of the fourth declension are declined as follows :

adventus, m., arrival cornu, n., horn
(base advent-) (base corn-) Terminations
masc. neut.
Nom. adventus cornu -us -u
Gen. adventus cornus -us -us
DAT. adventui (-u) cornu -ui (-u) -u
Ace. adventum cornu -um -u
Abl. adventu cornu -u -u
Nom. adventus cornua -us -ua
Gen. adventuum cornuum -uum -uum
Dat. adventibus cornibus -ibus -ibus
Ace. adventus cornua -us -ua
Abl. adventibus cornibus -ibus -ibus
a. The base is found, as in other declensions, by dropping the
ending of the genitive singular.
b. Cornu is the only neuter in common use.
1 Motto of the Jesuits.
175
"
176 FOURTH DECLENSION
EXERCISES
478. i. Ante adventum Caesaris equitatus hostium magna
celeritate acerrimum impetum in castra fecit. 2. Continere exer-
citum a proelio difficile erat. 3. Post adventum suum Caesar
iussitâjones ex castris educi. 4. A dextro cornu equitatum Ro-
manu^^Bsinistro cornu equitatum sociorum posuit. 5. Signo
dato, proejium commissum est. 6. Diu et acriter in eo loco
pugnatum est.1 7: Denique multis2 interfectis et vulneratis,
hostes fugere inceperunt ad castra quae trans flumen posita
erant. 8. Ea victoria cognita, civitates proximae, primum
minores, deinde eae quae plurimum poterant, pacem petierunt.
i. See § 259, note 3. 2. Adjective used as a noun, ablative absolute.
479. i. After Caesar's arrival 1 was known, the cavalry fought

well. 2 First on the right wing, then on the left, the signal
was given. 3. The swiftness of our attack terrified the army
most of all. 4. Lesbia remained a little2 longer,3 because she
was expecting her sister. 5. The farmer held the animal by
the horn. 6. He very easily led it to the shore.
i. Ablative absolute. 2. Ablative of measure of difference. 3. Why not
longius?
OFFERING A SACRIFICE
LESSON LXXIV
In lumine tuo videbimus lumen — In thy light we shall see light1
EXPRESSIONS OF PLACE
480. Regular Expressions of Place. The place to which, the
place from which, and the place at or in which are regularly
expressed by prepositions with their proper cases. From this
general principle we deduce the following rules :
481. Rule for Accusative of Place to Which. The place
to which is expressed by ad or in with the aceusative, and
answers the question Whither?
Galba ad casam properat, Galba hastens to his cottage
482. Rule for Ablative of Place from Which. The place
from which is expressed by a or ab, de, e or ex, with the
ablative, and answers the question Whence? (Cf. § 295.)
Galba a casa properat, Galba hastensfrom his cottage
483. Rule for Ablative of Place at or in Which.2 The
place at or in which is expressed by the ablative with in, and
answers the question Where ?
Galba in casa habitat, Galba lives in his cottage
484. Important Exceptions. Names of towns and small
islands, domus, home? and rus, country, omit the preposition
in expressions of place.
Galba Athenas properat, Galba hastens to Athens
Galba Athenis properat, Galba hastens from Athens
1 Motto of Columbia University.
a This is often called the locative ablative (from locus, place),
* When domus means house, the preposition is used.
177
1 78 EXPRESSIONS OF PLACE
Galba Athgnis habitat, Galba lives at (or in) Athens
Galba domum properat, Galba hastens home
Galba rus properat, Galba hastens to the country
Galba domo properat, Galba hastensfrom home
Galba rure properat, Galba hastens from the country
a. Names of countries, like Germania, Italia, etc., do not come
under these exceptions. With them prepositions must be used.
485. Locative Case. Names of towns and small islands that

are singular and belong to the first or second declension
express the place at which by the so-called locative case.
This is like the genitive singular in form. Other locatives
are domi,1 at home, and run, in the country.
Galba RSmae habitat, Galba lives at Rome
Galba Corinthi habitat, Galba lives at Corinth
Galba domi habitat, Galba lives at home
Galba ruri habitat, Galba lives in the country
a. When the name of the town is plural, there is no special
locative form and the ablative must be used (§ 483).
Galba Athgnis habitat, Galba lives at Athens
EXERCISES
486. i. Num1 frater tuus iter in Galliam cum exercitu
Caesaris fecit? 2. Minime. Frater meus domi mansit. 3. Ubi
est domus tua ? 4. Antea ruri habitabamus, nunc in urbe
domum habemus. 5. Habitasne Romae? 6. N5n R5mae sed
Athenis 2 habito, quae urbs est in Graecia. Mox ab Italia navi-
gabo et domum celerrime contendam. Nonne cupis Athenas,
urbem Minervae, navigare ? 7. Cupio, sed non possum.
Officia publica me3 prohibent. Meliora tempora exspecto.
1 For the declension of domus see § 813.
-" .i iiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiii]!
r
FIFTH DECLENSION 179
Turn in navem ascendam atque primum Athenas, deinde ad

reliquas urbes claras, quae magno spatio absunt, contendam.
1. See §251. 2. Athenae, -arum, f., Athens. 3. Me.
487. 1. The cavalry was on the right wing, the infantry on

the left. 2. Ambassadors of the king hastened to Rome and
thanked1 the consul. 3. In the country we saw an ample
supply of grain. 4. The men who were the most powerful
remained at Rome. 5. They were waiting for the arrival of a
ship. 6. When an attack2 had been made on the city, the
consul fled from Rome into the country.
1. gratias agere, followed by the dative. 2. Ablative absolute.
LESSON LXXV
^Regnant populi — The peoples rule 1
THE FIFTH DECLENSION • THE ABLATIVE OF TIME
488. Fifth Declension. Nouns that end in -el in the genitive
singular are of the Fifth Declension. The nominative singular
ends in -es.
489. Nouns of the fifth declension are feminine, except dies,
day, which is usually masculine.
490. Nouns of the fifth declension are declined as follows :
dies (base di-), M., day res (base r-), f., thing Termina.
TIONS
Nom. dies dies res res -es -es
Gen. diel dierum rei rerum
Dat. diel diebus rei rebus
Ace. diem dies rem res
Abl. die diebus re rebus
1 Motto of the state of Arkansas.
1 80 ABLATIVE OF TIME
a. The vowel e which appears in every form is regularly long.
But it is shortened in the ending -el after a consonant, as in rgi ; and
before -m in the accusative singular, as in diem. (Cf. § 194. 2.)
b. Only digs and res are declined throughout. Other nouns of this
declension lack all or a part of the plural.
C. What do the abbreviations A. M. and p. M. stand for ? (Cf. p. 383.)
491. Declension shown by Genitive. The key to the declen

sion of a noun is the ending of its genitive singular. Review
the five distinctive genitive endings given below.
DECLENSION GENITIVE ENDING
I -ae
II -i
III -is
IV --a
V -rt
492. Ablative of Time When. The ablative relation of at,
,in, or on (§ 65) may refer to time as well as to place : as, at
noon, in summer, on the first day. The ablative expressing
this relation is called the ablative of time.
493. Rule for Ablative of Time When. The time when or
within which anything happens is expressed by the ablative
without a preposition.
a. Occasionally the preposition in is found. Compare the English
The next day we started and On the next day we started.
EXERCISES
494. i. Hieme dies sunt multo breviores quam aestate.
2. Prlma luce agricolae laborare inceperunt. 3. Populus oppi-
dum nocte reliquit quod diutius manere timuit. 4. Hieme
Romae habitamus, aestate run. 5. Omnes res quas homines
GENDER IN THE THIRD DECLENSION 181
pessimi fecerant clariores erant quam lux. 6. Proximo1 anno
in Italia domi eram. 7. Eis rebus cognitis, omnes paulo acrius
contendere inceperunt. 8. Dux iussit legionem primam media
nocte discedere. 9. Eo die vidimus multos ignes qui agros
hostium vastabant. 10. Ignes magn5 spatio aberant.
I. Last. It may also mean next if the sense demands that translation.
495. i. Galba, who lives in the country, is a remarkable

example of industry. 2. For he begins to work at daylight.
3. Neither does he leave the fields before night. 4. In summer
he works longer1 than in winter. 5. But even at that time
many things claim 2 his attention. 6. And he does not often
sit8 idly at home.
I. Not longius. 2. animum tengre, claim attention, 3. eedere, sit idly.
LESSON LXXVI
Est modus in rebus — There is a proper measure in things1
GENDER IN THE THIRD DECLENSION • WORD FORMATION
496. Gender in Third Declension. In all the declensions

except the third the gender of nouns is easy to determine.
In the third, however, the rules for gender are numerous and
present many exceptions. The subject has therefore been
postponed to prevent confusion during the learning of the case
forms. We take it up at this point, confining it to a few rules
that are of great practical service and have few exceptions.
1 From Horace, the great lyric poet. The sentiment teaches the value of
the golden mean. One of the sayings of one of the seven sages of Greece
was, " Nothing too much." The Latin equivalent, ne quid nimis, quoted from
Terence, will be found on the title-page of this book.
182 WORD FORMATION
a. Masculine are most nouns in -or and -es (genitive -itis).

b. Feminine are most nouns in -do, -io, -tas, -us, and in -s preceded
by a consonant.
(i) Exception : masculine are
dens, a tooth, and mons, a mountain,
pons, a bridge, and fons, a fountain.
C. Neuter are most nouns in -e, -al, -ar, -n, -us.
497. Word Formation. To the prefixes that you have learned

(a, ab, ad, con-, de, e, ex, in, in-, pro, re-, trans) we now
add four more : inter, per, prae, and sub. Two of these, inter
and per, you have already learned as prepositions.
a. Inter, between or among, also used as a preposition with the

accusative: as, intermitto, send between or among, hence interrupt,
-suspend; English derivatives, intermission, intermittent; intericio
(inter + iaciS, throw), throw between ; English derivatives, interject,
interjection, etc
b. Per, through, also used as a preposition with the accusative :
as, permitto, send through, hence give leave, permit ; English deriva
tives, permission, permissible, etc. As a prefix per often has the force
of through and through, thoroughly : as, terreo, frighten ; perterreS,
frighten thoroughly ; moveo, permoveo ; etc.
C. Prae, before, also used as a preposition with the ablative, but
more common as a prefix : as, praemitto, send ahead. In English
this prefix usually appears as pre-, as in the word prefix itself, which
means to fix or fasten before or in front. Compare also such words
as predict (prae + dico), prepare (prae + parS), precede (prae + cedo,
move), preoceupy (prae + occupo), etc.
d. Sub, under, also used as a preposition, generally with the abla
tive : as, submitto, send under, hence yield, submit ; English deriva
tives, submission, submissive, etc. The prefix also takes the form
sue-, sufi, sug-, sup-, and sus-, as in suc-cumb, suffer, sug-gest, support,
sus-tain. Look up these words in the English dictionary and note the
force of the prefix and the meaning of the root word.
THE NINE IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES 1 83
EXERCISES
498. Derivation. What should you judge to be the meaning
of inter + veni<$, per + venio, prae + venio, sub + venio ?
499. Derivation. With venio as the root word, write a list
of twenty-five English derivatives, using prefixes and suffixes,
and define each derivative.
500. With the aid of the rules in § 496 give the gender of
the following nouns :
mare aestas animal
mors nomen legio
pedes virtus corpus
501. Give the rules for gender in the five declensions.
See §§ 86, 97, 496, 476, 489.
LESSON LXXVII
Non omnia possumus omnes — We cannot all do all things l
THE NINE IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES

502. Nine adjectives of the first and second declensions
have the genitive singular in -ius and the dative in -i in all
genders. The rest of the singular and all the plural forms are
regular. Learn the meaning of each :
alius, alia, aliud, other, another (of solus, -a, -um, alone
several) totus, -a, -um, all, whole, entire
alter, altera, alteram, the one, the ullus, -a, -um, any
other (of two) flnus, -a, -um, one, alone - (in the
neuter, neutra, neutrum, neither plural) only
(of two) uter, utra, utrum, which ? (of
nullus, -a, -um, none, no two)
1 From Lucilius, a famous writer of Latin satire.
r
1
1 84 THE NINE IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES
503. Declension of nullus and alius.
NOM. nullus nulla nullum alius alia aliud
GEN. nulli'us nulli'us nulli'us ali'us ali'us ali'us
DAT. null1 nullI nullI alii alii alii
Ace. nullum nullam nullum alium aliam aliud
ABL. nullo nulla nullS aliS alia alio
The plural is regular.
504. Alius and alter are frequently used in pairs as follows :
alius . . . alius, one . . . another
alter . . . alter, the one . . . the other
alii . . . alii, some . . . others
alter! . . . alteri, the one party . . . the otherparty
alter iubet, alter paret, the one commands, the other obeys
alii terrain, alii aquam amant, some love the land, others the water
505. Alius repeated in another case expresses briefly a double

statement.
alius aliud petit, one seeks one thing, another another (literally,
another seeks another thing)
alii aliam urbem occupant, some seize one city, others another (lit
erally, others seize another city)
EXERCISES
506. i . Utra domus est Caesaris ? Neutra domus est Caesaris.
2. Ea civitas nee ulli legi1 nee ulli imperio1 parebit. 3. Exer-
citus duo cornua habet ; alterum appellatur dextrum, alterum
sinistrum. 4. Alii alias res portabant. 5. Alii hieme, aliiaestate
acrius laborant. 6. Galli soli impetum eorum prohibere non
poterant. 7. Alius aliam rem spectavit. 8. Alii equi sunt
celeres, alii tardi. 9. Omnia in un5 Ioc5 locata erant.
I. Why dative? See § 224.
CLASSES OF PRONOUNS 185
507. 1. Some horses are slower than others. 2. The king

had seized the sovereignty of the entire island. 3. Some live
on one street, others on another. 4. At night we could see
many fires ; some were large, others small. 5. At daylight
neither commander was at home. 6. At no time of the year
have I seen any ships in that sea. 7. You can make that
journey without any danger.
LESSON LXXVIII
Nee tecum possum vlvere, nee sine te — I can live neither with you
nor without you 1
CLASSES OF PRONOUNS • PERSONAL AND REFLEXIVE
PRONOUNS
508. Classes of Pronouns. The classes of pronouns are the
same in Latin as in English.
O. Personal pronouns, which show the person speaking, spoken to,
or spoken of: as, ego, /; tu, you. (Cf. § 509.)
b. Possessive pronouns, which denote possession : as, meus, my ;
tuus, your; suus, his, her, its, their; etc. (Cf. § 133.)
C. Reflexive pronouns, used in the predicate to refer back to the
subject: as, se vidit, he saw himself. (Cf. § 511.)
d- Intensive pronouns, used to emphasize a noun or pronoun : as,
ipse id vidi, I myself saw it. (Cf. § 516.)
e. Demonstrative pronouns, which point out persons or things : as,
is, this, that. (Cf. § 203.)
/. Relative pronouns, which connect a subordinate adjective clause
with an antecedent : as, qui, who. (Cf. § 386.)
g. Interrogative pronouns, which ask a question : as, quis ? who ?
(Cf. §394.)
ft. Indefinite pronouns, which point out indefinitely : as, aliquis,
someone, anyone; quidam, some, certain ones; etc. (Cf. § 528.)
1 From Martial, a Roman poet, famous for his epigrams.
r
1 86 PERSONAL PRONOUNS
509. Personal Pronouns. The personal pronouns of the first

person are ego, /, and nos, we ; of the second person, tu, thou
or you, and vos, ye or yon. They are declined as follows :
SINGULAR
First Person Second Person
Nom. ego, / tu, you
Gen. mei, of me tui, ofyou
DAT. mihi, to ox for me tibi, to ox for you
Ace. me, me te, you
Abl. me, with, from, etc., me te, with, from, etc., you
PLURAL
Nom. nos, we vos, you

Gen. nostrum or nostri, of us vestrum or vestri, ofyou
DAT. nobis, to orfor us vobis, to ox foryon
Ace. nos, us vos, you
Abl. nobis, with, from, etc., us v5bis, with, from, etc., you
a. The nominatives, ego, tu, nos, vos, are used only to express
emphasis or contrast.
510. The personal pronoun of the third person (he, she, it,
they, etc.) is regularly expressed by the demonstrative pronoun
is, ea, id (§ 205).
511. Reflexive Pronouns. The reflexives of the first person

{myself ourselves) and of the second person (yourself, your
selves) are expressed by the forms of ego and tu : as,
video me, / see myself videmus nos, we see ourselves
vid€s te, you see yourself videtis vSs, you see yourselves
512. The reflexive pronoun of the third person (himself,

herself, itself themselves) has a special form, declined alike in
the singular and plural.
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS 187
SINGULAR AND PLURAL
NOM. lacking
GEX. sui, of himself, herself, itself, themselves
DAT. sibi, to or for himself, herself, itself, themselves
Ace. se or sese, himself, herself, itself, themselves
ABL. se or sese, with, from, etc., himself, herself, itself,
themselves
EXAMPLES
PUer se videt, the boy sees himself
Puella se videt, the girl sees herself
Animal se videt, the animal sees itself
1i se vident, they see themselves
513. Enclitic Use of cum. The preposition cum, when used

with the ablatives me, te, se, nobis, vobis, is joined to them :
as, mecum, with me; nobis'cum, with us; etc. Cum is likewise
joined to quo, qua, and quibus, the ablative forms of the relative
and interrogative : as,
Vir quocum puer venit, the man with whom the boy is coming
Quibuscum bellum gerunt, with whom do they carry on war ?
EXERCISES
514. i. Mea patria est mihi nota, et tua patria est tibi nota.
2. Vestrl amicl sunt nobis gratl, et nostri amici sunt vobis gratl.
3. Legati pacem amicitiamque sibi et sociis suis petierunt. 4. Si
tu i arma capies, ego i regnum tuum occupabo. 5. Uter vestrum
est civis Romanus ? Neuter nostrum. 6. Quibus 2 rebus cog-
nitis, multi sese in fugam dederunt. 7. Timore servitutis com-
motae, multae mulieres sese interfecerunt. 8. Quocum imperator
iter faciet ? Mecum.
i. Personal pronouns in the nominative are emphatic. 2. These. The
relative is often used at the beginning of a sentence with the force of a
demonstrative.
1 88 INTENSIVE PRONOUN IPSE
515. i. You cannot see yourself. 2. The queen is pleasing

to herself, but not to her kingdom. 3. The general, alarmed
by your arrival, fled.1 4. You will suffer2 punishment on that
day, but not I.3 $. Many things alarmed us, but most of all
the fear of the cavalry.
i. Latin, gave himself into flight. 2. Latin, give. 3. The pronouns
you and /, being emphatic, must be expressed.
LESSON LXXIX
Nil sine magn5 vita labore dedit mortalibus — Life has given
nothing to mortals without great labor 1
THE INTENSIVE PRONOUN IPSE • THE DEMONSTRATIVE
PRONOUN IDEM
516. Intensive Pronoun ipse. The intensive ipse, ipsa, ipsum,
is used both as a pronoun and as an adjective. It is usually an
adjective and emphasizes the noun or pronoun with which it
agrees, and is translated himself, herself, itself, myself, yourself,
etc.: as,
Homo ipse venit, the man himself is coming
Puella ipsa venit, the girl herself is coming
Pueri ipsi veniunt, the boys themselves are coming
Ego ipse veniS, I myself am coming
a. In English the pronouns himself etc. are used both intensively
(as, Galba will come himself) and reflexively (as, Galba will kill
himself) ; in Latin the former would be translated by the adjective
ipse, the latter by the pronoun sg :
Galba ipse veniet Galba se interficiet
b. Ipse is sometimes translated by very: as, eS ipsS dig, on that
very day.
1 From Horace.
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN IDEM 189
517. The intensive pronoun ipse is declined like the nine

irregular adjectives (§ 502).
Masc. Fem. Neut. Masc. Fem. Neut.
Nom. ipse ipsa ipsum ipsi ipsae ipsa
Gen. ipsi'us ipsi'us ipsi'us ipsorum ipsarum ipsorum
DAT. ipsi ipsi ipsi ipsis ipsis ipsis
Ace. ipsum ipsam ipsum ipsos ipsas ipsa
Abl. ipso ipsa ipso ipsis ipsis ipsis
518. Demonstrative Pronoun idem. The demonstrative pro

noun idem, the same, is a compound of is, and is declined as
follows :
Masc. Fem. Neut.
Nom. idem e'adem idem
Gen. eius'dem eius'dem eius'dem
Dat. ei'dem ei'dem ei'dem
Ace. eun'dem ean'dem idem
Abl. eo'dem ea'dem eo'dem
f ii'dem
Nom. eae'dem e'adem
[ei'dem
Gen. eorun'dem earun'dem eorun'dem
f iis'dem iis'dem iis'dem
Dat.
\ eis'dem eis'dem eis'dem
Ace. eos'dem eas'dem e'adem
Abl.
1 eis'dem eis'dem eis'dem
a. The forms iidem and iisdem are often spelled and pronounced
with one i.
b. The demonstrative idem is used both as a noun and as an
adjective.
C. Idem is sometimes best rendered also, at the same time : as»
idem dixi, I also said.
r
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS HIC, ISTE, ILLE
EXERCISES
519. i. Ego et tu1 eandem urbem incolimus. 2. Iter ipsum
non timemus, sed aliis rebus commoti sumus. 3. Olim nos ipsl
idem iter fecimus, sed alio tempore anni. 4. Romani in maxi-
mam spem adventu imperat5ris adductl erant. 5. lam totam
spem salutis deposuerunt, quod pars exercitQs capta est et
imperator ipse est in manibus hostium. 6. Tamen v5s ipsl eos-
dem saepissime vicistis. 7. Imperator sua manu filiam servavit,
sed se ipse 2 servare non potuit.
i . Latin says I andyou, notyou andI. 2. The intensive ipse here agrees
with the subject, though in English the emphasis falls on the predicate.
520. i. The general himself gave a part of the army the
right of way through the same kingdom. 2. After all hope 1
of safety was left behind, the citizens themselves laid down
their arms. 3. The same great fear seized2 the hearts of all.
i. Ablative absolute. 2. occupo, -are.
LESSON LXXX
Non sibi, sed suis — Not for herself, but for her own 1
THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS HIC, ISTE, ILLE

521. Use of hie, iste, and ilk. The demonstrative pronoun
is, ea, id, makes no definite reference to place or time (§ 203) ;
but hie (this, he) refers to a person or thing near the speaker,
iste (that, he) to a person or thing near the person addressed,
and ille (that, he) to a person or thing remote from both.
Araasne hunc equum, do you like this horse (of mine) ?
Istum equum amo, sed ilium equum nSn amo, I like that horse
(of yours), but that horse (yonder) / don't like
1 Motto of Tulane University.
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS HIC, ISTE, ILLE 191
522. The demonstratives hie, iste, and ille are used both
as pronouns and as adjectives. When used as adjectives, they
regularly precede their nouns,
523. Declension of hie, iste, and ille. Hie is declined as
follows :
NOM. hie haec hoc hi hae haec
GEN. huius huius huius horum harum horum
DAT. htiic huic huic his his his
Ace. hunc hanc hoc hos has haec
ABL. hSc hac hoc his his his
a. Huius is pronounced hoo'yoos, and huic is pronounced hweek
(one syllable).
524. The demonstrative pronouns iste, ista, istud, and ille,
ilia, illud, except for the nominative and accusative singular
neuter forms istud and illud, are declined like ipse, ipsa, ipsum.
(See §517.) -
A GALLIC CHIEFTAIN ADDRESSES HIS FOLLOWERS

525. Ille fortis Gallorum princeps suos convocavit et h5c
modo l anim5s eorum confirmavit : " Vos, qui hos fines|
incolitis, in hunc locum convocavi,2 quod mecum debetis istos
agros atque istas domos a manibus Romanis liberare. Hoc
nobis non difficile erit, quod illl hostes has silvas, hos montes
timent. Si fortes erimus, del ipsi nobis viam salutis demon-
strabunt. Itaque deponite istum timorem. Magnam spem
victoriae habeo. lam magnam partem exercitus Romani
superavimus." 2
I. Ablative of manner. 2. Translate by the present perfect (§ 312).
192 INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
526. i . Is that spear (of yours i) heavy ? No, this spear (of
mine i) is light. 2. That spear of Mark's is much longer than
mine. 3. You ought to show us the road that leads across
this mountain. 4. That road which extends through our terri
tory is much shorter. 5. The very manner of life of those
savages is not the same.
i. English words in parentheses are not to be translated.
LESSON LXXXI
Labor omnia vincit — Labor conquers all things 1
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
527. Indefinite pronouns do not, like demonstratives, point
out definite persons or things, but refer to them indefinitely :
as, someone, anyone, something, some, any.
528. Indefinite pronouns, like demonstratives, are used both
as pronouns and as adjectives. The simple indefinite pronoun
is quis, someone, anyone, and the indefinite adjective is qui,
quae, quod, some, any?- Far more common are the compounds
aliquis, someone ; quisque, each one ; and quldam, a certain
one. The forms of these indefinites are as follows :
i . Substantive forms :
MASC. AND FEM. NEUT.
aliquis, someone, anyone aliquid, something; anything
quisque, each one, everyone quidque, each thing, everything
MASC. FEM. NEUT.
quldam, a certain quaedam, a certain quiddam, a certain
man woman thing
1 Motto of the state of Oklahoma.
2 The indefinites quis and qui are the same in form and declension as the
interrogatives (§§ 394, 395).
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS 193
2. Adjective forms :
MASC. FEM. NEUT.
aliqul aliqua aliquod, any
quisque quaeque quodque, each
quidam quaedam quoddam, a certain
529. Declension of Indefinites. Indefinites are declined, in
general, like the interrogatives quis and qui. An m coming
before a d is changed to n : as, quendam, not quemdam.1
EXERCISES
530. i. H5c proelio facto, Galli suam quisque1 domum pro-
peraverunt. 2. Quidam homines, qui amicl illius regis existi-
mabantur, ab imperatore retenti sunt. 3. Est in vita cuiusque
aliqua adversa (ill) fortuna. 4. Aliquis debet tibi viam demon-
strare. 5. Quisque nostrum illi forti militi aliquid dare debet.
6. Ego quendam run vidi qui per illos fines iter fecerat.
i. In apposition with Galli.
531. i. If you see a certain Quintus at Rome, send him to

me. 2. Even I said something to someone. 3. Some who
were considered very brave did not retain their arms. 4. Each
citizen ought to uphold the state and obey the laws.1 5. Certain
cities are considered equal to Rome itself.
i. Dative, § 224.
Tenth Review. Lessons LXXIII-LXXXI, §§ 783-787

1 The declension of the indefinites is given in § 831, but demands little
special study.
LESSON LXXXII
Quot homines, tot sententiae — As many men, so many minds 1
CARDINAL NUMERALS AND THEIR DECLENSION
532. Cardinal Numerals. Cardinal numerals answer the ques

tion How many ? The first twelve cardinals are as follows : 2
i, firms 5, quinque g, novem
2, duo 6, sex io, decem
J, tres 7, septem n, findecim
4, quattuor 8, octo 12, duodecim
a. The word for IOO is centum; for 200, ducenti; for 1000, mille.
533. Declension of Cardinals. Of the cardinals, only unus,

duo, tres, the hundreds above one hundred, and mille used as
a noun, are declined.
534. Unus, one, is one of the nine irregular adjectives, and
is declined like nullus (§ 503).
535. Learn the declension of duo, two, and of tres, three.
See § 824.
536. Mille, thousand, in the singular is an indeclinable
adjective. In the plural it is a neuter noun, and is declined
like the plural of mare :
Nom. milia
Gen. milium
Dat. milibus
Ace. milia
Abl. milibus
1 From Terence, the famous writer of comedies. The motto means that
every man has his opinion.
2 A fuller table of numerals is given in § 823.
194
CARDINAL NUMERALS 195
537. Ducenti, two hundred, and other hundreds above one

hundred are declined like the plural of bonus : as,
ducentl ducentae ducenta
ducentorum ducentarum ducentorum
ducentis ducentis ducentis
etc. etc. etc.
THE CONTEST OF THE HORATII AND THE CURIATII

Try to translate this at sight
538. Olim Romani cum Albanis 1 bellum gerebant. Erant
in duobus exercitibus trigemini 2 fratres, tres Horatii in exer-
citu Romano, tres Curiatii in exercitu Albano. Ducibus
convocatis, quidam ex eis dixit : " Cur omnes nos pugnamus ?
Melius est pauc5s 3 pr5 omnibus contendere et reliquos 3 esse ;
SO-CALLED TOMB OF THE HORATII AND CURIATII

-N
CARDINAL NUMERALS 197
integros. Cur non iubemus tres Horatios cum tribus Curia-

tils pugnare et hoc modo bellum diiudicamus i?" Hoc
consilio omnibus6 persuasit, et pater ipse Horatiorum filiis
fortibus suis nova arma dedit.
Et Horatii et Curiatil certamin!6 studebant et mantis con- 10
seruerunt.7 Prlmo impetti tres Albani a tribus Romanis
vulnerati sunt, duo Roman! a tribus Albanis interfecti sunt,
iinus Romanus integer erat. lam totus Albanorum exer-
citus certam victoriam exspectabat. Romanus autem fugam
simulavit8 et illo modo tres vulneratos Albanos separavit.9 15
Tum subito 10 revertit u et singulos n superavit atque inter-
fecit. Postea Romani in 13 Albanos multos annos 14 imperium
tenebant.
1. Albani, -orum, the Albans, who lived near Rome. 2. Triplet.
3. paucos is the subject accusative of contendere, and reliquos of esse.
The infinitive clauses are the subjects of est. 4. diiudico, -are, decide.
5. Why dative ? See § 224. 6. certamen, -inis, n., contest. 7. manus con-
seruerunt, joined in a hand-to-hand struggle. 8. simulo, -are, pretend.
9. separo, -are, separate. 10. Suddenly. 11. revertS, -ere, turn back.
12. singuli, one at a time. 13. Over. 14. multos annos, for many years.
LESSON LXXXIII
Ense petit placidam sub libertate quietem — With the sword she
seeks calm repose in freedom 1
ORDINAL NUMERALS - THE GENITIVE OF THE WHOLE,

OR THE PARTITIVE GENITIVE
539. Ordinal Numerals. Ordinal numerals answer the ques
tion In what order? The first twelve are as follows :
first, primus, -a, -um seventh, septimus, -a, -um
second, secundus, -a, -um eighth, octa'vus, -a, -um
third, tertius, -a, -um ninth, nonus, -a, -um
fourth, quartus, -a, -um tenth, decimus, -a, -um
fifth, quintus, -a, -um eleventh, undecimus, -a, -um
sixth, sextus, -a, -um twelfth, duodecimus, -a, -um
The ordinals are all declined like bonus.
540. Genitive of the Whole, or Partitive Genitive. In the

sentence Of all these the Belga are the bravest, the phrase
of all these represents the whole number of whom the Belgse
are the bravest part. This sentence is expressed similarly in
Latin : as,
Horum omnium fortissimi sunt Belgae
and the genitive horum omnium is called the genitive of the
whole, or the partitive genitive.
541. Rule for Genitive of the Whole. A genitive denot

ing the whole is used with words denoting a part, and
is known as the genitive of the whole, or the partitive
genitive.
1 Motto of the state of Massachusetts.
198
GENITIVE OF THE WHOLE 199
542. MJlle, singular, is an indeclinable adjective : as, mille
milites, a thousand soldiers. Milia, plural, is a neuter noun,
and is followed by the genitive : as, decem milia militum, ten
thousand soldiers (literally, ten thousands of soldiers).
543. Cardinal numbers, except milia, are followed by the
ablative with ex or de, instead of the genitive : as, unus ex
pueris, one of the boys.
EXERCISES
544. Annus quattuor tempora 1 et duodecim menses 2 con-
tinet. Aestas est omnium temporum gratissimum. Nunc
mensis primus anni est lanuarius, sed antlquis3 temporibus
Martius4 primus mensis existimabatur. Qua de causa Sep
tember erat septimus mensis antiqul3 anni, October erat 5
octavus mensis, November erat nonus mensis, December
erat decimus mensis. Omnium mensium Februarius erat
brevissimus. Urbs Roma plus quam mille annos5 permansit6
et multa milia hominum habet.
i. Here used in the sense of seasons. 2. mensis, -is, M., month.
3. antiquus, -a, -um, ancient. 4. March. 5. plus quam mille annos, for
more than a thousand years. 6. Present Perfect, § 312.
545. The Romans had seven kings. The first king was
Romulus, the second king was Numa, the third king was
Tullus Hostilius, the fourth king was Ancus Marcius, the
fifth king was Tarquinius Priscus, the sixth king was Servius
Tullius, the seventh king was Tarquinius Superbus. Of all
the kings Tarquinius Superbus was the worst. For this reason
he was driven out by Brutus, the first consul.
LESSON LXXXIV
Civi et rei publicae — For the citizen and the commonwealth 1
THE ACCUSATIVE OF DURATION OF TIME OR EXTENT

OF SPACE
546. The questions How long? and How far? are answered
in English by an adverbial objective expressing duration of
time or extent of space. This relation is similarly expressed
in Latin by the Latin objective, or accusative : as,
Galli sex die's pugnaverunt, the Gaulsfoughtfor six days
Aqua centum pcdes alta est, the water is a hundredfeet deep
547. Rule for Accusative of Duration or Extent. Dura

tion of time and extent of space are expressed by the
aceusative.
548. The accusative of time how long and the ablative of the
time when or within which (§ 493) must be carefully distin
guished. Select what would be accusatives of time or space and
ablatives of time in the following passage if it were in Latin :
At midnight I went on deck. For many hours I had been
tossing sleepless in my bunk. In the first place, the storm
which began on Monday had now been raging for five days.
Furthermore, in a few hours we should be in the channel ;
only a few miles from safety, to be sure, but also in the
most dangerous zone of our voyage. The night was clear,
and once I thought I saw a periscope, but it was only a
floating spar extending several feet above the water. I was
distinctly nervous, and did not care to repeat my former
experience when I spent forty-eight hours in a leaky boat,
which we rowed forty-seven miles before we were saved.
1 Motto of the University of Oklahoma.
200
ACCUSATIVE OF DURATION OR EXTENT 2OI
CESAR IN GAUL
549. Caesar bellum in Gallia septem annos gessit. Primo
anno Helvetios superavit, et e5dem ann5 Germanos, qui
magnum numerum hominum trans Rhenum traduxerant, ex
Gallia expulit. Multos iam ann5s Germani magnam partem
Galliae obtinebant.1 Qua de causa principes Galliae legatos 5
ad Caesarem miserant et auxilium petierant. Legatis auditis,
Caesar brevl tempore copias suas coegit. Magno itinere con-
fecto, aciem Instruxit et prima luce proelium cum Germanis
commisit. Totum diem acriter pugnatum est. Caesar ipse a
dextro cornu aciem duxit. Denique post magnam caedem 10
Germani alii aliam in partem trans Rhenum fugam ceperunt.
I . Translate as if past perfect.
550. i. The battle began at daylight and part of the army

fought all 1 day. 2. That bridge is two hundred feet long.
3. The enemy's camp was twelve miles2 distant. 4. Those
mountains are three hundred feet high. $. In a. short time
the queen had collected five thousand men. 6. That forest
extended a great distance.
i. Not omnis. 2. Latin, twelve thousands ofpaces.
A GATE OF POMPEII (RESTORED)

'
LESSON LXXXV
Amicitia nisi inter bonos esse non potest — Friendship cannot
exist except between the good 1
THE ABLATIVE OF RESPECT • THE GENITIVE WITH
ADJECTIVES
551. Ablative of Respect. Note the following sentences :
Gives erant pauci numero, the citizens werefew in number
Marcus fratrem virtute superat, Mark excels his brother in valor
The ablatives numero and virtute answer the question In
what respect? and are called ablatives of respect.
552. Rule for Ablative of Respect. The ablative is used

to denote in what respect something is true-
553. Genitive with Adjectives. Compare the following sen
tences :
Rgx bellum cupit, the king desires war
R6x belli cupidus est, the king is desirous of war
The relation between the verb cupit and its direct object
bellum is clearly similar to that between the adjective cupidus
and its genitive belli. Genitives used as the object of the action
or feeling implied in certain adjectives are therefore called
objective genitives.
554. Rule for Genitive with Adjectives. The adjectives

cupidus, desirous ; peritus, skilled ; imperitus, ignorant, and
others of similar character are followed by the objective
genitive.
1 From Cicero's famous essay on friendship.
GENITIVE WITH ADJECTIVES 203
EXERCISES
555. i. Aciem Instruere n5n poterat, quod erat imperitus

rel militaris. 2. Sapientia Minerva reliquas deas superabat.
3. Signo dato, Iegio decima, cupidior laudis quam vitae ipslus,
procedere incepit. 4. Galll et Germani dissimillimi lingua, ac
legibus erant. 5. Ouidam ex principibus, quod pacis cupidl
erant, legatos ad nos miserunt. 6. Dux rel militaris peritus
in loco iniquo non permanebit. 7. Servi libertatis cupidissimi
alii aliam in partem fugerunt. 8. Quldam imperator, Galba
nomine, tim5re comm5tus iter intermittl iussit. 9. Oppidum,
nullo spatio intermisso, mur5 vigintl ! pedes alto defendebatur.
10. Cur in eadem libertate quam a patribus nostris accepimus
permanere non possumus ?
i. Twenty.
556. i. Few men were equal to Caesar either1 in wisdom

or in valor. 2. The men are unskilled in languages. 3. These
ought not to sail to other lands. 4. Caesar was king in fact,2
but not in name. 5. Some work because they are desirous of
praise, others because they are desirous of money. 6. The com
mander himself is skilled in the art of war. 7. He will not
let several days elapse without good cause.
i . Either . . . 0r, aut . . . aut. 2. rgs.
ANCIENT COINS
LESSON LXXXVI
Non omnis moriar — I shall not wholly die l
DEPONENT VERBS • THE GENITIVE OR ABLATIVE

OF DESCRIPTION
557. Deponent Verbs. A deponent verb is one that is passive
in form but active in meaning.
558. The principal parts of deponents are, of course, passive.
hortor, hortari, hortatus sum, urge
a. A few verbs are deponent in the perfect system only : as,
aucleo, audere, ausus sum, dare
559. Deponent verbs are conjugated in the passive :
hortor, hortari, hortatus sum (urge), like vocor (§ 832)
vereor, vergri, veritus sum (fear), like moneor (§ 833)
sequor, sequi, secutus sum (follow), like regor (§ 834)
patior, pati, passus sum (suffer), like capior (§ 836)
partior, partlri, partltus sum (share), like audior (§ 835)
560. Besides having all the forms of the passive, deponent
verbs have also the future active infinitive, the active participles,
and a few other active forms which will be noted later.2
561. Genitive or Ablative of Description. English and Latin
employ similar expressions of quality or description. Thus we
may say either C&sar was a man of great courage or Ccesar
was a man with great courage. Similarly in Latin we may use
the genitive in the first case and the ablative in the second : as,
Caesar erat vir magnae virtutis
Caesar erat vir magna virtute
1 From Horace, the poet laureate of the Augustan age.
2 The complete synopsis of deponent verbs is given in § 837.
204
DEPONENT VERBS 205
562. Rule for Genitive or Ablative of Description. The
genitive or the ablative, with a modifying adjective, is
used in expressions of quality or description,
a. Numerical descriptions of measure are in the genitive, and
descriptions of physical characteristics are usually in the ablative.
fossa decem pedum, a ditch of ten feet, or a ten-foot ditch
puella parvis manibus, a girl with small hands
CESAR AND THE HELVETIANS

563. i. Helvetii, qui nee deos nee homines verebantur,
magnum dolorem patiebantur quod ex omnibus partibus1
magnae altitudinis montibus continebantur. 2. Qua de causa
consilium ceperunt ex suis finibus cum omnibus copiis excedere.
3. His rebus cognitis, Caesar, vir egregia virtute et rei militaris
peritissimus, magnis itineribus in Galliam contendit. 4. Non
passus est Helvetios iter per fines R5manos facere, sed plures 2
dies eos secutus est. 5. Denique Helvetii, itinere intermisso,
aciem instruxerunt. 6. Helvetii Romanis erant pares virtute,
sed n5n armis. 7. Tum Caesar milites hortatus est, et, proelio
commisso, magnam partem hostium interfecit.
i . ex omnibus partibus, on all sides. 2. Several.
564. i. Caesar constructed1 a ten-foot rampart.2 2. The

rampart was many miles8 long. 3. Men of no wisdom suffer
pain because they do not fear the laws. 4. One man urges
one thing, another another.4 5. But we shall follow Caesar's
authority. 6. In height your mountains are not equal to ours.
i. duco. 2. Latin, a rampart of ten feet. 3. Latin, many thousands of
paces. 4. Translate the sentence by three Latin words. See § 505.
LESSON LXXXVII
Vox clamantis in deserto — The voice of one crying in the wilderness 1
PARTICIPLES
565. The nature of the participle has been already discussed

(§ 344). Latin has four participles, the present and the future
in the active voice, and the past and the future (also called the
gerundive) in the passive voice.2
vocans, calling
Present Active Participle. Present monens, advising
Stem + -ns or -Sns regens, ruling
audiens, hearing
vocatfirus, about to call
II. Future Active Participle. Parti moniturus, about to advise
cipial Stem + -urus, -a, -um rectiirus, about to rule
auditiirus, about to hear
' vocatus, having been called
in. Past Passive Participle. Parti monitus, having been advised
cipial Stem + -us, -a, -um rectus, having been ruled
auditus, having been heard
vocandus, to be called
IV. Future Passive Participle or Ge
monendus, to be advised
rundive. Present Stem + -ndus -
regendus, to be ruled
or -endus, -a, -um
audiendus, to be heard
566. Declension of Participles. All participles ending in -us

are declined like bonus (§ 120). Present participles are declined
like adjectives of one ending ; see the declension of vocans,
§817.
1 Motto of Dartmouth College. From the Latin translation of the Bible.
2 It is to be noted that Latin, unlike English, has no past active participle
(having called) or present passive participle {being called).
206
* -v
USES OF PARTICIPLES 207
567. Past and Future Participles. We have made frequent
use of the past passive participle as the last of the principal
parts (§ 299), and in the formation of the perfect passive system
(vocatus sum, etc.). We have also used it frequently in agree
ment with a noun in the ablative absolute (§ 400) : as,
Gallis superatis, Caesar in Italiam contendit, after the Gauls had
been overcome, Ccesar hastened into Italy
The future active participle with esse makes the future active
infinitive (§ 356): as, vocaturus esse, to be about to call.
568. Present Active Participle. The present active parti

ciple, as well as the past passive, is often used with a noun or
pronoun in the ablative absolute.
Caesare ducente, nihil timemus, Ccesar hading (or when Ccesar
leads), wefear nothing
569. Participles of Deponent Verbs. Deponent verbs have
four participles, of the same form as those of other verbs : as,
hortans, urging
hortaturus, about to urge
hortatus, having urged
hortandus, to be urged1
But note that the past participle of deponents is active in mean
ing, and that only deponent verbs have an active past participle.
Compare
hortatus, having urged (active), from honor, deponent
vocatus, having been called (passive), from voco, not deponent
570. Give the participles of the following verbs :

porto mitto munio vereor
iaciS ducS moveS patior
1 The future passive participle, or gerundive, of deponent verbs is passive
in meaning as well as in form.
208 USES OF PARTICIPLES
EXERCISES
571. i. Caesar sequens barbaros nee nocte nee die iter
intermisit. 2. Magnam multitudinem hostium fugientium inter-
fecit et grave supplicium de captlvis sumpsit. 3. Magnitudine
et altitudine illud flumen omnia alia superat. 4. In l eo flumine
imperator pontem mille pedum fecit. 5. His bellis confectis,
imperator librum de re militarl scripsit. 6. Ubi Lesbiam vldisti ?
Lesbiam sedentem ante casam Galbae vidi. 7. Tertia hora ex-
ploratores, qui praemissi erant, locum idoneum castris delege-
runt. 8. Illo imperatore ducente, certissima esse victoria debet.
9. Dux tuus est celerior corpore quam animo. 10. Veriti fortunarn
pessimam, gratias deis iam egimus quod conservati eramus.
i . Where we say " build a bridge aver" the Romans said " build a bridge
/'«," because bridges were often buiit of boats.
572. i. When our country calls,1 we ought to take up arms.

2. The king, fearing the multitude, did not dare to send ahead
spies. 3. After suffering2 wrongs for many years, the allies
were eager for war. 4. At the fourth hour suitable scouts were
chosen and sent forward. 5. Caesar inflicted punishment on
that king. 6. Many books have been written concerning the
size of Rome. 7. After drawing up8 the line of battle, the
commander waited for two hours.
i. Express by the present participle in the ablative absolute. 2. Past
participle. 3. Express by the past participle in the ablative absolute, and
note that, as this participle is regularly passive in Latin, the voice of the
English verb must be changed, and thus the English becomes after the line
of battle had been drawn up. Never fail to change an English past par
ticiple from the active to the passive before translating, unless the Latin
verb is deponent (cf. § 569).
LESSON LXXXVIII
Scientia sol mentis — Knowledge the sun of the mind 1
WORD FORMATION
573. Spelling of English Words in -ant and -ent. Many

English nouns and adjectives ending in -ant and -ent are
derived from the Latin present participle, and have the same
form as its base. Thus :
LATIN VERB PRESENT PARTICIPLE ENGLISH WORD

occupS occupans, -antis oceupant
servo servans, -antis servant
importS importans, -antis important
studeo studens, -entis student
agS agens, -entis agent
contineo continens, -entis continent
English words of this kind derived from Latin verbs of the

first conjugation end in -ant; from verbs of other conjugations,
in -ent.
a. Exceptions to this rule are words of Latin origin that have come
into English through the medium of Norman French, where the
present participle of verbs of all conjugations ends regularly in -ant,
Thus, from teneS (present participle tengns) the English derivative is
not tenent, as we should expect, but tenant (cf. French tenant).
574. Nouns in -or denoting the Agent or Doer. Many Latin

nouns denoting the agent or doer are formed from Latin verbs
by changing -us of the past participle to -or. These nouns have
generally passed into English with no change of form. Thus :
1 Motto of Delaware College.
209
2IO WORD FORMATION
VERB PAST PARTICIPLE LATIN NOUN ENGLISH NOUN

ago actus actor actor
audio auditus auditor auditor
capio captus captor captor
invenio inventus inventor inventor
llbero liberatus liberator liberator
moneo monitus monitor monitor j
narro narratus narrator narrator
navigS navigatus navigator navigator
specto spectatus spectator spectator
vinco victus victor •victor
The number of these nouns, both in Latin and English, is

very great. Some of the Latin nouns have a feminine form
in -trlx : as, administratrix, victrix, etc. The same suffix is
used in English : as, administrator, M. ; administratrix, F.
EXERCISES
First learn the special vocabulary, page 378 f
575. i. R5mam bellum cum Albanis gerentes omnes non
pugnaverunt. 2. Nam imperatores melius consilium docebant.
3. Tres fratres, virtu tis magnae et rel militaris periti, utrimque
(from each side) delecti sunt. 4. Apud duos exercitus acerrime
pugnatum est. 5. Curiatiis interfectis, clvitas Romana maiorem
potestatem habuit. 6. Albani ver5 dolorem magnum passi sunt.
576. Derivation. Using prefixes previously studied (§ 497)
and such suffixes as appear in § 426, and any others you know,
make a list of at least twenty English derivatives from the verbs
scribo, sumo, iacio, audio, pono.
Eleventh Review. Lessons LXXXII-LXXXVIII, §§ 788-792

still
is
Rqme
walled
The
600
about
built
wall iced had
Tullius
Servius
King
by
hundred
stown.
nine
for
uaB.C.fyears, the
though
spread
city
beyond
far
it
about
But
side.
bdanger
iof
became
anrvd.
onevery
a.basrioan that
300 the
wall
It
cand
miles
twelve
nearly
is
The
fin
has
opresent
great
nisogate
gates.
swasfrt tcueutidnt.
is
picture
the
in
Appia,
Porta
of
Gate
Scalled
St.
which
through
Way
Appian
ebnowpasses
astian,
SEBASTIAN
ST.
OF
GATE
THE
-\
LESSON LXXXIX
Scientia crescat, vita colatur — Let knowledge grow, let
life be enriched l
THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD • PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE OF THE

FIRST AND SECOND CONJUGATIONS • THE INDICATIVE AND
SUBJUNCTIVE COMPARED
577. Subjunctive Mood. Besides the indicative and impera
tive, Latin has a third mood, called the subjunctive.
578. Tenses of Subjunctive. The subjunctive has four tenses :
present, past, perfect, and past perfect.
The personal endings, active and passive, are the same as in
the indicative.
a. The meaning of the subjunctive varies in different constructions
to such a degree that it is not practical to translate the subjunctive
forms in the paradigms.
579. Present Subjunctive of First Conjugation. The sign of
the present subjunctive in the first conjugation is -e-, which
takes the place of -a, the final vowel of the present stem : as,
ACTIVE PASSIVE
voc(a) + e + m = vocem voc(a) + 6 + r = vocer
580. In the subjunctive, as elsewhere, a long vowel is
shortened before nt and final -m, -t, or -r (see § 194). The
present subjunctive is inflected as follows :
ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE
i. vo'cem voce'mus vo'cer voce'mur
2. vo'ces voce'tis voce'ris (-re) voce'mini
3. vo'cet vo'cent voce'tur vocen'tur
1 Motto of The University of Chicago.
211
212 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
581. Present Subjunctive of Second Conjugation. The sign

of the present subjunctive in the second conjugation is -a-,
which is added to the present stem and is followed by the
personal endings : as,
ACTIVE mone + a + m = moneam PASSIVE mono + a -f- r = monear
Long vowels are shortened in the usual places (§ 194).

1. mo'neam monea'mus mo'near monea'mur
2. mo'ncas monea'tis monea'ris (-re) monea'mini
3. mo'neat mo'neant monea'tur monean'tur
582. Indicative and Subjunctive Compared. The indicative

mood asserts facts or inquires after facts. The subjunctive,
on the other hand, expresses desires, wishes, purposes, possi
bilities, expectations, and the like. The following sentences
illustrate the difference between indicative and subjunctive ideas.
INDICATIVE IDEAS SUBJUNCTIVE IDEAS
-I. We call him i. Let us fall him
Eum vocamus Eum vocemus (desire)
•2. You see the city 2. May you see the city
Urbem vides Urbem videas (wish)
3. Scouts come who warn you 3. Scouts come to warn (or who
Exploratores veniunt qul te are to warn) you
monent Exploratores veniunt qul te
moneant (purpose)
4. They Jight bravely 4. They wouldfight bravely
Fortiter pugnant Fortiter pugnent (possibility)
.5. He waits at Rome until the 5. He waits at Rome until the
enemy are overcome enemy shall be overcome
Romae exspectat dum hostes Romae exspectat dum hostes
superantur superentur (expectation)
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD 213
EXERCISE
583. Which verbs in the following paragraph would be in the
indicative, and which in the subjunctive, in a Latin translation ?
And we won't come back till it 's over over there.
How splendidly our soldiers made good the words of their song.
Who would have expected so speedy and so glorious a victory ?
They were young. They were fine. They were brave. But
they had not been tested. " Let us hope, let us have confi
dence," was the best one could say. The crisis was at hand.
At Paris, less than forty miles away, one might hear the
thunder of the guns. And still the enemy pressed on and
the brave French were forced back. American forces were
rushed to the front. The French urged retreat to a stronger
position. " We came to fight, not to retreat," said the Yanks.
Then in plunged the Marines. May their glory ever shine !
And what they did thrilled the world. From that day onward
the Stars and Stripes blazed the victorious trail.
'Tis the Star-Spangled Banner, O long may it wave
O'er the land of the free, and the home of the brave !
584. Inflect the present subjunctive, active and passive, of

vasto, moveo, servo, iubeo.
GREEK VASES
LESSON XC
Scuto bonae voluntatis tuae coronastl nos — Thou hast
encompassed us by the shield of Thy loving-kindness l
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE, THIRD AND FOURTH CONJUGA

TIONS • SUBJUNCTIVE OF PURPOSE
585. Present Subjunctive of Third Conjugation. The sign

of the present subjunctive of the third conjugation is -a-. This
-a- takes the place of -e, the final vowel of the present stem,
and is followed by the personal endings :
ACTIVE reg(e) + a + m = regam PASSIVE reg(e) + a + r = regar
i. re'gam rega'mus re'gar rega'mur
2. re'gas rega'tis rega'ris (-re) rega'mini
3. re'gat re'gant rega'tur regan'tur
a. In like manner inflect capiam, the present subjunctive of capio,
and other -1s verbs of the third conjugation (see § 836).
586. Present Subjunctive of Fourth Conjugation. The sign

of the present subjunctive of the fourth conjugation is -a-.
This is added to the present stem and is followed by the
personal endings :
ACTIVE audi + a + m = audiam PASSIVE audi + a + r = audiar
I. au'diam audia'mus au'diar audia'mur
2. au'dias audia'tis audia'ris (-re) audia'mini
3. au'diat au'diant audia'tur audian'tur
1 Motto of the state of Maryland. From the Latin translation of the Bible.
214
SUBJUNCTIVE OF PURPOSE 215
587. Subjunctive of Purpose. Observe the following sentence :

Exploratores veniunt qui tg moneant, scouts come to warn you
The verb moneant in the dependent clause is in the subjunc
tive because it expresses the scouts' purpose. This use of the
subjunctive is called the subjunctive of purpose. In English
the purpose is often expressed, as here, by the infinitive. It is
never so expressed in good Latin prose.
588. Rule for Subjunctive of Purpose. A clause express
ing purpose takes the subjunctive.
589. A clause of purpose is introduced by the relative pronoun
qui (as above), or by ut, in order that, that ; or, if negative, by
ne, in order that not, that not, lest.
Caesar mittit militgs qui agrSs vastent, Ceesar sends soldiers to
lay waste (literally, who should lay waste) thefields
Milites veniunt ut agrSs vastent, soldiers come to lay waste
(literally, in order that they may lay waste) thefields
Agricolae pugnant ne agri vastentur, the farmers fight that their
fields may not be laid waste
EXERCISES
590. i. Dux, vir summae virtutis, praemittit exploratores qui
locum idoneum castris deligant. 2. lubet eos celerrime pro-
perare ne tempus amittant. 3. Interim quidam princeps, vir
summa potestate apud Gallos, ducem quaerit ut conditioned
pacis petat. 4. Sed dux eum rapit ut de eo supplicium sumat.
5. Tum vero suos (his men) convocat ut rationem proeli doceat.
591. i. The soldier asks for better arms that he may not
lose his life. 2. The king sends his son to hear the conditions
of peace. 3. He follows this plan lest he lose the supreme
power. 4. An army is hastening to inflict punishment on him.
LESSON XCI
Et docere et rerum exquirere causas — Both to teach and to search
out the reasons of things 1
PAST SUBJUNCTIVE, FIRST AND SECOND CONJUGATIONS
SEQUENCE OF TENSES
592. Inflection of Past Subjunctive. The past subjunctive of
any verb may be formed by adding the personal endings to
the present infinitive active. The past subjunctive of vocS and
moneo is inflected as follows :
ACTIVE VOICE
i. voca'rem vocare'mus mone'rem monere'mus
2. voca'res vocare'tis mone'res monere'tis
3. voca'ret voca'rent mone'ret mone'rent
PASSIVE VOICE
1. voca'rer vocare'mur mone'rer monere'mur
2. vocare'ris (-re) vocare'mini monere'ris (-re) monere'mini
3. vocare'tur vocaren'tur monere'tur moneren'tur
593. Sequence of Tenses Defined. Tenses referring to present
or future time are called primary tenses. Tenses referring to
past time are called secondary tenses. As a rule, the tenses of
the verbs used in the principal and the dependent clause of
a complex sentence harmonize ; that is, all are primary or all
are secondary. For example, in He says that he is coming both
of the verbs are present and in a primary tense ; but if we
change He says to He said, a corresponding change takes place
in the verb in the dependent clause, and we say He said that he
was coming, both of the verbs being in a secondary tense. This
harmony between the tenses is called the sequence of tenses.
1 Motto of the University of Georgia.
216
SEQUENCE OF TENSES 217
594. Primary and Secondary Tenses. In the following table

the primary tenses are marked (1) and the secondary tenses (2) :
Indicative Subjunctive
(1) Present (1) Present
(2) Past (2) Past
(1) Future (1) Perfect
(2) Perfect (2) Past Perfect
(2) Past Perfect
(1) Future Perfect
When indicatives and subjunctives are used in the same
sentence, the tenses generally harmonize.
595. Rule for Sequence of Tenses. In a complex sen

tence a primary tense of the indicative in the principal
clause is followed by a primary tense of the subjunctive
in the dependent clause, and a secondary by a secondary.
596. EXAMPLES
I. Primary tenses in principal and dependent clauses :
Present Mittit 1
Future Mittet > hostes ut agrSs vastent (Pres. Subjv.)
Fut. Perf. MiseritJ
(sends 'J f that they may, 1
■will send > foes j in order to, or Way waste thefields
will have sent \ \to J
II. Secondary tenses in principal and dependent clauses :

Past Mittebatl
Perfect Misit L hostes ut agros vastarent (Past Subjv.)
Past Perf. Miserat J
{was sending 1 f that they might, 'J
sent or has sent \foes\ in order to, or >lay waste thefields
had sent J [to J
s
21 8 SEQUENCE OF TENSES
EXERCISES
597. i. Partem impedimentorum relinquit ut ad illud oppidum
celeriter perveniat. 2. Interim imperator tres legiones remi-
serat quae illos fines statim pacarent. 3. Propter naturam eius
loci nemo excedere potuit qui fortunam miseram nostram nun-
tiaret. 4. Hostes vallum decem milia passuum longum et fossam
oct5 pedum perduxerant ut itinere nostros prohiberent. 5. Hoc
proelio nuntiato, multl periti rei militaris domum contenderunt
ut pro re publica pugnarent. 6. Ampliores copias exspecta-
bimus ne hostes summum montem 1 obtineant. 7. Propter vul-
nera imperator in castris manere debet atque mittere aliquem
qui animos militum hortetur. 8. Quidam vir laudis cupidissimus
librum de suis victoriis scripsit. 9. Quidam vero elves, timore
summo permoti, Caesarem quaerunt ut eum de ratione belli
consulant.
i. summum montem, the top of the mountain.
598. i. Caesar forbade the Germans to advance farther, lest

they should settle in Gaul. 2. After all things1 had been pre
pared, he climbed to the top of the mountain to storm the camp.
3. I shall arrive at Rome2 at daybreak3 that I may undertake
this serious business of the republic immediately. 4. Scaevola
came to put4 the king to death. 5. Because of his supreme
valor no one inflicted punishment on him.
I . Ablative absolute. 2. Accusative without a preposition. 3. Latin,y?rj/
light, ablative of time. 4. Latin, give the king to death.
LESSON XCII
Artes, scientia, veritas — The arts, knowledge, truth 1
PAST SUBJUNCTIVE, THIRD AND FOURTH CONJUGATIONS
NOUN CLAUSES OF PURPOSE
599. Inflection of Past Subjunctive. The past subjunctive
of rego and audio is inflected as follows :
ACTIVE VOICE
I. re'gerem regere'mus audi'rem audire'mus
2. re'geres regere'tis audl'res audlre'tis
3. re'geret re'gerent audl'ret audi'rent
PASSIVE VOICE
i. re'gerer regere'mur audi'rer audlre'mur
2. regere'ris (-re) regere'mini audire'ris (-re) audire'miui
3. regere'tur regeren'tur audire'tur audiren'tur
a. Like regerem inflect caperem, the past subjunctive of capiS, and
other -io verbs of the third conjugation (see § 836).
600. Noun Clause Defined. A clause is often used as a part
of speech, and is then named after the part of speech to which
it is equivalent (cf. § 385). Thus we saw in § 386 that a relative
clause has the force of an adjective and hence is called an adjec
tive clause. A clause may modify a verb like an adverb, and is
then called an adverbial clause : as, venerunt ut pdcem peterent,
they came to seek peace (adverbial clause of purpose). Similarly,
a clause that is used as a noun is called a noun clause. Such a
clause is often the subject or object of a verb : as,
That we should agree seems impossible (clause used as subject)
Ccesar commanded that the captives should be let go (clause used
as object)
1 Motto of the University of Michigan.
219
220 NOUN CLAUSES OF PURPOSE
601. Noun Clauses of Purpose. In English, verbs of ask
ing, commanding, urging, etc. are usually followed by an
infinitive clause as object: as,
They asked "\
They commanded \ me to came
They urged j
Verbs of this kind denote a purpose or desire that some
thing be done, and the infinitive expresses what that something
is. But in Latin, as we have learned (§ 582), a purpose or
desire is not expressed by the infinitive, but by the subjunctive.
Compare the following English and Latin sentences :
They urged me to come
Hortabantur me ut venirem (lit. that I should come)
602. Rule for Noun Clauses of Purpose. Verbs denoting

a purpose or desire that something be done arefollowed
by a subjunctive clause as object, introduced by ut or ne.
603. The following common verbs are regularly followed by

a noun clause with ut or ne and the subjunctive :
hortor, urge
impero, order (with the dative of the person ordered and a sub
junctive clause of the thing ordered)
moneo, advise
persuadeS, persuade (with the same construction as impero)
peto, rogo, beg, ask
postulo, demand, require
a. Remember that iubeo, order, takes the infinitive as in English
(§ 367). Compare the following sentences:
Iubeo eum venire, I order him to come
ImperS ei ut veniat, Igive orders to him that he come
NOUN CLAUSES OF PURPOSE 221
EXERCISES
604. i. Maxima legatos hortatus est ut de re frumentaria
providerent. 2. Imperator regl imperat ne sociis populi
Romani noceat. 3. Galll, timore servitutis permotl, postula-
verunt ut exercitus rel publicae ex finibus suis excederet.
4. Plurimis vulneribus acceptis, quldam nobis persuasit ut
fugam temptaremus. 5. Propter inopiam rel frumentariae
imperator monuit ut castra in alium locum moverentur.
6. Petimus et hortamur ut nos ab iniuriis defendas. -J. Ad
urbem tertia hora perveni, sed nem5 me rogavit ut unum (even
one) diem manerem. 8. Proximo die magna multitudo venit ut
me consuleret et de condicionibus pacis quaereret. 9. His rebus
gestis, legatus cum tribus legionibus relictus est ut de re fru
mentaria provideret.
605. i. Because of1 your wounds I urge you not to try2 that
long journey. 2. You asked him to look out2 for3 the grain
supply, didn't you4? Not at all. 3. Seek for the general and
demand that he lead his forces out of my territory. 4. He
ordered5 the captives not to attempt2 flight. $• The woman
demanded that the money be found.
i. The ablative of cause might be used, but the accusative with propter
is more common. 2. Not infinitive. 3. de. 4. On this form of question,
review §25i. 5. What construction follows iubeo ? What imperS ?
GLADIATORS HELMETS
LESSON XCIII
Del sub numine viget — She flourishes under the will of God 1
THE SUBJUNCTIVE OF SUM AND POSSUM
606. Subjunctive of sum. The subjunctive of sum is inflected

as follows:
PRESENT PAST
i. siin simus essem esse'mus
2. sis sltis esses esse'tis
3. sit sint esset essent
PERFECT PAST PERFECT
i. fu'erim fue'rimus fuis'sem fuisse'mus
2. fu'eris fue'ritis . fuis'ses fuisse'tis
3. fu'erit fu'erint fuis'set fuis'seat
607. Subjunctive of possum. The subjunctive of possum is
inflected as follows :
PRESENT PAST
1. possim possi'mus possem posse 'mus
2. possis possl'tis posses posse'tis
3. possit possint posset possent
1. potu'erim potue'rimus potuis'sem potuisse'mus
2. potu'eris potue'ritis potuis'ses potuisse'tis
3. potu'erit potu'erint potuis'set potuis'sent
a. Compare the perfect subjunctive with the future perfect indica
tive. Note that the past subjunctive may be formed by adding m to
the present active infinitive (posse + m), and the past perfect sub
junctive by adding m to the perfect active infinitive (potuisse + m).
1 Motto of Princeton University.
SUBJUNCTIVE OF SUM AND POSSUM 223
EXERCISES
608. i. Si exercitus vester finibus nostris appropinquabit,

magnam multitudinem mittemus quae iter vestrum vi et armis
impediat. 2. Imperator reliquas copias produxit ne re fru-
mentaria intercluderetur. 3. Hac oratione 1 habita,2 ne tardis-
simi quidem rogant ut iniquae condiciones pacis accipiantur.
4. Caesar quidem tres legiones c5nscripserat ac postulaverat ut
iter hostium maxime impedlretur. 5. Antea ne eius quidem
5ratio civibus persuadere potuerat ut rem publicam conservare
deberent. 6. Nunc vero nemo ausus est rogare ne legiones
novae c5nscriberentur. 7. Caesar vallum ad flumen perduxit ne
aqua ab hostibus intercluderetur. 8. Tum suos,3 gravibus vul-
neribus impeditos, hortatus est ut sese in castris continerent.
i. Ablative absolute. 2. orationem hab€re = deliver an oration.
3. Possessive adjective used as a noun, his men.
609. i. As winter i was approaching, he ordered 2 two cohorts
to look out for a grain supply. 2. Someone urged the chief to
make3 a speech. 3. He asked the citizens to hinder3 the
march of the enemy. 4. He demanded of them (ab eis) that
they shut the enemy off from the river. 5. Yet not even he
could persuade the timid citizens to enroll3 new legions.
i. Ablative absolute with present participle. 2. Write with both iubeo
and impero. 3. Not infinitive.
FINGER RINGS WITH ENGRAVED SETTINGS

LESSON XCIV
Lux sit — Let there be light1
THE PERFECT AND PAST PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE OF

VOCO, MONEO, REGO, AND AUDIO
610. Inflection of Perfect Subjunctive. Learn the inflection
of the following perfect subjunctives :
Active Passive
CONJ. I voca'verim voca'tus (-a, -urn) sim (§ 832)
COnJ. II monu'erim mo'nitus (-a, -um) sim (§ 833)
COJs'J. III re'xerim rec'tus (-a, -um) sim (§ 834)
CON'J. IV audi'verim audi'tus (-a, -um) sim (§ 835)
611. Inflection of Past Perfect Subjunctive. Learn the inflec

tion of the following past perfect subjunctives :
Active Passive
Coxj. I vocavis'sem voca'tus (-a, -um) essem (§ 832)
CONJ. II monuis'sem mo'nitus (-a, -um) essem (§ 833)
CONJ. III rexis'sem rec'tus (-a, -um) essem (§ 834)
CONJ. IV audivis'sem audi'tus (-a, -um) essem (§ 835)
a. Note that the formation and inflection of the perfect and past
perfect subjunctive active are like fuerim and fuissem, the corre
sponding tenses of sum ; and that in the passive sim and essem take
the place of sum and eram of the indicative passive.
EXERCISES
612. Inflect the complete subjunctive, active and passive, of

paco, move5, rapio, mitto, munio.
1 Motto of the University of Washington. Compare the following verse in
the Latin Bible : " Dixitque Deus : Fiat lux. Et facta est lux."
224
PERFECT AND PAST PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE 225
HERO ET LEANDER
The story of Hero and Leander has been the subject of many poems, both
ancient and modern. See Leigh Hunt, Tom Hood, Moore, Tennyson.
613. ludicio multorum poetarum nemo apud puellas
Graecas1 erat pulchrior quam Hero, sacerdos2 tempii3 quod
Sesti 4 positum est. Eam Leander, adulescens 5 nobilissimus,
toto animo amavit et in matrim5nium ducere cuplvit, sed
leges vetuerunt. Leander autem nee leges sacras nee deos 5
iniquos veritus est. Tamen ut amor 6 eius celaretur,7 Leander
numquam die sed tantum 8 nocte venit ut eam videret. Nee
sine summa difficultate erat hoc iter, nam mare angustum,9
Hellespontus nomine,10 inter Sestum et Abydum, urbem
Leandri, interfluit.11 Sed ne mare quidem eum intercludere 10
poterat. Omni12 nocte Leander Hellespontum tranabat13;
omni nocte Hero in summa turrl diligenter locabat lucer-
nam14 quae adulcscentem per aquas perduceret.
i. Graecus, -a, -um, Greek. 2. sacerdos, -otis, M. and F., priest or
priestess. 3. templum, -I, N., temple. 4. Sestus, -i, F., Ses/os, a city on
the Hellespont at its narrowest point, opposite Aby'dos. The form Sesti
is locative ; see § 485. 5. adulescens, -entis, si., youth. 6. amor, -oris, M.,
love. 7. <x\o, -axe, conceal. 8. Only. g. angustus, -a, -um, narrow. 10. Ab
lative of respect, § 552. 1 i. interfluo, -K&i, flow between. 12. omnis in the
singular often means every. 13. trano, -are, swim across. The Hellespont
at this point is about a mile wide, but there is a dangerous current. Byron's
successful attempt to swim across is well known. 14. lucerna, -ae, F., lamp.
614. i. Many reasons urged Leander not to expose1 himself

to death. 2. Not even Hero could persuade him2 not to attempt3
that journey. 3 . He asked her to put3 a lamp on top of the tower.
4. She listened4 attentively that she might save his life. 5. She
ought to advise him to remain3 at home.
i. committo. Not infinitive. 2. Dative. 3. Not infinitive. 4. audio.
LESSON XCV
Veritas v5s liberabit — The truth will set you free l
SUBJUNCTIVE OF RESULT
615. Observe the following sentence :
77zt? danger was so great that allfled, periculum erat tantum ut
omnes fugerent
The principal clause names a cause, and the dependent
clause states the result of this cause. In English the verb
fled in the dependent clause is indicative, but in Latin this
clause is introduced by ut (so that], and fugerent is subjunc
tive. This construction is called the subjunctive of result.
616. Rule for Subjunctive of Result. Clauses of result
are introduced by ut (negative ut nori) and have the verb
in the subjunctive,
617. Result is sometimes expressed by a noun clause used
as object : as,
Periculum fecit ut omngs fugerent, the danger caused all to flee
(literally, made so that allfled)
618. Rule for Object Clauses of Result. Object clauses

of result introduced by ut (negative ut nori) are used after
verbs of effecting or bringing about.
619. Purpose and Result Clauses Compared. Affirmative
clauses of purpose and result are similar ; but a negative pur
pose clause is introduced by ne, while a negative result clause
has ut min.
1 Motto of Johns Hopkins University. From the Latin Bible.
226
HERO AND LEANDER
Leander ! Leander ! Speak to me !
Speak to me ! Leander ! Leander !
MARTIN SCHUTZE — Hero and Leander
228 SUBJUNCTIVE OF RESULT
a. When tam, ita, sic (all meaning so), tails (such), or tantus (s»
great) appears in the main clause, the dependent clause denotes result.
&. Do the following sentences denote purpose or result ?
Celeriter fugit n6 caperetur, he fled sit,iftly that he might not be taken
Tam celeriter fugit ut servaretur, he fled so swiftly that he was saved
Celeriter fugit ut servaretur, he fled swiftly that he might be saved
Tam celeriter fugit ut nSn caperetur, he fled so swiftly that he was
not taken
HERO ET LEANDER (CONCLUDED)

620. Hac in condicione res diu permanebant. Sed nihil
est certum homini,1 nee ulla fortuna semper aequa. Olim
tanta tempestas2 coorta est3 ut etiam maximae naves impetum
maris sustinere non possent ac summa celeritate ad oras
finitimas fugerent. Tamen Leander sua consuetudine 4 ad 5
oram prlma nocte pervenit ut iter faceret. Mare quidem
erat turbidum,5 sed is lucem turris trans mare videre poterat
ibique 6 erat Hero ipsa. Itaque omni timore deposit5 adules-
cens7 n5bilis vitam suam aquis commisit. Statim autem
summis difficultatibus ita premebatur ut vl ipsa maris 10
superaretur.
Interim Hero eum multas h5ras exspectabat. Tali timore
commota est ut mens consistere non posset. Prlma luce
vero ad oram contendit ut eum quaereret. Denique diligenter
quaerens corpus eius invenit. Eo viso 8 sese in mare coniecit. 1 5
Nam dolor ipse fecerat 9 ut puella miserrima mentem suam
amitteret.
i. Man is sure of nothing. 2. tempestas, -atis, F., storm. 3. coorior,
-iri, deponent verb, rise. 4. Aceording to his custom. 5. turbidus, -a, -um,
stormy. 6. Two words, ibi + que. 7. adulescens, -entis, M., youth,
•8. Ablative absolute. Translate, on seeing this. 9. Had caused.
SUBJUNCTIVE OF RESULT 229
621. i. So great was the violence of the sea that no one
dared to sail. 2. The timid sailors stood on the shore. 3. They
warned him not to throw 1 himself into such a sea. 4. Leander
was so hard pressed that he abandoned all hope of safety.
5. Hero, according to her custom, was waiting for him.
6. What caused2 her to lose her mind?
i . Not infinitive. 2. Latin idiom, made that she lost.
LESSON XCVI
Commune vinculum omnibus artibus —The common bond
for all the arts 1
THE DATIVE WITH COMPOUNDS
622. The dative is the case of the indirect object (§ 58).

Many intransitive verbs take an indirect object (§ 222), and
some transitive verbs take both a direct object and an indirect
object : as, Marcus puerS telum dedit, Marcus gave a spear
to the boy. Whether or not a verb will have an indirect object
depends on its meaning. A number of verbs, some transitive
and some intransitive, which in their simple form do not take
an indirect object, have a meaning, when compounded with
certain prepositions, that calls for one. This indirect object
is called the dative with compounds.
623. Rule for Dative with Compounds. Some verbs
compounded with ad, ante, con, de, in, inter, ob, post, prae, pro,
sub, and super take the dative of the indirect object.
Transitive compounds may take both an aceusative and
a dative.
1 Motto of the University of Minnesota.
230 DATIVE WITH COMPOUNDS
Potestas rggi nSn dee'rat, power was not lacking to the king
Caesar equitatui Iggatum praefecit, Casarplaced the lieutenant in
command of the cavalry
a. Many verbs compounded with these prepositions do not take the
dative, because their meaning forbids : as,
Caesar cQpias ad montem produxit, Ccesar ledforth the troops to
the mountain
EXERCISES
624. i. Consul optim5s elves evocare incepit ut eis praemia
ampla proponeret. 2. Magna multitudo convenerat ne amplus
exercitus imperatori deesset. 3. Quem navibus senatus prae-
ficiet ? Senatus virum summae virtutis deliget. 4. Barbari ita
premebantur ut oppida reliqua incenderent. 5. Acie Instructa,
imperator iussit Marcum dextro cornu praeesse. 6. Pedites
tantum numerum telorum coniecerunt ut paucl in muro con-
sistere possent. 7. Consuetudine populi Romani et iure belli
senatus debet illi imperatori imperare ut civitates inimlcas
pacet. 8. Altitudo valli fecit ut paucl vulnerarentur.
625. i. The senate ordered that the remaining captives be led

away into slavery. 2. Heretofore, according to the law of war, the
towns had been set on fire. 3. The senate assembled to place1
someone in command of the infantry forces. 4. These things he
set forth that money might not be lacking to the commonwealth.
5. Is not2 your mind in command of your body3? Yes.
i. Express place in command by one word. 2.See§ 25i. 3. Not genitive.
Twelfth Review. Lessons LXXXIX-XCVI, §§ 793-797

LESSON XCVII
Civium in moribus rel publicae salus — In the character
of its citizens lies the safety of the commonwealth l
WORD FORMATION
626. Many abstract nouns are formed from adjectives by
the suffixes -ia, -tia, -tas, -tudo.
memor-ia, memory memor, mindful
inop-ia. want inops, poor
sapient-ia, wisdom sapiens, wise
amici-tia, friendship amicus, friendly
celeri-tas, swiftness celer, swift
liber-tas, freedom liber, free
magni-tudo, greatness magnus, great
alti-tudo, height altus, high
627. Adjectives denoting quality or state are formed from

verbs by the suffix -idus.
cup-idus, desirous cupere, desire
tim-idus, featful timere, fear
628. Adjectives denoting fullness are formed from nouns by

the suffix -osus (the English suffix -ous).
pericul-Ssus, dangerous periculum, danger
studi-osus, zealous studium, zeal
629. Adjectives denoting capability in a passive sense are

formed from verbs by the suffixes -ilis and -bilis.
fac-ilis, easy (able to be done) facere, do
crSdi-bilis, credible (able to be believed) crSdere, believe
ama-bilis, lovable amare, love
1 Motto of the University of Florida.
231
f
232 HINTS ON SPELLING
630. Hints on Spelling. When in doubt as to whether an
English word should end in -able or -ible, remember that
derivatives from Latin verbs of the first conjugation end in
-able, those from other conjugations end in -ible.
portable portare visible videre
vulnerable vulnerare reducible reducere
comparable comparers audible audire
habitable habitare possible posse
A few common words are exceptions : as, tenable, movable,
capable, dependable.
631. Most English words ending in -tion or -sion are derived
from Latin verbs. If the Latin past participle ends in -tus,
use the suffix -tion ; if in -sus, use -sion.
ENGLISH WORD LATIN PARTICIPLE
exception exceptus
contention contentus
monition monitus
ascension ascensus
admission admissus
session sessus
EXERCISES
632. Derivation. From your knowledge of prefixes what
should you judge to be the meaning of the following com
pounds of iacio, throw ?
adicio deicio inicio proicio subiciS
coniciS 6iciS obiciS reiciS traiciS
633. See how many English derivatives you can write from
iacio and its compounds.
LESSON XCVIII
Litteris dedicata et omnibus artibus — Dedicated to letters and
all the arts 1
THE IRREGULAR VERBS VOLO, NOLO, AND MALO
634. Learn the inflection of volo, wish ; no1S, be unwilling;
and male, prefer (§ 840), and note that the indicative and sub
junctive are inflected like rego except in the present indicative
and the present and past subjunctive. These verbs have no
passive voice.
635. Constructions with void, no/6, and maid. In English
we say / wish to write or / wish him to wtite. In the first
sentence / wish is followed by the complementary infinitive
to write, and the subject of the two verbs is the same.
In the second, / wish is followed by the object clause him to
write, and the subjects are different.
Similarly, in Latin, volo, nS1S, and malo are used with the
complementary infinitive when the subject remains the same ;
and with the infinitive with subject accusative when the subjects
are different (§§ 367-369).
Volo scribere, I wish to write
Volo eum scribere, I wish him to write
EXERCISES
636. i. Potestas Caesarl non deerat et malebat re1 esse rex
quam nomine. 2. Hostes, cum primi ordines se ostendunt, ne
consistent quidem, sed in fines suos se recipiunt. 3. Copiae
enim quae praemissae erant ut impetum nostrum prohiberent
1 Motto of the University of Nebraska.
233
234 CONJUGATION OF VOLO, NOLO, MALO
satis firmae non erant. 4. Has res legati proposuerant ut hae

civitates in fidem 2 ac potestatem populi RomanI venire vellent.
5. Oportuit Romanos urbem vali5 fossaque circummun!re ut
fides3 publica servaretur. 6. Ilia silva, quae ab flumine ad mare
pertinet, multa genera animalium habet quae in aliis locis non
videntur. 7. N5nne ilia legio cui filius tuus praeerat paravit
omnia quae ad salutem civium pertinent? Paravit. 8. Tanta
multitudo convenerat ut copia frumentl satis4 non esset.
1. re, in reality, ablative of respect, § 552. 2. in fidem, under the pro
tection. 3. fides publica, the promise given by the state. 4. The word
satis may be an adverb, as in 3 ; or an adjective, as in 8 ; or a noun, as,
satis suppli'ci, enough (of) punishment; satis facere, to give satis
faction ; etc.
637. 1. The senate is not willing to give satisfaction1 to

our enemies. 2. We wish war rather than that kind of peace.
3. For it is necessary to keep the faith which we received from
our fathers. 4. Display hope, citizens, and not fear. 5. Fortify2
the city all about with walls and ditches. 6. For the senate
does not wish us to withdraw without a battle. 7. But it wishes
us to prepare all things that pertain to war.
1. See § 636, note 4. 2. Fortify all about is expressed by one word.
A ROMAN STOVE WITH HOT-WATER BOILER

LESSON XCIX
Vita hominum lux-— Light, the life of men l
VOCABULARY REVIEW • CONSTRUCTIONS WITH CUM
638. Review the word lists in §§ 732, 733, 737, 738.

639. Constructions with cum. The conjunction cum has three
meanings : w/ien, since, and although.
640. Clauses introduced by cum are of four kinds : temporal,
descriptive, causal, and concessive.
641. Cum meaning when is temporal or descriptive,2 and is
usually followed by the indicative if the tense is present or
future, otherwise by the subjunctive.
Veniam cum potero, / will come when I can
Cum Romani se ostenderent, hostes fugerunt, when the Romans
appeared (showed themselves), the enemyfled
642. Cum causal (since) and cum concessive (although) are

followed by the subjunctive.
Cum pacem peterent, Caesar in eSs impetum non fecit, since they
were seeking peace, Ccesar did not make an attack on them
Cum priml ordings fugissent, tamen reliqui fortiter consistebant,
though the first ranks hadfled, yet the rest bravely stood their
ground
1 Motto of the University of New Mexico.
2 A descriptive clause describes the circumstances under which the main
action took place : as, The fanner found the money when he was plowing. It is,
furthermore, implied that but for the circumstances stated, the action ex
pressed in the main clause would not have taken place. Thus, in the sen
tence above, if the farmer had not been plowing, he would not have found the
money.
236 CONSTRUCTIONS WITH CUM
643. Rule for Constructions with cum. Cum means when,
since, or although, and takes the subjunctive except in a
temporal or descriptive clause ofpresent orfuture time.
EXERCISES
644. i. Cum regina novas gratasque condiciones pacis pro-
posuisset, ne sodi quidem, qui inimici antea fuerant, arma ac
frumentum dare nolebant 2. Cum 1 via tam longa sit, tamen
oportet pueros puellasque iter facere. 3. Cum2 aqua satis alta
esset, nautae sine iilla difficultate ad insulam parvam naviga-
verunt. 4. Cum naves omni genere convocatae essent, regina
iussit servos copiam frumenti ex agris proximis ad oram maris
portare. 5. Cum ordines nostrl se ostenderent, hostes in oppi-
dum se recipiebant. 6. Cum Romani in fines Gallorum veni-
rent, Galli magnopere commoti sunt. 7. Cum imperator legatos
videt, rogat, " Cur, legati, venistis ? Quid quaeritis?" 8. Legati
respondent, " Volumus in fidem et potestatem popull Romani
venire."
i. cum = though. The concessive use of cum is often indicated by the
presence of tamen in the main clause. 2. cum = since.
645. i. Since the money is not sufficient, why do you not

demand more ? 2. Though you prepare all kinds of arms, you
cannot overcome my allies. 3. When I was living at Rome,
I often heard and saw famous Romans. 4. When you call me,
I will hasten. 5. When the enemy appeared, we withdrew.
GOLDEN FIBULA, OR BROOCH

The Romans were familiar with the principle of the modern safety pin
LESSON C
Medio tutissimus ibis — In the middle course you will go safest1
VOCABULARY REVIEW • THE IRREGULAR VERB EO
646. Review the word lists in §§ 743, 744.

647. Irregular Verb eo. Learn the inflection of the irregular
verb eo, go (§ 842), and the declension of the present participle
ifes, £»*«£• (§8 1 7).
EXERCISES
648. Derivation. The irregular verb eo has a large number
of compounds. Using your knowledge of prefixes, give the
meaning of the following common words : adeo, exeo, ineo,
redeo, transeS.
649. i. Cum1 exercitus re frumentaria premeretur, dux ad
oppidum ire contendit. 2. Castris positis, nostrl equites crebra
proelia cum barbaris fecerunt, sed legiones sese in castris con-
tinebant. 3. Germani cum magnis copiis ex finibus suis ierant
ut agros meliores occuparent. 4. Multi Germanos ita timebant
ut cum eis pugnare nollent et domum Ire vellent. 5 . Imperator,
cum hanc famam audivisset, dixit, " Ite domum, si vultis, atque
ego solus in hostes Ibo." 6. Tum tanta virtus animos omnium
occupavit ut manere quam ire mallent. 7. Cum ad Galliam
iremus, oram Insulae Britanniae videre poteramus. 8. Sine ulla
spe praemi aut victoriae et cum summo periculo pugnavl, ne
amicitiam tuam amitterem. 9. Pueri miseri, qui per silvam
euntes rapti erant, numquam postea visi sunt.
I. cum causal.
1 From Ovid, a famous poet of the Augustan age. The words are often
quoted to urge the value of moderation in all things.
237
238 CONJUGATION OF EO
650. I. The senate persuaded the general1 not to go3 to
Britain. 2. Though we have toiled many days, yet you wish us
to go home without any reward. 3. When you have2 plenty of
money, I advise you to go8 to Rome. 4. Since you fear fre
quent wars, why do you not make peace ? 5 . Go into battle
with good arms if you wish to conquer.
i. Not accusative. 2. Use the future. 3. Not infinitive.
LESSON CI
Lux et lex — Light and law1
VOCABULARY REVIEW • INDIRECT STATEMENTS

652. Indirect Statements in English. Direct statements are
those which the speaker or writer makes himself or which are
quoted in his exact language. Indirect statements are those
reported in a different form of words from that used by the
speaker or writer. Compare the following direct and indirect
statements :
(i . The Gauls are brave
2. The Gauls were brave
3. The Gauls will be brave
Indirect statements f t. He says that the Gauls are brave
after a verb inJ 2. He says that the Gauls were brave
the present tense [ 3. He says that the Gauls will be brave
Indirect statements f i . He said that the Gauls were brave
after a verb inj 2. He said that the Gauls had been brave
a past tense [3. He said that the Gauls would be brave
When an English direct statement becomes indirect,
1 Motto of the University of North Dakota.
INDIRECT STATEMENTS 239
a. The indirect statement becomes a dependent clause introduced
by the conjunction that.
b. The verb remains finite and its subject is in the nominative.
c. The tenses of the verbs originally used are changed after the
past tense, He said.
653. Indirect Statements in Latin. In Latin the direct and
indirect statements above would be expressed as follows :
_. f i. Galli sunt fortes, the Gauls are brave
Direct state- •i 2.' „ erant fortes,
Galli , , Gauls, were brave
the
[3. Galli erunt fortes, the Gauls will be brave
i. Dicit or DIxit Gallos esse fortis (he says or he said
the Gauls to be brave) 1
Indirect state- L 2. Dicit or Dixit Gallos fuisse fortis (he says or he
ments said the Gauls to have been brave) 1
3. Dicit or Dixit Gallos futures esse fortis (he says or •
he said the Gauls to be about to be brave) 1
Comparing these Latin indirect statements with the English
in the preceding section, we observe three marked differences :
a. There is no conjunction corresponding to that.
b. The verb is in the infinitive and its subject is in the accusative.
C. The tenses of the infinitive are not changed after a past tense
of the principal verb.
654. Rule for Indirect Statements. When a direct

statement becomes indirect, the principal verb is changed
to the infinitive and its subject nominative becomes sub
ject aceusative of the infinitive.
655. Tenses of Infinitive. When the sentences in §653 were
changed from the direct to the indirect form of statement, sunt
became esse, erant became fuisse, and erunt became futures esse.
1 These parenthetical renderings are not inserted as translations, but
merely to show the literal meaning of the Latin.
240 INDIRECT STATEMENTS
656. Rule for Tenses of Infinitive in Indirect Statements.

A present indicative of a direct statement becomespresent
infinitive of the indirect, a past indicative becomes per
fect infinitive, and a future indicative becomes future
infinitive.
657. Rule for Verbs followed by Indirect Statements.
The accusative-with-infinitive construction in indirect
statements is found after verbs of saying, telling, knowing,
thinking, and perceiving.
658. Verbs regularly followed by indirect statements are
a. Verbs of saying and telling :
dico. dicere, dlxi, dictus, say, tell
nego, negare, negavi, negatus, deny, say not
nuntio. nuntiare, nuntiavi, nuntiatus, announce
respondeS, respondere, respond!, responsus, reply
b. Verbs of knowing :
cognoscS, cognSscere, cognovi, cognitus, learn, (in the perfect) know
scio, scire, scivi, scitus, know
C. Verbs of thinking :
existimo, existimare, existimavi, existimatus, think, believe
iudico, iudicare, iudicavi, iudicatus, judge, decide
puto, putare, putavi, putatus, reckon, think
spero, sperare, speravi, speratus, hope
d. Verbs of perceiving :
audio, audire, audivi, auditus, hear
sentiS, sentire, sensi, sSnsus, feel, perceive
video, videre, vidi, vlsus, see
intellego. intellegere, intellexi, intellectus, understand, perceive
Most of these verbs you know. Learn the new ones, and
use the list for reference.
INDIRECT STATEMENTS 241
EXERCISES
659. i. Caesar per exploratores cognoverat hostes inopia
frumentl premi. 2. Romani audlverunt Helvetios proxima
aestate ex finibus suis excessuros esse. 3. Legati cum per-
venissent, responderunt fratrem regis exercitul praefuturum
esse. 4. Principes Gallorum negabant se oppida sua incendisse.
5. Rex respondit pecuniam esse reginae.1 6. Poetae existima-
bant potestatem deorum esse maiorem quam dearum. 7. His
rebus2 cognitis, speravimus aliquem missurum esse navigium
quod n5s servaret.3 8. Cum urbi apprbpinquaremus, intellexi-
mus mediam partem altis et latis muris munitam esse. 9 Hac
6ratione2 habita, sensimus animum finitimorum esse nobis
inimicum.
I. rgginae, predicate genitive of possessor (§ 150). 2. Ablative absolute
(§ 400). 3. Subjunctive in a relative clause of purpose (§ 589).
660. Using five of the verbs in § 658, write five Latin sen
tences, each one containing an indirect statement.
A STREET IN POMPEII
The street is paved with blocks of lava. Note the stepping-stones for crossing
the street in wet weather. Vesuvius looms in the distance
LESSON CII
QuI transtulit sustinet — He who transplanted sustains1
VOCABULARY REVIEW • THE IRREGULAR VERB FERO

662. Irregular Verb fero. Learn the inflection of fero, bear
(§841). Its principal parts are very irregular, but the different
tenses are formed on the three stems as usual.
a. The verb ferS has many compounds. One of these is infero in
the idiom bellum infero, / make war on, with the dative. Learn also
the idiom graviter or moleste ferS, / am annoyed, followed by the
accusative and infinitive.
EXERCISES
663. Derivation. Note the prefixes and give the meanings
of the following compounds : ad'fero, con'fero, de'fero, In'fero,
trans'fero. Name ten English derivatives from these words.
664. I. i. Mavis, non vultis, vis, nolumus. 2. Ut n5lit, ne
vellemus, nolite, mavultis. 3. It, imus, ut eant, eunt. 4. Fer,1
tulisse, ferent, tulerant. 5. Ut ferrent, latus esse, ne ferant.
i. Die, due, fac, and fer arc the four short imperatives. Cf. p. i oo, footnote.
II. i. Romani moleste ferebant illam civitatem sociis bellum

inferre. 2. Exploratores nuntiaverunt summum montem cir-
cummunitum esse et firmo praesidio teneri. 3. Caesar respon-
dit senatum graviter ferre magnam multitudinem Germanorum
in optimis partibus Galliae sedere. 4. Nos iudicamus vos nobis
bellum inferre n5n oportere. 5. Rex dixit memoria patrum
1 Motto of the state of Connecticut.
242
CONJUGATION OF FERO 243
Helvetios proelium cum R5manis commisisse et e5s 1 magna
caede in fugam dedisse. 6. Cum impedimenta rapta essent
barbari impetum nostrorum diutius ferre non poterant.
i. eos refers to the Romans and is the object of dedisse.
665. i. We are annoyed that the Gauls are making war

on our allies. 2. The king denied that his son had gone.
3. The captives hastened to go that they might observe 1 the
battle. 4. When the towers had been moved '•* to the walls, all
who bore arms were led out.
i. specto, -are. 2. ago, -ere, egi, actus.
LESSON CIII
Virtus omnibus rebus anteit — Virtue surpasses all things l
VOCABULARY REVIEW • THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN INDIRECT

QUESTIONS
667. Indirect Question Defined. When we report a question
instead of asking it directly, we have an indirect question.
DIRECT QUESTION INDIRECT QUESTION
Who conquered the Gauls ? He asked who conquered the Gauls
An indirect question is a noun clause and is usually the object

of a verb of asking, saying, knowing, or feeling.
668. Moods in Questions. In English, as the example showst
the indicative is used in both direct and indirect questions.
1 From Plautus, a dramatic poet.
244 INDIRECT QUESTIONS
669. In Latin, verbs in direct questions are in the indicative ;
verbs in indirect questions are in the subjunctive.
DIRECT QUESTION INDIRECT QUESTION
Quis Gallos vicit ? Rogavit quis Gallos vinceret
Who conquered the Gauls ? He asked who conquered the Gauls
Ubi est Roma ? Rogat ubi sit RSma
Where is Rome ? He asks where Rome is
a. Compare indirect questions and indirect statements. An indirect
question is interrogative in form and has its verb in the subjunctive,
as shown above. An indirect statement is introduced in English by
the conjunction that, and its verb in Latin is in the infinitive : as, He
says that Ccesar conquered the Gauls, dicit Caesarem Gallos vicisse.
670. Indirect questions are introduced by the same interroga
tive words as direct questions. Whether is usually rendered
by num.
671. Rule for Indirect Questions. In an indirect ques
tion the verb is in the subjunctive, and its tense is deter
mined by the rule for the sequence of tenses (§ 595).
672. IDIOMS
memoria tengre, to remember (literally, to hold by memory)
novis rtbus studere, to be eager for a revolution (literally, new
things')
in reliquum tempus, for thefuture
EXERCISES
673. i. Rex rogavit cur legati excessissent atque cur ad se
non venissent. 2. Imperator, vir egregiae virtutis, amplas et inte-
gras copias misit quae oppidum defenderent et cognoscerent
quae esset natura loci. 3. Galli, qul semper novis rebus1 stude-
bant, quaeslverunt quid Romani armis facere possent. 4. Moneo
te ne in reliquum tempus petas quid agam. 5 . Tenetisne memoria
INDIRECT QUESTIONS 245
quae sint publica officia consulis ? 6. Omnibus rebus compara-
tis, dux exspectavit2 quid hostes facerent. 7. Hi milites erant
tam timidi ut imperio 1 ducis parere non auderent.3
1. Why dative? See § 224. 2. Wailed to see. 3. Why subjunctive?
See § 616.
674. i. How far distant is the villa ? 2. He asks how far dis
tant the villa is. 3. Do you remember the story about Brutus ?
4. They asked whether he remembered the story about Brutus.
5. Whither do you wish to go? 6. Do you know whither you
wish to go ?
Thirteenth Review. Lessons XCVII-CIII, §§ 798-803
A MUSICAL RECITAL
The woman at the left is reciting a poem to the accompaniment of a lyre and
two pipes. The pipes are fitted into a band across the piper's mouth, enabling
him to blow on both pipes at the same time
LESSON CIV
Mens agitat molem — Mind moves the mass 1
VOCABULARY REVIEW • THE IRREGULAR VERB FIO

676. Irregular Verb fid. Learn the inflection of fiS, be made,
happen (§ 843). In the present system this verb serves as the
passive of faciS. The rest of the passive of facio is regular.
677. IDIOMS
Aliquem certiorem faciS, / inform someone (literally, / make some
one more certain), followed by an infinitive with subject
accusative or by an indirect question.
Certior fIS, / am informed (literally, / am made more certain),
followed by the same construction as above.
Helvetiis in aniruo est, the Helvetii intend (literally, it is in mind
to the Helvetii), followed by the complementary infinitive.
EXERCISES
678. i. Tua lingua intelleg5 te esse Gallum, et certior factus
sum tibi in anim5 esse rationem nostram belli hostibus nuntiare.
2. Qua de causa te rapi iubebo ut supplicium publicum de te
sumam. 3. Multa beneficia a populo Romano antea accepisti,
itaque te rogo cur te gravissimam poenam dare non oporteat.
4. lure1 belli te ad mortem duel statim oportet. 5. Magna
parte impedimentorum relicta, hostes alii aliam in partem fuge-
runt. 6. Sciebant nee qu5 Irent nee quid facerent. 7. Explo-
rator legatum certiorem fecit quae 2 copiae castra obtinerent.
i. In aceordance with the law. 2. Wliatforces, introducing an indirect
question.
1 Motto of the University of Oregon.
246
CONJUGATION OF FIO 247
679. i. Don't you know why I am unwilling to undertake

this business? 2. He asked why they were terrified. 3. He
perceived why the camp had been moved. 4. Someone in
formed the senate that the town could not be taken. 5. We
think that you will receive this state under1 your protection.
6. He had been informed that the army had been led forward.
7. Do you know what the Helvetii intend to do ?
i. in with the accusative.
LESSON CV
Litterae sine moribus vanae — Letters without morais are vain 1
VOCABULARY REVIEW • PREDICATE ACCUSATIVE
DATIVE OF PURPOSE
681. Predicate Accusative. In English, verbs of making,

choosing, calling, naming, and the like may take two objects
referring to the same person or thing. The first of these is the
direct object, and the second completes the sense of the predicate,
and is called the predicate objective or the objective attribute.
The Romans made him consul
The senate called the king friend
682. Similarly, in Latin, facio, make ; deligS, choose ; vocS

and appello, call, and the like may take two accusatives : the
first, the direct object; the second, referring to the same person
or thing, known as the predicate accusative.
Romani eum consulem fgc6runt, the Romans made him consul
Senatus rggem amicum appellavit, the senate called the kingfriend
1 Motto of the University of Pennsylvania.
248 PREDICATE ACCUSATIVE
683. When the verb is changed to the passive, both the
accusatives become nominatives ; the direct object becoming
the subject, and the predicate accusative the predicate nomi
native.
Rgx amicus a senatu appellatus est, the king was calledfriend by
the senate
a. Note that senatus, the subject of the active verb, becomes a
senatu, ablative of agent, when the verb is changed to the passive.
684. Rule for Predicate Accusative. Verbs of making,

choosing, calling, and the like may take a predicate ace^lsa-
tive along with the direct object. With the passive voice
the two aceusatives become nominatives.
685. Dative of Purpose. Observe the following sentence :

Explorator6s locum castris delegerunt, the scouts chose a place
for a camp
Note that the dative castris expresses the purpose for which
the place was intended. Such a dative is called the dative of
purpose or end for which. It is often followed by a second
dative denoting the person or thing affected : as,
Hoc erat magnS impedimentS Gallis, this was (for) a great
hindrance to the Gauls
686. Rule for Dative of Purpose. The dative is used

to denote the purpose or end for which, often with another
dative denoting the person or thing affected.
687. IDIOMS
inivirias alicui inferre, to in/Iict injuries upon someone
nihil posse, to have no power
praesidio civitati esse, to be a defense to the state
DATIVE OF PURPOSE 249
688. i. Omnibus temporibus exercitus erat firmissimo prae-
sidio civitati. 2. Legatus nos certiores fecit te consulem
appellatum esse. 3. Rogavl cur senatus mihi iniurias intulisset.
4. Rex voluit vobis auxilio esse, sed nihil poterat. 5. Certior
factus eram tibi in animo esse domum sine me contendere.
6. Magno impediment5 hostibus erit si hunc locum castris deli-
gemus. 7. Scisne cur Romani urbem Romam appellaverint ?
EXERCISE
689. i. Men like you are a great defense to the common
wealth. 2. The consul called the woman's sister queen of the
island. 3. The new city was called Rome by Romulus. 4. It
will be a great hindrance l to your safety if the citizens make 2
you king. 5. The chiefs dared to inflict injuries upon the king
because he had no power. 6. He asked where the horseman
had left his spurs.
i. Latin, far a great hindrance. 2. Use the future perfect.
LESSON CVI
Crescit eundo — She grows as she goes1
VOCABULARY REVIEW • THE GERUND AND GERUNDIVE

691. Gerund. A verbal noun is the name of an action : as,
Talking is useless.
4
692. English has many verbal nouns ending in -ing. When

these are in the nominative case, they are expressed in Latin
by the infinitive : as,
Seeing is believing, vidgre est credere
693. When the English verbal noun is not a nominative, it
is expressed in Latin by a verbal noun called a gerund.
1 Motto of the state of New Mexico. Literally, She grows by going.
250 GERUND AND GERUNDIVE
694. The Latin gerund is used only in the genitive, dative,
accusative, and ablative singular, and is formed by adding -ndl,
-ndo, -ndum, -ndo to the present stem : as,
GEN. vocandi, of calling
DAT. vocando, for calling
Ace. vocandum, calling
ABL. vocando, by calling
Learn the gerunds of the other model verbs, moneo, rego,
capio, audio (§§ 833-836). Deponent verbs have the gerund
of the active voice.
695. Uses of Gerund. The gerund has the construction of a
noun ; but, being verbal in character, it may have an object : as,
gerendo bellum, by waging war
Here gerendo is ablative of means and bellum is its direct object.
696. Gerund denoting Purpose. The accusative of the gerund
with ad, or the genitive of the gerund followed by causa (for
the sake of), is often used to express purpose.
Homines ad videndum v€nerunt, the men came for the purpose of
seeing, to see (literally, for seeing)
Homines videndi causa vengrunt, the men came for the sake of
seeing, to see
697. Gerundive. The future passive participle (§565) is
called the gerundive when it takes the place of the gerund.
The gerund, being a noun, may be ueed either alone or with
an object ; but the gerundive, being an adjective, must agree
with a noun. Observe the following sentences :
i. Urbem videndi causa venerunt, they came to see the town
2. Urbis videndae causa venerunt, they came to see the town (liter
ally, they camefor the sake of the town to be seen)
In sentence i, we have the gerund videndi and its direct object
urbem. In 2, we have the gerundive videndae in agreement with urbis.
GERUND AND GERUNDIVE 251
Note that the sentences are translated alike. The gerund with a direct
object must not be used except in the genitive or in the ablative without
i preposition. Even then the gerundive construction is more common.
SUMMARY OF IMPORTANT POINTS
i. The gerund is a noun. The gerundive is an adjective.
2. The gerund may stand alone or with an object.
3. The gerundive construction is more frequently used than the
gerund with an object.
4. The gerund with an object may be used only in the genitive or
in the ablative without a preposition.
5. The accusative of the gerund or gerundive after ad, or the
genitive preceding causa, may be used to denote purpose.
EXERCISES
698. I. Omnes mulieres orationem audiendi1 causa manse-
runt. 2. Omnes mulieres ad orationem audiendam l manserunt.
3. Fuga erat tam celeris ut nullum spatium ad novas copias
c5gendas daretur. 4. Multis vulneratis, reliqui adventum duels
exspectaverunt, minime diutius resistendi causa sed pacis
petendae causa. 5. Spatium neque arma capiendi neque auxill
petendl datum est. 6. Haec clvitas, auctoritate et gratia regis
adducta, copias pedestres ad iter nostrum prohibendum miserat.
7. Maximae res n5n exspectando sed agendo conficiuntur.
1 . Which of these expressions is gerund and which gerundive ?
699. i. You will make your death more certain by remain
ing among the Gauls. 2. He made the journey much 1 shorter
by building 2 a bridge. 3. They sent ambassadors to seek 8 peace.
4. The cavalry battle was very severe, since4 the place was un
favorable for righting. 5 . Cassar learned, by inquiring, what B the
nature of the island was.
i. Latin, by much, ablative of measure of difference, § 452. 2. Use both
the gerund and the gerundive construction. 3. Use the genitive with causa.
4. cum causal, § 642. 5. What kind of question? See § 67i.
LESSON CVII
Disciplina praesidium clvitatis — Training, the defense of the state 1
VOCABULARY REVIEW • REVIEW OF AGREEMENT AND

OF THE GENITIVE AND DATIVE
701. The Four Agreements.

1. Agreement of the predicate noun and appositive (§§ 61, 104).
2. Agreement of the adjective, adjective pronoun, and participle
(§§91, 134).
3. Agreement of the verb with its subject (§ 48).
4. Agreement of the relative pronoun with its antecedent (§ 390).
702. The Genitive Case.

1. Genitive of the Possessor^ ,' , ,. .; {'
{.(,. As predicate (§ 150).
2. Genitive of the Whole, or Partitive Genitive (§ 541).
3. Genitive with Adjectives (§ 554).
4. Genitive of Description (§ 562).
703. The Dative Case.

'a. With intransitive verbs, and with transi
tive verbs in connection with a direct
object in the accusative (§ 58).
1. The Indirect Object b. With special intransitive verbs (§ 224).
c. With verbs compounded with ad, ante,
con, de, in, inter, ob, post, prae, prS,
sub, and super (§ 623).
2. Dative with Adjectives (§ 130).
3. Dative of Purpose (§ 686).
1 Motto of the University of Texas.
252
--.
REVIEW OF SYNTAX 253
EXERCISES
704. i. Fortissimi militum quos vidimus existimaverunt im-

perium belli esse Caesaris imperatoris. 2. Socii, timore com-
moti, quendam rei militaris peritissimum exercitui praefecerant.
3. Num senatus memoriam iniuriarum quas nobis intulisti
deponere debet ? 4. Non virtus sed sapientia regi deerat.
5. Milites cum diutius impetum sustinere non possent, alii
aliam in partem fugerunt. 6. Acie instructs, imperator proelium.
a dextro cornu commisit. 7. Cum Romae essem, aliquis de-
monstravit domum ubi ille incolebat. 8. Magna pars equitatus,
hostes sequendi cupida, summa celeritate contendit. 9. Decima
legio erat maximae virtutis. Qua de causa Caesar huic legioni
maxime favebat.
705. i. Marcus is not desirous of living1 in the city. 2. Which
of you is a Roman citizen ? Neither of us. 3. You alone could
persuade me to hold * back the army. 4. Whom did the general
place in command of the left wing ? 5 . A wall of great height
was a strong defense3 to the town. 6. A certain man inflicted
these injuries on me. 7. He was desirous of your friendship.
i. Genitive of the gerund. 2. Not infinitive. 3. Dative of purpose.
ROMAN LAMPS
LESSON CVIII
Studiis et rebus honestis — To pursuits and deeds that are honorable 1
VOCABULARY REVIEW • REVIEW OF THE ACCUSATIVE

AND ABLATIVE

707. The Accusative Case.
1. The Accusative as Direct Object (§ 35).
2. The Predicate Accusative (§ 684).
3. The Accusative as Subject of an Infinitive (§ 368).
4. The Accusative of Duration or Extent (§ 547).
5. The Accusative denoting the Place to Which (§ 481).
708. The Ablative Case.

I. Ablative rendered with (or by) :
1. Cause (§ 165).
2. Means (§ 166).
3. Accompaniment (§ 167).
4. Manner (§ 168).
5. Measure of Difference (§ 452).
6. Ablative Absolute (§ 400).
7. Description (§ 562).
8. Respect (§ 552).
II. Ablative rendered from (or by) :
1. Place from Which (§§ 295, 482).
2. Separation (§ 296).
3. Personal Agent with a Passive Verb (§ 261).
III. Ablative rendered in (or at) :
1. Place at or in Which (§ 483).
2. Time When or within Which (§ 493).
1 Motto of the University of Vermont.
2 54
*
EXERCISES
709. i. Dux tres cohortes praemisit quae vallum fossamque
duo milia passuum per eorum finis perducerent. 2. Aliquae
civitates scripserunt se malle in fide populi Romani permanere.
3. Faucis praesidio castris relictis, barbari tertia hora aciem
instruere inceperunt. 4. Plures dies iter intermissum est ut
milites oppida hostium expugnarent. 5. Plurimum vero apud
Gallos haec civitas et virtute et hominum numero poterat.
6. Ilia victoria nobis erat gratior quam omnes aliae. 7. Im-
perator captivum rogavit qua de causa salutem fuga petisset.
8. Hoc proelio c5nfecto, legatus suis laudem idoneam dedit
quod summa virtute pugnaverant. 9. Rex cum a senatu amicus
appellatus esset, tamen erat animo inimic5.
710. i. The Gauls, meanwhile, seize the bridge that they
may prevent1 our march. 2. On hearing this,2 Cxsar hastened
from Rome into Gaul with three legions. 3. The citizens in
formed3 me that a certain man had called Caesar king.
4. Because of the greatness of the crowd no one could hear
the oration. 5. Some towns are much larger than others.
6. The next day he went home to see 4 his son.
I. Latin, keep us from the march. 2. Latin, these things having been
heard, ablative absolute. 3. Latin, made more certain. 4. Why not
infinitive ?
STEELYARDS FROM POMPEII

These seem to have been a Roman invention. Nearly all the scales found at
Pompeii are of this pattern
LESSON CIX
Ecce quam bonum — Behold how good1
VOCABULARY REVIEW • REVIEW OF THE GERUND AND
GERUNDIVE, THE INFINITIVE, AND THE SUBJUNCTIVE
712. The Gerund and Gerundive.
i. The Gerund and its Construction (§§ 691-696).
2. The Gerundive and its Construction (§ 697).
713. Constructions of the Infinitive.
I. The Infinitive used as in English :
i. As Subject or Predicate Nominative (§ 370).
2. As Object with Subject Accusative (§ 367).
3. Complementary Infinitive (§ 369).
II. The Infinitive in Indirect Statements (§§ 654, 656, 657).
714. Constructions of the Subjunctive.
i. The Subjunctive of Purpose (§§ 588, 602).
2. The Subjunctive of Result (§§ 616, 618).
3. The Subjunctive with cum (§ 643).
4. The Subjunctive in Indirect Questions (§ 671).
EXERCISES
715. i. Caesar ab exploratoribus certior factus est Gallos
novis rebus studere. 2. Legati cum pervenissent, petebant ne
Romani oppidum suum incenderent. 3. Dux mihi imperavit
ut cognoscerem quae ratio belli esset. 4. N5s quidem moleste
ferimus socios nostros de re frumentaria non providisse.
5. Propter multitudinem telorum erat difficillimum in vallo
consistere. 6. Tam acriter ab utraque parte pugnabatur ut
1 Motto of the University of the South.
256
multa milia hominum vulnerarentur. 7. Nonne copias integras

praemittemus ad Romanos itinere interclOdendos ? 8. Cum
oppido1 media nocte appropinquaremus, tamen omnes elves
nos exspectabant. 9. Cum pacem iam petatis, has conditioned
proponam. 10. Inopia aquae fecit ut nos omnes premeremur.
i. Dative with appropinquaremus.
716. i. Such fear seized 'the hearts of all that not even
the bravest were willing to remain. 2. He asked who was in
command of the ships.1 3. He demanded that2 for the future
the army should not be led through our territory. 4. Caesar
built a bridge for the purpose3 of terrifying the Germans.
5. Someone said that you had been placed in command of
the army.1
i. Not genitive. See § 623. 2. That . . . not, nS. 3. Use causa with the
genitive of the gerund or gerundive. See § 696.
LESSON CX
lamque opus exegi — And now I have finished my work 1
VOCABULARY REVIEW • REVIEW OF WORD FORMATION

718. Review of Prefixes.
i. Illustrate the force of each of the following prefixes by
a Latin word (§§ 341, 497) :
a (ab) de inter pro sub
ad e (ex) per re- trans
con- (com-, co-) in prae
2. What is meant by assimilation? (§ 375.)
3. What changes in spelling occur in compounds of words
like capio, faciS, etc. ? (§ 376.)
1 From the closing lines of Ovid's great poem, the " Metamorphoses."
258 REVIEW OF WORD FORMATION
4. What is the force of in- (im-) when prefixed to an

adjective or adverb ? Illustrate. (§ 374.)
719. Review of Suffixes.
1. What can you say in general about the use of suffixes in
Latin and in English? (§§ 425, 426.)
2. How are Latin nouns like rector, victor, etc. formed, and
how are the corresponding English words derived? (§ 574.)
3. By means of what suffixes are abstract nouns formed
from adjectives ? Illustrate. (§ 626.)
4. Explain the force of the suffix in the following adjec
tives : cupidus, penculosus, facilis, credibilis. (§§627-629.)
720. Hints on Spelling.
1 . What generally determines whether an English word should
end in -ant or -cut} Illustrate. (§ 573.)
2. What is the rule for the spelling of English words in
-able or -ibid in -Hon or -sion? Illustrate. (§§ 630, 631.)
THE GAULS IN SIGHT OF ROME
^
OPTIONAL LESSONS
OPTIONAL LESSON A
Emollit mores nee sinit esse fer5s — She refines character and
does not allow it to be untrained 1
THE SUBJUNCTIVE OF CHARACTERISTIC OR DESCRIPTION
721. A relative clause with its verb in the indicative states
a fact concerning the antecedent : as,
Caesar erat imperator qui Gallos superavit, Ccesar was the general
who overcame the Gauls
722. A relative clause with its verb in the subjunctive is
often used to describe an antecedent. Such a clause is called
a relative clause of characteristic or description : as,
Quondam erat imperator qui Gallos superaret, once there was a
general who overcame the Gauls
a. A relative clause is descriptive when the antecedent is indefinite
or general and the relative may be translated by the words of such a
character that, as in the following expressions :
sunt qui sciant, there are some who know (i. e. of such a character
that they know)
quis est qui sciat, who is there who knows ?
nemo est qui sciat, there is no one who knows
unus est qui sciat, he is the only one who knows
723. Rule for Subjunctive of Characteristic. A relative
clause with the subjunctive may be used to describe an
antecedent. This is called the subjunctive of characteristic
or description.
1 From Ovid. Motto of the University of South Carolina.
26o OPTIONAL LESSONS
EXERCISES
724. i. Erant duo itinera quibus Helvetii domo discedere
possent. 2. Erat nullum oppidum quod se armis defendere
vellet. 3. Quis est qul viam meliorem nobis ostendere possit ?
4. Ille est unus quI sciat naturam illius loci. 5. Cum Romani
oppidum re frumentaria intercluserint, nihil habemus quo
diutius sustinere posslmus. 6. Alii Gallorum pacis petendae
cupidi erant. 7. Erant alii qul novis rebus studerent. 8. Erant
qul moleste ferrent novas legiones in nostris finibus conscribi.
9. Nemo est qui neget rem publicam conservari debere.
10. Dentatus cum imperium summum teneret, tamen run
vivere malebat. 1 1 . Quis est qui n5n audiverit Romulum urbem
suam Romam appellavisse ?
725. i. Once there was a consul who inflicted the severest
punishment on his own sons. 2. Who is there that does not
remember that man's name ? 3. There were some who said
that the consul's sons had made war upon their country. 4. It
is the business l of the consul to look out for the safety 2 of the
commonwealth. 5. He is the only one who has sufficient
authority.3
i. Omit 2. Not dative. 3. Latin, sufficient of autlwrity, partitive
genitive.
ROMAN CAESTUS, OR BOXING GLOVE

This consisted of thongs of leather bound around the hand and forearm.
It was often loaded with lead and was a terrible weapon
OPTIONAL LESSONS 261
OPTIONAL LESSON B
De gustibus non est disputandum — There is no disputing
about tastes 1
THE PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATIONS AND THE

DATIVE OF AGENT
726. The future active participle in -urus is often combined

with the forms of sum to denote future or intended action : as,
vocaturus sum, I am about to call, I intend to call
auditurus eram, I was about to hear, I intended to hear
This is known as the active periphrastic conjugation.
727. The future passive participle (gerundive) in -ndus is
similarly combined with the forms of sum to denote obliga
tion or necessity in the passive voice : as,
vocandus sum, I ought to be called, I must be called
audiendus sum, / ought to be heard, I must be heard
This is known as the passive periphrastic conjugation.
728. The personal agent is regularly expressed by the abla
tive with a or ab (§ 261) : as, castra a militibus munita sunt,
the camp was fortified by the soldiers ; but with a passive peri
phrastic form the person by whom something ought to be done
or must be done is expressed by the dative. This is called the
dative of agent : as,
Castra mllitibus munienda sunt, the camp must be fortified by
the soldiers
729. Rule for Dative of Agent. With the passive peri
phrastic conjugation agency is expressed by the dative.
1 Or Everyone to his own taste. Both of these translations are free. Liter
ally, It ought not to be disputed about tastes, disputandum est being 313
impersonal passive periphrastic form.
262 OPTIONAL LESSONS
EXERCISES
730. 1. Caesari omnia uno tempore erant agenda. 2. Signum
proeli imperatori dandum erat. 3. Milites qui aberant ducibus
convocandi erant. 4. Legiones quae pugnaturae erant Caesari
hortandae erant. 5. His omnibus rebus confectis, acies erat
instruenda. 6. Sed tam breve erat tempus et tantus erat im
petus hostium ut magna pars harum rerum eis intermittenda
esset. 7. Eo die erant qui putarent Romanos non victuros esse.
8. Quis est qui credat illud proelium non faciendum fuisse ?
9. Mox auditurl sumus de aliis bellis quae a Romanis gesta sunt.
10. Longa itinera magno impedimenta Romanis futura sunt
731. i. Many things had to be done by Theseus to save1

the boys and girls of Greece. 2. That famous man intended
to kill the Minotaur. 3. First a long journey to Crete had
to be made by him. 4. Then help had to be given by some
one. 5, When he had arrived at2 Crete, he told the king's
daughter what3 he intended to do. 6. Without any difficulty
he persuaded her to give 4 him 5 aid.
I. Not infinitive (§ 588). 2. ad. 3. An indirect question (§ 671). 4. Not
infinitive (§ 602). 5. sibi.
THE ROMANS STORM THE ENEMY'S STRONGHOLD

ORIGINAL STORIES
Study each of the following pictures. Where is the scene
laid ? What objects do you see ? What characters are present ?
What are they doing ? Attention to these details will give you
the material for writing a short Latin story or, at least, for com
posing some disconnected sentences. The vocabulary below
each picture will help you.
I. In times ancient as well as modern, women by their patriotic

service have saved the state when men were ready to despair.
argentum, -i, n., silver patria, -ae,f., country, native land
aurum, -i, «., gold pecunia, -ae,/!, money
computS, -are, -avi, -atus, compute periculum, -i, «., danger
desum, -esse, -fui, -futurus, be scriba, -ae, m., clerk
lacking, iv. dat. sedeo, -ere, sedi, sessurus, sit ; ante
donum, -i, «., gift mensam sedere, sit before a table
matrSna, -ae,/, matron, lady sine, prep. w. abl., without
mensa, -ae,/!, table summa, -ae,f., sum total
Srnamentum, -i, n., jewel tabula, -ae,/, writing tablet
263
264 ORIGINAL STORIES
II. Roman women were famous for their devotion to their children,
whom they valued far above beauty or personal adornment.
ancilla, -ae,f., maidservant matrona, -ae,f, matron

anulus, -i, m.. ring maxime, adv., most of all, especially
arcula, -ae,/, jewel casket mensa, -ae,f, table
armilla, -ae,f., bracelet optimus, -a, -um, best
aurum, -i, «., gold ornamentum, -i, n., ornament, jewel
Cornelia, -ae,f, Cornelia, the -woman ostento, -are, -avi, -atus, display,
on the left show off
educo, -are, -avi, atus, train, bring pretiosus, -a, -um, expensive, fine
up rogS, -are, -avi, -atus, ask
forma, -ae,f, beauty splendidus, -a, -um, glittering
Gaius, Gai, m., Gaius, the younger superbus, -a, -um, proud
son of Cornelia Tiberius, Tibe'ri, m., Tiberius, the
gemma, -ae,f, gem, jewel older son of Cornelia
laudo, -are, -avi, -atus, praise vicina, -ae,f., neighbor
liberi, -orum, m. pi., children visito, -are, -avi, -atus, call on, go
margarita, -ae,f, pearl to see
III. This picture is clearly of a' religious character. The Romans

were very faithful in their worship. The household gods comprised the
Lares (the spirits of the ances
tors), the Pena'tes (the gods
guarding the family stores), and
the Genius (the guardian spirit
of the master of the house).
The family shrine was often a
niche, containing images of the
gods, with an altar before it.
In the picture the niche is closed
by a metal screen. The serpents
painted on the wall are a symbol
of the protecting divinities.
Incense was burned to the gods;
and wine, oil, and food were
offered. Family worship was
usually conducted by the father.
He is not present in this case.
Perhaps he is fighting with the
Gauls, and is in danger of his life.
absum, abesse, afui, afutiirus, be Lares, -um, m. pi., the Lares

away, be absent matrona, -ae,/, matron, wife
adoro, -are, -avi, -atus, worship oleum, -i, «., oil
ampulla, -ae,/, bottle opto, -are, -avi, -atus, wish for,
ante, prep. w. ace, before pray for
ara, -ae,/, altar pavimentum, -i, n., pavement, floor
cotidie, adv., daily Penates, -ium, m. pi., the Penates
cremo, -are, -avi, -atus, burn peristylum, -i, n., the peristyle, the
donum, -i, «., gift, offering inner court of a Roman house
educo, -are, -avi, -atus, train, edu sacrifice, -are, -avi, -atus, offer
cate sacrifice
fumo, -are, , , smoke sellula, -ae,f., low stool
invoco, -are, -avi, -atus, invoke, call sto, -are, steti, staturus, stand
upon trochus, -i, m., hoop
lararium, -i, n., household shrine tus, turis, n., incense
IV. Among the Greek heroes none was more famous than Hercules.
He went about destroying the huge and fierce monsters that laid
waste the land. One of the most dangerous of these was an immense
hydra, or water serpent, with seven heads.
cauda, -ae,/, tail hydra, -ae,/, hydra, water serpent

clava, -ae,f., club monstrum, -i, n., monster
cupio. -ere, -ivi, -itus, desire, wish neco, -are, -avi, -atus, kill
exspiro, -are, -avi, -atus, breathe peto, -ere, -ii, -itus, seek, attack
out rapio, -ere, -ui, -tus, seize
ferio, -ire, , , strike, hit saevus, -a, -um, savage
flamma, -ae, f., flame, fire timeo, -ere, -ui, , fear
fortissimus, -a, -um, bravest validissimus, -a, -um, strongest
fumus, -i, m., smoke vasto, -are, -avi, -atus, lay waste,
Hercules, -is, m., Hercules destroy
heros, -ois, ace. heroa (a Creek vastus, -a, -um, huge, immense
noun), m., hero, demigod vulnero, -are, -avi, -atus, wound
<it#L~j.^^.-> \ .
V. Among the most beautiful surviving works of ancient art are the
Greek vases. Besides their grace of form, they are adorned with
artistic designs and pictures drawn from legends of gods and heroes.
Often, too, there are scenes from the classic drama. The colors used
are chiefly black, red, and white. How absorbed the young Greek is
in his painting ! Does the girl seem interested ? What do you think
the artist will do with the vase after he has finished it ?
admiror, -ail, -atus sum, admire patella, -ae,f., saucer

adulescens, -entis, ?n., youth penicillus, -i, m., paint brush
albus, -a, -um, white pictor, -oris, m., artist, painter
artificium, artifi'ci, «., work of art pictura, -ae,f., picture
ater, atra, atrum, black pingo, -ere, pinxi, pictus, paint
color, -oris, m., color pocillum, -i, «., little cup
eruditus, -&, -um, skillful ruber, -bra, -brum, red
ianua, -ae,f., door, doorway specto, -are, -avi, -atus, look at
lapis, -idis, m., stone teneo, -ere, -ui, , hold the atten
laudo, -are, -avi, -atus, praise tion of, interest
murus, -i, m., wall vas, vasis, «-. pi. vasa, -orum, vase
r
VI. Many stories are told

about Daedalus (ded'a-lus),
the Athenian, famed for his
skill as an inventor, artist,
and builder. Once, accom
panied by his son Icarus
(ik'a-rus), he visited the
island of Crete and by his
marvelous works won the
king's favor. Later the king
became angry with him and
refused to let him leave the
island. All the ships were
seized and all the ports
guarded. Longing for
home, Daedalus and his son
seemed without means of
escape. But Daedalus had
genius and a courage equal
to any deed of daring.
What did he do?
ala, -ae,/, wing mare, -is, «., sea

audax, -acis, bold monitum, -i, «., advice
avis, -is,f., bird opus, operis, n., work
cera, -ae,f., wax pareS, -Sre, -ui, , obey, a/, dat.
decido, -ere, decidi, , fall down penna, -ae,f., feather
desiderS, -are, -avi, -atus. long for pono, -ere, posui, positus, put
doceo, -ere, -ui, -tus, teach reciisS, âre, -avi, -atus, refuse
fuga, -ae,/, flight reditus, -us, m., return
fugiS, -ere, fugi, fugiturus, flee reperio, -ire, repperi, repertus, in
incipio. -ere, -cepi, -ceptus, begin vent
intercludo, -ere, -clusi, -clusus, shut sol, solis, ;/i., sun
off, cut off submergS, -ere, -mersi, -mersus,
iratus, -a, -um, angry drown
ligo, -are, -avi, -atus, bind, tie umerus, -i, m., shoulder
liquefacio. -ere, , -factus, melt volo, -are, -avi, -aturus, fly
VII. The Romans were devoted to their children and trained them
very carefully. They taught them to be obedient and respectful, to
have reverence for all things sacred, to be truthful and honorable,
and to be courageous and self-reliant. Every Roman boy was destined
to be a soldier, and so from earliest childhood he learned to despise
danger and to regard cowardice as worse than death.
ancilla, -ae,f, maidservant pavimentum, -i, n., pavement

collum, -i, n., neck quod, con/., because
columna, -ae,f, column restis, -is,f., rope
domus, -us,/, house rideo, -ere, -si, -sus, laugh
fortis, forte, brave saevus, -a, -um, savage
ignavia, -ae,f., cowardice scutica, -ae,f., whip
ignavus, -a, -um, cowardly sedeo, -ere, sedi, sessus, sit
leS, -onis, m., lion sto, -are, steti, staturus, stand
HgS, -are, -avi, -atus, bind, tie timeo, -ere, -ui, , fear
ludo, -ere, -si, -sus, play timor, -oris, **., fear
manus, -ub,f, hand verberS, -are, -avi, -atus, beat, whip
mater, -ttis,f, mother virtus, -utis, f., courage
f
VIII. This picture might be called " What happened at Lucia's

Party." Lucia is having a party on the porch. Refreshments are being
served by two maids. But the children in the adjoining room, drawn
from their play by the tempting sights and smells, are getting nothing.
What do you suppose they did about it ?
ancilla, -ae,./;, maidservant esuriens, -entis, hungry

bibS, -ere, bibi, , drink fructus, -us, m., fruit
callidus, -a, -um, crafty, sly lateS, -ere, latui, , lie hid
CS1S, -are, -avi, -atus, hide, conceal liberi, -orum, m. pi., children
cibus, -i, m., food libum, -i, «., cake
conclave, -is, «., room mel, mellis, «., honey
conviva, -ae, m. andf., guest mensa, S£,f., table
convivium, -i, «., party occultus, -a, -um, hidden, secret
convivor, -Sri, -atus sum, give a panis, -is, m., bread
party poculum, -i, «., cup
crustulum, -i, «., confectionery porticus, -U6,f, porch
desidero, -are, -avi, -atus, long for post, prep. w. ace, behind
edo, -ere, edi, esus, eat sella, -ae,/, chair
8ripiS, -ere, -ripui, -reptus, snatch vinum, -i, «., wine
awav virgS, -inis,/!, young girl
ORIGINAL STORIES -71
IX. Roman towns had many shops. These resembled our stalls
or booths. They were open in front with the exception of a low wall
forming the counter, and were closed at night by wooden shutters.
The wares stood or hung about the shop or were placed on shelves
within easy reach of the shopkeeper as he stood behind the counter.
This is a provision shop. There are eatables of different kinds, and
jars of wine. Do you see the sign ? What does it advertise ? Give
Latin names to the characters, and tell what they are doing or make
up a story about them. Do not forget the donkey.
altiles, -ium, f. pi., poultry insigne, -is, «., sign

alveus, -i, m., trough mensa, -ae,f., table, counter
amphora, -ae,f., wine jar oleum, -i, «., oil
asinus, -1, m., donkey pendeo, -ere, pependi, , hang'
bibS, -ere, bibi, , drink be suspended
caseus, -i, m., cheese poculum, -i, «., cup
cibatia, -Sram, n. pi., provisions quies, -Stis,/, rest
defessus, -a, -um, weary recreo, -are, -avi, -atus, refresh
edo, -ere, Sdi, Ssus, eat 6itiS, -ire, -ivi, , be thirsty
emS, -ere, 5mi, emptus, buy taberna, -ae,f., shop
farcimen, -inis, n., sausage tabernarius, -1, m., shopkeeper
fundS, -ere, fudi, fusus, pour vendS, -ere, -didi, -ditus, sell
holus, -eris, «., vegetables vinum, -i, «., wine
THE RETURN OF PERSEPHONE
From the painting by Sir Frederick Leighton. Used by permission of the Art
Gallery Committee of the Corporation of Leeds. (See story of Ceres and
Proserpina, page 275)
SELECTIONS FOR SIGHT READING
A BRITISH CHIEF URGES RESISTANCE TO THE ROMAN
INVASION
(AFTER LESSON xxm)
Est fama belli, BritannI, novi et magn!. lam Romanl agros
miserorum Gall5rum tenent. lam oras Galliae proximas nostrae
insulae tenent. Nunc Britannia est in periculo. lam Romani
copias suas convocant. Mox ad insulam nostram navigabunt et
oppida nostra occupabunt. Sed sumus Britanni ; BritannI nihil 5
(nothing) timent. Numquam Romanis oppida nostra, filias nostras,
filios nostros dabimus. Ad arma I Ad arma ! Pugnabimus, pug-
nabimus. Numquam liberi virI erunt servl. Superabimus Romanos
et magna erunt praemia nostra.
A FATHER'S LETTER TO HIS SON

(AFTER LESSON XLIII)
Quam grata mihi (to me), Marce, erat epistula magistri tuil
Nam magister diligentiam tuam laudat (praise) et dicit : " Filius
tuus est bonus et industrius. Numquam officium suum neglegit
(neglect) et semper egregium exemplum tardis dat." Mater ad te
(you) librum pulchrum, praemium diligentiae tuae, mox mittet. 5
Soror (sister) tua hodie (today) sex annos habet. Saepe rogat
(ask) : " Ubi est frater Marcus ? Diu afuit. Quando (when)
revertet (return) ? " Vale.
FABLE — THE LION'S SHARE

(AFTER LESSON LXI)
Animalia leo, equus, capra (goat), ovis (sheep), societatem faciunt
Multam praedam capiunt et in unum locum comportant. Tum in
quattuor partes praedam dividunt. Praeda divisa, leo dixit : " Prima
»73
274 SELECTIONS FOR SIGHT READING
pars mea est, nam leo est rex animalium. Et mea est secunda pars
meis laboribus. Tertiam partem vindico (claim), nam magnam 5
famem habeo. Denique quartam partem rapiam et si quis (anyone)
prohibebit, eum interficiam."
ARI'ON'S GOOD FORTUNE

(AFTER LESSON LXXX)
ARI'ON SAVED BY A DOLPHIN
Ari'on, the noted singer, after an enthusiastic reception in foreign

lands, embarks for home laden with treasures
Olim Arion,1 vates 2 notissimus, domo longissime aberat ac
patriam petebat. Ei reges multarum terrarum praemia amplissima
dederant. Arion omnes res quas acceperat in nave posuerat et
domum secum portabat. lam navis in medio mari erat, neque ulla
terra videri poterat.
I. In English, A-rfon. 2. vates, -is, M. and F.. bard, singer.
SELECTIONS FOR SIGHT READING 275
The crew conspire to drown him and seize his wealth
Tum nautae, homines pessimi, barbarum consilium ceperunt
atque inter se 1 dixerunt : " Certe hie vir ex manibus nostris num-
quam dimittetur.2 Eum interficiemus et omnia quae habet nostra
erunt." Deinde vatem corripiunt s et in mare deiciunt
He is miraculously saved by a huge dolphin

Arion totam spem salutis deposuerat et mortem certam exspec- 10
tavit. Sed del ipsi vltam eius conservaverunt. Nam subito 4 Arion
in tergo '" magni delphlm 6 sedere visus est, qul ad oram proximam
eum celeriter vexit.7
CERES AND PROSERPINA

(AFTER LESSON LXXXVIII)
This is one of the most beautiful of the Greek myths. Proser'pina's
abduction signifies the disappearance of vegetation in the autumn, when
the vital forces of nature are drawn deep into the earth. Thus Pluto
steals Proserpina. When vegetation reappears in the spring, Proserpina is
restored to her mother. Read Tennyson's " Deme'ter and Perseph'one."
Pluto, king of the lower world, falls in love with Proserpina and
carries her down to his gloomy realm
Vero, Venus,8 tua potestas est maxima. Nam tu docuisti etiam
Plutonem,9 deum Inferorum,10 amare. Olim deus per insulam
Siciliam u currum 12 agebat. Ibi Proserpinam,18 filiam pulcher-
rimam Cereris,14 deae agriculturae,15 vldit et adamavit16 Earn
statim rapuit et equos hortatus e conspectu " fugit. 5
I. inter se, to each other (literally, between themselves). 2. Allowed to escape.
3. corripio, -ere, seize. 4. Suddenly. 5. tergum, -I, N., back. 6. delphinus, -I, M.,
dolphin. 7. veho, -ere, carry. 8. Venus, -eris, F., Venus, the goddess of love
and beauty. 9. Pluto, -onis, M., Phito, king of the lower world. 10. inferi, -iirum,
M., the shades, the lower world, n. Sicilia, -ae, F., Sicily. 12. currus, -us, M.,
chariot. 13. Proserpina, -ae, F., Proser'pina, daughter of Ceres. 14. Ceres,
-eris, p., Ceres, goddess of agriculture. 15. agricultura, -ae, F., agriculture.
1 6. adamo, -are, /a// in love with. 17. conspectus, -us, M., sight.
3/6 SELECTIONS FOR SIGHT READING
Ceres, after a long search, discovers where her daughter is. Then she
goes to Jupiter and demands that her daughter be returned
Tum vero Ceres, gravl dolore ac timore commota, filiam diem
noctemque sine fine petebat. Interim Pluto Proserpinam in matri-
monium duxerat. lam dea erat regina Inferorum.1 Denique
Ceres omnia cognoverat, et imquo animo apud lovem 2 causam 3
ita dixit : " Filiam meam, quam per omnes terras mariaque pete- i o
bam, invem. Eam Pluto rapuit. Etiam nunc ea in manu eius est.
Pluto mihi magnam iniuriam fecit. lube eum filiam meam reddere.
Sume de eo gravissimum supplicium."
Jupiter compromises the matter so that Proserpina spends six months
with her mother and six months with her husband
luppiter respondit : " Ita, Ceres, dicere non debes. Hoc factum
meo iudicio non est iniuria, sed certus (true) amor.4 Sed tibi petentl 1 5
hanc veniam6 dabo. Sex menses cuiusque anni Proserpina in
regno Plutonis manebit atque sex menses tecum erit." Itaque
hieme Proserpina est apud Inferos,1 et aestate, inferis relictis, cum
matre terram incolit.
CINCINNATUS CALLED FROM THE PLOW

(AFTER LESSON cv)
The early Romans were devoted to agriculture
Omnibus temporibus vita rustica0 summo auxilio virtuti ac fir-
missimo praesidio civitati fuit.7 Hanc rem etiam RomanI credebant,
et multi eorum villas habebant et agros suis manibus colebant.8
Cincinnatus was an example of this fine old type
Apud hos erat Cincinnatus, vir bello egregius et agricola minime
tardus. Olim cum quldam hostes urbl appropinquarent et iam multi 5
timidl salutem patriae desperare inciperent, mentes omnium ad
Cincinnatum versae 9 sunt. Ille autem non in urbe sed ruri erat
i. See p. 275, n. 10. 2. lovem, accusative of luppiter, lovis, M., Jupiter,
king of the gods. 3. causam dicere, plead a cause. 4. amor, -oris, M., lew.
5. venia, -ae, p., fervor. 6. rustieus, -a, -um, of the country, rustic. 7. A present
perfect, § 312. 8. colo, -ere, tiH. 9. verto, -ere, turn.
o
,-)
-
w
X
H
C
W
J
.J
u
g
o
278 SELECTIONS FOR SIGHT READING
On one occasion the senate, having appointed Cincinnatus dictator,
sent lictors to escort him from hisfarm to the city
Tum senatus Cincinnatum dictatorem fecit et misit llctores 1 qul
eum in urbem deducerent. Llctores rus contenderunt et ad villam
parvam Cincinnati celeriter pervenerunt. Ille tunicatus2 agrum 10
arabat3 et, cum llctores videret, rogavit quid vellent. Lictores
responderunt senatum eum dictatorem fecisse ut patriam ex summo
periculo llberaret, et se venisse ut eum in urbem deducerent.
Cintinnatus, though reluctant to leave his work, went with them,
but as soon as possible returned tofinish his plowing
Agrum relinquere Cincinnato non gratum erat, tamen senatul
parere oportebat. Itaque pulvere 4 ac sudore absterso, optimus vir 1 5
induit5 togam quam llctores ferebant et Romam processit. Bello
paucis diebus confecto, Cincinnatus domum properavit ut araret.
THE LORD'S PRAYER
Pater noster, qul es in caelis, sanctificetur nomen tuum. Adveniat
regnum tuum. Flat voluntas tua, sicut in caelo, et in terra. Panem.
nostrum cotldianum da nobis hodie. Et dlmitte nobis debita
nostra, sicut et nos dimittimus debitoribus nostris. Et ne nos indu-
cas in tentationem : sed libera nos a malo. Amen.— Matt. 6. 9-13 5
THE GOLDEN RULE
Omnia ergo quaecumque vultis ut faciant vobis homines, et vos
facite illis. Haec est enim lex et prophetae. — Matt. 7. 12
THE STRAIT GATE
Intrate per angustam portam : quia lata porta, et spatiosa via
est quae ducit ad perditionem, et multl sunt qul intrant per eam. —
Matt. 7. 13
i. The lictors were the official attendants of a magistrate and carried a
bundle of rods (fasces), sometimes with an ax in the middle standing for the
power of the state to punish. Note the fasces on the American dime. 2. tuni
catus, -a, -um, dressed hi his tunic. Compare in his shirtsleeves or //z his
overalls. 3. aro, -are, plow. 4. pulvere . . . absterso, wiping off the dust and
sweat. 5. induo, -ere, put on .
A LATIN PLAY
PERSEUS AND ANDROMEDA
This may be used at any time after Lesson LXXX is finished
CHARACTERS
CEPHEUS, king of Ethiopia SACERDOS, priestess of the oracle
CASSIOPEIA, queen of Ethiopia Three citizens of Ethiopia
ANDROMEDA, daughter of Cepheus Friends of the royal family and
and Cassiopeia attendants
PERSEUS, the Greek hero
SCENE I
A room in the palace. CEPHEUS and CASSIOPEIA are sitting at a table. An
ATTENDANT stands at the right near the stage entrance
CEPHEUS. Cur, Cassiopeia mea, faciem tuam sine fine laudas ?
Audacia tua me terret. Nonne deorum invidiam vereris ?
CASSIOPEIA. Non magis dico quam verum est. Specta me. Nonne
sum pulchrior quam ulla dea? Ne nymphae maris quidem sunt
pulchriores.
CEPHEUS (raising his hand in solemn protest). Tace, mulier, tace I
Etiam nunc del supplicium fortasse parant.
CASSIOPEIA. Minime tacebo. Supplicia deorum non timeo. Non
credo . . . (She is interrupted by a loud rapping on the door.)
ATTENDANT. Aliquis pulsat, regma.
CASSIOPEIA. Aperi ostium.
ATTENDANT (after opening the door). Tres cives regi dicere cupiunt
CEPHEUS. lube eos intrare.
Enter three men in great excitement
CITIZENS (all speaking at once). Perimus, rex ! Quid faciemus ?
Quid faciemus ?
CEPHEUS. Quid est, cives ? Quis dolor vos permovet ?
279
280 A LATIN PLAY
FIRST CITIZEN. Ingens monstrum ex mari venit atque agros meos
vastavit.
SECOND CITIZEN. Idem monstrum omne pecus meum devoravit.
THIRD CITIZEN. Heu me miserum ! Saevum monstrum coniugem
liberosque meos interfecit.
CASSIOPEIA (rising and raising both arms to heaven). Quid dicitis ?
Quid audio ? Mea est culpa. 0 vcrba stultissima I 6 mala superbia !
CEPHEUS. Una saliis relicta est. Ad oraculum properabo et
auxilium petam.
SCENE II
At the seat of the oracle. A veiled PRIESTESS is seated on a high stool
ATTENDANT. Cepheus, rex Aethiopiae, sacerdos, aditum petit.
SACERDOS. Due eum ante me. Eum audiam. (The attendant leads
in CEPHEUS, who kneels before the priestess?) Cur, rex, ad me venisti?
CEPHEUS. Te consulere, sacerdos, cupio. Saevum monstrum agros
nostros vastat et populum meum perterret. Quis hoc monstrum
misit ? Cur missum est ?
SACERDOS. Neptunus, deus maris, monstrum misit. Deus est ini-
micus propter superbiam reginae tuae. Ilia ausa est se ante nymphas
ipsas ponere.
CEPHEUS. Obsecro, sacerdos, quo modo monstrum ex patria agere
possum ?
SACERDOS. Expiare culpam reginae oportet. Da Andromedam,
filiam tuam, monstro et patria tua conservabitur. Discede et pare.
CEPHEUS rises and with bowed head leaves the stage
SCENE III
Room in the palace, as in Scene I. CASSIOPEIA and ANDROMEDA are
seated at a table
ANDROMEDA. Quae mora patrem tenet ?
CASSIOPEIA. lam diu eum exspecto. In dies pericula nostra crescunt.
Pectus meum est plenum sollicitudinis et timoris. (CEPHEUS enters
with slow step and sad countenance. The queen and ANDROMEDA rise to
greet him?) Salve, coniunx. Vultus tuus me terret. Quid oraculum dlxit ?
A LATIN PLAY 281
CEPHEUS. Gravissima est fortuna nostra. Neptunus, inimlcus
propter superbiam tuam, hoc supplicium de populo nostro sumit.
Si patriam conservare cupimus, Andromedam monstro' dare oportet.
CASSIOPEIA. Quid I Andromedam dare ! (Clasps ANDROMEDA in
her arms.") Numquam, numquam hoc faciam. (Juries her face on
ANDROMEDA'S shoulder and weeps?)
ANDROMEDA. Audi, mater carissima, melius est me perire quam
omnes dare poenas. Parata sum, pater, parere oraculo.
SCENE IV
On the seashore. ANDROMEDA stands bound to a rock1 in the center of
the background. CEPHEUS and CASSIOPEIA, dressed in black robes, are
seated on the ground at the right. Friends of the royal family appear at
the left, some sitting and some standing. All exhibit signs of grief
CASSIOPEIA. Perii; hunc dolorem tolerare non possum. Cur ilia
stultissima verba dixi ? Ego, non Andromeda, monstro dari debeo.
CEPHEUS. Verum dicis, coniunx ; sed verba oraculi scis. (A distant
roaring is heard?) Audisne ilium sonitum terribilem ? Sine dubio
monstrum appropinquat.
FIRST FRIEND. Heu ! Heu ! lam mors imminet.
SECOND FRIEND. Etiam Andromeda sonitum audit. Ecce, quam
pallidus est vultus eius !
PERSEUS, wearing helmet and breastplate and grasping a sword,
makes a sudden entrance. All look at him in amazement
CEPHEUS. Quis es, hospes ? Quo modo in fines nostros pervenisti ?
PERSEUS. Perseus sum, filius lovis. Alis per auras iter facio.
Unde istae lacrimae ? Cur ilia virgo vincula gerit ?
CEPHEUS. Ilia virgo est fllia mea. Imperio oraculi dabitur monstro
saevo quod Neptunus ex marl cotidie emittit. Hoc modo pacatum
monstrum nobis parcet. Pro patria Andromeda vltam suam dat.
PERSEUS. Per deos, rex, ego ipse hoc monstrum interficiam sI mihi
filiam tuam in matrimonium dabis.
1 A large box, four or five feet high, covered with gray cloth, will serve
as a rock.
282 A LATIN PLAY
CEPHEUS (with great eagerness). Libenter, hospes, hanc condicionem
accipio. Sed brevissimum est tempus. Etiam nunc monstrum adest.
(A loud roaring is heard.)
PERSEUS (calling loudly). Pelle timorem ex animo tuo, Andromeda.
Te servabo. (Rushes from the stage.)
THIRD FRIEND. Magna spes me iam tenet.
FOURTH FRIEND (pointing to the sky). Ecce, hospes per auras
alte volat.
FIFTH FRIEND. Iam descendit et monstrum petit.
All stand gazing toward the scene of combat. The sound of blows is
heard mingled with roars of rage and pain. Then PERSEUS reenters
and all greet him with shouts of " 16 triumphe." He goes to AN
DROMEDA, frees her from her bonds, and, taking her by the hand,
leads her to her father
PERSEUS. Ecce, rex, filia tua. Mea virtute eam servavi. Praemium
meum postulo.
CEPHEUS. Tua est Andromeda, hospes. TO es servator domus meae.
Curtainfalls while all shout " Fellciter "
PERSEUS ANDROMEDAM SERVAT

BACULUS THE CENTURION
(Use after completing the Lessons)
Publius Sextius Baculus, a centurion, served in Caesar's army and

won his general's highest praise for his courage and fidelity. The incidents
here related are partly based on Caesar's narrative 1 and are partly fiction.
They make no claim to historic accuracy.
Baculus on the march
" Veni, mater, celeriter veni 1 Multitude militum appropinquat.
lam primum agmen videre possum." Ita magna voce clamavit
iuvenis qui ante casam stabat et intentis oculis milites procedentes
spectabat. Verbis auditis, mater ex casa properavit ac prope
filium constitit. 5
Iuvenis erat Marcus Caecilius Metellus,2 filius imperatoris notissi-
ml qui pluribus ante annis3 vltam pro re publica dederat. lam
Marcus et Livia mater in villa patris habitabant. Ilia villa posita
erat in via Flaminia quae ad Galliam ducit.
lam copiae multo propius venerant. Primum equites procede- 10
bant, tum pedites, multa milia hominum, sequebantur; denique
magnus numerus equorum et carrorum, qui impedimenta fere-
bant, agmen claudebat. Apud centuriones erat quidam corpore
magno, humeris latls, specie egregia, qui se inusitata auctoritate
gerebat. Eum4 simul atque Livia conspexit, vehcmenter permota 15
clamavit, " Obsecro, quem video ? Ecce, mi fill, Baculus cen-
turio, amicus patri tuo amicissimus, quem iam post multos annos
video. Quam gaudeo I Sine dubio in Galliam ad castra Caesaris
copias ducit." "Credo, mater carissima," inquit5 Marcus, "deos
i. See Caesar's Gallic War, II. 25; III. 5; VI. 38. 2. A Roman regularly
had three names : the first, his given name ; the second the name of his clan
(gens) ; and the third the name of his family. 3. See § 452. 4. As soon as Livia
perceived him. Eum is placed first as the connecting word. See § 198. a. N.
5. inquit Marcus, said Marcus. The verb inquit is used with a direct quota
tion and is followed by its subject.
283
284 BACULUS THE CENTURION
Baculum ad nos misisse. Scis me1 iam diu cupere nomen dare
et vestigia patris sequl. Quis melius quam Baculus prima2 cas
trorum rudimenta docere potest ? " " Bene dicds," inquit Livia.
" Castra Bacull non longe aberunt. Adi ad eum et da el epistulam
quam statim scribam." 5
Marcus goes to the Roman camp and is kindly received by Baculus
Pluribus3 post horis Marcus ad castra RSmana pervenit. Pro
portis castrorum armatl stabant. Ex his Onus Marcum rogavit
quid vellet4 et quem peteret.4 Tum Marcus, cum respondisset 6 se
Baculum centurionem petere, ad praetorium ° deductus est.
Baculus, vir rel7 mllitaris perltissimus, propter egregiam virtutem 10
a Caesare saepe laudatus erat et primus pilus creatus erat. Hoc
tempore, imperatore et reliquis ducibus superioribus absentibus,
toll legioni 8 praeerat. Is, cum Marcum non novisset,9 tamen eum
benigne accepit. El tum Marcus dedit epistulam matris. Baculus,
epistula accepta et aperta, haec verba legit. 15
Livia's letter to Bcuulus
Livia Baculo salutem 10 dicit. Si n vales, bene est ; ego valeo.
Haec epistula sine dubio tibi 12 admlrationem movebit ; nam post
mortem coniugis mel ad te non scripsl. Sed scio te memoriam
amlcitiae nostrae adhuc tenere. luvenis qut ad te hanc epistulam
adfert est filius meus. Is tibi omnes fortunas nostras narrabit. 20
Pectus eius studio rel mllitaris flagrat. Iam aetatem mllitarem habet.
Tibi eum commendo. Nomen18 dare vult. Vale.
Baculus makes Marcus his aide-de-camp
" Hercle," inquit Baculus, " esne tu filius Marci Metelll ? Certe
fuit nemo nobilior aut generosior umquam. Amantissime te accipio.
I. me . . . dare, that I have long been desiring to enlist (literally, to give my
name). 2. prima castrorum rudimenta, the first principles of military service.
3. pluribus post horis, several hours later; literally, afterwards by several hours.
See §452. 4. See §67 i. 5. For the mood see § 643. 6. See §22i. 7. See §554.
8. See § 623. 9. In a cum clause of concession. See § 613. 10. salutem
dicit, sends greetings. II. Roman letters often begin with this sentence. 12. tibi
. . . movebit. will cause you surprise. 13. Cf, note I above.
BACULUS THE CENTURION 285
Tu es patri simillimus et corpora et animo. Mater tua, optima

Llvia, dicit te velle cursum militarem sequl." " Verum dicis," inquit
Marcus, " et sub tuis sign!s militare 1 maxime cupio." Baculus risit
et respondit, " Nihil mihi gratius erit et te optionem2 constituam."
Bacutus resumes the march to Gaul

Proximo die sonitus tubae Marcum ex somno prima luce susci- 5
tavit. Baculus iam stirrexerat et iusserat castra sine mora moveri.
Celeriter copiae profectae sunt, nee toto die iter intermissum est.
Sub occasum solis mllites defessi castra posuerunt. Ita quat-
tuor dies magnis itineribus contenderunt. Qulnto die intra fines
Gallorum ingressl sunt. 10
Gaul and its people 3
Gallia est omnis divisa in paries tres ; quarum unam partem
incolunt Belgae, aliam Aquitani, tertiam ei qul ipsorum lingua
Celtae appellantur. Hi omnes lingua,4 mstitutls, legibus inter se
differunt. Horum omnium fortissimi sunt Belgae, quod proximi
sunt Germanls qui trans Rhenum incolunt, quibuscum continenter 1 5
bellum gerunt.5 Qua6 de causa Helvetii quoque reliquos Gallos
virtute praecedunt, quod fere cotldianis proeliis cum Germanis con-
tendunt.
The Helvetian migration
Hoc ipso tempore Helvetil, homines vagandi7 et bellandi ~
cupidi, de finibus suis cum omnibus copiis exlre volebant ut latiores 20
agros peterent. Molestc fere-bant se natura loci undique contineri.
Erant omnino itinera duo quibus domo exlre possent,8 unum an- •
gustum et difficile per fines Sequanorum, alterum multo facilius
per Provineiam Romanam. Hoc itinere egredl constituerunt.
I. The infin. of militS. 2. An optio had duties resembling those of an
aide-de-camp. The office involved little responsibility or military skill. 3. See
map, p. 49. 4. lingua and the next two words are ablatives of respect See § 552.
5. That is, the Belgae have developed their courage by their constant warfare
with the Germans. 6. qua de causa, for this reason. 7. Gen. of the gerund
with cupid!. See § 554. 8. See § 723.
Ccesar resolves to stop them
His rebus auditis, Caesar, proconsul Galliae, Genavam, oppidum
Helvetiis proximum, contendit ut eos prohiberet. Simul Baculo
imperavit ut copias cogeret et quam 1 celerrime in Galliam iter
faceret. Qua de causa, ut dictum est, Baculus cursu incitato pro-
cesserat. lam celerius 2 omn! opinione castris Caesaris appropin- 5
quabat. Interim Helvetii convenerant ad ripam Rhodam, quod
flumen inter provinciam et fines Helvetiorum fluit. Ne Helvetii
Rhodanum transirent, Caesar ripam muro fossaque munivit et prae-
sidia disposuit. Tum exspectavit 3 si se invito transire conarentur.
The Helvetii try to cross the Rhone. Baculus brings needed help
Brevi tempore postquam Caesar has munitiones perfecit, Hel- ic
vetii perrumpere conatl sunt. Primum impetum Caesar facile
sustinuit, sed Helvetii non numquam interdiu, saepius noctu,
conatu4 non destiterunt. Romanl, cum6 numero hominum multo
Inferiores essent, defessi proeliis vigiliisque paene confecti sunt.
In hoc discrimine rerum Baculus cum copiis suis ad castra 15
pervenit et maximo gaudio acceptus est. Quem6 cum imperator
videret, " Peropportune," inquit, " Bacule, ades. Sine tuo subsidio
diutius sustinere vix poteramus. Quis tandem est iuvenis qui
propter 7 te adstat ? " " Hie iuvenis," inquit Baculus, " est
Marcus Marcl filius Metellus. Ego et pater eius a pueris amicI 20
eramus. Ilium mors abstulit, sed rellquit fllium quem in re mlli-
tari exerceo." Caesar manum Marco porrigens, " Salve," inquit,
" Marce. De rebus gestis patris tul, viri clarissimi, saepe audivi.
Laetus te accipio. Postea noster eris."
i. quam celerrime, as quickly as possible. 2. celerius omni opinione, quicker
than any one would suppose. 3. exspectavit si etc., he wailed to see whelher they
would try to cross against his will, se invito is ablative absolute. On cona
rentur see § 67 1 . 4. Abl. of Separation. See § 296. 5. cum, since. See § 643.
6. quem . . . videret, when the general saw him. quem is the object of videret ;
literally, whom when the general saw. This use of the relative is very common
in Latin. 7. propter te adstat, stands maryou.
The Helvetii, unable to break through Cxsar's lines, follow the other
route through the country of the Sequani
Ilia ipsa nocte Helvetii, alii navibus alii vadis Rhodani, cum
omnibus copiis flumen transierunt et summa vi nnlnitiones
Romanas perrumpere conati sunt. Sed tanta commutatio adventu
BaculI et novarum copiarum facta est ut hostes facile repelleren-
tur et plurimi telis occlderentur aut in flumine perlrent. Post hanc $
calamitatem Helvetii adversa fortuna superati illo itinere se aver-
terunt et constituerunt alteram viam per fines Sequanorum sequi.
Ccesarfollows them
Caesar, cum certior factus esset Helvetios ab illo loco profectos
esse et iam copias suas per fines Sequanorum traduxisse, eos cum
omnibus copiis secutus est. Interim Helvetii agros vastabant et 10
oppida expugnabant. Multae gentes, socii populi Roman!, se ad
Caesarem recipiebant ut auxilium rogarent. Quibus rebus adductus
Caesar, neque diurno neque nocturno itinere intermisso, maturavit.
The end of the pursuit
Denique propter inopiam rel frumentariae Caesar iter a Hel-
vetiis avertit et Bibracte, oppidum Haeduorum maximum et copio- 1 5
sissimum, quod non longe aberat, ire contendit. Quod l cum
hostibus nuntiatum esset, Helvetii existimabant Romanos timore
perterritos discedere. Itaque itinere2 converse Romanos a no-
vissimo agmine lacessere incipiebant. Baculus, qui cum suis
agmen 3 claudebat, misit Marcum qui Caesarl novam hostium ratio- 20
nem nuntiaret. His rebus cognitis Caesar in proximo colle aciem
instruxit et copiam 4 pugnandi hostibus fecit.
Ilelvetii are defeated in a great battle

Helvetii cum omnibus suis carris secuti impedimenta in unum
locum contulerunt ; ipsi confertissima acie sub 6 primam aciem
i. quod cum, when this. See p. 286, 1. 16, and note. 2. itineie converse,
changing their course. 3. agmen claudebat, was bringing up the rear. 4. copiam
. . . fecit, gave the enemy an opportunity offighting. 5. sub . . . snccesserunt,
advanced close to the Roman battle front.
Romanorum successerunt. Caesar hortatus suos proelium com-

mlsit. Milites, e loco superiore tells missis, facile aciem hostium
perfregerunt. Tum gladiis destrictis in eos impetum fecerunt Ab
septima hora ad vesperum acriter pugnatum est, et nemo aversum 1
hostem videre potuit. Tandem vulneribus defessi pedem rettule- 5
runt. Hostibus superatis, Romani et impedimenta et castra Helve-
tiorum ceperunt. Helvetii omnium rerum inopia adducti legatos
ad Caesarem miserunt, et, omnibus armis traditis et obsidibus datis,
in deditionem acceptl sunt. Praeterea Caesar iussit eos in fines
suos, unde erant profectl, revertl. De numero horum Caesar ipse 10
dicit milia CCCLXVIII hominum domo exisse et milia ex revertisse.
Baculus seriously wounded
Hoc proelio Baculus grave vulnus accepit. Nam cum iam plures
horas pugnatum esset et res2 esset in periculo, Baculus magna
voce clamans " Quis sequetur ? " in medios hostes se iniecit. In-
felix autem iniquo loco vestigia 8 non tenuit et graviter in terram 1 5
concidit. Eum hostes statim circumsistunt. Tum vero cum gemitu
Romanl ad eum servandum procurrunt. Denique, pluribus utrimque
interfectis, Baculus graviter vulneriitus e manibus hostium eripitur.
jBaculus and Marcus return to Italy
Post proelium, cum Marcus vulnerato amico 4 adsideret, impera-
tor ipse venit ut virum fortissimum viderei. Postquam virtutem 20
eius amplissimis verbis laudavit," Brevi tempore," inquit, " mihi est in
animo bellum cum Ariovisto, saevissimo rege Germanorum, gerere.
Ille multa milia Germanorum trans Rhenum traduxit et sociis populi
Romanl graves iniurias intulit. Sed sine te, Bacule, hoc bellum
gerendum erit.6 Moneo ut in Italiam revertaris, et operam vale- 25
tudini des. Post paucos menses, ut spero, in armis rursus eris."
" Mecum iturus est,6 Caesar," inquit Marcus. " Quis enim melius
quam mater mea, Livia, eum curare potest?" Itaque usque ad
proximum annum Baculus cum Marco et Livia erat.
I. in flight; literally, turned away. 2. res . . . periculo, the situation was
critical. 3. vestigia non tenuit, didtiot keep kisfealing. 4. Dative with adsideret.
See § 623. 5. gerendum erit, taill Atn.v to be waged, passive periphrastic. See
§ 727. 6. iturus est, he intends to go, active periphrastic. See § 726.
Haculus receives a letterfrom Ccesar
Inita aestate Baculus, iam optima valetudine, hanc epistulam a
Caesare accepit. " Caesar Baculo salutem dlcit. Si vales, bene est ;
ego valeo. Spero te integris viribus paratum esse arma sumere.
Certior factus sum omnes Belgas contra populum Romanum coniu-
rare. Veni ad castra et due lecum Marcum. Vale." 5
War zmth the Bclgce

Cum Baculus et Marcus in Galliam pervemrent, Caesar cum exer-
citu iam profectus erat, et, multis gentibus superatis, per Nerviorum
fines iter faciebat. Omnium Belgarum fortissimi Nervii erant. In-
cusabant reliquos Belgas qui se populo Romano dediderant, et dice-
bant se neque legates missuros 1 neque Qllam condicionem pacis i o
accepturos.1 Iam cum multis sociis adventum Romanorum ex-
spectabant.
The Nerviiplan their attack
Cum Baculus et Marcus exercitum Caesaris consequerentur,
castra Nerviorum non longe aberant. Quidam inimici Galli, con-
suetudine itineris exercitus Romanl perspecta, Nervios certiores 15
fecerant inter2 singulas legiones impedimentorum magnum nu-
merum intercedere, et facile futurum esse, cum prima 8 legio castra
poneret reliquaeque legiones longe abessent, in hanc impetumfacere.
Hoc 4 consilium Nervii existimaverunt sibi non omittendum esse.
A desperate battle isfought

Locus, quem Romanl castris delegerant, erat in summ5 colle 20
qui a quodam flumine nascebatur. Trans flumen hostes in silvas
se abdiderant. Peropportune 5 accidit quod Caesar rationem agmi-
nis mutaverat, nee unam sed sex legiones ducebat. Post eas totius
i. Future infinitive with esse omitted as it often is. 2. inter — intercedere,
between every two legions a. •aery long baggage train intervened. 3. The first legion
that reached the camp site began at once to lay it out and fortify it. 4. Hoc . . .
esse, this plan the Nervii thoughtought not to be left untried by them. See §§727,
729. 5. peropportune accidit quod, etc., very opportunely it happened that, etc. ;
the change in the order of march gave Caesar six legions with which to meet
the attack instead of only one. That fact alone saved the day for Caesar.
exercitus impedimenta conlocaverat. Nervii, cum prima impedi
menta Romanorum viderent, putabant tempus exspectatum adesse,
Subito incredibili celeritate cum omnibus copiis e silva provolave-
runt, et, flumen transgressl, eadem celeritate adverse 1 colle ad
castra Romana contenderunt. Caesari 2 omnia uno tempore erant 5
agenda : vexillum 8 proponendum, signum tuba4 dandum, ab opere 5
revocandi mllites, acies instruenda, mllites hortandi, signum 6 dan
dum ; quarum rerum magnam partem temporis brevitas et hostium
celeritas impediebant. Dlversae legiones aliae 7 alia in parte hosti-
bus resistebant. Undique acerrime pugnabatur, praesertim a dextro 10
cornu. Ibi duodecima legio, in qua Baculus ascrlptus est, ab hosti-
bus urgebatui. lam omnes fere centuriones aut vulnerati aut occisi
erant, in his Baculus ipse qui tot et tam gravibus vulneribus est
confectus ut se sustinere non posset.
Ccesar to the rescue
In hoc discrimine rerum Caesar, scuto mllitl * detracto, quod ipse 15
sine scuto venerat, in primam aciem processit. Imperatoris conspec
tus militibus spem Inferebat et paulum hostium impetus tardatus est.
Interim reliquae legiones, quae-aliis in partibus vicerant, cum cog-
novissent quo 9 in loco res esset, subsidium ferebant. Denique Nervii
magna caede superatl sunt. Post proelium Marcus invenirl non 20
poterat. Multa autem nocte incolumis ad castra revertit ; captus
ab hostibus effugit. Nee Baculus vulneribus mortuus est, sed post
breve tempus arma sumere poterat.
The twelfth legion in the Alps
Belgis superatis, legio duodecima in Alpes in oppidum quod
appellabatur Octodurus10 hiemandi causa ducebatur. Hoc oppidum 25
T. adverse colle, up the opposite hill. 2. Dat. of agent with the passive peri
phrastic agenda erant. See § 729. A number of periphrastics follow with
omitted auxiliary. 3. This was red in color and the signal for arming. 4. This
was the signal to take their places in the ranks. 5. The work of fortifying the
camp. 6. The battle signal. 7. aliae alia in parte, some in one place, others in
another. See § 505. 8. militi, dat. with detracto. See § 623. militibus, in
the next line but one, is in the same construction. 9. quo . . . esset. in what
a state the situation was. See § 67i. 10. See p. 49.
altissimis montibus undique continebatur. Galba legatus, qui
legionl praeerat, Baculo ' negotium dedit ut hlberna muniret. Ita-
que Baculus negotium suscipit et iubet 2 locum muro alto muniri.
Hoc opere nondum perfect5, maxima multitude barbarorum ex
omnibus partibus impetum facit. Cum iam multas horas pugnare- 5
tur ac non solum vires sed etiam tela Romanos deficerent, Baculus
et quidam tribunus militum, vir magnae virtutis, ad Galbam accur-
runt. " Res est in periculo, legate," inquiunt.3 " Eruptio est una
spes salutis." Hoc consilio capto, mllites ex castris subito eruperunt.
Hac eruptione improvisa hostes ita commotl sunt ut tertia parte 10
interfecta reliqul fugerent. Quo proelio facto Galba, alterum im
petum timens, incolumem legionem in fines Allobrogum duxit
ibique hiemavit.
A letterfrom Britain
Illo tempore Britannia erat Romams terra incognita. Ne Gallis
quidem erat msula nota praeter eam partem quae est contra Gal-
liam. Multis de causis Caesar insulam adire cupiebat, et quarto 15
anno proconsulatus profectus est. Et Baculus et Marcus hoc iter
fecerunt. De his rebus Marcus hanc epistulam ad Liviam matrem
scripsit : " Marcus Liviae matri suae .salutem plurimam dlcit In
Britannia Caesar castra nunc ponit. Haec Insula a Gallia non
longe abest. Nacti idoneam ad navigandum tempestatem tertia 20
fere vigilia 4 solvimus, et quarta 4 hora dieI Britanniam attigimus.
Ibi in omnibus collibus armatas hostium copias conspeximus.
Cuius loci haec erat natura ut 5 mare montibus anguste continere-
tur. Cum locus ad egrediendum idoneus non esset, circiter milia
passuum vn ab eo loco progressus imperator contra 6 apertum et 25
planum litus naves constituit. Sed barbari secuti nostros7 navi-
bus egredi prohibere conabantur. Nostri autem, altitudine maris
I. Baculo . . . muniret, commissioned Baculus to fortify the winter quarters.
Ut . . . immiret is a clause of purpose. 2. See frontispiece. 3. inquiunt, they
say. 4. The Romans divided the night into four watches, and the day from sun
rise to sunset into twelve hours. 5. ut . . . contineretur, that the sea was closely
bounded by mountains^ the cliffs of Dover. See picture, p. 6i. 6. contra . . .
constituit, brought the ships to anchor opposite to an open and level beach.
7. nostros . . . conabantur, attempted to keep our men from disembarking.
perterritl et illius generis pugnandi imperiti, erant tardiores,1 cum

simulde navibus desiliendum et in fluctibus consistendum et cum
hostibus pugnandum esset. Tum aquilifer decimae legionis, vir
fortissimus, se ex nave proicit. ' Desilite,' inquit, ' commilitones,
nisi vultis aquilam hostibus prodere,' et in hostes aquilam ferre 5
incipit Simul Baculus desilit damans, ' Venite ! Venite, Romani ! '
Tum vero nostri universi ex navibus desiluerunt. Pugnatum est
utrimque acriter. Denique, barbaris in fugam datis, oram occu-
pamus et castra ponimus. Haec Insula, remotissima terrarum, est
saevissima et asperrima. Omnia sunt terribilia et pericull plena. 10
Desldero te, mater carissima. O quando ego te aspiciam I Vale."
C&sar's sixth campaign

Sexto anno belli GallicI Caesar per primam partem aestatis in
Germania rem gefebat. Tum suos in Galliam reduxit et castra in
mediis Eburonum fInibus posuit. Ibi impedimenta omnium legionum
contulit et praesidio2 impedimentis unam legionem rellquit. Ipse 15
et reliquae legiones alii* alias in partes profectl sunt. Discedens
monuit legatum ut mllites in castris contineret.
The commanding officer, moved by the murmurs of his men who com
plain of being confined in camp without good cause, disregards
Ccesar's advice
Plures dies post profectionem Caesaris legatus praeceptis im-
peratoris summa diligentia paruit ac ne calonem quidem ex vallo
egredi passus est. Sed septimo die, permotus vocibus 4 militum 20
qul moleste ferebant se, omnibus Gallis superatis, tam diQ conti-
nerl, quinque cohortes et magnam multitudinem calonum in agros
proximos frumentandi 6 causa mlsit.
i. more backward than usual. 2. praesidiS impedlmentls, two datives. See
§ 686. 3. alii . . . partes, some in one direction and others in another, alii is
masculine because it agrees not only with legiones but also with ipse. An
adjective agreeing with two or more nouns denoting persons of different gen
ders is regularly masculine. 4. murmurs. 5. frumentandi causa, to gather
grain.
'VENITE! VENITE, ROMANI I " CLAMAVIT BACULUS
A German force unexpectedly attacks the camp. A panic ensues
His 1 absentibus et castris paene sine praesidio relictis, duo milia
Germanorum improvise perveniunt et castra capere conantur. Ex2
omnibus partibus hostes castra circumveniunt. Vix Romanl prlmum
impetum sustinent et portas defendunt. Omnes perterriti sciunt
neque quam in partem auxilium ferre neque quid facere debeant. 5
Nullis defensoribus in vallo visis, barbari credunt nullum praesi-
dium intus esse. Qua de causa acrius perrumpere conantur.
Baculus to the rescue

Baculus centurio, cum aeger esset, cum exercitu non profectus
est, sed in praesidio relictus erat. lam8 diem quintum cibo carue-
rat. Clamore audito, surgit et ex tabernaculo prodit. Videt hostes 10
imminere atque rem4 esse summo in discrimine. Capit arma a
proximis atque in porta consistit. Consequuntur hunc centuriones
eius cohortis quae in statione erat. Paulisper proelium sustinent.
Relinquit5 animus Baculum, gravibus acceptis vulneribus; vix per6
manus traditus servatur. Hoc spatio interposito, reliqui animis 15
confirmatis in munitionibus consistere audent speciemque defenso-
rum praebent. Mox milites qui ex castris egressI erant reverterunt
et Germani trans Rhenum se receperunt. Ita virtute Bacull castra
et impedimenta conservata sunt.
De rebus gestls Baculi hactenus. 20
i. his absentibus, while t/tese were absent. Absentibus is the ablative plural
of absens, the present participle of absum. It is declined like vocans, § 817.
2. ex omnibus partibus, on all sides. 3. iam . . . caruerat, already forfive days
he had gone without food ; on cibo see § 296. 4. rem . . . discrimine, that the
situation is extremely critical. 5. relinquit . . . Baculum, consciousness fails
Baculus or Baculus faints. 6. per manus traditus, passed along from hand
to hand.
LATIN SONGS
INTEGER VITAE
The words are the first two stanzas of the twenty-second ode in Book I of
the " Odes " of Horace (65-8 B.C.). The music is by Dr. F. F. Flemming
(about 181 1).
~F- T7Z
*E sc
In - te - ger vi - tae
f
see - le - ns - que
Si - ve per Syr - tes i - ter aes - tu-
SB P
^
M
pu - rus Non e - get Mau - ris
f
ia - cu - lis, nee
o - sas, Si - ve fac - tu - rus per in-hos-pi-
as
U
ar - cu,
ta - lem
Nee
m
ve - ne - na
Cau - ca - sum, vel
tis
quae
gra - vi- da sa-
lo - ca fa - bu-
m 294
2
LATIN SONGS 295
^
Fus - ce, pha re tra,
Lam - bit Hy das pes.
^ =g=
I
Fuscus, the man of life upright and pure
Needeth nor javelin nor bow of Moor,
Nor arrows tipped with venom deadly sure,
Loading his quiver ;
Whether o'er Afric's burning sands he rides,
Or frosty Caucasus' bleak mountain sides,
Or wanders lonely, where Hydaspes glides,
That storied river. „
Theodore Martin
ADESTE FIDELES
(Portuguese Hymn)
The words are by an unknown author of the seventeenth century. The
tune, which is found in most of our hymnals, is generally ascribed to John
Reading, who died in 1692. The name " Portuguese Hymn" comes from
the melody's having been first used in the chapel of the Portuguese embassy
in London. A translation under the title " O come, all ye Faithful " was
made by F. Oakeley (1841).
I*± r
Ad- es - te, fi - de - les,
$ Can - tet nunc I - o!
r tiiisd^
• "f
Lae-ti trium-phan-tes; Ve-
Cho - rus an- ge - lo-rum;
i Er - go qui na - tus Di - e ho - di - er - na,
mi4-n 0= yt j . , iru.
p
296 LATIN SONGS
m ¿i Ü?
VT
ni - te, ve - m te in Beth - le - hem;
Can - tet nunc au la cae - les - ti - um,
le - su, ti bi sit glo - ri - a;
Sm m &
ÜA -J-+W
B^f
Na - tum vi - de - te r
Re- gem an - ge - lo - rum: Ve-
Glo - ri - a, glo - ria In ex - eel - sis De - o! Ve-
Pa - tris ae - ter - ni Ver-bum ca - ro fac - tum! Ve-
pfÉÉ 9
izzza «3
ni - te a - do - re - mus, ve - ni - te a - do - re - mus, ve-
¿AAA! j . J J JJ.J Jf
^ - >
M kk^á * i]
^cr
ni - te a - do re - mus
*^_S- -J-
Do mi - num.
-»— «- g J 1 p" V-.

má frr-f 'f-f I
LATIN SONGS 297
GAUDEAMUS
The second and third stanzas of this famous student song were known
as early as 1267. The melody in its present form dates back to about the
middle of the eighteenth century.
Gau-de-a- mus i - gi-tur, lu - ve-nes dum su - mus;

U - bisunt,qui ante nos In mun-do fu - e - re?
Vi - ta nos-tra bre-vis est, Bre-vi fi - ni - e - tur;
mj
PP
rn—4^~5-
tr—+^- -3—3- J ^ ~I ^ ~1 -4.
ig^*1 1 1 -
I ^ ~] "^] 1
Post iu- cun-dam iu-ven-tu-tem, Post m o-les-tam se-nec-tu-tem,

Tran-se •as ad su - pe - ros, A- b ; - as ad in - fe - ros,
Ve-nit nors ve - lo - ci - ter, Ra- pi t nos a - tro - ci - ter,
^v/}• 4•jrî ms\

m 0
' Y
m
i
m
i
L
~m~' T*~ f 6. f
w1 fr rr3 T
p• • Krr •i •i Lri
Nos ha-be - bit hu

Quos si vis vi - de
mus, Nos ha-be - pit
re, Quos si vis vi
*i
hu - mus.
de - re.
Ne-mi-ni par - ce tur, Ne-mi-ni par ce - tur.
298 LATIN SONGS
Let us now in youth rejoice, Where have all our fathers gone ?
None can justly blame us ; Here we'll see them never ;
For when golden youth has fled, Seek the gods' serene abode —
And in age our joys are dead, Cross the dolorous Stygian flood —
Then the dust doth claim us, There they dwell forever,
Then the dust doth claim us. There they dwell forever.
Brief is this our life on earth,
Brief — nor will it tarry —
Swifdy death runs to and fro,
All must feel his cruel blow,
None the dart can parry,
None the dart can parry.
A ROUND FOR THREE PARTS

1 11
fiw *—<*
A - mor vin - cit om - ni - a, A - mor vin - cit
in
m
J-jjP ! ! "ir nia
- m
om - ni - a, A-morvin-cit om-ni-a, om-ni-a.
A ROUND FOR FOUR PARTS

From Professor R. C. Flickinger's " Carmina Latina " and used by per
mission of the University of Chicago Press. The English words and music
are by F. O. Lyte. The Latin version is by Professor Flickinger.
i Due, due,
Hi , ~r-,. ;
re - mos due
l . /-T
ts=
Flu - mi - ne
IV;
<c
i=£
se - cun - do;
m m m —&-
Vi-vi-tur, vi -vi-tur, vi-vi-tur, vi- vi-tur Ve-lut insom-ni - o.
Row, row, row your boat, gently down the stream.
Merrily, merrily, merrily, merrily, life is but a dream.
'
REVIEWS1
I. REVIEW OF LESSONS I-VII
732. Give the English of the following words :
NOUNS
agricola fabula nauta puella terra
aqua filia pecunia regina
VERBS PREPOSITIONS
amat properat a or ab in with ace.
dat sunt ad in with abl.
est vocat cum per
narrat
733. Give the Latin of the following words. Go through the entire
list, checking the words you do not remember. Then drill on the words
you have checked.
from water daughter money are through
loves gives tells hastens calls land
farmer story sailor in or on is queen
to with into girl
734. Review Questions. What English letters does the Latin alphabet
lack? When is i a consonant? What is the sound of c and of g? How
many syllables has a Latin word ? How are words divided into syllables ?
When is a syllable long ? Give the rules of Latin accent. Name the parts
of speech and give an English example of each. Define the subject, the
predicate. What is a transitive verb? an intransitive verb? the copula?
Define the direct object. What is inflection ? declension ? conjugation ?
What does the form of a noun show ? Name the Latin cases. What case
is used for the subject? the possessor? the indirect object? the direct
1 It is suggested that each of the reviews be assigned for a written test.
299
300 REVIEWS
object? Translate filia reginae peciiniam Lesbiae dat. What is the

ending of the verb in the third person, singular and plural ? Give the rule
for the agreement of the verb. What relations are expressed by the dative
case? by the ablative case? Where does the verb generally stand? the
subject? the possessive genitive? the direct object? the indirect object?
What is a predicate noun? How many declensions are there? How is the
declension to which a noun belongs determined ? Decline rSgina, fabula,
filia. What cases are always alike? How is the ablative singular distin
guished from the nominative? What Latin cases may be used with
prepositions ?
735. Derivation. Give ten English words related to the Latin words in
§ 732. Define these and illustrate each by an English sentence.
736. Fill out the following summary of the first declension :
1. Ending in the nominative singular
2. Case terminations : a. Singular
b. Plural
3. Irregular nouns
II. REVIEW OF LESSONS VIII-XV

Nouns of the First Declension
casa fama insula via
Nouns of the Second Declension
ager auxilium fllius populus socius
amicus bellum frumentum puer telum
arma equus oppidum servus vir
Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions
altus, -a, -um liber, libera, llberum novus, -a, -um
amicus, -a, -um longus, -a, -um parvus, -a, -um
bonus, -a, -um magnus, -a, -um proximus, -a, -um
gratus, -a, -um multus, -a, -um pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum
inimlcus, -a, -um notus, -a, -um
REVIEWS 301
VERBS INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS ADVERBS
convocat parat quid cur saepe
habitat portat quis non ubi
laborat navigat quo
CONJUNCTIONS
et sed
738. Give the Latin of the following words :

where rumor war free (adj.)
but friend horse well-known
who nearest small why
sail (verb) whither call together much, many
toil (verb) prepare not slave
cottage road pleasing man
field aid (noun) son spear, missile
high or deep friendly people great
often live (verb) ally long
and island new grain
what good hostile town
carry pretty boy arms
739. Review Questions. What is meant by grammatical gender? Give

the rule for the gender of nouns of the first declension. Decline terra,
filia. What nouns belong to the second declension ? Give the rule for
gender in the second declension. Decline amicus, puer, ager, vir, oppidum.
Decline socius and auzilium, and explain the peculiarity in the genitive of
nouns like these. When is the vocative not like the nominative ? Give the
general rules of declension. What is an adjective? Decline magnus, -a,
-um ; liber, libera, liberum ; pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum. Decline agricola
bonus. Why is it not correct to say agricola bona ? What is the position
of adjectives? What is the position of vocatives? What are adverbs?
Where do they stand? How are questions introduced in Latin? How
are questions answered in the affirmative? How are questions answered
in the negative? Name the possessive adjectives. What is the vocative
singular masculine of meus? Why is sUUs called a reflexive possessive?
Where are possessive adjectives placed when they are unemphatic? when
they are emphatic?
302 REVIEWS
740. Give the rules for the following constructions, and illustrate each by
a Latin sentence :
i. Agreement of adjectives 3. Dative with adjectives
2. Apposition 4. Agreement of possessives
741. Derivation. Give fifteen English words related to the Latin words
in § 737- Define these and illustrate each by an English sentence.
742. Fill out the following summary of the second declension :

i. Endings in the nominative
2. Rule for gender
fa. Singular
b. Plural
c. Vocative singular
(a. Singular
4. Case terminations of nouns in -um J. . ,
\^b. Plural
5. Peculiarities of nouns in -er
6. Peculiarity of the genitive of nouns in -ius and -ium
III. REVIEW OF LESSONS XVI-XXIII

NOUNS OF THE FIRST DECLENSION
amicitia diligentia Germania silva
Britannia Gallia ora victoria
copia
NOUNS OF THE SECOND DECLENSION
barbarus castrum Germanus praemium
Britanm Gallus periculum proelium

barbarus, -a, -um miser, misera, miserum suus, -a, -um
creber, crebra, crebrum noster, nostra, nostrum tuus, -a, -um
meus, -a, -um Romanus, -a, -um vester, vestra, vestrum
REVIEWS 303
VERBS
First Conjugation Second Conjugation
occupo, -a're habeo, -e're timeo, -e're
pugno, -a're moneo, -e're video, -e're
supero, -a're teneo, -e're
ADVERBS PREPOSITIONS CONJUNCTION
lam immquam semper e or ex itaque
mox nunc tum sine

therefore danger seize conquer, overcome
Gaul my, mine our, ours then
out of thick, frequent already reward, prize
plenty, forces Roman a savage have
without friendship always presently
a Gaul never fight (verb) fear (verb)
his, her, its thy, thine forest shore
industry savage (adj.) Britons advise, warn
fort, camp Britain your, yours a German
now wretched battle victory
Germany see hold
745. Review Questions. Define the active voice and the passive voice,
and illustrate each by an English sentence. Name the moods. Name the
English tenses and give an example of each. Define the three persons.
Give the personal endings. What is their office? Define the indicative
mood. Inflect the present, past, and future of sum. How many regular
conjugations has Latin ? What are the four distinguishing, or characteristic,
vowels? What is the present stem and how may it be found? What is
the tense sign of the past tense ? of the future ? What verbs belong to the
first conjugation ? to the second conjugation ? Inflect narro and navigo in
the present, past, and future. In what respect is the verb do irregular?
Inflect habeo and video in the present, past, and future. What are the
three meanings of the Latin present ? What are the two uses of the Latin
past tense? How does the meaning of e (ex) differ from that of a (ab)?
Give the rules for the shortening of vowels. What are the general
principles of Latin order?
304 REVIEWS
746. Give the rules for the following constructions, and illustrate each
by a Latin sentence :
i. Predicate Genitive of Possession 3. Ablative of Means
2. Ablative of Cause 4. Ablative of Manner
5. Ablative of Accompaniment
in § 743- Define them and illustrate each by an English sentence.
748. Make a blank scheme, as shown here, of the first three tenses of
the indicative, and, pointing rapidly with your pencil to the different spaces
and using a variety of verbs, give the form required for each space. Drill
until you can give the forms instantly. You do not know these three tenses
well enough until you can give them complete, of any verb, in less than
fifteen seconds.
INDICATIVE INFINITIVE
Verb
Present stem
PRESENT
i.
2.
PAST (TENSE SIGN -ba-)

i.
2.
FUTURE (TENSE SIGN -bi-)

i. •
2.
3.
REVIEWS 305
IV. REVIEW OF LESSONS XXIV-XXXII

Nouns of the First Declension
dea iniuria poena sapientia
fossa patria poeta vita
Nouns of the Second Declension

animus deus liber navigium vallum
consilium finitimi murus numerus

clarus, -a, -um latus, -a, -um medius, -a, -um
finitimus, -a, -um malus, -a, -um
Verbs
First Conj. Second Conj. Third Conj. Fourth Conj
nuntio, -a're pateo, -e're capio, -ere induco, -ere audio, -i're
servo, -a're respondeo, -e're dlco, -ere mitto, -ere munio, -i're
duco, -ere peto, -ere venio, -i're
facio, -ere rego, -ere
gero, -ere vinco, -ere
Relative Pronoun Preposition Conjunction Adverbs

qui dc cum celeriter
postea

afterwards conquer lead into take, seize
quickly number (noun) announce say, speak
come boat goddess adjoining, neighboring
fortify life plan (noun) lead (verb)
answer wide famous god
middle of evil wall neighbors
306 REVIEWS
rampart, wall rule (verb) make, do down from, concerning
wisdom seek who wrong, insult (noun)
hear book lie open, extend wage, carry on
mind, heart poet save send
when punishment ditch country, native land
751. Review Questions. Define demonstrative pronouns and adjectives.

Decline is, ea, id. Where do demonstrative adjectives stand? Explain the
use of is in the sentence videS eum. Explain the difference in meaning
between Marcus filium suum vocat and Marcus filium eius vocat. What
verbs belong to the third conjugation? Inflect ducS, mitto, and gero in
the present, past, and future. What is the tense sign in the future of the
first and second conjugations ? of the third and fourth conjugations ? What
verbs belong to the fourth conjugation ? Inflect facio, veniS, and munio
in the present, past, and future. What are verbs like faciS called ? What
are the tenses of the imperative ? How is the present imperative formed ?
Give the present imperative of servS, respondeS, vincS, mitto, dicS, duco.
faciS, and veniS.
752. Give the rules for the following constructions, and illustrate each
by a Latin sentence :
i. Agreement of a demonstrative with its noun
2. Dative with special intransitive verbs
753. Derivation. What is the force of the Latin prefix re-? Illustrate
by English or Latin words. What is the meaning of the Latin prepositions
a (ab), ad, de, 6 (ex), in, when used as prefixes ? Illustrate by English or
Latin words. Give fifteen English words related to the Latin words in
§ 749. Define them and illustrate each by an English sentence.
754. Continue to use the scheme of § 748, and drill with verbs of all
four conjugations.
REVIEWS • 307
V. REVIEW OF LESSONS XXXIII-XL

NOUNS OF THE FIRST NOUNS OF THE SECOND
DECLENSION DECLENSION
Graecia memoria captivus factum praesidium

firmus, -a, -um tardus, -a, -um
VERBS
First Conjugation Second Conjugation Third Conjugation
oppugno specto sedeo ago educo rapio
CONJUNCTIONS ADVERBS
nam neque (nee) certe denique diu fortiter ibi

attack (verb) bravely a long time memory
for and not, neither slow lead out
certainly finally, at last Greece deed
garrison seize strong, trusty drive
there look at sit captive
757. Review Questions. Define the active voice and the passive voice.
Illustrate each by a Latin sentence. Name the personal endings of the
passive. Do the tense signs differ from those used in the active? What
are the tense signs of the past and future ? Define the infinitive. Explain
the formation of the present infinitive, active and passive. Explain the
formation of the present imperative, active and passive. Inflect the verb
sum through the first three tenses of the indicative, the present infinitive,
and the imperative. Give the complete inflection, active and passive, as far
as we have gone, of porto, habeo, vinco, rapio, and munio. Give the
synopsis of the active of specto, sedeo, ago, facio, and venio, and also
the synopsis of the passive of servo, teneo, peto, rapiS, and audiS.
758. Give the rules for the ablative of means and the ablative of the
personal agent, and illustrate each by a Latin sentence.
308 REVIEWS
759. Derivation. Define the following English words, giving the Latin
root word and the force of the prefix in each case :
conserve remit convoke comport abduct
detain evoke deport report deduce
emit invoke export adduce reduce
admit revoke import induce conduce
760. Give ten English words related to the Latin words in § 755.
Define them and illustrate each by an English sentence.
761. Extend the scheme of § 748 so as to include all the verb inflection
you have had, and use it as suggested with verbs of all four conjugations.
VI. REVIEW OF LESSONS XLI-XLVIII

natura annus imperium locus
villa exemplum legatus officium

amplus, -a, -um integer, -gra, -grum timidus, -a, -um
egregius, -a, -um publicus, -a, -um verus, -a, -um
VERBS
First Conj. Second Conj. Third Conj. Fourth Conj.
comparo loco prohibeo abduco discedo invenio
conflrmo paco defendo dlmitto
libero
Irregular
absum
ADVERBS PREPOSITION
longe minime quavn ante
REVIEWS 309
far away farm set free hinder how
nature place (noun) ambassador defend send away
year put lead away find ample
get together subdue cowardly depart public
remarkable before power not at all whole
example duty strengthen be away true
764. Review Questions. What are the principal parts of an English

verb? of a Latin verb? What are the three verb stems? How is the
present stem formed ? the perfect stem ? the participial stem ? What tenses
are formed from the perfect stem ? Give the endings of the perfect. What
is the tense sign of the past perfect? of the future perfect? Give the
principal parts of sum and inflect it in all the moods and tenses you have
learned. How is the perfect translated as perfect definite ? as past absolute ?
How are the Latin past and Latin perfect used ? Give the principal parts
and the inflection in full of the indicative of AS, nuntio, habeo, gerS, rapio,
muniS. Give also the present imperative active and the present and
perfect infinitives of these verbs.
765. Give the rules for the ablative of the personal agent, the place
from which, and separation, and illustrate each by a Latin sentence.
767. Extend the scheme of §§ 748 and 761, and continue its use.
VII. REVIEW OF LESSONS XLIX-LVI

fortuna impedlmentum negotium Rhenus
inopia iudicium regnum
iniquus, -a, -um pauci, -ae, -a reliquus, -a, -um
310 t REVIEWS
VERBS
First Conj. Second Conj. Third Conj.
appello puto iubeo ascendo incipio produce
conservo vasto moved cupio interficio remitto
evoco veto obtineo fugio procedo suscipio
expugno perterreo iacio
Irregular
possum
ADVERBS PREPOSITIONS CONJUNCTIONS

antea magnopere post ac atque
ita statim pro
trans

across desire, wish kingdom preserve
and baggage Rhine advance
hindrance storm (verb) want, lack kill
greatly climb up business, affair lead forward
unfavorable hurl judgment call, name
fortune command send back possess, gain
be able, can after, behind undertake forbid
move at once flee for, in behalf of
think thus, so terrify few, only a few
begin remaining, rest lay waste heretofore
power if call out
770. Review Questions. Give the principal parts of the verbs of the
second and third conjugations used in § 768. Define a participle. What
participles are lacking in Latin? What Latin forms are made from the
participial stem? Why is vir vocatae sunt incorrect? Give the complete
inflection in the passive indicative, imperative, and infinitive of the following
verbs : moveo, iacio, iubeo, duco. Give the complete inflection of possum.
Give the list of prepositions that take the ablative. Decline the relative qui
and the interrogative quis.
REVIEWS 311
771. Define an infinitive. Give an example in Latin of an infinitive
object clause, of a complementary infinitive, of the infinitive used as a noun.
Define a simple sentence, a complex sentence, a compound sentence. What
are the different kinds of clauses ? Give the rule for the agreement of the
relative pronoun, and illustrate by a Latin sentence. Give the rule for the
ablative absolute, and illustrate by a Latin sentence. How is an ablative
absolute best translated ?
in § 768. Define them and illustrate each by an English sentence. Give
the force of the prefixes ab, ad, con-, de, 6, in, prS, re-, trans. What is
the force of in- prefixed to an adjective or adverb? What is meant by
assimilation,'' What changes of spelling occur in words like capio when
compounded with a prefix?
773. Extend the scheme of §§ 748 and 761, so as to include all you
have had of the passive, and continue to use it for drill.
VIII. REVIEW OF LESSONS LVII-LXIV

NOUN OF THE FIRST DECL. NOUNS OF THE SECOND DECL.
lingua matrimonium signum
NOUNS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION

animal cohors . homo miles pax soror
caedes consul iter mors princeps urbs
calcar eques legio mulier rex virtus
caput flumen mare nomen salus vis
clvitas frater mater pater
ADJECTIVE OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS

aequus, -a, -um
VERBS
Second Conjugation Third Conjugation
audeo accipio deicio pono reduco
contineo committo pello reddo relinquo
312 REVIEWS
CONJUNCTIONS
autem et . . . et etiam tamen
equal, fair drive, banish father cohort
even, also put peace enemy
dare return chief bound, restrain
tongue nevertheless king city
man however head woman
journey, march both . . . and river spur (noun)
valor intrust brother state (noun)
strength consul leave animal
death legion time horseman
safety mother sister sea
receive soldier name (noun) marriage
throw down lead back slaughter signal (noun)
776. Review Questions. Define base and stem. Into what two classes
are nouns of the third declension divided ? Decline caput, civitas, eques,
flumen, legio, pater, tempus. What masculine and feminine nouns have
i-stems? In what cases do i-stems differ from consonant stems? What
neuter nouns have i-stems? Decline caedes, hostis, cohors, niors, mare,
animal. Decline the irregular nouns homo, iter, vis.
in § 774. Define them and illustrate each by an English sentence. How
many Latin prefixes can you name? What is the force of each? Write
all the English derivatives you can from the verb mitto, -ere, misl, missus,
using both prefixes and suffixes.
IX. REVIEW OF LESSONS LXV-LXXII

NOUNS OF THE FIRST DECL. NOUNS OF THE SECOND DECL.
fuga gratia beneficium spatium supplicium
NOUNS OF THE THIRD DECL. INDECLINABLE NOUN
auctoritas dux ignis lex libertas pes servitus nihil
REVIEWS
ADJECTIVE OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS
certus, -a, -um
ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION

acer, acris, acre equester, equestris, omnis, omne
brevis, breve equestre par
celer, celeris, celere facilis, facile pedester, pedestris,
communis, commune fortis, forte pedestre
difRcilis, difficile gravis, grave similis, simile
dissimilis, dissimile levis, leve
VERBS
First Conjugation Second Conjugation Third Conjugation
exspecto adduco
vulnero cognosce
cogo
ADVERBS PREPOSITION CONJUNCTIONS

bene plurimum inter aut
deinde prlmo quod
facile prlmum
maxime

because fire brave favor
between, among slavery easy authority
certain wound (verb) short easily
sharp lead to difficult most of all
very much nothing well equal
or swift next common
flight unlike leader all, every
kindness on foot foot heavy
wait for light compel, collect similar
remain first liberty of cavalry
learn, know at first law space.
body punishment
314 REVIEWS
780. Review Questions. Into what three classes are adjectives of the
third declension divided? How can you tell to which class an adjective
belongs ? Decline equester, gravis, and par. What is meant by comparison
of adjectives? Compare the adjectives longus, fortis, celer, creber, bonus,
magnus, malus, multus, parvus, facilis, similis. Decline melior and
plus. Define an adverb. Give an English sentence containing an adjective
and an adverb. How are adverbs formed from adjectives of the first and
second declensions? of the third declension? Form adverbs from altus,
integer, celer, levis, and compare them. WThat case forms are sometimes
used adverbially ? Illustrate. Compare bene, diu, magnopere, saepe.
781. Give an example in Latin of a comparative followed by quam; of

the ablative of measure of difference.
782. Derivation. Give fifteen English derivatives from the words in

§778.
X. REVIEW OF LESSONS LXXIII-LXXXI

Nouns
Second Declension Third Declension Fourth Declension
modus aestas hiems nox adventus exercitus
Caesar imperator pars cornu impetus
celeritas lux pedes domus manus
civis mons rus equitatus
finis navis timor
Fifth Declension
dies spes

alius, -a, -ud nullus, -a, -um ullus, -a, -um
alter, -a, -um sinister, -tra, -trum unus, -a, -um
dexter, -tra, -trum solus, -a, -um uter, -tra, -trum
neuter, -tra, -trum totus, -a, -um
REVIEWS 3IS
VERBS
First Conjugation Second Conjugation "1Third Conjugation
demonstro commoveo retineo ocontends incolo
existimo debeo sustineo d
depono
PRONOUNS
aliquis idem iste SUl
ego ille quldam tu
hie ipse quisque
I hope (noun) a certain home, house
inhabit no that (ofyours) right
someone light alarm (verb) point out
this (of mine) general hold up army
hasten, strive thou, you self that (yonder)
any each whole, all attack (noun)
one lay down another think, regard
which (of two) left the other end, territory
fear (noun) alone ship hand
country thing night citizen
foot soldier hold back neither same
part (noun) mountain owe, ought of himself
summer manner speed day
winter arrival horn Cassar
785. Review Questions. What nouns belong to the fourth declension ?
What is their gender ? Decline inanus and cornu. What nouns belong to
the fifth declension ? What is their gender ? Decline dies and res. Give
the ending of the genitive singular in each of the five declensions. Give the
rules for gender in the third declension. Name the nine irregular adjectives
and decline nullus. Name the classes of pronouns. Decline ego, tu, and
sui. Explain the use of ipse and decline it. How do hie, iste, and ille
differ in meaning? Decline them. Define an indefinite pronoun. What
general rule can you give for the declension of indefinites ?
786. Give the rules for the expression of the place to which, in which,
and from which. What important exception do these rules have ? Give the
REVIEWS
Latin for at Rome, at home, in the country. What are these forms called ?
Give a Latin sentence containing an ablative of time. Translate alii terrain
alii mare amant and alii aliam in partem fugiunt.
787. Derivation. Give fifteen English derivatives from the words in

§ 783. What is the force of the prefixes inter, per, prae, and sub? Give
Latin and English words having these prefixes.
XI. REVIEW OF LESSONS LXXXII-LXXXVIII

NOUNS
First Decl. Third Ded. Fourth Decl. Fifth Decl.
causa altitudo laus multitudo passus acies
hora dolor magnitudo pons
explorator milia potestas
ADJECTIVES
First and Second Declensions Third Declension
cupidus idoneus primus sextus militaris
decimus imperitus quartus tertius tres
ducentl nonus qumtus undecimus
duo octavus secundus Onus
duodecimus perltus Septimus
Indeclinable
centum mflle octo quinque sex
decem novem quattuor septem undecim
duodecim
VERBS
First Conj. Second Conj. Third Conj.
hortor doceo conficio expello patior sequor
permaneo deligo mstruo praemitto sumo
vereor excedo intermitto scribo traduco
PREPOSITION ADVERBS
apud interim vero
REVIEWS 317
pace eleventh draw up cause (noun)
line of battle third leave off hour
military sixth suffer desirous
three power send ahead tenth
seven bridge drive out two hundred
six crowd go out from two
eleven praise (noun) choose twelfth
meanwhile size complete hundred
truly thousand twelve ten
take up, assume first skilled height
lead across fourth eighth among
follow fifth ninth urge
write second unskilled teach
five seventh suitable last (verb)
four nine scout fear (verb)
one eight pain (noun)
790. Review Questions. Give the first twelve cardinals and decline the
first three. Give the first twelve ordinals. How are ordinals declined?
Decline milia. Define a deponent verb. Give the synopsis of hortor,
vereor, and sequor in the indicative and imperative. Give the four parti
ciples of veniS and explain the formation of each. What participles that
are found in English are lacking in Latin? Decline portans, present
participle of porto. Give the four participles of hortor. What important
fact can you state concerning the meaning of the past participle of deponent
verbs ?
791. Give the rule for each of the following constructions, and illustrate
each by a Latin sentence :
Genitive of the whole Genitive with adjectives
Ablative of respect Genitive or ablative of description
Accusative of duration of time and extent of space
Give the Latin for a thousand soldiers, ten thousand soldiers, five of the
soldiers. Translate "While the Helvetii were going forth from their
boundaries, Caesar was hastening from Rome," using the ablative absolute
for the first clause.
318 REVIEWS
can you generally tell whether a word should end in -ant or -entl What
can you say about the formation and meaning of Latin nouns Ijke victor,
r6ctOr, etc., and their appearance in English ?
XII. REVIEW OF LESSONS LXXXIX-XCVI

NOUNS
Third Declension
condicio difficultas mens dratio turris
consuetudo ins nemo ratio vulnus
Fourth Declension Fifth Declension
senatus res publica
ADJECTIVES
First and Second Declensions Third Declension
frumentarius summus tantus nobilis talis
VERBS
First Conj. Second Conj. Third Conj. Fourth Conj.
appropinquo permoveo amitto intercludo convemo
impero provideo conicio perduco impedio
postulo conscribo praeficio pervenio
rogo consisto premo
tempto consulo propono
incendo quaero
Irregular
desum praesum
PREPOSITION ADVERBS
propter dIligenter quidem
REVIEWS 319
draw near condition mind (noun) hurl
command custom no one wound (noun)
move deeply of grain consult seek
look out for highest set on fire senate
enroll so great cut off commonwealth
stand still well-known lead through assemble
press hard such set over hinder
set forth difficulty speech arrive
be lacking right (noun) method demand (verb)
on account of be before or over tower ask
carefully indeed lose try
795. Review Questions. Name the three moods and the tenses of the
indicative and subjunctive. Inflect in full the indicative and subjunctive of
vasto, moveo, ago, rapio, and munio. Inflect the indicative and subjunc
tive of sum and possum. How may the past and past perfect active sub
junctive of any verb be formed ?
796. Name the primary and secondary tenses, and give the rule for the
sequence of tenses. In what expressions is the indicative used? In what
the subjunctive? How is purpose often expressed in English? How is it
usually expressed in Latin? Give an example of each. What is a noun
clause ? Give the rule for noun clauses of purpose, and illustrate by an
example. Name five verbs that are regularly followed by ut or n6 and
the subjunctive. Give the rule for the subjunctive of result, and illustrate
by an example. Translate " Many things caused the slave to fear," and
explain the construction of the dependent clause. Give the rule for the
dative with compounds, and illustrate by an example.
320 REVIEWS
XIII. REVIEW OF LESSONS XCVII-CIII

circummunio genus nego ostendo scio
enim intellego nolo pertineo sentio
eo iiidico oportet recipio spero
fero malo ordo satis void
fides
)9. Give the Latin of the following words :
kind {noun) perceive for faith
be unwilling be necessary deny reach, pertain
sufficient know prefer take back
wish (verb) feel bear judge
fortify around rank hope (',verb) g°
800. Give the Latin of the following idioms :
To make war upon To remember To be eager for a revolution
To be annoyed For the future To give satisfaction
801. Inflect the verbs eS, fero, malo, nS10, volo.
802. Review Questions. What constructions are used after volS, nSlS,
and malo ? Give the rule for the constructions with cum. Write sentences
illustrating (a) cum = -when, (b) cum = since, (c) cum = although. What
is an indirect statement ? How are indirect statements introduced in
English ? What can you say about the mood and tense of the English verb
in an indirect statement? What are the three marked differences between
an English and a Latin indirect statement? What kind of verbs are
followed by indirect statements ? Give an English indirect statement and
translate it into Latin. What is an indirect question ? Give an example of
an English indirect question and translate it into Latin.
803. Derivation. Give ten English words related to the Latin words
are abstract nouns formed from adjectives ? Illustrate. Explain the meaning
and formation of cupidus. What is the force of the suffix -osus ? of the
suffixes -ilis, -bilis? What rule can you give for the spelling of English
words ending in -able or -ible ? in -Hon or -sion ?
-\
SUMMARY OF RULES OF SYNTAX
FIRST HALF YEAR

Agreement
1. The verb agrees with its subject in person and number (§ 48).
2. A predicate noun agrees with the subject in case (§61).
3. An appositive agrees in case with the noun which it explains (§ 104).
4. Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender, number, and case (§ 91).
5. The relative agrees with its antecedent in gender and number, but its
case is determined by its use in its own clause (§ 390).
Nominative Case
6. The subject of a finite verb is in the nominative (§ 33).
Genitive Case
7. The word denoting the owner or possessor of something is in the
genitive (§ 34).
8. The possessive genitive often stands in the predicate and is connected
- with its noun by a form of the verb sum (§ 1 50).
Dative Case
9. The indirect object of a verb is in the dative (§ 58).
10. The dative of the indirect object is used with the intransitive verbs
credo, faveo, noceo, pareo, persuadeo, resistS, studeo, and others
of like meaning (§ 224).
11. The dative is used with adjectives to denote the object toward which
the given quality is directed. Such are those meaning near, also
fit, friendly, pleasing, like, and their opposites (§ 130).
Accusative Case
12. The direct object of a transitive verb is in the accusative (§ 35).
13. The subject of the infinitive is in the accusative (§ 368).
321
322 SUMMARY OF RULES OF SYNTAX
Ablative Case
14. Cause is denoted by the ablative, usually without a preposition (§ 1 65).
15. Means is denoted by the ablative without a preposition (§ 166).
16. Aceompaniment is denoted by the ablative with cum (§ 167).
17. Manner is denoted by the ablative with cum. Cum may be omitted
if an adjective is used with the ablative (§ 168).
18. The place from which is expressed by the ablative with the prepo
sitions a (ab), de, e (ex) (§ 295).
19. Words expressing separation or taking away are followed by the
ablative, often with the prepositions a (ab), de, e (ex) (§ 296).
20. The ablative with the preposition a or ab is used with passive verbs
to indicate the person by whom the act is performed (§ 261).
21. The ablative of a noun and a participle, a noun and an adjective, or
two nouns may be used in the absolute construction to denote
attendant circumstances (§ 400).
Infinitive used as in English

22. The verbs iubeS, command; cupiS, wish ; vetS, forbid, and the
like are often followed by an infinitive clause as object (§ 367).
23. Verbs of incomplete predication are often followed by an infinitive
(§369).
SECOND HALF YEAR

Genitive Case
1. A genitive denoting the whole is used with words denoting a part, and is
known as the genitive of the whole, or the partitive genitive (§ 541).
2. The adjectives cupidus, desirous; peritus, skilled; imperitus,
ignorant, and others of similar character are followed by the
objective genitive (§ 554).
3. The genitive or the ablative, with a modifying adjective, is used in
expressions of quality or description (§ 562).
Dative Case
4. Some verbs compounded with ad, ante, con, de, in, inter, ob, post,
prae, pro, sub, and super take the dative of the indirect object
(§ 623).
5. The dative is used to denote the purpose or end for which, often
with another dative denoting the person or thing affected (§ 686).
SUMMARY OF RULES OF SYNTAX 323
Accusative Case
6. The place to which is expressed by ad or in with the accusative
7. Duration of time and extent of space are expressed by the accusative

(§ S47).
8. Verbs of making, choosing, calling, and the like may take a predicate
accusative along with the direct object. With the passive voice the
two accusatives become nominatives (§ 684).
Ablative Case
9. With comparatives and words implying comparison the ablative is
used to denote the measure of difference (§ 452).
10. The place from which is expressed by a or ab, de, 6 or ex, with the
ablative (§ 482 ; cf. § 295).
11. The place at or in which is expressed by the ablative with in
(§ 483).
12. The time when or within which anything happens is expressed by
the ablative without a preposition (§ 493).
13. The ablative is used to denote in what respect something is true
(§ 552).
Moods and Tenses of Verbs

14. In a complex sentence a primary tense of the indicative in the prin
cipal clause is followed by a primary tense of the subjunctive in
the dependent clause, and a secondary by a secondary (§ 595).
15. A clause expressing purpose takes the subjunctive (§ 588).
16. Verbs denoting a purpose or desire that something be done are
followed by a subjunctive clause as object, introduced by ut or n6
(§ 602).
17. Clauses of result are introduced by ut (negative ut non) and have
the verb in the subjunctive (§ 6 1 6).
18. Object clauses of result introduced by ut (negative ut nSn) are
found after verbs of effecting or bringing about (§618).
19. Cum means when, since, or although, and takes the subjunctive
except in a temporal or descriptive clause of present or future
time (§ 643).
324 SUMMARY OF RULES OF SYNTAX
Moods and Tenses of Verbs (Continued)
20. When a direct statement becomes indirect, the principal verb is
changed to the infinitive and its subject nominative becomes
subject accusative of the infinitive (§ 654).
21. A present indicative of a direct statement becomes present infinitive
of the indirect, a past indicative becomes perfect infinitive, and a
future indicative becomes future infinitive (§ 656).
22. The accusative-with-infinitive construction in indirect statements
is found after verbs of saying, telling, knowing, thinking, and
perceiving (§ 657).
23. In an indirect question the verb is in the subjunctive, and its tense
is determined by the rule for the sequence of tenses (§ 671).
ROMAN MOSAIC
GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX
DECLENSION OF NOUNS
804. Nouns are inflected in five declensions, distinguished by the
termination of the genitive singular.
805. FIRST DECLENSION

aqua (base aqu-), water
SINGULAR PLURAL
NOM. aqua -a aquae -ae
GEN. aquae -ae aquarum -arum
DAT. aquae -ae aquis -Is
Ace. aquam -am aquas -as
ABL. aqua -a aquis -Is
a. Dea and filia have the termination -abus in the dative and
ablative plural.
806. SECOND DECLENSION

a. MASCULINES IN -us
servus (base serv-), slave
NOM. servus -us servi -I
GEN. servi -I servorum -orum
DAT. servo -S servis -is
Ace. servum -um servos -Ss
ABL. servS -o servis -is
i. Nouns in -us of the second declension have the termination -e
in the vocative singular : as, serve.
2. Proper names in -ius, and filius, end in -I in the vocative
singular, and the accent rests on the penult : as, Vergi'li, fill.
325
326 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX
b. NEUTERS IN -um
oppidum (base oppid-), town
NOM. oppidum -um oppida -a
GEN. oppidi -i oppidorum -Srum
DAT. oppido -6 oppidis -is
Ace. oppidum -um oppida -a
ABL. oppido -S oppidis -is
i. Masculines in -ius and neuters in -ium end in -i in the genitive
singular, not in -ii, and the accent rests on the penult.
c. MASCULINES IN -er AND -ir
puer (base puer-), boy; ager (base agr-), field ; vir (base vir-), man
NOM. puer ager vir —
GEN. pueri agri viri -I
DAT. puerS agro viro -d
Ace. puerum agrum virum -um
ABL. puero agro viro -6
NOM. pueri agri viri -i
GEN. puerorum agrorum virorum -orum
DAT. puerls agris viris -is
Ace. pucros agros viros -ds
ABL. pueris agris viris _
THIRD DECLENSION
807. Nouns of the third declension are classified as consonant
stems or i-stems.
808. I. CONSONANT STEMS
a. MASCULINES AND FEMININES
consul (base consul-), M., consul; Iegis (base legion-), F., legion;
pater (base patr-), M., father
NOM. consul legio pater —
GEN. consulis legionis patris -is
DAT. consuli legionI patri -I
Ace. consulem legionem patrem -em
ABL. consule legione patre -e
Nom. consules legiones patres -es

Gen. consulum legionum patrum -urn
DAT. consulibus legionibus patribus -ibus
Ace. consules legiones patres -es
Abl. consulibus legionibus patribus -ibus
princeps (base princip-), m., chief; miles (base milit-), m., soldier;
rex (base reg-), M., king
Nom. princeps miles rex -s
Gen. principis militis regis -is
Dat. prlncipi militi regl -i
Ace. principem militem regem -em
Abl. principe milite rege -e
Nom. principes milites reges -es

Gen. prlncipum militum regum -um
Dat. principibus militibus regibus -ibus
Ace. principes milites reges -es
Abl. principibus militibus regibus -ibus
Note. '.For vowel and consonant changes in the nominative singular
cf. § 405. a.
b. Neuters
flumen (base flfimin-), N., river; tempus (base tempor-), N., time;
caput (base capit-), N., head
Nom. flumen tempus caput —
Gen. fluminis temporis capitis -is
Dat. flumini tempori capiti -i
Ace. flumen tempus caput —
Abl. flu mine tempore capite -e
Nom. flumina tempora capita -a

Gen. fluminum temporum capitum -um
Dat. fluminibus temporibus capitibus -ibus
Ace.
Abl.
flumina
fluminibus
tempora
temporibus
capita
capitibus
'-
-a
-ibui
r
809. II. /-STEMS

a. Masculines and Feminines
caedes (base caed-), f., slaughter; hostis (base host-), m., enemy; urb9
(base urb-), F., city; cliens (base client-), M., retainer
Nom. caedes hostis urbs cliens -s, -is, or
Gen. caedis hostis urbis clientis -is
Dat. caedl hosti urbi clienti -i
Ace. caedem hostem urbem clientem -em (-im)
Abl. caede hoste urbe cliente -e(-i)
Nom. caedes hostes urbes clientes -es
Gen. caedium hostium urbium clientium -ium
DAT. caedibus hostibus urbibus clientibus -ibus
Ace. caedis, -es hostis, -es urbis, -es clientis, -es -is, -es
Abl. caedibus hostibus urbibus clientibus -ibus
b. Neuters
mare (base mar-), n., sea; animal (base animal-), x., animal;
calcar (base calcar-), n., spur
Nom. mare animal calcar — o>
Gen. maris animalis calcaris -is
Dat. marl animali calcarl -i
Ace. mare animal calcar — ot
Abl. mari animali calcarl -I
Nom. maria animalia calcaria -ia
Gen. animalium calcarium -ium
Dat. maribus animalibus calcaribus -ibus
Ace. maria animalia calcaria -ia
Abl. maribus animalibus calcaribus -ibus
810. FOURTH DECLENSION

adventus (base advent-), M., arrival; cornu (base corn-), N., horn
MASC. NEUT.
Nom. adventus cornu -us -S
Gen. adventus cornus -5s -us
Dat. adventui (-u) cornu -ui (-u) -u
Ace. adventum cornu -urn -ii
Abl. adventu cornu
^
Nom. adventus cornua -us -ua

Gen. adventuum cornuum -uum -uum
Dat. adventibus cornibus -ibus -ibus
Ace. adventus cornua -us -ua
Abl. adventibus cornibus -ibus -ibus
811. FIFTH DECLENSION
dies (base di-), m., day; res (base r-), f., thing
Nom. dies res -es
Gen. diei rei -el
Dat. diei rei -!l
Ace. diem rem -em
Abl. die r5 -6
Nom. dies res -es

Gen. dierum rerum -erum
Dat. diebus rebus -ebus
Ace. dies res -es
Abl. diebus rebus -ebus
812. CONSPECTUS OF THE FIVE DECLENSIONS

Decl. I Decl. II Decl. Ill Decl. IV Decl. V
Nom. aqua servus princeps adventus dies
Gen. aquae servi principis adventus diei
Dat. aquae servo principi adventui (-u) diei
Ace. aquam servum prlncipem adventum diem
Abl. aqua servo prlncipe adventu die
Nom. aquae servi principes adventus dies

Gen. aquarum servorum principum adventuum dierum
Dat. aquis servis principibus adventibus diebus
Ace. aquas servos principes adventus dies
Abl. aquis servis principibus adventibus diebus
'
813. SPECIAL PARADIGMS

homo, M., man; domus, F., house; vis, F., strength; iter, N., way
NOM. homo domus vis iter
GEN. hominis domus (loc. domi) vis (rare) itineris
DAT. homini domui, -d vl (rare) itineri
Ace. hominem domum vim iter
ABL. homine dome, -u VI itinere
NOM. homines domus vires itinera
GEN. hominum domuum , -orum virium itinerum
DAT. hominibus domibus viribus itineribus
Ace. homines domos, -us viris, -es itinera
ABL. hominibu8 domibus viribus itineribus
DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES
814. FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS
bonus (base bon-), good
NOM. bonus bona bonum boni bonae bona
GEN. boni bonae bom bonorum bonarum bonorum
DAT. bono bonae bono bonis bonis bonis
Ace. bonum bonam bonum bonos bonas bona
ABL. bono bona bono bonis bonis bonis
liber (base liber-), free
NOM. liber Hbera liberum llberi liberae Hbera
GEN. llberi liberae liberi llberorum llberarum llberorum
DAT. libero liberae libero Hberis Hberis Hberis
Ace. liberum Hberam liberum Hberos llberas libera
ABL. libero libera libero Hberis Hberis Hberis
pulcher (base pulchr-), pretty
NOM. pulcher pulchra pulchrum pulchri pulchrae pulchra
GEN. pulchri pulchrae pulchri pulchrorum pulchrarum pulchrorum
DAT. pulchro pulchrae pulchro pulchris pulchris pulchris
Ace. pulchrum pulchram pulchrum pulchros pulchras pulchra
ABL. pulchro pulchra pulchro pulchris pulchris pulchris
815. IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES
alius (base ali-), another

Nom. alius alia aliud alii aliae alia
Gen. alius alius alius aliorum aliarum aliorum
Dat. alii alii alii aliis aliis aliis
Ace. alium aliam aliud alios alias alia
Abl. alio alia alio aliis aliis aliis
unus (base On-), one, only

Nom. Onus una unum uni unae una
Gen. unius unius unius unorum unarum unorum
Dat. uni uni uni finis finis unis
Ace. unum imam unum unos unas una
Adl. iino una iino finis unis unis
816. ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION, /-STEMS
acer, acris, acre (base acr-), keen, eager

Nom. acer acris acre acres acres acria
Gen. acris acris acris acrium acrium acrium
Dat. acri acri acri acribus acribus acribus
Ace. acrem acrem acre acris, -es acris, -es acria
Abl. acri acri acri acribus acribus acribus
omnis, omne (base omn-l every, all

Masc and Fem. Neut. Masc. and Fem. Neut.
Nom. omnis omne omnes omnia
Gen. omnis omnis omnium omnium
Dat. omni omni omnibus omnibus
Acc. omnem omne omnis, -es omnia
Abl. omni omni omnibus omnibus
/*
r
par (base par-), equal
NOM. par par pares paria
GEN. paris paris parium parium
DAT. pari pari paribus paribus
Ace. parem par paris, -es paria
ABL. pari par! paribus paribus
817. PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLES

vocans (base vocant-), catting
MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT.
NOM. vocans vocans vocantes vocantia
GEN. vocantis vocantis vocantium vocantium
DAT. vocanti vocanti vocantibus vocantibus
Ace. vocantem vocans vocantis, -es vocantia
ABL. vocante, -i vocante, -I vocantibus vocantibus
iens (base ient-, eunt-), going

NOM. iens iens euntes euntia
GEN. euntis euntis euntium euntium
DAT. eunti eunti euntibus euntibus
AcC. euntem iens euntis, -es euntia
ABL. eunte, -i eunte, -I euntibus euntibus
818. REGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES

MASC. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.
clarus, clear clarior clarius clarissimus -a -um
brevis, short brevior brevius brevissimus -a -um
velox, swift velocior velocius velocissimus -a -um
acer, sharp acrior acrius acerrimus -a -um
pulcher, pretty pulchrior pulchrius pulcherrimus -a -um
liber, free llberior liberius liberrimus -um
819. DECLENSION OF COMPARATIVES
clarior, clearer
Masc. and Fem. Neut. Masc. and Fem. Neut.
Nom. clarior clarius clariores clariora
Gen. clarioris clarions clariorum clariorum
Dat. clariori clariori clarioribus clarioribus
Ace. clariorem clarius clariores clariora
Abl. clariore clariore clarioribus clarioribus
plus, more
Nom. - plus plures plura
Gen. pluris plurium plurium
Dat. pluribus pluribus
Ace. plus pluris, -es plura
Abl. plure pluribus pluribus
820. IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES

bonus, -a, -um, good melior, melius, better optimus, -a, -um, best
magnus, -a, -um, great maior, maius, greater maximus, -a, -um, greatest
malus, -a, -um, bad peior, peius, -worse pessimus, -a, -um, worst
multus, -a, -um, much , plus, more plurimus, -a, -um, most
parvus, -a, -um, small minor, minus, smaller minimus, -a, -um, smallest
facilis, -e, easy facilior, easier facillimus, easiest
difficilis, -e, hard difficilior, harder difficillimus, hardest
similis, -e, like similior, more like simillimus, most like
dissimilis, -e, unlike dissimilior, more unlike dissimillimus, most unlike
infimusl ,
inferus, -a, -um, below inferior, lower y lowest
{ imus J
supremus "
superus, -a, -um, above superior, higher \ \ highest
Lsummus
summus J
prior, former primus, first
propior, nearer proximus, next
ulterior, farther ultimus, farthest
interior, inner intimus, inmost
citerior, hither citimus, hithermost
821. REGULAR COMPARISON OF ADVERBS

care, dearly carius carissime
pulchre, beautifully pulchrius pulcherrime
libere, freely liberius liberrime
acriter, sharply acrius acerrime
similiter, similarly similius simillime
822. IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADVERBS

bene, well melius, better optime, best
diu, long, a long time diutius, longer diutissime, longest
magnopere, greatly magi3, more maxime, most
parum, little minus, less minime, least
prope, nearly, near propius, nearer proxime, nearest
saepe, often saepius, oftener saepissime, oftenes.
NUMERAL ADJECTIVES
823. The cardinal numerals are indeclinable, except unus, duo,
tres, the hundreds above one hundred, and mille used as a noun.
The ordinals are declined like bonus, -a, -um.
Cardinals (How many) Ordinals (In what order)
I, unus, -a, -um one primus, -a, -um first
2, duo, duae, duo two secundus (or alter) second
3, tres, tria three tertius third
4, quattuor etc. quartus etc.
5, quinque quintus
6, sex sextus
7, septem Septimus
8, octo octavus
9, novem nonus
io, decem decimus
1 1, undecim undecimus
12, duodecim duodecimus
13, tredecim (decem (et) tres) tertius decimus
14, quattuordecim quartus decimus
*
15, quindecim qulntus decimus
1 6, sedecim sextus decimus
17, septendecim Septimus decimus
1 8, duodeviginti duodevicensimus
19, undeviginti undevlcensimus
20, viginti vicensimus or vicesimus
J viginti unus or ("vicensimus primus or
21, <
' \ unus et viginti, etc. \ ianus et vicensimus, etc.
30, trlginta tricensimus
40, quadraginta quadragensimus
50, qulnquaginta qulnquagensimus
60, sexaginta sexagensimus
70, septuaginta septuagensimus
So, octoginta octogensimus
90, nonaginta nonagensimus
100, centum centensimus
101, centum (et) unus, etc. centensimus (et) primus, etc.
200, ducentl, -ae, -a ducentensimus
300, trecenti trecentensimus
400, quadringentI quadringentensimus
500, qulngenti quingente nsimus
600, sescenti sescentensimus
700, septingentl septingente nsimus
800, octingenti octingente nsimus
900, nongentl nongente nsimus
1000, mllle millensimus
824. Declension of duo, two ; trgs, three ; and mille, thousand.

MASC. FEM. NEUT. M. AND F. NEUT. SING. PLUR.
NOM. duo duae duo tres tria mille milia
GEN. cluorum duarum duorum trium trium mllle mllium
DAT. duobus duabus duobus tribus tribus mille mllibus
Ace. duos or duo duas duo tris or tres tria mille milia
ABL. duobus duabus duobus tribus tribus mllle milibus
NOTE. Mille is used in the plural as a noun with a modifying genitive, and
is occasionally so used in the nominative and accusative singular. For the
declension of unus cf. § 534.
DECLENSION OF PRONOUNS
825 PERSONAL
ego, I tu, you sul, of himself, etc.

Nom. ego nos tu vos
Gen. mei nostrum, -tri tul vestrum, -tri sul sul
DAT. mihi nobis tibi vobls sibi sibi
Ace. me nos te vos se, sese se, sese
Abl. me nobis te vobls se, sese se, sese
826. POSSESSIVE
Masc. Fem. Neut.

meus mea meum my, mine
tuus tua tuum your, yours
suus sua suum his (own), her (own), its (own)
noster nostra nostrum our, ours

vester vestra vestrum your, yours
suus sua suum their (own), theirs
Note. The vocative singular masculine of meus is ml.
827. INTENSIVE
ipse, self
Nom ipse ipsa ipsum ipsi ipsae ipsa
Gen. ipsi'us ipsi'us ipsi'us ipsorum ipsarum ipsorum
Dat. ipsi ipsi ipsi ipsls ipsls ipsls
Ace. ipsum ipsam ipsum ipsos ipsas ipsa
Abl. ipsS ipsa ipso ipsls ipsls ipsls
828. DEMONSTRATIVE
hie, this (here), he
NOM. hie haec hoc hi hae haec
GEN. huius huius huius horum harum horum
DAT. huic huic huic his his his
Ace. hunc hanc hoc hos has haec
ABL. hoc hac hoc his his his
iste, this, that (of yours), he
NOM. iste ista istud isti istae ista
GEN. istfus istl'us isti'us istorum istarum istorum
DAT. JSil isti isti istis istfs istis
Ace. istum istam istud istos istas ista
ABL. isto ista isto istis istis istis
ille, that (yonder), he
NOM. ille ilia illud illl illae ilia
GEN. illl'us illl'us illl'us illorum illarum illorum
DAT. illI illl illl illis illis illis
Ace. ilium illam illud illos illas ilia
ABL. illo ilia illo illis illis illis
is, this, that, he
NOM. is ea id ii, ei eae ea
GEN. eius eius eius eorum earum eorum
DAT. ei eI ei ils, els iis, eis ils, els
Ace. eum eam id e6s ras ea-
ABL. CO ea eo ils, els iis, els iis, els
idem, the same
J ii'dem
Now. Idem e'adem idem eae'dem e'adem
I ei'dem
GEN. eius'dem eius'dem eius'dem eorun'dem earun'dem eorun'dem
J iis'dem iis'dem iis'dem
DAT. el'dem ei'dem ei'dem
I eis'dem els'dem eis'dem
Ace. eun'dem ean'dem idem eos'dem eas'dem e'adem
ABL. eo'dem ea'dem eo'dem
\ els'dem els'dem eis'dem
829. RELATIVE
qui, who, which, that
NOM. qui quae quod qui quae quae
GEN. cuius cuius cuius quorum quarum quorum
DAT. cui cui cui quibus quibus quibus
Ace. quem quam quod quos quas quae
ABL. quo qua quo quibus quibus quibus
830. INTERROGATIVE
quis, substantive, who, what
MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.
NOM. quis quid qui quae quae
GEN. cuius cuius quorum quarum quorum
DAT. cui cui quibus quibus quibus
Ace. quem quid quos quas quae
ABL. quo quo quibus quibus quibus
The interrogative adjective qui, quae, quod, is declined like the
relative.
INDEFINITE
831. Quis and qui, as declined above,1 are used also as indefinites
(some, any). The other indefinites are compounds of quis and qui.
quisque, each
SUBSTANTIVE ADJECTIVE
MASC. AND FEM NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.
NOM. quisque quidque quisque quaeque quodque
GEN. cuius'que cuius'que cuius'que cuius'que cuius'que
DAT. cuique cuique cuique cuique cuique
Ace. quemque quidque quemque quamque quodque
ABL. quoque quoque quoque quaque quoque
1 Qua is generally used instead of quae in the feminine nominative singular
and in the neuter nominative and accusative plural.
quidam, a certain one, a certain
Masc. Fem. Neot.
J quoddam
Nom. quidam quaedam
\ quiddam (subst.)
Gen. cuius'dam cuius'dam cuius'dam
Dat. cuidam cuidam cuidam
J" quoddam
Ace. quendam quandam
\ quiddam (subst.)
Abl. quodam quadam quodam
Nom. quidam quaedam quaedam

Gen. quorun'dam quarun'dam quorun'dam
Dat. quibus'dam quibus'dam quibus'dam
Ace. quosdam quasdam quaedam
Abl. quibus'dam quibus'dam quibus'dam
aliq uis, substantive, someone, something; aliqui, adjective, some

substantive ADJECTIVE
Masc. and Fem. Neut. Masc. Fem. Neut.
Nom. aliquis aliquid aliqui aliqua aliquod
Gen. alicu'ius alicu'ius alicu'ius alicu'ius alicu'ius
Dat. alicui alicui alicui alicui alicui
Ace. aliquem aliquid aliquem aliquam aliquod
Abl. aliquo aliquo aliquo aliqua aliquo
Masc. Fem. Neut.

Nom. aliqui aliquae aliqua
Gen. aliquo'rum aliqua'rum aliquo'rum
Dat. ali'quibias ali'quibus ali'quibus
Ace. aliquos aliquas aliqua
Abl. ali'quibias ali'quibus ali'quibus
CONJUGATION OF REGULAR VERBS
832. FIRST CONJUGATION. A-VERBS. VOCO, I CALL

PRINCIPAL PARTS : voco, vocare, vocavl, vocatus
Pres. stem voca- ; perf. stem YOcav- ; part, stem vocat-
ACTIVE PASSIVE
INDICATIVE
PRESENT
/ call, am calling, do call, etc. / am called, etc.
voco vocamus vocor vocamur
vocas vocatis vocaris, -re vocamini
vocat vocant vocatur vocantur
PAST
I called, was calling, did call, etc. / was called, etc.
vocabam vocabamus vocabar vocabamur
vocabas vocabatis vocabaris, -re vocabamini
vocabat vocabant vocabatur vocabantur
FUTURE
/ shall call, etc. / shall be called, etc.
vocabo vocabimus vocabor vocabimur
vocabis vocabitis vocaberis, -re vocabimini
vocabit vocabunt vocabitur vocabuntur
PERFECT
/ have called, called, did call, etc. / have been (was) called, etc.
vocavi vocavimus vocatus, fsum vocati, [ sumu"
vocavisti vocavistis -i es -j estis
vocavit vocaverunt, -re ' Lest ' Lsunt
PAST PERFECT
/ had called, etc. / had been called, etc.
vocaveram vocaveramus vocatus, feram vocati, f«*rn«
vocavera8 vocaveratis -a -um 41 eras -ae -a '< eratis
vocaverat vocaverant Lerat Lerant
FUTURE PERFECT
/ shall have called, etc. / shall have been called, etc.
vocavero vocaverimus vocatus, fer5 vocati, J er!°M
vocaveris vocaveritis urn 1 erl3 -ae a I eritu
vocaverit vocaverint '~ Lerit ' Lerunt
SUBJUNCTIVE
Present
vocem vocemus vocer vocemur
voces vocetis voceris, -re vocemini
vocet vocent vocetur vocentur
Past
vocarem vocaremus vocarer vocaremur
vocares vocaretis vocareris, -re vocaremini
vocaret vocarent vocaretur vocarentur
Perfect
vocaverim vocaverimus - fsimui
vocatus, | . vocati,
vocaveritis
vocaveris -ae, -a < siti»
vocaverit vocaverint --- is
Past Perfect
Lsint
vocavissem vocavissemus . _ -t„. fessem

_ . ... vocatus, vocati f essemus
vocavisses vocavissetis < esses -ae, -a -I essetis
vocavisset vocavissent ' L esset L essent
imperative
Present
voca, call thou vocare, be thou called
vocate, call ye vocamini, be ye called
Future
vocatS, thou shall call vocator, thou shall be called
vocato, he shall call vocator, he shall be called
vocatote, you shall call
vocanto, they shall call vocantor, they shall be called
INFINITIVE
Pres. vocare, to call vocari, to be called [called
Perf. vocavisse, to have called vocatus, -a, -um esse, to have been
Fut. vocaturus, -a, -urn esse, to be [vocatum in, to be about to be
about to call called]
PARTICIPLES
Pres. vocans, -antis, calling Pres.
Fut. vocaturus, -a, -um, about to Gerundive l vocandus, -a, -um, to
call be called
Perf. Perf. vocatus, -a, -urn, having been
GERUND called
Nom. SUPINE (Active Voice)
Gen. vocandl, of calling
Acc. vocatum, to call
Dat. vocando,/»r calling
Abl. vocatu, to call, in the
Ace. vocandum, calling
Abl. calling
vocando, by calling
1 Sometimes called the future passive participle.
833. SECOND CONJUGATION. £-VERBS. MONEO, I ADVISE
Principal Parts : moneo, monere, monui, monitus

Pres. stem mone- ; perf. stem monu- ; part, stem monit-
ACTIVE PASSIVE
INDICATIVE
Present
/ advise, etc. / am advised, etc.
moneo monemus moneor monemur
mones monetis moneris, -re monemini
monet monent monetur monentur
Past
/ was advising, etc. / was advised, etc.
monebam monebamus monebar monebamur
monebas monebatis monebaris, -re monebamini
monebat monebant monebatur monebantur
Future
/ shall advise, etc. / shall be advised, etc.
Tnonebo monebimus monebor monebimur
monebis monebitis moneberis, -re monebimini
monebit monebunt monebitur monebuntur
Perfect
/ have advised, I advised, etc. / have been (was) advised, etc.
monui monuimus sum -,- f sumus
monuistl monuistis
monitus,
es
moniti, f""""*"
„. Ji estis
-a, -um ae, -a ]
monuit monuerunt, -re est I
1 sunt
Past Perfect
/ had advised, etc. / had been advised, etc.
monueram monueramus - . ("eramus
monitus feram
monueras monueratis
-a, -um i eras. -ae,
.. . ' -s- eratis
-a 1
monuerat monuerant L erat [ erant
Future Perfect
/ shall have advised, etc. / shall have been advised, etc
monuero monuerimus
monitus fero. moniti, f "'"?"
erimus
monueris monueritis
-a, -um 1ens -ae.-a1ent18
ae, -a,
monuerit monuerint [erit [erunt
SUBJUNCTIVE
Present
moneam moneamus monear moneamur
moneas moneatis monearis, -re moneamini
moneat moneant moneatur moneantur
Past
monerem moneremus monerer moneremur
moneres moneretis monereris, -re moneremini
moneret monerent moneretur monerentur
Perfect
monuerim monuerimus monitus. | s.m ..- f simus
moniti, ™
monueris monueritis -ae -a sltls
monuerit monuerint
Past Perfect
-.-is ae' a Uint
monuissem monuissemus ( essem moniti, f essemus

monuisses monuissetis -i esses -ae, -a -I essetis
monuisset monuissent Lesset ' " tessent
imperative
Present
mone, advise thou monere, be thou advised
monete, advise ye monemini, be ye advised
Future
moneto, thou shalt advise monetor, thou shalt be advised
moneto, he shall advise monetor, he shall be advised
monetote, you shall advise
monentS, they shall advise monentor, they shall be advised
INFINITIVE
Pres. monere, to advise monerl, to be advised
Perf. monuisse, to have advised monitus, -a, -um esse, to have been
advised
Fut. moniturus, -a, -um esse, to be [monitum iri, to be about to be
about to advise advised]
PARTICIPLES
Pres. monens, -entis, advising Pres.
Fut. moniturus, -a, -um, about to Ger. monendus, -a, -um, to be
advise advised
Perf. Perf. monitus, -a, -um, having been
GERUND advised, advised
Gen. monendl, of advising
Acc. monitum, to advise
Dat. monendo, for advising
Abl. monitii, to advise, in the
Ace. monendum, advising
advising
Abl. monendo, by advising
834. THIRD CONJUGATION. £-VERBS. REGO, I RULE

PRINCIPAL PARTS : rego, regere, rexi, rectus
Pres. stem rege- ; perf. stem rex- ; part, stem rect-
ACTIVE PASSIVE
INDICATIVE
PRESENT
/ rule, etc. I am ruled, etc.
rego regimus regor regimur
regis regitis regeris, -re regimini
regit regunt regitur reguntur
PAST
/ was ruling, etc. / -was ruled, etc.
regebam regebamus regebar regebamur
regebas regebatis regebaris, -re regebamini
regebat regebant regebatur regebantur
FUTURE
/ shall rule, etc. / shall be ruled, etc.
regam regemus regar -regemur
reges regetis regeris, -re regemini
reget regent regetur regentur
PERFECT
/ have ruled, etc. / have been ruled, etc.
rexi reximus rectus, Jsum recti, Jsufmus
rexisti rexistis ' •{ es ' x estis
-a, -um -ae, -a ,
rexit rexerunt, -re 1 est I sunt
PAST PERFECT
/ had ruled, etc. / had been ruled, etc.
rexeram rexeramu8 rectus, fer!m recti, Je™
rexeras rexeratis -a,-umjeraf -ae,-aVrat1s
rexerat rexerant Lerat L erant
FUTURE PERFECT
/ shall have ruled, etc. / shall have been ruled, etc.
rexero rexerimus
rexeris rcxeritis rectus, fero recti, erimus
rexerit rexerint -a, -um .i eris -ae, -a eritis
Lerit erant
SUBJUNCTIVE
PRESENT
regam regamus regar regamur
regas regatis regaris, -re regamini
regat regant regatur regantur
PAST
regerem regeremus regerer regeremur
regeres regeretis regereris, -re regereminl
regeret regerent regeretur regerentur
PERFECT
rexerim rexerimus rec us, f] sim
g.g - - fI simus
recti, g.yg
rexeris rexeritis
rexerit rexerint ' Lsit ' Lsint
PAST PERFECT
rexissem rexissemus rectus, fessem recti, [ess§ml
rexisses rexissetis •< esses •< essetis
-a'-Umlesset -ae'-aUssent
rexisset rexissent
IMPERATIVE
PRESENT
rege, rule thou regere, be thou ruled
regite, rule ye regimini, be ye ruled
FUTURE
regito, thou shalt rule regitor, thou shalt be ruled
regito, he shall rule regitor, he shall be ruled
regitote, ye shall rule
regunto, they shall rule reguntor, they shall be ruled
INFINITIVE
PRES. regere, to rule regi, to be ruled
PERF. rexisse, to have ruled rectus, -a, -um esse, to have been
ruled
FUT. recturus, -a, -um esse, to be [rectum Iri, to be about to be ruled]
about to rule
PARTICIPLES
PRES. regens, -entis, ruling PRES. -
FUT. recturus, -a, -um, about to GER. regendus, -a, -um, to be
rule ruled
PERF. PERF. rectus, -a, -um, having been
GERUND ruled, ruled
NOM.
GEN. regendi, of ruling SUPINE (ACTIVE VOICE) 1
DAT. regendo, for ruling [Ace. rectum, to rule
Ace. regendum, ruling ABL. rectu, to rule, in the ruling\
ABL. regendo, by ruling
835. FOURTH CONJUGATION. I-VERBS. AUDIO, I HEAR
Principal Parts : audio, audire, audivi, auditus

Pres. stem audi- ; perf. stem audiv- ; part, stem audit-
ACTIVE PASSIVE
indicative
Present
I hear, etc. / am heard, etc.
audio audlmus audior audlmur
audis audltis audiris, -re audimini
audit audiunt audita audiuntur
Past
/ was hearing, etc. / was heard, etc.
audiebam audiebamus audiebar audiebamur
audiebas audiebatis audiebaris, -re audiebamini
audiebat audiebant audiebatur audiebantur
Future
/ shall hear, etc. / shall be heard, etc.
audiam audiemus audiar audiemur
audies audietis audieris, ^re audiemini
audiet audient audietur audientur
Perfect
/ have heard, etc. / have been heard, etc.
audivi audlvimus f sum sumus
auditus, , auditl,
audlvistl audivistis < es estis
-a'-um lest
audivit audlverunt, -re i. sunt
Past Perfect
/ had heard, etc. I had been heard, etc.
audlveram audiveramus auditus, feram auditl, eramus
audiveras audlveratis -a'-m eH: eratis
-ae, -a
audiverat audiverant Lerat erant
Future Perfect
/ shall have heard, etc. / shall have been heard, etc.
audivero audiverimus auditus, fer? auditl, erimus
audlveris,— audlveritis . „n.1 erlS
-a'-um lerit -ae, -a eritis
audiverit audiverint erunt
subjunctive
Present
audiam audiamus audiar audiamur
audias audiatis audiaris, -: audiamini
audiat audiant audiatur audiantur
Past
audlrem audiremus audlrer audlremur
audires audlretis audireris, - audlremim
audlret audlrent audiretur audlrentur
Perfect
audiverim audlverimus
auditus, sim audltij8™"8
audiveris audlveritis
-a--um Ut .. '-< SltlS
-ae'-aUnt
audlverit audlverint
Past Perfect
audlvissem audlvissemus essem
auditus, audit!, ( essemus
audlvisses audlvissetis esses < essetis
-a, -urn -ae, -a
audlvisset audlvissent . esset L essent
imperative
Present
audi, hear thou audlre, be thou heard
audite, hear ye audlmini, be ye heard
Future
audlto, thou shalt hear auditor, thou shalt be heard
audito, he shall hear auditor, he shall be heard
audltote, ye shall hear
audiunto, they shall hear audiuntor, they shall be heard
INFINITIVE
Pres. audlre, to hear audlri, to be heard
Perf. audlvisse, to have heard auditus, -a, -um esse, to have been
heard
Fut. audlturus, -a, -um esse, to be [audltum in, to be about to be
about to hear heard]
PARTICIPLES
Pres. audiens, -entis, hearing Pres.
Fut. audltiirus, -a, -um, about to Ger. audiendus, -um, to be
hear heard
Perf. Perf. auditus, -a, -um, having been
GERUND heard, heard
Gen. audiendi, of hearing
Acc. audltum, to hear
Dat. audiendo, for hearing
Abl. audltQ, to hear, in the
Ace. audiendum, hearing
hearing
Abl. audiendo, by hearing
r
r
836. THIRD CONJUGATION. VERBS IN -IO. CAPIO, I TAKE

PRINCIPAL PARTS : capio, capere, cepi, captus
Pres. stem cape-; perf. stem cep-; part, stem capt-
ACTIVE PASSIVE
INDICATIVE
PRESENT
capio capimus capior capimur
capis capitis caperis, -re capimini
capit capiunt capitur capiuntur
PAST
capiebam capiebamus capiebar capiebamur
capiebas capiebatis capiebaris, -re capiebamini
capiebat capiebant capiebatur capiebantur
FUTURE
capiam capiemus capiar capiemur
capies capietis capieris, -re capiemini
capiet capient capietur capientur
PERFECT
cepi cepimus captus, \fsum capti, (
cepisti cepistis r j t -ae,-a1est\3
cepit ceperunt, -re Lest ' (.sunt
PAST PERFECT
ceperam ceperamus captus, capti, erus
ceperas ceperatis -a, -um eratls
-ae,- f
ceperat ceperant Lerant
FUTURE PERFECT
cepero ceperimus captus, ero capti, erimus
ceperis ceperitis -a, -um eris -ae,-a eritis
ceperit ceperint erit erunt
SUBJUNCTIVE
PRESENT
capiam capiamus capiar capiamur
capias capiatis capiaris, -re capiamini
capiat capiant capiatur capiantur
PAST
caperem caperemus caperer caperemur
caperes caperetis capereris, -re capereminl
caperet caperent caperetur caperentur
PERFECT
ceperim ceperimus capti, {f simus
ce peris ceperitis -af-um] s^ sitis
-ae, -a Lsint
ceperit ceperint I. sit
PAST PERFECT
cepissem cepissemus captus, fess!m captl, [ essemus
ce pisses cepissetis •*.-nmle«rt -ae, -a -j essetis
cepisset cepissent L essent
IMPERATIVE
PRESENT
2D PERS. cape capite capere capimim
FUTURE
[20 PERS. capito capitote capitor
30 PERS. capito capiunto capitor capiunto
INFINITIVE
PRES. capere capi
PERF. cepisse captus, -a, -um esse
FUT. capturus, -a, -um esse [captum iri]
PARTICIPLES
PRES. capiens, -entis PRES.
FUT. capturus, -a, -um GF.R. capiendus, -a, -um
PERF. PERF. captus, -a, -um
GERUND
NOM. [SUPINE (ACTIVE VOICE)-!
GEN. capiendi AcC. captum
DAT. capiendo ABL. captu |
Ace. capiendum
ABL. capiendS
837. DEPONENT VERBS

I. hortor, hortari, hortatus sum, urge
II. vereor, vergri, veritus sum, fear
PRINCIPAL
( sequor, sequi, secutus sum, follow
PARTS III.
\ patior, pati, passus sum (-iS verb), suffer
IV. partior, partiri, partitus sum, share, divide
NOTE. In addition to the passive conjugation, deponent verbs use certain
forms from the active. These are marked with a star.
INDICATIVE
PRES. hortor vereor sequor patior partior
hortaris, -re vereris, -re scqueris, -re pateris, -re partlris, -re
hortatur veretur sequitur patitur parti tur
hortamur veremur sequimur patimur partimur
hortamini vereminl sequimini patimini partimim
hortantur verentur sequuntur patiuntur partiuntur
PAST hortabar verebar sequebar patiebar partiebar
FUT. hortabor verebor sequar patiar partiar
PERF. hortatus veritus secutus passus partitus
sum sum sum sum sum
P. PERF. hortatus veritus secutus passus partitus
eram eram eram eram eram
F. PERF. hortatus ero veritus ero secutus ero passus ero partitus ero
SUBJUNCTIVE
PRES. horter verear sequar patiar partiar
PAST hortarer vererer sequerer paterer partirer
PERF. hortatus sim veritus sim secutus sim passus sim partitus sim
P. PERF. hortatus veritus secutus passus partitus
essem essem essem essem essem
IMPERATIVE
PRES. hortare verere sequere patere partIre
[Fur. hortator veretor sequitor patitor partitor]
INFINITIVE
PRES. hortari vereri sequi pati partiri
PERF. hortatus veritus secutus passus esse partltus
esse esse esse esse
FUT. *hortaturus *veriturus *secuturus *passurus *partlturus
esse esse esse esse esse
PARTICIPLES
PRES. *hortans *verens *sequens *patiens *partiens
FUT. *hortaturus *veriturus *secuturus *passurus *partiturus
PERF. hortatus veritus secutus passus partitus
GER. hortandus verendus sequendus patiendus partiendus
GERUND
*hortandl *verendl *sequendi *patiendi *partiendi
etc. etc. etc. etc. etc.
SUPINE
r*hortatum *veritum *secutum *passum *partituml
|.*hortatu *veritu *secutu *passu *partitu
CONJUGATION OF IRREGULAR VERBS

838. sum, am, be
PRINCIPAL PARTS : sum, esse, fui, futurus
Pres. stem es-; perf. stem fu-; part, stem fut-
INDICATIVE
PRESENT
sum, I am sumus, we are
es, thou art estis, you are
est, he (she, it) is sunt, they are
PAST
eram, / was eramus, we were
eras, thou luast eratis, you were
erat, he was crant, they were
FUTURE
ero, / shall be erimus, we shall be
eris, thou wilt be eritis, you will be
erit, he will be erunt, they will be
PERFECT
fui, / have been, was Inimus, we have been, were
fuisti, thou hast been, wast fuistis, you have been, were
fuit, ne has been, was fuerunfl , ,
. \they have been, were
fuere J
PAST PERFECT
fueram, / had been fueramus, we had been
fueras, thou hadst been fueratis, you had been
fuerat, he had been fuerant, they had been
FUTURE PERFECT
fuero, / shall have been fuerimus, we shall have been
fueris, thou wilt have been fueritis, you will have been
fuerit, he will have been fuerint, they will have been
SUBJUNCTIVE
PRESENT PAST
sim smius essem essemus
sis sitis esses essetis
sit sint esset essent
fuerim fuerimus fuissem fuissemu8
fueris fueritis fuisses fuissetis
fuerit fuerint fuisset fuissent
IMPERATIVE
PRESENT FUTURE
20 PERS. SING, es, be thou 20 PERS. SING, esto, thou shalt be
2D PERS. PLUR. este, be ye 30 PERS. SING, esto, he shall be
20 PERS. PLUR. estote, ye shall be
30 PERS. PLUR. sunto, they shall be
INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE
PRES. esse, to be
PERK, fuisse, to have been
FUT. futurus, -a, -um esse or fore, futurus, -a, -um, about to be
to be about to be
839. possum, be able, can
PRINCIPAL PARTS : possum, posse, potui,
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
PRES. possum pos'sumus possim possl'mus
potes potes'tis possls possi'tis
potesl possunt possit possint
PAST poteram poteramus possem posse'mus
FUT. potero poterimus •
PERF. potui potuimus potuerim potuerimus
P. PERF. potueram potueramus potuissem potuissemus
F. PERF. potuero
INFINITIVE
PRES. posse PERF. potuisse
PARTICIPLE
PRES. potens, -entis (adjective), powerful
p " volo, velle, volui, -, be willing, will, wish

840. PARTS | nS^, n°Uei nolul, -, be unwilling, will not
[ malS, malle, malui, -, be more willing, prefer
Nolo and malo are compounds of volo. Nolo is for ne (not) + volS,
and malo for ma (from magis, more) + vo1S.
INDICATIVE
PRES. volo nolo malo
vis non vis mavis
vull non vult mavult
volumus nolumus malumus
vullis non vultis mavul'tis
volunt nolunt malunt
PAST volebam nolebam malebam
FUT. volam, voles, etc. nolam, noles, etc. malam, males, etc.
PERF. volui nolul malui
P. PERF. volueram nolueram malueram
F. PERF. voluero noluero maluero
SUBJUNCTIVE
Pres. velim nolim malim
veils noils malls
velit nolit malit
veli'mus noll'mus mall'mus
veli'tis noli'tis mairtis
velint nolint malint
Past vellem nollem mallem
Perf. voluerim noluerim maluerim
P. Perf. voluissem noluissem maluissem
IMPERATIVE
Pres. 2D Pers. Sing, noli
2D Pers. Plur. nolite
[Put. 2D Pers. Sing. nollto, e tc
INFINITIVE
Pres. velle nolle malle
Perf. voluisse noluisse maluisse
PARTICIPLE
Pres. volens, -entis nolens, -entis
841. fero, bear, carry, endure

Principal Parts : fero, ferre, tuli, latus
Pies, stem fer- ; perf. stem tul- ; part, stem lat-
1NDICATIVE
ACTIVE PASSIVE
Pres. fero ferimus feror ferimur
fers fertis ferris, -re ferimini
fert ferunt fertur feruntur
Past ferebam ferebar
Fut. feram, feres, etc. ferar, fereiis, etc.
Perf. tuli latus, -a, -um sum
P. Perf. tuleram latus, -a, -um eram
F. Perf. tulero latus, -a, -um ero
GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 3SS
SUBJUNCTIVE
Pres. feram, feras, etc. ferar, feraris, etc.
Past ferrem ferrer
Perf. tulerim latus, -a, -um sim
P. Perf. tulissem latus, -a, -um essem
IMPERATIVE
Pres. 2d Pers. fer ferte ferre ferimini
[FUT. 2D Pers. ferto fertote fertor
3D Pers. ferto ferunto fertor feruntor
INFINITIVE
Pres. ferre ferrl
Perf. tulisse latus, -a, -um esse
Fut. laturus, -a, -um esse [latum irl]
participles
Pres. ferens, -entis Pres
Fut. laturus, -a, -um Ger. ferendus, -a, -um
Perf. Perf. latus, -a, -um
GERUND SUPINE (Active Voice)'

Gen. ferendl Ace. ferendum Ace. latum
Dat. ferendo Abl. ferendo Abl. latu
842. eS, go
Principal Parts : eS, ire, ii (ivi), iturus (fut. part.)
Pres. stem i-; perf. stem I- or iv-; part, stem it-
indicative SUBJUNCTIVE IMPERATIVE

Pres. eo imus eam 2D Pers. i ite
is Itis
it eunt
Past ibam irem
T2D Pers. Ito Itote
Fut. ibo
| 3D Pers. ito eunto
Perf. ii (Tvl) ierim (lverim)
P. Perf. ieram (iveram) issem (ivissem)
F. Perf. iero (ivero)
rf
INFINITIVE PARTICIPLES
Pres. ire Pres. iens, euntis (§817)
Perf. isse (ivisse) Fut. iturus, -a, -um
Fut. iturus, -a, -um esse Ger. eundum
GERUND " SUPINE "

Gen. eundi Ace. eundum Acc. itum
Dat. eundo Abl. eundo Abl. itu
a. The verb eo is used impersonally in the third person singular of
the passive : as, Itur, itum est, etc.
b. In the perfect system the forms with v are rare.
843. fio (passive of faci5), be made, become, happen

Principal Parts : fiS, fieri, factus sum
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE IMPERATIVE
Pres. flo flam 2D Pers. fi fite
fi"
fit flunt
Past flebam fierem
Fut. fltim
Perf. factus, -a, -um sum factus, -a, -um sim
P. Perf. factus, -a, -um eram factus, -a, -um essem
F. Perf. factus -a -um ero
INFINITIVE PARTICIPLES
Pres. fieri Perf. factus, -a, -um
Perf. factus, -a, -um esse Ger. faciendus, -a, -um
[Fut. factum irl]
^
WORD LIST FOR FIRST HALF YEAR
Proper nouns and adjectives are omitted
VERBS
abduco discedo iubeo paro respondeo
absum do laboro pateo sedeo
ago duco llbero persuadeo servo
amo educo loco perterreo specto
appello evoco mitto peto studeo
ascendo expugno moneo porto sum
audio facio moveo possum supero
capio faveo munio procedo suscipio
comparo fugio narro produce teneo
conflrmo gero navigo prohibeo timeo
conserve habeo noceo propero vastc
convoco habito nuntio pugno venio
credo iacio obtineo puto veto
cupio incipio occupo rapio video
defendo induco oppugno rego vinco
dico interficio paco remitto voco
dimitto invenio pareo resisto
NOUNS
ager arma consilium fabula fossa
agricola auxilium copia factum frumentum
amicitia barbarus dea fama impedimentum
amicus bellum deus filia imperium
animus captivus diligentia fllius iniuria
annus casa equus fmitimi inopia
aqua castrum exemplum fortuna Insula
357
358 WORD LIST
iudicium navigium periculum puer terra

legatus negotium poena regina vallum
liber numerus poeta regnum via
locus officium populus sapientia victoria
memoria oppidum praemium servus villa
murus ora praesidium silva vir
natura patria proelium socius vita
nauta pecunia puella telum
PRONOUNS
is ea id qui quid quis
ADJECTIVES
altus finitimus longus notus sacer
armcus firmus magnus novus suus
amplus gratus malus parvus tardus
barbarus inimicus medius pauci timidus
bonus iniquus meus proximus tuus
clarus integer miser publicus verus
creber latus multus pulcher vester
egregius liber noster reliquus
ADVERBS
antea diu longe numquam saepe
celeriter fortiter magnopere nunc semper
certe iam minime postea statim
cur ibi mox quam tum
denique ita non quo ubi
CONJUNCTIONS
ac or atque et nam nee . . . nee sed
cum itaque nee or neque que si
PREPOSITIONS
a or ab ante de in post sine
ad cum e or ex per pro trans
WORD LIST FOR SECOND HALF YEAR
VERBS
accipio convenio impedio pello reduco
adduco debeo impero perduco relinquS
amitto deicio incendo permaneo retineo
appropinquo deligo incolo permoveo rogo
audeo demonstro infero pertineo scio
circummunio depono instruo pervenio scribS
cognoscS desum intellego pono sentio
cSgS dico intercludo postulo sequor
committS doceo intermitto praeficio sper5
commoveS eo iudico praemitto sumS
cSnficio excedo malo praesum sustineo
conicio existimo maneo premo temptS
conscribo expello nego propono traduco
consists exspecto nolo provideS vereor
consuls fero oportet quaero volS
contendo fio ostendo recipio vulnero
contineo hortor patior reddo
NOUNS
acies causa difficultas frater iter
adventus celeritas dolor fuga ius
aestas civis domus genus laus
altitudo civitas dux gratia legio
animal cohors eques hiems lex
auctSritas condicio equitatus homS libertas
beneficium consuetudo exercitus hSra lingua
caedes consul explorator hostis lux
Caesar cornu fides ignis magnitudS
calcar corpus finis imperator manus
caput dies flumen impetus mare
359
36o WORD LIST
mater navis pater res frumentaria spatium
matrimonium nemo pax res publica spes
mens nihil pedes rex tempus
miles nomen pes rus timor
modus nox pons salus turris
mons oratio potestas senatus urbs
mors ordo princeps servitus virtus
mulier pars ratio signum vis
multitude passus res soror vulnus
PRONOUNS
aliquis hie ille is quidam sui
ego Idem ipse iste quisque tu
ADJECTIVES
acer dissimilis levis primus sinister
aequus ducenti militaris quartus summus
brevis duo mllle quattuor talis
celer duodecim nobilis quinque tantus
centum duodecimus nonus quintus tertius
certus equester novem satis tres
communis facilis octavus secundus undecim
cupidus fortis octo septem undecimus
decem frumentarius omnis septimus unus
decimus gravis par sex
dexter idoneus pedester sextus
difficilis imperltus peritus similis
ADVERBS CONJUNCTIONS PREPOSITIONS
bene moleste aut ne apud
deinde plurimum aut . . . aut quam inter
diligenter primo autem quod propter
etiam primum enim tamen
facile quidem et . . . et ut
interim tam
maxime vero
SPECIAL VOCABULARIES
The related English words that are given will often suggest others.
Always try to add to them and so increase your English vocabulary.
Latin is the key to the mastery of English. If the meaning of any of
the related words is unknown to you, consult the English dictionary.
LESSON V, |S 63
Latin Word Meaning Related Words
dat he (she, it) gives., is giving data, dative
est v he (she, it) is essence, essential
faTmla story fable, fabulous
nar'rat he (she, it) tells narrate, narrative
pecu'nia money pecuniary
sunt they are
LESSON VII, §81
a, ab, prep. -with abl. from
ad, prep. with ace. to, expressing motion
a'qua water aquarium, aqueduct
cam, prep. with abl. with
in, prep. with ace. into
in, prep. with abl. in, on
nau'ta sailor nautical
per, prep. with ace. through
ter'ra earth, land terrace, terrestrial
LESSON VIII, §94
Note. Learn the three essential facts about each Latin noun : its nom
inative, its genitive, and its gender. When reciting the vocabularies, give
all three: as, "aqua, aquae, feminine, water."
bo'na good, kind bonus, bounty
ca'sa, -ae,/" hut, cottage
et and
ha'bitat he (she, it) lives habitation,inhabitant
par'va small, little
pul'chra pretty, beautiful pulchritude Jf
361
."
362 SPECIAL VOCABULARIES
LESSON IX, §100
ami'cus, -i, m. friend amicable, amiable
e'quus, -i, m. horse equine
Mar'cus, -i, m. Marcus Mark
quo, interrog. adv. with whither
verbs of motion
ser'vus, -i, m. slave servant, serf
uT)i, interrog. adv. with where
verbs of rest
LESSON X, §105
a'ger, a'gri, m. field acre, agrarian
labo'rat he (she, it) toils labor, laboratory
por'tat he (she, it) carries porter, portable
pu'er, pu'eri, m. boy puerile
quid, interrog. pron. what
quis, interrog. pron. who
vir, vi'ri, m. man virile, virtue
LESSON XI, §113
«
ar'ma, -o'rum, n.plur. arms armament
con'vocat he (she, it) calls together convoke, convocation
cur, interrog. adv. why
nSn, neg. adv. not non- in many com
pounds : as, non
essential, nonsense
op'pidum, -i, n. town
po'pulus, -i, m. people population, popular
LESSON xn, §118
auxilium, auxili, n. aid auxiliary
bellum, -i, n. war belligerent
filius, fill, m. son filial, affiliate
frumen'tum, -i, n. grain
mag'nus, -a, -um great, large magnitude, magnify
no'vus, -a, -um new novel, novelty
pa 'rat he (she, it) prepares compare, repair
so'cius, so'ci, m. ally, companion society, associate
LESSON XIII , §124
fa'ma, -as,f rumor, report, reputation fame, famous -
lon'gus, -a, -um long longitude, prolong
mul'tus, -a, -um much, many multitude, multiply
nS'tus, -a, -um known, well-known, noted, notable
famous
sae'pe, adv. often
te'lum, -i, «. weapon, missile, spear
vi'a, -ae,f. way, road via (by way of) in
time-tables, onguide-
boards, etc.
LESSON XIV, §131
al'tus, -a, -um high, deep, lofty altitude, exalt
ami'cus, -a, -um friendly See the noun amicus,
Lesson IX
gra'tus, -a, -um pleasing grateful
inimi'cus, -a, -um unfriendly, hostile inimical, enemy
in'sula, -ae,/ island insulate, peninsula
li'ber, li'bera, HTterum free liberal, liberate
naVigat ' he (she, it) sails navigate, navigation
pro'ximus, -a, -um nearest, very near approximate, proximity
sed, conj. but
LESSON XVI, §151

Gallia, -ae,f. Gaul (modern France)
Gal'lus, -i, m. a Gaul
Germa'nus, -i, m. a German
oc'cupat he (she, it) seizes occupy, occupation
pug'nat he (she, it) fights pugnacious, pugilist
sem'per, adv. ever, always
tum, adv. then, at that time
victo'ria, -ae,f. victory victor
LESSON XIX, § 172

cas'trum, -i, n. fort; plur. camp Appears as -cester,
-Chester, or -caster
in names of English
towns founded by
the Romans : Wor
cester, Winchester,
Lancaster, etc.

co'pia, -ae,/ plenty, abundance ; copious
plur. forces
cretier, -bra, -brum thick, frequent, crowded
diligen'tia, -ae,/ industry diligence
Germa'nia, -ae,f. Germany
mox, adv. soon, presently
peri'culum, -i, n. danger peril, perilous
RSma'nus, -a, -um Roman. As a tioun in
the masc. or fem., a
Roman
LESSON XX, §181
amici'tia, -ae,/ friendship amity. See also amicus,
Lesson IX
barliarus, -a, -um savage, uncivilized. As barbarous, barbarian
a noun in the masc.
orfem., a savage
Britan'ni, -Srum, m. the Britons
Britan'nia, -ae,/ Britain, England
iam, adv. already, immediately,
presently, now
i'taque, conj. and so, therefore
6il'va, -ae,/ forest silvan, Pennsylvania
(Penn's Forest)
LESSON XXI, § 185
mi ser, mi sera, wretched miserable, miser
mi'serum
S'ra, -ae, / shore, coast
prae'mium, prae'mi, n. prize, reward premium
proelium, proeli, n. battle
su'pero, -a're overcome, conquer superable, insuperable
LESSON XXII, §195
numquam, adv. never
nunc, adv. now, the present time
Bine, prep, -with abl. without
LESSON XXIV, §206
consilium, consili, n. plan, advice counsel
injuria, -ae,/ wrong injury, injustice
SPECIAL VOCABULARIES 36S
nuntiS, -a're announce enunciate, pronuncia
tion
servo, -a're save preserve, conserve
vita, -ae,f. life vital, vitality
LESSON XXV, §210
clarus, -a, -um clear, bright; famous Clara
finitimi, -orum, m.plur.. neighbors
finitimus, -a, -um adjoining, neighboring
latus, -a, -um wide, broad latitude
murus, -i, m. wall mural
patria, -ae,f. native land patriot, patriotism
LESSON XXVI, §216
de, prep. with abl. down from, concerning
dicS, -ere say, speak diction, dictionary
duco, -ere lead conduct, aqueduct
Italia, -ae, f. Italy
liber, libri, m. book library, librarian
pateo, -S're lie open, extend, stretch patent (adj.)
rego, -ere rule regulate, regal
Roma, -ae,./: Rome
LESSON XXVII, §221
audio, -i're hear audible, audience
fossa, -ae, f. ditch fosse, fossil
medius, -a, -um middle, middle part of medium, mediocre
muniS, -i're fortify munition, ammunition
qui, rel. pron. who
vallum, -i, n. palisade, wall (ofa camp)
venio, -i're come advent, convention
LESSON XXIX, §233
dea, -ae, f. (dat. and goddess deity, deify
abl. plur. deabus)
deus, -i, m. god
malus, -a, -um evil, bad malice, malicious, male
factor
numerus, -i, m. number numerous, numerator
poeta, -ae, ?n. poet
sapientia, -ae,f. wisdom sapient
LESSON XXX, §239

animus, -i, m. mind, spirit, heart animate, unanimous
gero, -ere wage, carry on, wear belligerent
induco, -ere lead in or against induce, inductive
mitto, -ere send mission, remit
poena, -ae, f. punishment ; poenam penalty, penalize, sub
dare, suffer punish poena
ment, pay a penalty
LESSON XXXI, §244

capio, -ere take, seize capture
cele'riter, adv. quickly celerity, accelerate
facio, -ere make, do, form ; proe- fact, affect, defect, ef
lium facere, fight a fect, infect, perfect
battle
postea, adv. thereafter, afterwards
vinco, -ere conquer vanquish, invincible
LESSON XXXII, §254

cum, conj. when
navi'gium, navi'gi, n. boat navigable
peto, -ere seek, ask, beg, make for petition, compete
respondeo, -e're reply respond, responsive
LESSON XXXIII, §259

denique, adv. at last, finally
diu, adv. a long time
educo, -ere lead out educe
fortiter, adv. bravely fortitude
Graecia, -ae, / Greece
nee or neque, conj. and not, nor ; nec (neque)
. . . nec (neque), neither
. . . nor
LESSON XXXVI, §275
captivus, -i, m. captive captivate
firmus, -a, -um strong, trusty, loyal firm
ibi, adv. there, in that place
praesi'dium,praesi'di,«. garrison, guard
LESSON XXXVIII, §283
certe, adv. certainly, surely certify
memoria, -ae,f. memory memorable
sedeo, -e're sit sedentary
specto, -a're look at spectacle, spectator
tardus, -a, -um slow, dull, stupid tardy
LESSON XL, §292
agS, -ere drive, lead, do agitate, act
factum, -i, n. deed, act fact
nam, conj. for
oppugnS, -a're attack, assault
rapiS, -ere seize rapture, rapacious
LESSON XLI, §297
abduco, -ere lead away abduct
absum, abesse, irreg. verb be away, be off absent, absence
dimitto, -ere send away, let go dismiss
discedo, -ere depart, go away
libero, -a're set free liberate
locus, -i, m., plur. place, spot local, locality
loca, -S'rum, n.
longS, adv. far away, distant
prohibeo, -e're hinder, prevent prohibit
LESSON XLII, §306
amplus, -a, -um large, abundant ; famous ample
comparo, -a're get together, provide compare
confirmS, -a're strengthen, encourage confirm
defendS, -ere defend defensive
loco, -a're put, set locate, locative
quam, adv. how
timidus, -a, -um fearful, cowardly timid
LESSON XLIII, § 309
annus, -i, m. year annual, perennial
egregius, -a, -um remarkable, marvelous egregious, congregate
exemplum, -i, n. example, specimen exemplary
offi'cium, offi'ci, n. duty, service office
paco, -a're subdue, pacify pacific
villa, -ae,f. farm, villa, countryseat village
LESSON XLIV, §320
in'teger, in'tegra, in'- whole, fresh, pure integer, integrity
tegrum
legatus, -i, m. ambassador, lieutenant legate
publicus, -a, -um public, official publicity
verus, -a, -um true, genuine veracious, verity
LESSON XLV, §324

ante, prep. with ace. before In English compounds,
as, anteroom, ante
bellum
impe num, unpe ri, n. command, supreme empire, imperial
power, realm
invenio, -i're find, come upon invent
minime, adv. not at all, least of all minimum
natura, -ae, f. nature natural
LESSON XLIX, §343
ascendo, -ere, ascendi, climb ascend, ascension, de
ascensus scend
expug'nS, -a're, -a'vi, take by storm, capture;
-a'tus distinguishfrom op
pugnS, assault
fu'giS, -ere, fugi, fugi- flee, run fugitive, refuge
tu'rus
ia'cio, ia'cere, ieci, throw, hurl inject, eject, and many
iactus other compounds
magno'pere, adv. greatly
perter'reo, -e're, -ui, terrify, alarm terror, terrible
-itus
sacer, sacra, sacrum sacred
vasto,-a're,-a'vi,-a'tus lay waste waste, devastate
LESSON LI, §359
ac (before cons.), atque and, and what is more
(before eithervowels
or cons.), conj.
antea, adv. heretofore, previously,
formerly
e'vocO'-a're'-a'v^-a'tus call out, summon evoke
fortuna, -ae,/ fortune
ini'quus, -a, -um uneven, unequal, un- iniquity
favorable
post, prep. -with ace. after, behind postpone, postscript
pro, prep. with abl. for, in behalf of; rarely, proceed, procure
in front of
regnum, -1, n. realm, kingdom ; sov- interregnum, reign
ereignty
Rhenus, -i, m. the Rhine
trans, prep. with ace. across transport, transpose
LESSON LII, §363

inopia, -as,f. want, need, scarcity
interfi'cio, -ere, -fe'ci, put out of the way, kill
-fec'tus
nego'tium, nego'ti, n. business, affair, matter negotiate
obti'neo, -e're, -ui, possess, keep, gain obtain
-ten'tus
priJce'do, -ere, -ces'si, go forward, advance proceed
-cessu'rus
produ'eo, -ere, -du'xi, lead forward produce
-duc'tus
susci'pio, -ere, -ce'pi, undertake, assume
-cep'tus
LESSON LIII, §371
cu'pio, -ere'-l'vi.-i'tus wish, desire cupidity
inci'piS, -ere, -ce'pi, begin incipient, inceptive
-cep'tus
iu'be5, -S're, iussi, command
iussus
possum, posse, po'tui be able, can possible, posse, potent
vetS, -a're, -ui, -itus forbid veto
LESSON LIV, §379

appello, -a're, -a'vi, call, name appellation, appeal
-a'tus

conser'vO, -a're, -a'vi, preserve, keep safe conserve, conservation
-a'tus
ita, adv. thus, so
iudi'cium, iudi'ci, n. judgment, trial judicial
remit'to, -ere, -mi'si, send back remit, remiss, remission
-mis'sus
s1, conj. if
statim, adv. at once, instantly
LESSON LV, §391

impedimeatum, -I, n. hindrance ; plur. bag impediment
gage
mo'veS, -€'re, movi,
motus
pauci, -ae, -a few, only a few paucity
puto, -a're, -a'vi,-a'tUs think repute, impute, com
pute
reliquus, -a, -urn the rest, remaining, re- relic, relinquish, derelict
mainder of
LESSON LVII, §406

consul, -is, m. consul
le'gio, -o'nis,/ legion
miles, -itis, m. soldier military, militia
pater, patris, m. father paternal
pax, pacis,^ peace pacify
princeps, -ipis, m. chief, leader prince
rex, regis, m. king regal, regent
LESSON LVIII, §409
accipio, -ere, -cepi, receive accept
-ceptus
caput, capitis, n. head, capital decapitate, chapter
et . . . et, conj. both . . . and
flumen, fruminis, n. river flume
frater, fratris, m. brother fraternal
mater, matris,/ mother maternal
soror, -S'ris,/ sister sorority
tempus, -oris, n. time temporal
LESSON LIX, §411

autem, co?ij., never however, but, moreover
stands first
deicio, -«re, -ie'ci, throw down dejected
-iectus (de + iacio)
nomen, -inis, n. name nomenclature, noun
pellS, -ere, pe'puli, drive, banish repel, compel
pulsus
pono, -ere, posul, po- place, set, build ; castra position, positive, pro
situs ponere, pitch camp pose, expose
reddo, -ere, red'didi, give back, return render
red'ditus
LESSON LX, §414

caedes, -is (-ium), f. slaughter, carnage -cide in suicide, homi
cide, etc.
cohors, cohortis cohort, company (con
(-ium), / sisting of one tenth
of a legion, or about
360 men)
hostis, ho sti s(-ium), m . enemy (in war) hostile
matrimS'nium, marriage ; in matrim5- matrimony
-o'ni, n. nium diicere, marry
mulier, muli'eris,/! woman
signum, -i, n. sign, signal, standard signify, design
urbs, urbis(-ium),/ city urban, suburbs, urbane^
LESSON LXI, §417

animal, animalis animal animate, inanimate
(-ium), n.
calcar, calcaris spur
(-ium), n.
ci'vitas, -a'tis, / state civic
contineo, -ere, -tinui, hold together, bound, contain, continent.
-tentus restrain, keep
e'ques, e'quitis, m. horseman equestrian
lingua, -ae,f. language, tongue linguist
mare, -is (-ium), n. sea marine
LESSON LXII, §420
committo, -ere, -misi; join together ; intrust ; commit, commission
-missus proelium com m itte re .
join battle, begin an
engagement
homo, -inis, m. and/. human being, man homicide, human
iter, itineris, n. journey, march, route ; itinerary, itinerant
iter dare, give a right
of way ; iter facere,
march
reduco, -ere, -diixi, lead back reduce, reduction
-ductus
tamen, conj. nevertheless
virtus, virtu'tis./ manliness ; courage, virtuous
valor; worth, virtue
vis, (vis),/ strength, power, vio- vim, violent
lence
LESSON LXIII, §422

aequus, -a, -um even, level, equal ; fair, equal, equation, equator
just
audeo, -ere, ausus sum1 dare audacity
etiam, adv., standing even, also
before the emphatic
word
mors, mortis (-ium),f death mortal
relinquS, -ere, -liqui, leave behind, desert relinquish
-lictus
salus, -a'tis,f safety salutary, salvation, save
LESSON LXV, §432

acer, acris, acre keen, sharp, eager, acrid, acrimonious
courageous
aut, conj. or ; aut . . . aut, either
... or
celer, celeris, celere swift celerity
equester, -tris, -tre of cavalry equestrian
1 Audeo is a semi-deponent verb. These verbs will be explained later.

fuga, -ae,/ flight ; in fugam dare, fugitive
put to flight
pedester, -tris, -tre on foot; with copiae, pedestrian
infantry
LESSON LXVI, §436

certus, -a, -um sure, certain ascertain, certify
cogo, -ere, coe'gi, coac- collect ; compel, force
tus
communis, -e common commune, community
gravis, -e heavy ; severe ; weighty grave, gravity
omnis, -e all, every omnibus, omnipotent
similis, -e similar, like simile, simulate
LESSON LXVII, §439

benefi'cium, benefi'ci, n. favor, kindness benefit
s corpus, -oris, n. body corporal, corpse, incor
porate
gratia, -ae,f. favor, thanks ; gratias gratitude, gratis, ingra-
agere, with dat., tiate
thank
maxime, adv. most of all, especially maximum
par equal par, peer, parity, pair
LESSON LXVIII, §447

brevis, -e short brief, brevity
difficilis, -e hard difficult
facilis, -e easy facility
fortis, -e brave, courageous, strong fortitude, fort, fortify
ignis, -is (-ium), m. fire ignite, ignition
LESSON LXIX, §453

dux, ducis, m. leader, commander duke
inter, prep. with ace. between, among interim, intervene
levis, -e light, trivial, fickle levity
nihil, n., indecl. nothing. An abl. nihilo, nihilist, annihilate
from a nom. nihilum,
oceurs as an abl. of
measure of difference

pes, pedis, m. foot pedal, pedestal, pedes
trian
spatium, spati, n. space, distance spa'ious, expatiate
LESSON LXX, §459

auctoritas, -atis,/ authority author
dissimilis, -e unlike, dissimilar dissimulate, dissemble
lex, legis,/" law legal, legislate
liber'tas, -a'tis, f. freedom, liberty libera!
servitus, -fitis,/; slavery servitude
LESSON LXXI, §468

adduco, -ere, -duxl, lead to, bring to, influ- adduce
-ductus ence
cognSscS, -ere, -gnSvi, learn, find out; inperf. recognize
-gnitUS tenses, know
exspecto, -are, -avi, await, expect, wait for expectation
-atus
quod, conj. because
rulnerS, -are, -avi, wound vulnerable, invulner-
-fitus able
LESSON LXXII, §473
bene, adv.,from bonus well benediction, benefit
deinde, adv. next, then, thereafter
facile, adv. easily facile
maneo, -Sre, mansl, remain, abide, stay mansion
mansurus
plurimum, adv. very much7 most; with plural, plurality
posse, be most pow
erful
primo, adv., referring at first, as opposed to prime, primary, prime-
to time afterwards ; in the val
beginning
primum, adv., refer- first, in the first place primitive
ring to order
LESSON LXXIII, §478
adventus, -us, m. arrival advent
Caesar, -aris, «z. Caesar kaiser, czar
celeritas, -atis, f. speed, swiftness celerity
Latin Word Meaning Related Word
cornu, -us, n. horn cornucopia
dexter, -tra, -trum right dexterity, dexterous
equitatus, -us, m. cavalry equine
exercitus, -us, m. army exercise
impetus, -us, m. attack; impetum facere impetus, impetuous
in, make an attack
on
sinister, -tra, -trum left sinister
LESSON LXXIV, §486

contendS, -ere, -di,-tus hasten; strive, fight contend, contention
domus, -us,/C home; domi, at home domesticate, domicile
navis, -is (-ium), f. ship navy, naval
pedes, -itis, m. foot soldier; plur. in- pedestrian
fantry
riis, ruris, n. ; plur. country ; ruri, in the rural, rustic
only nom. and ace, country
LESSON LXXV, §494

aestas, -atis./ summer
dies, diei, ///. day diary, dial
hiems, hiemis,/ winter
lux, lucis,^ light ; prima lux, day- lucid, elucidate
light
nox, noctis (-ium),/ night nocturnal, equinox
res, rei,/ thing, matter real, reality
LESSON LXXVIII, §514

civis, -is (-ium), m. citizen civic, civil
andf.
commoveo, -€re, -movi, alarm, excite, move commotion
-mStus
ego, mei I ; plur. we egotism
imperator, -oris, m. general emperor
sui, gen. of himself (herself, itself, suicide
themselves); in fugam
ses§ dare, flee
timor, -oris, m. fear timorous
tu, tui thou, you
376 SP.ECIAL VOCABULARIES
LESSON LXXIX, § 519
deponS, -ere, -posui, put down, lay down, deponent, deposit
-positus lay aside
idem, eadem, idem same identity, identical, iden
tify
incolo. -ere, -ui, inhabit, trans. ; also
intrans., dwell
ipse, ipsa, ipsum self, himself, herself,
itself; very
manus, -us,/ hand ; group, force manual, manufacture,
manuscript
pars, partis (-ium),f part, share ; side, direc party, particle, partner,
tion partial
spes, spei,/. hope
LESSON LXXX, §525

debeo, -ere, -ui, -itus owe, ought debt, debit
demonstro, -are, -avi, point out, show demonstrate
-atus
finis, -is (-ium), m. end, limit; phtr. terri- finish, final, finite, in-
tory, country finite
hic, haec, hoc this; as pers. pron.,
he, she, it
iile, ilia, illud that; as pers. pron.,
he, she, it
iste, ista, istud that ; as pers. pron.,
he, she, it
modus, -i, m. measure; manner mode, model, mood
mons,montis(-ium),7«. mountain mount, amount
LESSON LXXXI, §530

aliquis, aliquid someone, something
aliqui, aliqua, aliquod some
ezistimS, -are, -avi, think, consider estimate
-atus
quidam, quaedam, a certain one, a certain
quiddam (quoddam)
quisque, quidque each one
quisque, quaeque, each
quodque
retineS, -ere, -tinui, hold back, retain retention
-tentus
sustineo, -ere, -tinui, hold up, maintain ; en- sustain
-tentus dure
LESSON LXXXIII, §544
causa, -ae,/i cause, reason ; qua de because
causa, for this reason
expellS, -ere, -puli, drive out, expel expulsion
-pulsus
permaneS,-ere,-mansi, last, endure, continue permanent
-mansurus
LESSON LXXXIV, §549
acies, aciei, f. line of battle
conficio, -ere, -feci, do completely, finish
-fectus
instruS, -ere, -struxi, draw up, arrange instruct, instructor
-structus
passus, -us, m. step, pace ; mille pas-
sus, a thousand
paces, a mile
pons, pontis (-ium), m. bridge pontoon
traduco, -ere, -duxi, lead across traduce
-ductus
LESSON LXXXV, §555
cupidus, -a, -um desirous of, eager for, cupidity
with gen.
imperitus, -a, -um unskilled, inexperi
enced, with gen.
intermitto, -ere, -misi, leave off, suspend, intermittent, intermis
-missus suffer to elapse, sion
leave vacant
laus, laudis,./! praise laud, laudatory
militaris, -e military ; res milita- militia, militant
ris, art of war
peritus, -a, -um skilled, experienced, experience
with gen.
LESSON LXXXVI, §563

altitude, -inis, f. height, depth altitude
dolor, -Sris, m. pain, grief dolorous, doleful
excedo, -ere, -cessi, go out, depart exceed, excessive
-cessurus
hortor, -ari, hortatus urge, encourage exhort
sum, dep. verb
patior, pati, passus suffer, allow, permit patient, passion
sum, dep. verb
sequor, sequi, secutus follow sequence, execute
sum, dep. verb
vereor, -en, veritus fear, respect reverence
sum, dep. verb
LESSON LXXXVII, §571
-deligS, -ere, -legl, choose, select
-lectus
-explorator, -Sris, m. spy, scout explorer
hora, -ae,f. hour
idoneus, -a, -um suitable, fitting
magnitudo, -inis, f. size, greatness magnitude
multitudS, -inis, / crowd, throng, multi
tude
praemittO, -ere, -misi, send ahead, send for- premise
-missus ward
scribo, -ere, scripsI, write scribble, scribe, script
scriptus
sumo, -ere, sumpsi, take up, assume ; sup- presume, consume
sumptus plicium sumere de,
inflict punishment on
LESSON LXXXVIII, §575

apud, prep. with ace. among, in the presence
of
doceS, -Sre, -ui, -tus teach docile
interim, adv. meanwhile, in the interim
meantime
potestas, -atis,/ power potent
verS, adv. in truth, verily veracity, verity
LESSON XC, § 590
amitto, -ere, -misi, send away, lose
-missus
condicio, -onis,f. terms, agreement condition
consulo, -ere, -ui, -tus ask for advice, consult, consultation
counsel with, with ace.
quaerS, -ere, quaesivi, seek for, ask, inquire question
quaesitus for
ratio, -onis,/ method, arrangement, rational
plan
summus, -a, -um (supert. of the adj. su- sum, summit
perus, high) highest,
supreme
LESSON XCI, §597
nSmS^/z.nullius,^/. no one
nemini, ace. nemi-
nem, abl. nullo, m.
andf.
perduco, -ere, -duxi, lead through, bring;
-ductus construct (a wall)
permoveo, -Sre, -mSvl, move deeply, arouse,
-motus influence
perveniS, -ire, -veni, arrive, with ad or in
-ventus and ace.
j>roptBT,prep. with ace. on account of, because
of
rSs publica, rei publi- commonwealth, repub- republican
cae,/ lie, state
Arulnus, -eris, n. wound vulnerable
LESSON XCII, §604
frumentarius, -a, -um of grain ; rSs frumen-
taria, grain supply
imperS, -are, -avi, command, with dat. imperative, imperious
-atus and a subjv. clause
postulo, -are, -avi, demand, require expostulate
-atus
prSvideS, -Sre, -vidi, look out for, foresee provide
-visus
38o SPECIAL VOCABULARIES

rogS, -Sre, -avi, -atus ask, request interrogate
tempto, -are, -avi, try, attempt temptation
-atus
LESSON XCIII, §608
appropinquS, -are, -avi, draw near, approach, propinquity
-atus with dat.
conscribS, -ere, -scripsi, enroll conscript
-scriptus
impedio, -ire, -ivi, -itus hinder, obstruct impede
intercludS, -ere, -cltisi, cut off, block up The root word, claudo,
-clusus close, appears in in
clude, exclude, etc.
GratiS, -onis,/l speech, oration; oratio- oratory
nem habere, make a
speech
quidem, adv., never indeed, in fact. NS . . .
stands first quidem, not even,
the emphatic word
standing between
LESSON XCIV, §613
difficultas, -atis,/l difficulty difficult
diligenter, adv. carefully, industriously, diligently
attentively
nSbilis, -e well-known, famous, noble nobility
turris, -is (-ium ; abl. tower turret
turri or turre), f.
LESSON XCV, §620
coniciS, -ere, -ieci, hurl The root word, iaciS,
-iectus throw, appears in
inject, object, etc.
consisto, -ere, -stiti, stand still, take a stand, consist, consistent
-stitus halt, be at rest
consuetudo, -vaS&,f. custom
mens, mentis (-ium),/! mind mental
premS, -ere, pressi, press hard compress, express, im
pressus press, oppress
talis, -e such
tantus, -a, -um so great
SPECIAL VOCABULARIES 38l
LESSON XCVI, §624
convenio, -ire, -veni, come together, assemble convene, convention
-ventus
desum, -esse, -fui, be lacking, be wanting,
-futurus with dat.
incendo, -ere, -cendi, set on fire, burn incendiary, incense
-census
ius, iuris, n. ; plur. law, right justice, judge
only notu. and ace,
iura
praeficiS, -ere, -feci, set over, place in com prefect
-fectus mand, with ace. and
dat.
praesum, -esse, -fui, be before, be over, be in present
command, with dat.
propono, -ere, -posui, set forth, offer propose, proposition
-positus
senatus, -us, m. senate senator
LESSON XCVIII, §636

circummumo, -ire, -ivi, wall around, fortify all
-itus about
enim, conj., never for
stands first
fides, fidei,/ good faith, protection fidelity
genus, -eris, n. race, kind generic, genus
oportet, -Sre, oportuit it is fitting, is necessary;
an impers. verb,
often used with an
infin. and subj. ace.
ordo, -inis, m. rank, class, order ordinary
ostendo, -ere, -di, -tus show, display ostensible, ostentation
pertineS, -ere, -ui, reach, extend, pertain pertinacity
recipio, -ere, -cepi, take back ; receive ; recipient, reception
-ceptus with se, withdraw
satis, indecl. adj. ; also enough, sufficient ; suf- satisfy, satisfactory
used as a neut. noun ficientlv
and as an adv.
DERIVATION NOTEBOOK1
TYPE I (WITHOUT DEFINITIONS)
loco, locate, locavl, locate, location, locative, local, locality, localize,
locatus, place locally, locus, collocate, collocation, dislocate,
localization, locomotive, locomotor
TYPE II (WITH DEFINITIONS)

voco, vocare, vocavi, vocation : a calling, oceupation
vocatus, call vocational : pertaining to a vocation or calling
vocal : pertaining to voice
evoke : call out
convoke : call together
vocative : case of calling, case of address
revoke : call back, rescind
invoke : call upon, ask for
vociferous : with large callingpower, with loud tones
invocation : a calling upon, a prayer
TYPE III (WITH EXAMPLES OF USE IN ENGLISH)

mitto, mittere, misi, mission : He -was sent on a mission to Europe
missus, send missionary : He was sent as a missionary to China
missive : The letter was a formidable missive
missile : Stones were the missiles of early warfare
transmit : They will transmit the message to us
remission: He preached the remission of sins
commit : She was committed to his care
submit : They submitted to the inevitable
submissive : The slave was not submissive
omit : Omit the nonessential
1 This is a specimen page based on the Latin syllabus for secondary

schools published by the University of the State of New York.
382
COMMON LATIN ABBREVIATIONS
A.B. or B.A. = Artium Baccalaureus, Bachelor of Arts
A.D. = anno Domini, in the year of our Lord
ad lib. = ad libitum, at pleasure
a.m. = ante meridiem, before noon
A.M. or M.A. = Artium Magister, Master of Arts
A.U.C. = ab urbe condita, y>-(?« the founding of the city, that is, of Rome,
753 B.C.
cf. = confer, compare
e.g. = exempli gratia, for example
etc. = et cetera, and the rest, and so forth
ib. or ibid. = ibidem, in the same place
i.e. = id est, that is
I H S = first three letters of the Greek for fesus, but often taken as the
abbreviation for the Latin " Iesus Hominum Salvator," fesus, the
Saviour of Men
I. N.R.I. = Iesus Nazarenus, Rex Iudaeorum, fesus of Nazareth, King
of the fews
lb. = libra, pound; lbs. = librae, pounds
LL.D. = Legum Doctor, Doctor of Laws
M.D. = Medicinae Doctor, Doctor of Medicine
N.B. = nota bene, note well, take notice
no. = numero (plural nos.), by number
Ph.D. = Philosophiae Doctor, Doctor of Philosophy
p.m. = post meridiem, after noon
P.S. = post scriptum, postscript
Q.E.D. = quod erat demonstrandum, which was to be demonstrated
R. = recipe, take (placed before a doctor's prescription)
R.I.P. = requiescat in pace, may he (or she) rest in peace
sc. = scilicet, namely
S.P.Q.R. = Senatus Populusque Romanus, the Senate and Roman People
st. = stet, let it stand
s.v. = sub voce, under the word
ult. = ultimo, of last month
v. or vid. = vide, see
viz. = videlicet, na?nely
vs. = versus, against
383
is
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The
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hill
picture
IItaly.
of
idea
hcountry
eattown
rasamcltoeinreasteniarcy. of
olive
mfew
the
south
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valley
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Po
Note
plains.
large
otrees
great
ugrove
narevery
tainous, the
Italy
but
below
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important
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nrcwereasmare;
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neither
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SERMONETA
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
a, ab, prep. with abl., from, by aditus, -us, m., privilege of admit
abdS, -ere, -didi, -ditus, hide ; with tance
se, conceal one's self, hide admiratio. -onis, f, wonder, sur
abduco, -ere, -duxi, -ductus, lead prise ; tibi admirationem movere,
away cause you surprise
absum,abesse,afui,afuturus,z/ri?^., adsido, -ere, -Sdl, , sit by (es
be away, be off, be distant ; with pecially a sick person)
a or ab and abl. (§ 838) adsto. -are, astiti or adstiti, ,
Abydus, -i, m., Abydus stand by, stand near
ac (before consonants), atque (before adsum, -esse, -fui, -futurus, be
either vowels or consonants), present, be at hand, with dat.
conj'., and, and what is more; (§ 838)
simul atque, as soon as adulescens, -entis, m., youth
accido, -cidere, -cidi, happen advenio, -ire, -veni, -ventus, come.
accipiS, -ere, -cSpi, -ceptus, receive arrive
accurrS, -ere, accurri, , run to, adventus, -us, m., arrival
run up adversus, -a, -um, ill, unfavorable ;
acer, acris, acre, keen, sharp ; eager, opposite
courageous aeger, -gra, -grum, sick
acies, aciSi,/, line of battle ; prima aequus, -a, -um, even, level, equal;
acies, the front line fair, just
acriter, adv., sharply, fiercely aestas, -atis,f, summer; inita aes-
ad, prep. with ace, to, towards, tate, at the beginning of summer
near, by ; at, on aetas, -tatis,/, age
adamo. -are, -avi, -atus, fall in love Aethiopia. -ae,f, Ethiopia
with ager, agri, m., field
adducS, -ere, -diixi, -ductus; lead to, agmen. agminis, «., an army {on the
bring to, influence march), column ; primum agmen,
adeS, -ire, -ii, -itus, go to the van ; novissimum agmen, the
adferS, -ferre, attuli, adlatus, bring, rear; agmen claudere, bring up
carry to (§ 841) the rear
adhuc, adv., until now, as yet, still agS, -ere, egi, actus, drive, lead ; do
agricola, -ae, m., farmer animus, -i, m., mind, spirit, heart ;
agriculture, -ae,f., agriculture in ammo esse, with dat., intend ;
ala, -ae,f., wing animum tenere, hold attention ;
Albani, -orum, m., the Albans in plur often courage
aliquando, adv., some day annus, -i, m., year
aliquis (-qui), -qua, -quid (-quod), anser, -eris, m., goose
indef. pron., someone, anyone, ante, prep. with ace, before, in
some, any (§ 83 1 ) front of ; adv., before, previously
alius, alia, aliud (gen. -ius, dat. -i), antea, adv., heretofore, formerly
other, another (of several); alius antiquus, -a, -um, ancient
. . . alius, one . . . another ; alii aperio, -ire, -ui, -pertus, open
. . . alii, some . . . others (§815) apertus, -a, -um, open
Allobroges, -um, m., the Allob'roges appello, -are, -avi, -atus, call, name
Alpes, -ium,/, the Alps Appius, -a, -um, Appian
alt£, adv., high, on high appropinquo, -are, -avi, -atus, draw
alter, -era, -erum (gen. -ius, dat. -i), near, approach, with dat.
the one, the other (of two) ; alter apud, prep. with ace, among, in the
. . . alter, the one . . . the other ; presence of
alteri . . . alter!, the one party . . . aqua, -ae,f, water
the other party (§ 502) aquila, -ae,f, eagle
altitudS, -inis,/, height; depth aquilifer, -eri, m., standard-bearer
altus, -a, -um, high, deep, lofty (of the eagle)
amanter, adv., lovingly, affection Aquitani, -orum, m., the Aquitani
ately arbor, -oris,/, tree
amicitia, -ae,f., friendship area, -ae,/, chest
amicus, -a, -um, friendly, affection ardeo, -ere, arsi, arsurus, be afire,
ate glow, burn
amicus, -i, m., friend Ariaini,-is,f.(Greeh noun), Ariadne
amitto, -ere, -misi, -missus, send Arion. -onis, m., Arion
away ; lose Ariovistus, -i, m., Ariovistus
amS, -are, -avi, -atus, love arma, -Srum, n. plur., arms
amor, -Sris, m., love armatus, -a, -um, armed ; as a noun
amplus, -a, -um, large, abundant ; hi the masc. plur., armed men
famous, distinguished; copious armo, -are, -avi, -atus, arm
Amulius, Amuli, m., Amulius aro, -are, -avi, -atus, plow
Andromeda, -ae,/, Andromeda ascendo, -ere, ascendi, ascensus,
anguste, adv., narrowly, closely climb
angustus, -a, -um, narrow ascribo, -ere, -ipsi, -iptus, enroll
animal, -alis (-ium), n., animal asper, -era, -erum, rough, wild
Athenae, -arum, /I, Athens bonus, -a, -um, good, kind (§ 820)
atramentum, -i, «., ink brevis, -e, short
attingo, -ere, -tigl, -tactus, touch brevitas, -atis, f., shortness ; brevi-
upon, reach tas temporis, want of time
aspicio, -ere, -Sxi, -ectus, behold, see breviter, adv., briefly
auctoritas, -atis,f., authority Britannia, -ae,f., Britain, England
audacia, -ae, f., daring, boldness, Britanni, -orum, m., the Britons
presumption Brutus, -i, m., Brutus
audeo, -ere, ausus sum, semi-dep.
verb, dare Caecilius, -i, ;«., Caecilius
audio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, hear caedes, -is (ium), f., slaughter, car
aufero. auferre, abstuli, ablatus, nage
remove (§841) caelum, -i, n., sky, heaven
aura, -ae,f., air Caesar, -is, m., Caesar
aureus, -a, -um, golden calamitas, -atis,/, loss, disaster
aurum, -i, «., gold calcar, -aris (ium), n., spur
aut, conj., or; aut . . . aut, either calo, -onis, m., camp follower
... or Camillus. -i, m., Camillus
autem, canj, (never stands first), cano, -ere, cecini, , sing
however, but, moreover capio, -ere, cepi, captus, take, seize
auxilium, auxili, «., aid Capitolium, -tS1i, n., the Capitolium
avertS, -ere, -ti, -sus, turn away, capra, -ae,/l, goat
withdraw captivus, -i, m., captive
caput, capitis, «., head ; capital
Bacchus, -i, m., Bacchus careS, -Sre, -ui, -iturus, go without,
Baculus, -i, m., Baculus be without, with abt.
barbarus, -a, -um, savage, uncivil carrus, -i, m., baggage wagon
ized ; as a noun in the masc. or cams, -a, -um, dear
fem., a savage casa, -ae,f., hut, cottage
Belgae, -arum, m., the Belgae Cassiopeia, -ae,/, Cassiopeia
bello, -are, -avi, -atus, wage war castrum, -i, «., fort; plur., camp;
bellum, -i, n., war; bellum inferre, castra movere, break camp ; castra
with dat., make war upon ponere, pitch camp
bene, adv. from bonus, well causa, -ae,f., cause, reason ; qua de
beneficium, benefici, «., favor, kind causa, for this reason ; causam
ness dicere, plead a case ; causa, with
benigne, adv., kindly preceding genitive, for the sake
benignus, -a, -um, kind of, in order to
Bibracte, -is, «., Bibracte celer, celeris, celere, swift
celeritas, -atis, f, speed, swiftness collis, collis (-ium), m., hill ; sum-
celeriter, adv., quickly mus collis, the top of the hill
celo, -are, -avi, -atus. conceal colo, -ere, colui, cultus, till ; cherish,
Celtae, -arum, m., the Celts foster
cSna, -at,f, dinner commendo, -are, -avi, -atus, intrust,
centum, indecl. num. adj., one hun commit
dred commilito, -Snis, m., fellow soldier,
centurio. -onis, m., centurion comrade
Cepheus, -i, m., Cepheus committo, -ere, -misi, -missus, com
Ceres, -eris./ (Greek noun), Ceres mit, intrust; proelium committere,
certamen, -inis, «., contest join battle
certe, adv., certainly, surely commoveo, -Sre, -mSvi, -motus, ex
certus, -a, -um, sure, certain ; true ; cite, alarm, move
certiorem facere, inform; certior communis, -e, common
fieri, be informed commutatio, -onis,/, change
cibus, -i, m., food comparS, -are, -avi, -atus, get to
Cicero, -Snis, m., Cicero gether, provide
Cincinnatus, -i, m., Cincinnatus comportS, -are, -avi, -atus, collect
circiter, adv., about, nearly conatus, -us, m., undertaking, at
circummunio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, wall tempt
around, fortify all about concido, -ere, -cidi, , fall downfall
circumsisto, -ere, -steti, , sur condicio, -onis,/, terms, agreement,
round condition
circumvenio, -ire, -veni, -ventus, confectus, -a, -um, exhausted
surround confero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus, bring
civis, -is (-ium), m. andf., citizen together, collect (§841)
civitas, -atis,/, state confertus, -a, -um, dense, closely
clamo, -are, -avi, -atus, cry, shout crowded
clamor, -oris, m., shout, cry conficio, -ere, -feci, -fectus, do com
clarus, -a, -um, clear, bright ; famous pletely, finish ; subdue, overcome,
claudo, -ere, -si, -sus, close, end; exhaust
agmen claudere, bring up the rear confirmS, -are, -avi, -atus, encour
cognosco. -ere, -gnSvi, -gnitus, find age, strengthen
out, learn ; in perf. tenses, know conicio, -ere, -ieci, -iectus (con +
cogS, -ere, coegi, coactus, collect; iacio), hurl
compel, force coniunx, -iugis, m. andf, husband,
cohors, cohortis (-ium), f., cohort, wife
company (consisting of one tenth coniuro, -are, -avi, -atus, conspire,
of a legion, or about 360 men) plot
conloco, -are, -avi, -atus, place copia, -ae, f., plenty, abundance;
conor. -ari, -atus sum, dep. verb, plur., forces ; copiam facere, give
attempt, try an opportunity
conscrlbo, -ere, -scripsI, -scriptus, copiosus, -a, -um, wealthy, well sup
enroll plied
consequor. -sequi, -seciitus sum, comu, -us, n., horn ; wing {of an
dep. verb, follow, overtake army); a dextro comu. on the
conservS, -are, -avi, -atus, preserve, right wing
keep safe corpus, -oris, «., body
cSnsilium, consili, «., plan, advice, corripio, -ere, -ripui, -reptus, seize
resource; consilium capere, form cotidianus, -a, -um, daily
a plan ; consilium omittere, leave cotidie, adv., daily, everyday
a plan untried creber, -bra, -brum, thick, frequent,
cSnsistS, -ere, -stiti, , stand still, crowded
take a stand ; halt, be at rest credo, -ere, -didi, -ditus, believe, trust
conspectus, -us, m., sight cremo.-are,-avi,-atus,burn,consume
conspicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectus, get creo, -are, -avi, -atus, make
sight of, see cresco, -ere, cr&vi, crStus, increase
constituS, -ere, -ui, -utus, appoint ; Creta, -ae,f., Crete
determine, decide ; station culpa, -ae,f., fault
consuetudS. -\xas,f., custom, habit cum, prep. with abl., with
consul, -is, m., consul cum, conj., when, since, although
consulS, -ere, -ui, -tus, ask for ad cupidus, -a, -um, desirous of, eager
vice, consult, with ace. for, with gen.
contendS, -ere, -di, -tus, hasten; cupio, -ere, -ivi, -itus, wish, desire
strive, fight cur, interrog. adv., why
continenter, adv., continuously Curiatius, Curiati, *«., Curiatius
contineo, -Sre, -tinui, -tentus, hold Curius, Curi, m., Curius
together, bound; restrain, keep; ciirS, -are, -avi, -atus, care for, take
hem in care of ; cure
Contra, prep. with ace, against; currus, -us, m., chariot
opposite to cursus, -us, m., course; march,
Convenio, -ire, -vSni, -ventus, come journey
together, assemble
convertS, -ere, -ti, -sus, turn, change de, prep. with abl., down from;
convoco, -are, -avi, -atus, call to concerning, about
gether dea, -ae, f. (dat. and abl. plur.
coorior, -iri, -ortus stun, dep. verb, deabus), goddess
rise debeo, -ere, -ui, -itus, owe, ought
debitor, -Sris, m., debtor desum, -esse, -fui,Tfutiirus, be lack

debitum, -i, «., debt ing, be wanting, with dat. (§ 838)
decern, indecl. num. adj., ten detrahS,-ere,-traxi,-tractus, snatch,
December, -bris, -bre, of December with ace. and dat.
decimus, -a, -um, num. adj., tenth detrimentum, -i, n., loss ; disaster
deditio. -Snis,/, surrender ; in dedi- deus, -i, m., god
tionem accipere, receive in sur dfivorS, -are, -avi, -atus, devour,
render consume
d§dS, -ere, -didi, -ditus, surrender ; dexter, -tra, -trum, right
with se, surrender one's self dextra, -ae,f., right hand
deduco, -ere, -duxi, -ductus, lead Diana, -ae, /, Diana
down or from ; escort dicS, -ere, dixi, dictus, say, speak, tell
defends, -ere, -di, -fensus, defend dictator, -oris, m., dictator
defensor, -Sris, m., defender dies, -Si, m., day; in dies, every day
defessus, -a, -um, tired out, weary differS,-ferre, distuli, dilatus, irreg.,
deficio. -ere, -feci, -fectus. fail, be be different, differ (§841)
wanting difficilis. -e, hard, difficult (§ 820)
deicio, -ere, -ieci, -iectus (dS + iacio), difficultas, -atis, f., difficulty
throw down diiudicS, -are, -avi, -atus, decide
deinde. adv., next, then, thereafter diligenter, adv., carefully, industri
deligS, -ere, -legi, -Iectus, choose, ously, attentively
select diligentia, -ae,/, industry
delphinus, -i, m., dolphin dimittS, -ere, -misi. -missus, send
demonstro. -are, -avi, -atus, point away ; let go
out, show discSdS, -ere, -cessi, -cessiirus, de
denique, adv., at last, finally part from, leave, wi thdraw , go away
Dentatus, -i, m., Dentatus discipulus, -i, m., pupil
deponS, -ere, -posui, -positus, put discrimen, -inis, n., turning point ;
down, lay down, lay aside; memo- discrimen rerum, crisis
nam deponere, forget dispSnS, -ere, -posui, -positus, sta
descendS, -ere, -di, -scensus. climb tion
down, descend dissimilis, -e, unlike, dissimilar
desiderS, -are, -avi, -atus, long for (§ 820)
desilio, -ire, -silui, -sultus,leapdown difl, adv. {compared diutius, diutis-
desisto. -ere, -stiti, -stitfirus, desist simS), for a long time, long (§ 822)
from diurnus, -a, -um, of the day, daily ;
despero. -are, -avi, -atus, despair of nocturnS diurnSque (itinere), by
destringS, -ere, -strinxi, -strictus, night and day
draw diversus, -a, -um, different
divide, -ere, -visi, -visus, divide eques, equitis, m., horseman

dS, dare, dedi, datus, give equester, -tris, -tre, of cavalry
doceo, -Sre, -ui, -tus, teach equitatus, -us, m., cavalry
dolor, -Sris, m., pain, grief equus, -i, m., horse
domus, -us,y!, house, home; domi, ergS, adv., therefore
at home(§ 813) eripio, -ere, -ripui, -reptus, snatch
dSnum, -i, «., gift away, rescue
dubius, -a,-um, doubtful, uncertain; eruptiS, -6nis,f, sally
sine dubiS, certainly et, conj., and ; et . . . et, both . . . and
ducenti, -ae, -a, two hundred erumpS, -ere, -rupi, -ruptus, burst
duco, -ere, duxi, ductus, lead out, make a sally
dulcis, -e, sweet etiam, adv., standing before the
duo, duae, duo, num. adj., two emphatic word even, also
(§ 824) Etrusci, -Sram, m.plur., the Etrus
duodecim, indecl. num. adj., twelve cans
ducdecimus, -a, -um, num. adj., Eurydice, -Ss, f. (Greek noun),
twelfth Eurydice
dux, ducis, m., leader, commander Svoco, -are, -avi, -atus, call out, sum
mon
§ or ex, prep. with aii., out of, from, excedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessflrus, go
off, of out, depart
ecce, adv., lo ! see ! behold ! look ! excitS, -are, -avi, -atus, arouse
edS, -ere, Sdi, Ssus, eat exemplum,-i, n., example, specimen
EburonSs, -um, m. plur., the Ebu- exeo, -ire, -ii, -iturus, go forth (§ 842)
ro'nes exerceo, -ere, -ui, -itus, train
SducS,"-ere, -duxi, -ductus, lead out exercitus, -us, m., army
effugio, -ere, -fugi, -fugiturus, es existimo, -are, -avi, -atus, think,
cape consider
ego, mei,per.pron., I ; in plur., we expello. -ere, -puli, -pulsus, drive
Sgredior, -i, -gressus sum, dep. verb, out, expel
go out, march out; with nave, expio, -are, -avi, -atus, atone for
disembark explorator, -oris, m., spy, scout
fegregius, -a, -um, remarkable, mar expugnS, -are, -avi, -atus, take by
velous, distinguished, fine storm, capture; distinguish from
SmittS, -ere, -misi, -missus, send oppugno, assault
out, send forth exspectatus, -a, -um, expected, ap
enim, conj., for, never stands jirst pointed
eS, ire, ii (ivi), iturus, go (§ 842) exspecto, -are, -avi, -atus, await, ex
epistula, -ae,f., letter pect, wait for
8 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
fabula, -ae, f., story flagro, -are, -avi, -aturus, burn, be

fades, faciei,./!, beauty on fire ; glow, be stirred
facile, adv., easily Flaminius, -a, -um, Flaminian
facilis, -e, easy (§ 820) flumen, fluminis, n., river
facio, -ere, feci, factus, make, do, fluo, -ere, fluxi, fluxurus, flow
form, cause; proelium facere, fight fortasse, perhaps, possibly
a battle ; aliquem certiorem facere, fortis, -e, brave, courageous, strong
inform someone; copiam facere, fortiter, adv., bravely
give an opportunity fortflna, -ae, f., fortune, circum
factum, -i, «., deed, act stances
fama, -ae,f., rumor, report, reputa fossa, -ae,f., ditch
tion, fame frater, fratris, m., brother
fames, -is (-ium),/, hunger frumentarius, -a, -um, of grain; res
faveS, -ere, favi, fauturus. be favor frumentaria, grain supply
able to, favor, with dat. frflmentor, -ari, -atus sum, dep.
Februarius, -a, -um, of February verb, gather grain
fere, adv., nearly, almost, about frumentum, -i, «., grain
fero, ferre, tuli, latus, bear, carry ; frustra, adv., in vain
graviter or moleste ferre, with fuga, -ae,f., flight; in fugam dare,
ace. and inf., be annoyed; subsi- put to flight; in fugam sese dare,
dium ferre, go to the rescue flee
(§ 841) fugiS, -ere, fflgi, fugiturus, flee, run
fides, fidei,/, good faith, protection ;
fides publica, the promise given Galba, -ae, m., Galba
by the state Gallia, -ae,f., Gaul (modern France)
filia, -ae, f. (dat. and abl. plur. Gallicus, -a, -um, Gallic
filiabus), daughter Gallus, -i, m., Gaul
filius, fill, m., son (§ 806.2) Garumna, -ae, m., the Garonne
filum, -i, «., string gaudeS,-Sre, gavisus sum, semi-dep.
finis, -is (-ium), m., end, limit; in verb, rejoice
the plur., territory, country gaudium, gaudi, «., joy, gladness
finitimi, -Srum, m.plur., neighbors gemitus, -us, m., groan
finitimus, -a, -um, adjoining, neigh Genava, -ae,f, Geneva
boring generSsus,-a,-um, honorable, noble
fio, fieri, factus sum, used as the gens, gentis (-ium),f., tribe, nation
passive ^/"facio, be done, be made, genus, -eris, «., race, tribe; kind,
happen ; certior fieri, be informed method
(§ 843) Germania, -ae,/, Germany
firmus, -a, -um, strong, trusty, loyal Germanus, -i, m., a German
ger5,-ere, gessi, gestus, wage, cany hodie, adv., today

on, wear, have ; bear, wear ; res homo, -inis, m. andf, human being,
gestae, exploits man (§813)
gladius, gladi, m., sword Horatius, Horati, m., Horatius
gloria, -ae, /, glory, praise, thirst hSra, -ae,/, hour
for glory hortor, -an, hortatus 6um, dep.
Graecia, -ae,/, Greece verb, urge, encourage
Graecus, -a, -um, Greek; Graecus, -i, hospes, -itis, m., stranger
m., a Greek hostis, hostis (-ium), m., enemy
gratia, -ae, /, influence, favor, (in war)
thanks ; gratias agere, with dat., humerus, -i, m., shoulder
thank
gratus, -a, -um, pleasing iacio, iacere, ieci, iactus, throw, hurl
gravis, -e, heavy ; severe ; serious iam, adv., already, immediately;
graviter, adv., heavily ; graviter presently, soon, now
ferre, bear ill, take ill Ianuarius, -a, -um, of January
ibi, adv., there, in that place
habeo, -Sre, -ui, -itus, have idem, eadem, idem, demon, adj. and
habitS, -are, -avi, -atus, live pron., same (§ 828)
hactenus, adv., thus far idoneus, -a, -um, suitable, fitting
Eaedui, -orum, m., the Haedul ignis, -is (-ium), m., fire
harena, -ae,f., sand ille, ilia, illud, demon, adj. and
Hellespontus, -i, m., the Hellespont pron., that; as per. pron., he,
Helvetii,-Srum,»z.//«r.,theHelvetii she, it (§ 828)
hercle, interj., by Hercules, as immineo, -Sre, , , threaten ;
suredly, indeed be at hand
Hero, -us,/ (Greek noun), Hero impedimentum, -i, «., hindrance;
heros, -Sis, m. (Greek noun), hero plur. baggage; magnum numerum
heu ! interj. of grief or pain, oh! impedimentorum, a very long bag
ah ! alas ! followed by the ace. of gage train
exclamation impedio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, hinder, ob
hiberna, -orum, m. plur., winter struct, prevent
quarters imperator, -Sris, m., general
hic, haec, hoc, demon, adj. and imperitus, -a, -um, unskilled, inex
pron., this; «j per. pron., he, perienced, with gen.
she, it (§ 828) imperium, imperi, «., command,
hiemS, -are, -Svi, -atus, pass the supreme power, realm
winter imperS, -are, -5vi, -atus, command,
hiems, hiemis,/, winter with dat. and a subj. clause
IO LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
impetus, -us, m., attack; facere im- initio, -ere, -ieci, -iectus (in-f iacioX
petum in, make an attack upon thrust
improbus, -a, -um, evil inimicus,-a,-um, unfriendly, hostile
imprSvisS, adv., unexpectedly iniquus, -a, -um, uneven, unequal ;
improvisus, -a, -um, unforeseen, un unfavorable, hostile ; steep, danger
expected ous
in, prep. with ace, into, against, to; iniuria, -ae,f., wrong, injury; iniu-
in, prep. with abl., in, on ; among rias alicui inferre, inflict injuries
incendo. -ere, -cendi, -census, set on on someone
fire, burn inopia, -ae,f., want, need, scarcity
incipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus, begin inquit, said he, said she; inquiunt,
incitatus. -a, -um, aroused said they. Inserted in a direct
incitS,-are,-avi, -atus, hasten, arouse quotation
incognitus, -a, -um, unknown institutum. -i, «., custom
incolo, -ere, -ui, , trans, with instruo, -ere, -struxi, -structus
ace, inhabit; also intrans., dwell draw up, arrange
incolumis, -e, unharmed, safe insula, -ae,/, island
tncredibilis. -e, incredible, extraordi integer, integra, integrum, whole,
nary fresh, pure ; unharmed
incuso. -are, -avi, -atus, rebuke, intellego, intellegere, intellexi, in-
chide tellectus, understand
induco, -ere, -duxi, -ductus, lead in intentus, -a, -um, attentive, eager
or against inter, prep. with ace, between,
induo, -ere, -ui, -utus, put on among
industrius, -a, -um, diligent intercedS, -ere, -cessi, -cessurus,
ineS, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itus, enter come between, intervene
upon ; inita aestate, at the be intercludo, -ere, -cliisi, -clusus, cut
ginning of summer (§ 842) off, block up
infelix, -icis, unfortunate, ill-fated interdiu, adv., during the day, by day
inferi, -orum, m. plur., shades, interficio, -ere, -feci, -rectus, put out
lower world of the way, kill
inferior, -ius, inferior (§ 820) interfluo, -ere, , , flow be
infero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus, bring in, tween
inflict; spem inferre, with dat., interim, adv., meanwhile, in the
inspire hope (§841) meanwhile
ingens, -entis, huge intermitto,-ere,-misi,-missus,leave
ingredior, ingredi, ingressus sum, off, discontinue, stop, ceasf% omit
dep. verb, proceed, advance, interpono, -ere, -posui, -positus, put
march ; enter between, interpose
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY II
intersum, -esse, -fui, -futurus, be ius, iuris, n. (plur. only nom. and
between (§ 838) ace. iura), law, right
intra, prep. with ace, within, in, iuvenis, -is, young ; as subst., iu-
into venis, -is (-ium), m. orf., youth
intrS, -are, -avi, -atus, enter
intus, adv., within labor, -oris, m., labor, toil
inusitatus, -a, -um, unusual, ex laboro, -are, -avi, -atus, toil ; suffer
traordinary labyrinthus, -i, m., labyrinth
inveniS, -ire, -veni, -ventus, find, lacessS,-ere,-ivi,-itus, attack, assail,
come upon lacrima, -ae,/, tear
invidia, -ae,/, envy, jealousy laetus, -a, -um, glad
invito, -are, -avi, -atus, invite latus, -a, -um, wide, broad
invitus, -a, -um, against the will ; laudu, -are, -avi, -atus, praise /
se invito, against his will laus, laudis,/, praise
iS, interj. (expressing joy), hurra ! lavS,-ere, lavi, lautus <?rlStus, wash
common in the phrase io triumphe Leander, -dri, m., Leander
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intens. adj. and legatus,-i, m., ambassador; lieutenant
pron., self, himself, herself, itself; legio. -onis,/, legion
very (§ 827) legS, -ere, legi, lectus, read
is, ea, id, dem. adj. andpron., this, leS, -Snis, m., lion
that ; he, she, it (§ 828) Lesbia, -ae,y!, Lesbia
iste, ista, istud, dem. adj. and levis, -e, light, trivial, fickle
pron., that ; he, she, it (§ 828) lex, legis,/, law
ita, adv., thus, so libenter, adv., willingly, gladly
Italia, -ae,/, Italy liber, libri, m., book
itaque, conj., and so, therefore liber, libera, liberum, free
iter, itineris, n., journey, march, liberi, liberorum, m.plnr., children
route; iter dare, give a right of liberS, -are, -avi, -atus, set free
way ; iter facere, march ; iter libertas, -atis, f., freedom, liberty
magnum, forced march ; itinere lictor, lictoris, m., lictor
prohibere, keep from passing ; ligneus, -a, -um, wooden
itinere converso, changing their ligS, -are, -avi, -atus, bind
course (§ 813) lingua, -ae,/, language, tongue
iubeo. -ere, iussi, iussus, command, litterae, -%.r\na, f. plur., letter
order, with ace. and injin. litus, -oris, n., shore, beach
iudicium, iudici. «., judgment, trial Livia, -ae,/, Livia
iudico, -are, -avi, -atus, judge, decide locS, -are, -avi, -atus, put, set
Iflno, -onis,/, Juno locus, -i, m. (plur. loca, -Srum. «.),
Iuppiter, Iovis, m., Jupiter place, spot
longe. adv., far away, distant maturo, -are, -avi, -atus, hasten
longus, -a, -um, long maximS, adv. (in superl, degree, com-
lucerna, -ae,f., lamp pared^magnopere, magis, maxime),
ludus, -i, m., elementary school most of all, especially (§ 822)
lupa, -ae,f., wolf maximus, -a, -um (superl, of mag
lux, lucis,/, light; prima lux, day nus, compared magnus, maior,
light maximus),greatest,extreme(§ 820)
luxuria, -ae,./!, luxury medius, -a, -um, middle, middle
part of
magis, adv. (in comp. degree), more melior, -ius (gen. -Sris), adj. (comp.
(§ 822) of bonus, compared bonus, melior,
magister, -tri, m., teacher optimus), better (§ 820)
magnitudS, -inis,/, size, greatness melius, adv. (in comp. degree, com-
magnoperS, adv., greatly (§ 822) pared bene, melius, optime), better
magnus, -a, -um, great, large (§ 820) (§ 822)
maior, maius (^««.-Sris), adj. (comp. memorabilis, -e, noteworthy, memo
of magnus, compared magnus, rable
maior, maximus), greater, larger memoria, -ae, f, memory ; habere
(§ 820) in memoria, remember ; memoria
malo, malle, malui, , irrtg. tenere, remember; memoriam de-
verb, prefer (§ 840) ponere, forget
malus, -a, -um, evil, bad (§ 820) mSns, mentis (-ium),/, mind
maneo, -ere, mansi, mansurus, re mensa, -ae,/, table
main, abide, stay mensis, -is (-ium), m., month
Manlius, Manli, m., Manlius Metellus, -i, m., Metellus
manus, -Us,/l, hand; group, force; meus, -a, -um, pass. adj. andpron.,
manus conserere, join in a hand my, mine
to hand struggle Midas, -ae, m. (Greek noun), Midas
Marcus, -i, m., Marcus miles, militis, m., soldier
mare, -is (-ium), «., sea militaris, -e, military ; res militaris,
Marius, Mari, m., Marius art of war; aetas militaris, age of
Mars, Martis, m., Mars military service
Martius, -a, -um, of March milito. -are, -avi, -atus, serve as a
mater, matris,/, mother soldier
matrimonium, -oni, «., marriage; mille (piur. milia. -ium), num. adj.
in matrimonium ducere, marry; and subst., thousand (§ 820)
in matrimonium dare, give in Minerva, -ae,/, Minerva
marriage minime, adv., not at all, least of all
Matrona, -ae, m., the Marne (§822)
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 13
minimus, -a, -um (super!. «^parvus, natura, -ae,f, nature

compared parvus, minor, mini nauta, -ae, m., sailor
mus), least, smallest (§ 820) navigium, navigi, «., boat
minor, minus (gen. -Sris) (comp. of navigS, -are, -avi, -atus, sail
parvus, compared parvus, minor, navis, -is (-ium), f., ship
minimus), smaller, less (§ 820) nS, conj, and adv., in order that not,
Minos, -ois, m. (Greek noun), Minos lest ; not ; ne . . . quidem, not even
Minotaurus, -i, m., the Minotaur -ne, interrog. adv., enclitic
miser, misera, miserum, wretched nec or neque, conj., and not, nor;
mittS, -ere, misi, missus, send nee (neque) . . . nee (neque),
modus, -i, m., measure ; manner neither . . . nor
moleste, adv., ill, with trouble; neglegS, -legere, -lexi, -lectus, dis
moleste ferre, bear ill, be vexed regard, neglect
moneo, -ere, -ui, -itus, advise ; warn negS, -are, -avi, -atus, deny, say not
mons, montis (-ium), m., mountain negStium, negSti, «..business, affair,
monstrum, -i, «., monster matter; negotium dare, give a
mora, -ae,/, delay commission, employ
morior, mori, mortuus sum, dep. nemo (gen. nullius, dat. nemini,
verb, die ace. nSminem, abl. nullS), m. and
mors, mortis (-vara),f., death f., no one
moveS, -ere, movi, mStus, move Neptunus, -i, m., Neptune
mox, adv., soon, presently Nervii, -iorum, m. plur., the Nervii
Mucius, Muci, m., Mucius neuter, -tra, -trum (gen. -ius, dat. -i),
mulier, mulieris,/, woman neither (of two) (§ 502)
multitudo, -inis, f., crowd, throng, nihil, n. indecl., nothing. An abl.
multitude nihilo,/hwz a nom. nihilum, oceurs
multus,-a,-um, much, many; multa as an abl. of degree of difference;
nocte, late at night (§ 820) nihil posse, have no power
munio, -ire, -ivi or-M, -itus, fortify nisi, conj., if not, unless
munitio, -onis,/, fortification nSbilis, -e, well known, famous, noble
murus, -i, m., wall noceo, -ere, -ui, -iturus, injure, with
muto, -are, -avi, -atus, change dat.
noctu, adv., at night, by night
nanciscor, nancisci, nactus sum, nocturnus, -a, -um, of the night,
dep. verb, find, light upon nightly, by night
nam, conj., for nSIS, nolle. nSlui, , irreg. verb,
narro. -are, -avi, -atus, tell be unwilling (§ 840)
nascor, nasci, natus sum, dep. verb, nSmen, -inis, «., name; nomen dare,
be born ; rise enlist
H LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
nSn, neg. adv., not occasus, -us, m., going down, set
nondum, adv., not yet ting; sub occasum solis, just at
non-ne, interrog. adv. {suggesting sunset, just before sunset
an affirmative answer), not ? occido, -ere, -cidi, -cisus, kill
nonus, -a, -um, num. adj., ninth occupo, -are, -avi, -atus, seize; in
nSs, per. pron., we (see ego) opere occupari, be engaged or em
nosco, -ere, novi, notus, come to ployed on the works oriortifications
know ; in perf. tenses, know octavus, -a, -um, num. adj., eighth
noster, -tra, -trum, poss. adj. and octS, indecl. num. adj., eight
pron., our, ours. Plur. nostri, October, -bris, -bre, of October
-orum, m., our men [famous Octodflrus, -i, m., Octodurus
notus, -a, -um, known, well known, oculus, -i, m., eye
novem, indecl. num. adj., nine officium, offici, «., duty, service
November, -bris, -bre, of November Slim, adv., once upon a time, once
novus, -a, -um, new, fresh omitto, -ere, -misi, -missus, let go
nox, noctis (-ium),f, night; prima by; consilium omittere, leave a
nocte, at nightfall; multa nocte, plan untried
late at night omnino, adv., in all, altogether;
nullus, -a, -um (gen. -lus, dat. -i), but, just
none, no (§ 503) omnis, -e, all, every
num, interrog. adv., suggesting a opera, -ae, f., labor, work ; operam
negative answer; in indirect dare, give attention
questions, whether opinio, -Snis,/, supposition, opinion
Humerus, -i, m., number ; numerus oportet, -ere, oportuit, it is fitting,
impedimentorum, quantity of bag is necessary; an impers. verb,
gage, long baggage train often used with an infin. and
Numitor, -oris, m., Numitor subj. ace.
numquam, adv., never oppidum, -i, n., town
nunc, adv., now, the present time oppugnS, -are, -avi, -atus, attack,
nuntio, -are, -avi, -atus, announce assault
nympha, -ae,f, nymph optime, adv. (in superl. degree,
compared bene, melius, optime),
6, interj., O ! ah ! best; well done (§ 822)
obsecro, -are, -avi, -atus, I pray, I optimus, -a, -um (superl. of bonus,
beseech you; as exclamation, in comparedbonus, melior, optimus),
heaven's name best, most excellent (§ 820)
obses, -idis, m. andf., hostage optio, optionis, m., aide-de-camp
obtineo, -ere, -ui, -tentus, possess, opus, operis, «., work; fortifications,
keep, gain, hold works
Sra, -at,f., shore, coast pectus, -oris, n., heart

oraculum, -i, n., oracle pecunia, -ae,f., money
oratio, -onis, f., speech, oration; pecus, pecoris, n., cattle
orationem habere, make a speech pedes, -itis, m., foot soldier ; pedites,
ordo, -inis, m., rank ; class, order infantry
Orpheus, -i, m., Orpheus pedester, -tris, -tre, on foot ; with
ostendo, -ere, -di, -tus, show, display copiae, infantry
Sstium, Ssti, n., door peior, peius {gen. -oris), adj. {in
ovis, -is,/, sleep comp. degree, compared malus,
peior, pessimus), worse (§ 820)
paco, -are, -avi, -atus, subdue, pacify pellS, -ere, pepuli, pulsus, drive,
paene, adv., nearly, almost banish; defeat
pallidus, -a, -um, pale -per, prep. with ace, through, by
par, paris, equal perditio, -onis,/, destruction
parco, -ere, peperci, parsus, spare, perdflco, -ere, -duxi, -ductus, lead
with dat. through, bring ; construct
pareS, -Sre, -ui, , obey, -with dat. pereo, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -iturus, be
paro, -are, -avi, -atus, prepare lost, perish
pars, partis (-ium), /, part, share ; perficio, -ere, -feci, -fectus, finish
side, direction ; ex omnibus parti- perfringS, -ere, -frSgi, -fractus,
bus, on all sides break through
partior, partiri, partitus sum, dep. periculum, -i, «., danger
verb, share peritus, -a, -um, skilled, experi
parvus, -a, -um {compared parvus, enced, with gen.
minor,minimus),small,little(§ 820) permaneS, -ere, -mansi, -mansurus,
passus, -us, m., step, pace; mille last, endure, continue
passus, a thousand paces, a mile permoveo, -Sre, -movi, -mStus, move
pastor, -Sris, m., shepherd deeply, arouse, influence
pateo, -Sre, patui, , lie open, peropportunS, adv., most oppor
extend, stretch tunely
pater, patris, m., father perrumpS, -ere,-rupi, -ruptus, force
patior, pati, passus sum, dep. verb, a way through, break in
suffer, allow, permit Perseus, -i, m., Perseus
patria, -ae,/, native land perspicio, -ere, -spexl, -spectus, ob
pauci, -ae, -a, few, only a few serve, learn, discover
paulisper, adv., a little while persuadeS, -ere, -suasi, -suasus, per
paulo, adv., by a little, little suade, with dat.
paulum, adv., a little, somewhat perterreo, -Sre, -ui, -itus, terrify,
pax, pacis,/, peace alarm
i6 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
pertineS, -Sre, -ui, , reach, ex Porsenna, -ae, m., Porsenna
tend, pertain porta, -ae,/, gate
pervenio, -ire, -vSni, -ventus, arrive, porto, -are, -avi, -3tus, carry
with ad or in and ace. possum, posse, potui, , be able,
pes, pedis, m., foot can ; nihil posse, have no power
pessimus, -a, -um, adj. {in superl. (§ 839)
degree, compared malus, peior, post, prep. with ace, after, behind
pessimus), worst (§ 820) postea, adv., thereafter, afterwards,
petS, -ere, -ivi or -ii, -itus, seek, hereafter, after this
ask, beg ; make for, attack postulo, -are, -avi, -atus. demand,
pictura, -ae, /, picture require
pilus, -i, m., company of veteran potentia, -ae,/, power
reserves ; primus pilus, chief cen potestas, -atis,/, power
turion of a legion praebeo, -ere, -ui, -itus, offer, present
planus, -a, -um, flat, level, even praecedS,-ere,-cessi,-cessus, surpass
plenus, -a, -um, full praeceptum, -i, «., instruction, order
plurimum, adv. (in superl, degree, praeda, -ae,/, booty, plunder
compared multum, plus, pluri praeficiS, -ere, -feci, -fectus, set
mum), very much, most; with over, place in command, with
posse, be most powerful ace. and dat.
plurimus. -a, -um {superl. 0/multus, praemittS, -ere, -misi, -missus, send
compared multus, plus, plurimus), ahead, send forward
most, very many (§ 820) praemium, praemi, «., prize, reward
plus {gen. pluris), adj. {in comp. praesertim, adv., especially
degree, compared multus, plus, praesidium, praesidi, »., garrison,
plurimus); sing. n. as subst., guard; praesidio civitati esse, be
more; plur., more, many, sev a defense to the state
eral (§§819,820) praesum, -esse, -fui, -futurus, be
PlutS, -onis, m., Pluto before, be over, be in command,
poena, -ae,f., punishment; poenam with dat. (§ 838)
dare, suffer punishment, pay a praeter, prep. with ace, except
penalty praeterea, adv., furthermore, besides
poeta, -ae, m., poet praetorium, praetori, n., general's
pono. -ere, posui, positus, place, set, tent
build ; castra ponere, pitch camp ; premo. -ere, pressi, pressus, press
positus, -a, -um,pastpart., situated hard ; harass
pons, pontis (-ium), m., bridge primS, adv., at first {as opposed to
populus, -i, m., people afterwards); in the beginning
porrigS, -ere, -rexi, -rectus, extend (referring to time)
primum. adv., first, in the first place Proserpina, -ae,/, Proserpina

(referring to order) provideS, -ere, -vidi, -visus, look out
primus, -a, -um, adj. (in superl. de for, foresee
gree), first (§ 820) provincia, -ae,/., province
princeps, -ipis, m., chief, leader provolo, -are, -avi, -aturus, fly forth ;
pro, prep. with abl., for, in behalf rush forth
of ; rarely in front of proximus, -a, -um, adj. (in superl.
procedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessurus, go degree), nearest, very near, next ;
forward, advance last (§ 820)
proconsul, -is, m., proconsul, gov publicus, -a, -um, public, official
ernor (of a province) puella, -ae,/, girl
proconsulatus, -us, m., proconsul- puer, pueri, m., boy ; a pueris, from
ship, governorship boyhood
procurro, -ere, -curri, -cursurus, pugno, -are, -avi, -atus, fight
run forward, charge pulcher, -chra, -chrum, pretty, beau
prodo, -dere, -didi, -ditus, go forth ; tiful
betray [forward pulsS, -are, -avi, -atus, knock
produco, -ere, -duxi, -ductus, lead puto, -are, -avi, -atus, think, reckon
proelium, proeli, «., battle ; proelium
facere, engage in battle ; proelium Q., abbreviation for Quintus
committere, join battle quaero, -ere, quaesivi, quaesitus,
profectio, -Snis, f, departure seek for, ask, inquire for
proficiscor, -i, -fectus sum, dep. quam, adv., how ; conj. after a
verb, set out comp., than ; with a superl., as
prohibeo. -Sre, -ui, -itus, hinder, ... as possible
prevent, keep away from quando, interrog. adv., when ?
proiciS, -ere, -ieci, -iectus (prS + quartus, -a, -um, num. adj., fourth
iacio), throw forward ; se proicere, quattuor, indecl. num. adj., four
leap -que, conj., enclitic, and
prope, prep. with ace, near ; adv., quia, conj., because
near; comp. propius, superl. qui, quae, quod, rel. pron. and adj.,
proxime (§822) who, which, what, that (§ 829)
properS, -are, -avi, -atus, hasten quicumque, quaecumque, quodcum-
propheta, -ae, m., prophet que, adj., pron., whoever, what
propono, -ere, -posui, -positus, set ever, whosoever, whatsoever
forth, offer ; with vexilluin, hang quidam, quiddam, indef. pron., a
out, display certain one (§ 831)
propter, prep. with ace, on account quidam, quaedam, quoddam, indef.
of, because of; near, next to, close to adj., a certain (§ 83 1 )
quidem, adv., indeed, in fact; never referS, -ferre, -ttuli, -latus, bring
stands first ; ne . . . quidem, not back, return; pedem referre, re
even {the emphatic word stand treat (§841)
ing between) rSgina, -ae,/, queen
quindecim, indecl. num. adj., fifteen regnum, -i, «., realm, kingdom ;
quinque, indecl. num. adj., five sovereignty
Quintus, -i, m., Quintus regS, -ere, rexi, rectus, rule, guide
quintus, -a, -um, num. adj., fifth relanguesco, -ere, -langui, , be
quis (qui), quae, quid (quod), inter- weakened, be relaxed
rag, pron. and adj., who ? what ? relinquS, -ere, -liqui, -lictus, leave,
which? (§830) leave behind, desert
quis (qui), qua (quae), quid (quod), reliquus, -a, -um, the rest, remain
indef. pron. and adj. used after ing, remainder of, the other, other
si, nisi, ne, num, anyone, any remitto, -ere, -misi, -missus, send
thing, someone, something, any, back; pardon, forgive
some (§831) remStus, -a, -um, far away, distant
quisque, quidque, indef. pron., each Remus, -i, m., Remus
one (§831) repello, -ere, -ppuli, -pulsus, re
quisque, quaeque, quodque, indef. pulse, repel
adj., each (§831) repentinus, -a, -um, sudden
quS, interrog. adv. with verbs of rSs, rei, f, thing, matter, affair ; res
motion, whither frumentaria, grain supplies ; res
quod, conj., because ; that gestae, exploits ; res militaris, art of
quo modo, adv., how war ; res publica, commonwealth,
quotannis, adv., every year, yearly republic, state ; novis rebus studere,
be eager for a revolution ; res est
rapio, -ere, -ui, -tus, seize in periculo, the situation is critical
rapulum, -i, n., young turnip resistS, -ere, -stiti, , resist, with
ratio, -onis, f, method, arrange dat.
ment, plan respondeo, -Sre, -spondi, -sponsus,
recipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus, take reply
back, receive ; with se, withdraw, retineo, -ere, -tinui, -tentus, hold
retreat, betake one's self back, retain
recflso, -are, -avi, -atus, refuse, re revertS, -ere, -verti, , or de
ject ponent, revertor, -i, -versus sum,
reddS, -ere, reddidi, redditus, give turn back, return
back, return revoco, -are, -avi, -atus, call back,
reduco, -ere, -duxi, -ductus, lead recall
back rex, regis, m., king
Rhea, -ae,/, Rhea saxum, -i, «., rock

Rhenus, -i, m., the Rhine Scaevola, -ae, m., Scasvola
Rhodanus, -i, m., the Rhone 8cio, scire, scivi, scitus, know
rideo, -ere, risi, risus, laugh scribS, -ere, scripsi, scriptus, write
ripa, -ae,/l, bank scutum, -i, n., shield
rogo, -are, -avi, -atus, ask, request secundus, -a, -um, following, next,
Roma, -ae, /, Rome second
Romanus, -a, -um, Roman ; as a sed, conj., but
noun in the masc. orfem. ^'R.oma.n sedeS, -ere, sSdi, sessurus, sit ; be
Romulus, -i, m., Romulus settled, be established
rudimentum, -i, n., beginning, com semper, adv., ever, always
mencement ; prima castrorum senatus, -us, m., senate
rudimenta, first principles of sentio, sentire, sensi, sensus, feel,
military service perceive
rursus, adv., again separS, -are, -avi, -atus, separate
rus, runs, n. (plur. only nom. and septem, indecl. num. adj., seven
ace, rura), country ; riiri, in the September, -bris, -bre, of September
country Septimus, -a, -um, num. adj.,
rusticus, -a, -um, of the country, seventh
rustic Sequana, -ae,f., the Seine
Sequani, -orum, m., the Sequani
Sabini. -Arum, m., the Sabines sequor, sequi, secutus sum, dep.
sacer. sacra, sacrum, sacred verb, follow
sacerdos, -Stis, m. and f., priest or servator, -oris, m., deliverer, pre
priestess server, savior
saeculum. -i, «., age; in saecula, servitus, servitutis,/, slavery
forever servo, -are, -avi, -atus, save
saepe, adv., often servus, -i, m., slave
saevus, -a, -um, fierce, savage, cruel Sestus, -i,f., Sestos
salus, -utis, /, safety ; salfitem sex, indecl. num. adj., six
dicere, send greeting Sextus, -i, m., Sextus
salve, imper., hail, greetings sextus, -a, -um, num. adj., sixth
Samnites, -ium, m.plur., the Sam- si, conj., if
nites sic, adv., thus, in this way, so
sanctifies, -are, -avi, -atus, hallow Sicilia, -ae,/, Sicily
sapientia, -ae,f., wisdom sicut, just as
satis, indecl. adj.; also used as a signum, -i, «., sign, signal ; stand
neut. n. and as an adv., enough, ard, ensign
sufficient ; sufficiently silentium, sUenti, n., silence
silva, -ae, f., forest etudeo, -ere, -ui, -, be eager;
Silvia, -ae,/, Silvia study, with dat. ; novis rebus
similis, -e, similar, like (§ 820) studere, to be eager for a revolution
simul, adv., at the same time ; simul stultus, -a, -um, foolish
atque, conj., as soon as sub, prep. with ace. and abl., under
simulo, -are, -avi, -atus, pretend beneath, underneath
sine, prep. with abl., without subito. adv., suddenly
singuli, -ae, -a, distributive num. subsellium, -selli, «., bench
adj., one at a time ; inter singulis subsidium, -sidi, «., assistance, re-
legiones, between every two legions enforcement ; subsidium ferre, go
sinister, -tra, -trum, left to the rescue
societas,-atis,/,partnership,alliance succedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessurus,
socius, soci, ?n., ally, companion come up, advance
sol, solis, m., the sun sul, gen., of (himself, herself, itself,
solidus, -a, -um, solid themselves) ; in fugam sese dare,
sollicitudo, -inis,/, care, anxiety flee; inter se, to each other or
solum, adv., only; non solum . . . from each other
sed etiam, not only . . . but also sum, esse, fui, futiirus, be, am(§ 838)
solus, -a, -um (gen. -ius, dat. -i), summus, -a, -um (superl. o/superus,
alone (§ 502) compared superus, superior, su-
solvS, -ere, solvi, solutus, loose; premus or summus), highest,
(of navigation) set sail supreme, greatest, most violent;
somnus, -i, m., sleep summus mons, the top of the
sonitus, -us, m., noise, sound mountain ; summus collis, the top
soror, -oris,/, sister of the hill (§ 820)
spatiosus, -a, -um, broad sumo, -ere, sumpsi, sumptus, take
spatium, spati, «., space, distance, up, assume; sumere supplicium
interval, time de, inflict punishment on
species, -i8i, f., appearance superbia, -ae,/, pride
spectaculum, -i, n., spectacle, game superior, -ius (gen. -Sris), comp. of
spectS, -are, -avi, -atus, look at superus (§ 820)
spSro, -are, -avi, -atus, hope supero, -are, -avi, -atus, overcome,
spes, spei, /, hope ; spem inferre, conquer; surpass; go over, ascend
inspire hope, with dat. superus, -a, -um, higher, upper
statim, adv., at once, instantly, im (§ 820)
mediately supplicium, supplici, «., punish
statiS, -Snis,/, a post, a picket; in ment, torture ; supplicium sumere
statione, on guard de, inflict punishment on ; suppli
sto, -are, steti, staturus, stand cium dare, suffer punishment
surgS, -ere, surrexi, surrectus, rise, tertius, -a, -um, num. adj., third
get up Theseus, -i, m., Theseus
suscipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus, under Tiberis, -eris, m., the Tiber
take, assume timeo, -ere, -ui, , fear
suscito, -are, -avi, -atus, arouse, ' timidus, -a, -um, fearful, cowardly
awaken timor, -Sris, m., fear
sustineo. -ere, -tinui, -tentus, hold toga, -ae,/, toga
up, maintain ; endure, withstand ; tolero, -are, -avi, -atus, bear, endure
se sustinere, stand up tot, indecl. adj., so many
suus, -a, -um, reflex, poss. adj. and totus, -a, -um {gen. -ius, dat. -i), all,
pron., his, her, hers, its, their, theirs whole, entire (§ 502)
trado, -ere, -didi, -ditus, give over,
tabella, -ae, f., writing tablet surrender ; pass along
tabernaculum, -i, n., tent traduco, -ere, -duxi, -ductus, lead
tabula, -ae, f., map across
taceo,- -ere, -cui, -citus, be silent trano, -are, -avi, , swim across
talis, -e, such trans, prep. with ace, across
tam, adv., so, such transeo, -ire, -ii, -itus, go across, cross
tamen, conj., nevertheless transgredior, -gredi, -gressus sum,
tandem, adv., pray, pray now, now dep. verb, cross
tangS, -ere, tetigi, tactus, touch trSs, tria, num. adj., three (§ 820)
tantum, adv., only tribunus, -i, m., tribune
tantus, -a, -um, so great trigeminus, -a, -um, triplet
tardo, -are, -avi, -atus, check tu, tui, per. pron., thou, you
tardus, -a, -um, slow, dull, stupid ; tuba, -ae, f., trumpet
backward, reluctant tum, adv., then, at that time
tSlum, -l, «., weapon, missile, spear tunicatus, -a, -um, dressed in a tunic
tempestas, -atis,y!, storm; weather turbidus, -a, -um, stormy
templum, -i, «., temple turris,-is(-ium; aW.turriorturre),
temptS, -are, -avi, -atus, try, attempt f., tower
tempus, -oris, n., time, season; in tuus, -a, -um, poss. adj. and pron.,
reliquum tempus, for the future your, yours
teneS, -ere, tenui, , hold, keep,
retain ; vestigia tenere, keep footing ubi, interrog. adv. -with verbs of
tentatiS, -onis, f., temptation, trial rest, where (§ 502)
tergum, -i, n., back ullus, -a, -um (gen. -ius, dat. -i), any
terra, -as,f., earth, land umquam, adv., ever
terribilis, -e, dreadful, terrible unde, adv., whence
terreo,-ere,-ui,-itus, frighten, terrify undecim, indecl. num. adj., eleven
undecimus, -a, -um, num. adj., verus, -a, -um, true, genuine ; verum
eleventh dicere, tell the truth
undique, adv., on all sides vesper, -eri, m., evening
universus, -a, -um, all together, all vester, -tra, -trum, poss. adj. and
Onus, -a, -um {gen. ius, dat. -i), pron., your, yours
num. adj., one; alone (§ 815) vestigium, vestlgl, n., step; vestigia
urbs, urbis (-ium),/, city [hard tenere, keep footing
urgeS, -ere, ursi, , press, press veto, -are, -ui, -itus, forbid
usque, adv., even, even till vexillum, -i, n., flag
ut, conj. with subjv., that, in order via, -ae,/, way, road
that, so that, to ; with indie, as victSria, -ae,/, victory
uter, utra, utrum {gen. -ius, dat. -i), videS, -Sre, vidi, visus, see
which? {oftwo){% 502) vigilia, -ae,/, watching; watch {of
utrimque, adv., on both sides, from the night)
each side viginti, indecl. num. adj., twenty
villa, -ae, farm, villa, country seat,
vadum, -i, n., shallow place, ford farmhouse
vagor, -Sri, -atus sum, dep. verb, vinco, -ere, vici, victus, conquer
roam, wander vinculum, -i, n., rope, cord, fetter
vale, imper., good-by vindicO, -are, -avi, -atus, claim
valeS, -ere, -ui, -iturus, be well, be in vinum, -i, «., wine
health, be powerful vir, viri, m., man
valetudo, -inis, f., state of health, virga, -ae,f., rod
health [camp) virgo, -inis,/, maiden
vallum, -i, n., rampart, wall {of a virtus, virtutis,/, manliness; cour
vastS, -are, -avi, -atus, lay waste, age, valor ; worth, virtue (§813)
devastate, destroy vis, (vis),/, strength, power, violence
vates, -is (-ium), m. and f., bard, vita, -ae, /, life
inspired singer [much vix, adv., with difficulty, scarcely
vehementer, adv., strongly, very vocS, -are, -avi, -atus, call
veho, -ere, vexi, vectus, carry volo, velle, volui, , irreg. verb,
venia, -as,f., favor wish (§ 840)
veniS, -ire, veni, ventus, come volumen, -inis, «., roll
Venus, -eris, f., Venus voluntas, -atis,/, will
verbum, -i, n., word vox, vocis, /, voice ; word ; magna
vereor, -Sri, veritus sum, dep. verb, vox, a loud voice
fear, respect vulnerS, -are, -avi, -fitus, wound
vero, adv., in truth, verily, but vulnus, -eris, n., wound
verto, -ere, verti, versus, turn vultus,-us,z«.,looks, expression ; face
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY
a, an, commonly not translated and so, itaque

abandon, relinquo, 3 Andromeda, Andromeda, -ae,f.
able (be), possum, posse, potul, animal, animal, -alis, n,
(§ 839) announce, nuntio, 1
about, prep., de, with abl. annoy, moleste fero
about to, expressed byfut. act. part. another, alius, -a, -ud (§ 502)
absent (be), absum, -esse, afui, afu- any, ullus, -a, -um (§ 502)
turus (§ 838) approach, appropinquo, 1, with dat.
abundance, copia, -ae,./! approach, n., adventus, -us, m.
abundant, amplus, -a, -um are, used as auxiliary, not trans
accept, accipio, 3 lated; as copula, sum (§ 838)
according to, expressed by abl. are of, sum, with pred. gen. (cf.
across, trans, with ace. belong to)
advance, procedo, 3 arms, arma, -orum, n. plur.
advise, moneo, 2 army, exercitus, -us, m.
after, prep., post, with ace. arrival, adventus, -us, m.
after, conj., postquam ; often ex arrive, pervenio, 4
pressed by past part. art of war, res militaris
afterwards, postea ask, peto, 3 ; quaero, 3 ; rogo, 1
against, in, with ace. assault, oppugno, 1
aid, auxilium, auxi'll, n. assemble, convenio, 4
alarm, commoveo, 2 assistance, auxilium, auxi'll, n.
alarmed, commotus, -a, -um at, in, with ace. or abl. ; with names
all, omnis, -e ; totus, -a, -um (§ 502) of towns, locative case or abl.
ally, socius, soci, m. without a preposition (§ 484) ;
alone,unus,-a,-um;solus,-a,-um(§502) time when or within which, abl
already, iam at once, statim
always, semper Athens, Athenae, -arum,/
ambassador, legatus, -I, m. attack, v., oppugno, 1
among, apud, with ace. attack, n., impetus, -us, m.; make
ample, amplus, -a, -um an attack upon, impetum facio in,
and, et, atque (ac), -que with ace.
23
24 ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY
attempt, tempto, i boat, navigium, navi'gi, n. ; navis,

attentively, dlligenter -is,/
authority, auctoritas, -atis,/ body, corpus, -oris, «.
away (be), absum, -esse, afui, afutu- book, liber, libri, m.
rus (§ 838) both . . . and, et . . . et
bound, contineo, 2
bad, malus, -a, -um (§ 456) boy, puer, -eri, m.
baggage, impedimenta, -orum, n. brave, fortis, -e
plur. bravely, fortiter
barbarians, barbari, -orum, m.plur. bridge, pons, pontis, m.
battle, proelium, proell, n. bring, bring to, adduco, 3
be, sum, esse, ful, futurus (§ 838) bring upon, infero, -ferre, -tuli,
be absent, be far, absum, -esse, aful, -latus, with ace. and dat. (§ 841)
afuturus (§ 838) Britain, Britannia, -ae, f.
be afraid, timeo, 2 ; vereor, 2 Britons, Britannl, -orum, m.
be away, absum, -esse, aful, afutu brother, frater, -tris, m.
rus (§ 838) Brutus, Brutus, -I, m.
be in command of, praesum, -esse, build, pono, 3 ; facio, 3
-fui, -futurus, with dat. (§ 623) burn, incendo, 3
be informed, certior fio (§ 843) business, negotium, nego'tl, n.
be off, be distant, absum, -esse, aful, but, however, autem, sed
afuturus (§ 838) by, a, ab, with abl. ; denoting
bear, fero, ferre, tuli, latus (§841) means, abl. alone ; sometimes
beautiful, pulcher, -chra, -chrum implied in a participle
because, quod, conj. ; because (of),
abl. of cause or propter with Caesar, Caesar, -aris, m.
ace. call, voco, 1 ; appello, 1
become, fio, fieri, factus sum (§ 843) call out, evoco, 1
been, expressed in verb form call together, convoco, 1
before, heretofore, adv., antea camp, castra, -drum, n. plur.
before, prep., ante, with ace. can, could, possum, posse, potui,
beg, beg for, peto, 3 (§839)
begin, incipio, 3 capital, caput, capitis, n.
believe, credo, 3, with dat. (§ 224) Capitolium, Capitolium, Capito'lT, «.
belong to, see are of captive, captivus, -i, m.
benefit, beneficium, benefi'cT, n. capture, capio, 3 ; occupo, 1
best, optimus, superl. of bonus carry, fero, ferre, tuli, latus (§841);
better, melior, comp. of bonus porto, 1
between, inter, with ace. carry on, gero, 3
cause, v., expressed by facio fol cottage, casa, -ae,/
lowed by ut and subjv. clause of could, see can
result country, as distinguishedfrom the
cause, «., causa, -ae,f. city, riis, ruris, n. ; as territory,
cavalry, equitatus, -us, m. ; (of) cav fines, -ium, m.plur.
alry, equester, -tris, -tre country, fatherland, patria, -ae,f
certain (a), quidam, quaedam, quod- country house, farm, villa, -ae,f.
dam (quiddam) (§831) courage, virtus, -utis,/
certain, sure, certus, -a, -um courageous, fortis, -e
certainly, certe cowardly, timidus, -a, -um
chief, princeps, -ipis, m. Crete, Creta, -ae,f.
children, liberl, -orum, m. plur. cross, transeo, -ire, -ivi (-ii), -itus, 4
choose' deligo, 3 (§ 842)
choose, elect, creo, 1 crowd, multitudo, -inis,/
citizen, clvis, -is, m. andf. (§412. a) crowded, creber, -bra, -brum
city, urbs, urbis,/ custom, consuetudo, -inis,/
claim attention, animum teneo cut off, intercludo, 3
climb, ascendo, 3
cohort, cohors, -rtis,y; danger, periculum, -i, n.
collect, cogo, 3 dare, audeo, audere, ausus sum
come, venio, 4 daughter, filia, -ae,/ (§ 70. d)
command, impero, 1, with dat. day, dies, -el, m.
(§224); iubeo, 2; praesum, -esse, daybreak, daylight, prima lux
-fui, -futurus, with dat. (§ 623) death, mors, mortis, f.
commander, dux, ducis, m. ; im- deed, res, rei,y>, factum, -i, «.
perator, -oris, m. deep, altus, -a, -um
common, communis, -e defend, defendS, 3
commonwealth, res piiblica, rei pub- defense, praesidium, praesi'dl, n.
licae demand, postulo, 1
compel, cogo, 3 Dentatus, Dentatus, -i, m.
concerning, de, with abl. deny, nego, 1
condition, condicio, -6n\s,f depart, depart from, discedo, 3 ;
conquer, supero, 1 ; vinco, 3 exeo, -ire, -ivi (-ii), -iturus (§ 842);
consider, existimo, 1 excedo, 3
construct (a ditch), perduco, 3 ; desert, relinquo, 3
duco, 3 desire, cupio, 3
consul, consul, consulis, m. desirous of, cupidus, -a, -um, with
consult, consulo, 3 gen. (§554)
Cornelius, Cornelius, Corne'H, m. different, dissimilis, -e
difficult, difficilis, -e (§ 457) entire, totus, -a, -um (§ 502)
difficulty, difficultas, -atis,/. equal, aequus, -a, -um
diligence, diligentia, -ae, f. even, etiam ; not even, ne . . . qui-
diligently, dlligenter dem
display, ostendo, 3 evil, malus, -a, -um (§ 456)
distance, spatium, spatl, n. example, exemplum, -I, n.
distant (be), absum, -esse, aful, afu- expect, exspecto, 1
turus (§ 838) expose, committo, 3
ditch, fossa, -ae,/? extend, pateo, 2 ; pertineo, 2
do, ago, 3 ; facio, 3 ; when used as
t auxiliary, not translated fact, res, rei,/?
do completely, conficio, 3 faith, fides, fidel,/!
do harm to, noceo, 2, with dat. fame, fama, -ae, f.
(§ 224) famous, clarus, -a, -um
down from, de, with abl. far, far away, far distant, longe
draw up, instruo, 3 farm, villa, -ae, f.
drive, ago, 3 farmer, agricola, -ae, m.
drive out, pello, 3 ; expello, 3 farther, adj., ulterior, -ius; adv.,
due the state, publicus, -a, -um longius
dull, slow, tardus, -a, -um father, pater, patris, m.
duty, officium, offi'cl, n. fatherland, patria, -ae,f.
dwell, habito, 1 ; incolo, 3 favor, faveo, 2, with dat. (§ 224)
favor, gratia, -ae, f.
each, quisque, quaeque, quidque favorable, idoneus, -a, -um
(quodque)(§83i) fear, timor, -oris, m.
each other, inter with ace. of a fear, be afraid, timeo, 2 ; vereor, 2
reflex, pron. few, pauci, -ae, -a
eager, acer, acris, acre field, ager, agri, m.
eager (be) for, studeo, 2, with dat. fifth, quintus, -a, -um
(§ 224) fight, contendo, 3 ; pugno, 1 ; fight
easily, facile a battle, proelium facio
easy, facilis, -e finally, denique
either ... or, aut . . . aut find, invenio, 4
elapse (suffer to or let), intermitto, 3 finish, conficio, 3
encourage, confirmo, 1 fire, ignis, -is, m. (§ 41 2. a)
enemy, hostis, -is, m. andf. ; inimi- first, adj., primus, -a, -um
cus, -\,.m. first, adv., referring to order, pri-
enough, satis, indecl. mum ; referring to time, primo
enroll, conscribo, 3 fitting (be), oportet, 3
five, qulnque Galba, Galba, -ae, m.

flee, fugio, 3 garrison, praesidium, praesi'dl, n.
flight, fuga, -ae,/ gate, porta, -ae,/
follow, sequor, 3 Gaul, Gallia, -ae,/
foot, pes, pedis, m. Gaul (a), Gallus, -i, m.
foot soldier, pedes, -itis, m. general, imperator, -5ris, m.
for, prep., sign of dat. - de, pro (in Germans (the), German!, -orum, m.
behalf of), -with abl.\ to express plur.
purpose, ad, with gerundive ; in Germany, Germania, -ae, /
expressions of time or space per girl, puella, -ae,/
may be used, but usually it is give, do, dare, dedl, datus (§ 161 . N.)
implied in ace. of time and of give back, reddo, 3
extent of space give a right of way, iter do
for, eonj., enim (postpositive), nam go, eo, ire, il (IvI), iturus (§ 842)
for a long time, diu go out, excede, 3
for the future, in reliquum tempus god, deus, -i, m.
forbid, veto, 1 goddess, dea, -ae, / (§ 70. a)
force, vis, (vis),/ (§ 813) gold, aurum, -i, n.
forces, cSpiae, -arum, f plur. good, bonus, -a, -um (§ 456)
foresee, provides, 2 grain, frumentum, -i, n.
forest, silva, -ae,/ grain supply, res frumentaria
formerly, antea great, magnus. -a, -um (§ 456)
fort, castrum, -i, n. greatest, maximus, -a, -um ; sum-
fortify, munio, 4 mus, -a, -um
fortify (all) about, circummunio, 4 greatly, magnopere
fortune, fortuna, -ae,/ greatness, magnitudo, -inis,/
four, quattuor Greece, Graecia, -ae,/
fourth, quartus, -a, -um grief, dolor, -oris, m.
free, liber, -era, -erum guard, praesidium, praesi'dl, «.
free, liberate, llbero, 1
frequent, creber, -bra, -brum liad, as auxiliary, expressed in verb
fresh, integer, -gra, -grum form
friend, amicus, -1, m. hand, manus, -us,/
friendly, amicus, -a, -um harm, noceo, 2, with dat. (§ 224)
friendship, amlcitia, -ae, / has, as auxiliary, expressed in verb
frighten, perterreo, 2 form
from, a or ab, de, e, ex, with abl. hasten, contendo, 3 ; propero, 1
Often expressed by the abl. of have, habeo, 2 ; when auxiliary of
separation without a prep. perfect, not expressed
he, is, hie, ille, or not expressed in, of place, in, with abl. ; of time
head, caput, -ids, n. or of respect, abl. without prep.
hear, audio, 4 in command of (be), praesum, -esse,
heart, animus, -i, m. -ful, -futurus, with dat. (§ 623)
heavy, gravis, -e in order that, ut, with subjv. ; in
height, altitudo, -inis, f. order that not, lest, ne, -with
Helvetii (the), Helvetil, -orum, m. subjv.
plur. in the presence of, apud,/r^>. with
hem in, contineo, 2 ace.
her, eius, huius, istlus, illius ; ?-eflex., in truth, vero
suus, -a, -um (§ 135) in vain, frustra
heretofore, antea industry, diligentia, -ae,/
herself, sui. See self infantry, plur. of pedes, -itis, m.
high, altus, -a, -um infantry (of), pedester, -tris, -tre
highest, summus, -a, -um inflict punishment upon, suppli-
him, see he cium sumo de, with abl.
himself, sui. See self influence, adduco, 3
hinder, prohibeo, 2 ; impedio, 4 inform someone, aliquem certiorem
hindrance, impedlmentum, -i, n. facio
his, eius, huius, istius, illius ; reflex., injure, noceo, 2, with dat. (§ 224)
suus, -a, -um (§135) injury, iniuria, -ae,f.
hold, teneo, 2 ; obtineo, 2 inquire, quaero, 3
hold back, retineo, 2 intend, in animo esse, with dat.
home, domus, -us, f. (§813); at into, in, with ace.
home, domi (§ 485) intrust, committo, 3
hope, v., spero, 1 is, used as auxiliary, not trans
hope, n., spes, spei,f. lated; as copula, sum, esse, ful,
horn, cornu, -us, n. futurus (§ 838)
horse, equus, -i, m. island, insula, -ae, f.
horseman, eques, -itis, m. it, is, hie, iste, or not expressed
hostile, inimicus, -a, -um Italy, Italia, -ae,f.
hour, hora, -ae, f. its, eius, huius, istlus, illius ; reflex.,
how, quam ; how far, quam longe ; suns, -a, -um (§ 135)
how long, quam diu itself, sui. See self
hurl, iacio, 3 ; conicio, 3
join together, cornmitto, 3
I, ego (§ 825), or ?tot expressed journey, iter, itineris, n. (§813)
if, si ; if not, nisi judgment, iudicium, iudi'cl, n.
immediately, statim justice, itis, iuris, n.
^
keep, tene5, 2 leave off, intermitto, 3

keep (in), restrain, contineo, 2 left, sinister, -tra, -trum
keep (out or from), prohibeo, 2 legion, legio, -onis,/!
kill, interficio, 3 ; neco, I length, longitudo, -inis,y!
kind, genus, -eris, n. Lesbia, Lesbia, -ae, f.
king, rex, regis, m. lest, ne, with subjv,
kingdom, regnum, -I, n. liberty, llbertas, -atis,/
know, cognosco, 3, in per/, tenses; lieutenant, legatus, -I, m.
scio, 4 life, vita, -ae,/
known, notus, -a, -um light, levis, -e
light, lux, lucis,/
labor, v., laboro, 1 lightly, leviter
labor, n . , labor, -oris, m, ; opera, -ae,f, like, adj., similis, -e (§ 457)
lack, v., desum, deesse, defui, de- like, love, am 6, 1
futurus, with dat. (§ 623) line of battle, acies, aciel,/
lack, n., inopia, -ae,f. listen, audio, 4
lacking (be), desum, deesse, defui, little, parvus, -a, -um (§ 456)
defuturus, with dat. (§ 623) little, by a little, paulo
lamp, lucerna, -ae,f. live, habito, I ; incolo, 3
land, terra, -ae,f. lofty, altus, -a, -um
language, lingua, -ae,^; long, longus, -a, -um
large, magnus, -a, -um long, for a long time, diu
law, lex, legis,/ look at, specto, 1
lay down, lay aside, depono, 3 look for, quaero, 3
lay waste, vasto, 1 look out for, provides, 2
lead, duco, 3 lose, amitto, 3
lead across, traduco, 3 love, amo, 1
lead away, abduco, 3 loyal, firmus, -a, -um
lead back, reduco, 3
lead forward, produco, 3 make, facio, 3 (§ 843)
lead in, conduct, induco, 3 make a speech, orationem habeo
lead out, lead forth, educo, 3 make war upon, bellum infero, with
lead through, perduco, 3 dat. (§ 623)
lead to, adduco, 3 man, homo, -inis, m. andf. (§ 813);
Leander, Leander, -dri, m. vir, virl, ?n.
learn, know (in perf. tenses), cog manner, modus, -1, m.
nosco, 3 many, multl, -ae, -a
leave, depart from, discedo, 3 march, iter, itineris, n. (§ 813)
leave behind, abandon, relinquo, 3 march (to), iter facie
3° ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY
Marcus, Marcus, -i, m. name, nomen, -mis, «.
Mark, Marcus, -i, m. native land, patria, -as,f.
marry, in matrimonium duco nature, natura, -ae,f.
matter, negotium, nego'ti, n. ; res, near, propinquus, :a, -um
rei,/ nearest, proximus, -a, -um
me, see I necessary (be), oportet, 3
means, by means of, expressed by neighbor, finitimus, -i, m.
the abl. neighboring, finitimus, -a, -um
meanwhile, in the meantime, in terim neither (of two), neuter, neutra,
memory, memoria, -ae,yI neutrum (§ 502)
method, ratio, -onis, f. neither, neque or nee ; neither . . .
midst of, medius, -a, -um nor, neque (nee) . . . neque (nee)
mile, mllle passus (§ 536); plur., never, numquam
milia passuum nevertheless, tamen
military, militaris, -e new, novus, -a, -um
mind, animus, -i, ?n. ; mens, men next, proximus, -a, -um
tis,/ night, nox, noctis,/
mine, meus, -a, -um nine, novem
Minerva, Minerva, -ae,/ no, minime, or repeat verb -with a
Minotaur, Minotaurus. -i, ?n. negative (§ no)
money, pecunia, -&e,f. no, none, nullus, -a, -um (§ 503)
month, mensis, -is, m. no one, nemo, nullius
more, adj., plus, pluris (§ 458), or noble, nobilis, -e
expressed by a comparative; nor, neque or nee
adv., magis not, non
most, adj., plurimus, -a, -um, or not at all, minime
expressed by a superl. ; adv., not even, ne . . . quidem
maxime, plurimum nothing, nihil or nihilum, -i, n.
mother, mater, matris,/ now, nunc, iam
mountain, mons, montis, m. number, numerus, -i, m.
move, moveo, 2
move deeply, commoveo, 2 ; per- 0, usually expressed by a vocative,
moveo, 2 oceasionally by the interj. O
moved, commotus, -a, -um ; permo- obey, pareo, 2, with dat. (§ 224)
tus, -a, -um observe, specto, 1
much (by), multo of, sign ofgen. ; de, with abl. ; out
Mucius, Mucius, Muci, m. of, e or ex, with abl.
multitude, multitudo, -inis,/ offer, propono, 3
my, meus, -a, -um often, saepe
ENGLISH-LATIJN VOCABULARY 31
on, ofplace, in, with abl. ; of time, pertain, pertineo, 2

abl. without prep. place, n., locus, -1, m.; plur., loca,
on account of, propter, with ace. ; -orum, n.
abl. of cause place, put, pono, 3 ; loco, I
once (upon a time), olim place in command of, praeficio, 3,
one, unus, -a, -um (§815) with ace. and dat. (§ 623)
one . . . another, ofseveral, alius . . . plan (a), consilium, consi'li, n, ; ratio,
alius ; the one . . . the other, of -6ms,f
two, alter . . . alter (§ 504) plead, dico, 3
only, solum, tantum please, placeo, 2, with dat. (§ 224)
only a few, paucT, -ae, -a pleasing, gratus, -a, -um
onto, see on plenty, copia, -ae,f
or, aut poet, poeta, -ae, m.
oration, oratio, -6nis,yI poor, miser, misera, miserum
order, impero, 1 ; iubeo, 2 possess, obtineo, 2
other, alius, -a, -ud (§ 503) ; the one power, imperium, impe'rl, «. ; po-
. • . the other, of two, alter . . . testas, -atis,/
alter (§ 504) powerful, be most powerful, pluri-
Others (the), reliqui, -orum, m. plur. mum possum
ought, debeo, 2 praise, laudo, 1
our, noster, -tra, -trum praise, laus, laudis,/
out from, outside of, e or ex with prefer, malo, malle, maluT,
abl. (§ 840)
overcome, supero, 1 ; vinco, 3 prepare, prepare for, par5, 1, with
owe, debeo, 2 ace.
own (his, her, its, their), suus, -a, -um preserve, servo, 1 ; conservo, 1
press hard, premo, 3
pace, passus, -us, m. pretty, pulcher, -chra, -chrum
pain, dolor, -oris, m. prize, praemium, praeml, n.
part, pars, partis,/ protection, fides, fidei,/
peace, pax, pads,/ provide, compare, 1
penalty, poena, -ae, f; supplicium, public, publicus, -a, -um
suppli'ci, n. punishment, poena, -ae, f ; suppli
people, populus, -1, m. cium, suppli'ci, n.
perceive, sentio, 4 purpose, for the purpose of, ut or
peril, periculum, -T, n. qui, with subjv.; ad, with ger
Perseus, Perseus, -i, m. und orgerundive ; causa, follow
persuade, persuadeo, 2, with dat. ing the genitive of a gerund or
(§ 224) gerundive
put, pono, 3 ; loco, I road, via, viae,/!
put down, depono, 3 Roman, Romanus, -a, -um ; often
put to death, in mortem do used as a noun
put to flight, in fugam d5 Rome, Roma, -ae, f.
Romulus, Romulus, -1, m.
queen, reglna, -ae,/ route, iter, itineris, n.
quickly, celeriter rule, rego, 3
Qaintus, Quintus, -1, m. rumor, fama, -ae,f
rampart, vallum, -1, n. sacred, sacer, -era, -crum

rank, ordo, -inis, ?n. safety, salus, -utis,/:
rather, see wish rather sail, navigo, 1
reach, pertineo, 2 ; pateo, 2 sailor, nauta, -ae, m.
realm, regnum, -1, n. same, idem, eadem, idem (§ 518)
reason, causa, -ae,f. satisfaction (give), satis facio, 3,
receive, accipio, 3 with dat.
remain, maneo, 2 ; permaneo, 2 satisfactory, satis, indecl.
remainder (the), reliqui, -orum, m. savage, barbarus, -a, -um
plar. savages, barbarl, -orum, ?n. plur.
remaining, reliquus, -a, -um save, servo, 1
remarkable, egregius, -a, -um say, dico, 3 ; say not, nego, 1
remember, memoria teneo scarcity, inopia, -ae,f.
reply, responded, 2 school, ludus, -i, m.
report, fama, -ae, f. science of war, res militaris,/!
republic, res publica scout, explorator, -oris, m.
reputation, fama, -ae,f. sea, mare, -is, n.
resist, resists, 3, with dctt. (§ 224) second, secundus, -a, -um
respect, vereor, 2 see, videS, 2
rest (the), reliqui, -orum, m. plur. seek, peto, 3 ; quaero, 3
restrain, contineo, 2 seem, videor, 2, pass. of video
retain, retineo, 2 seize, rapio, 3 ; occupo, 1
return, give back, reddo, 3 self, ipse, -a, -um (§517); sul (§ 512)
revolution, res novae, f. plur. senate, senatus, -us, ?n.
reward, praemium, praemi, n. send, mitto, 3
Rhine, Rhenus, -1, m. send ahead or forward, praemitto, 3
right, adj., dexter, -tra, -trum send away, dimitto, 3 ; amitto, 3
right, n., ius, iuris, n. ; give a right send back, remitto, 3
of way, iter do serious, gravis, -e
river, flumen, -inis, «. set fire to, incendo, 3
set forth, propono, 3 something, aliquid (§831)
settle, sedeo, 2 son, fllius, fill, m.
seven, septem soon, mox
seventh, septimus, -a, -um sovereignty, regnum, -I, n.
several, plures, pliira space, spatium, spati, n.
severe, gravis, -e speak, dlco, 3
severely, graviter spear, telum, -i, n.
Sextus, Sextus, -T, m. speech, oratio, -onis,/
shall, expressed by future tense spirit, animus, -i, m.
sharp, acer, acris, acre [expressed spur, calcar, -aris, n.
she, ea, haec, ista, ilia (§ 205), or not spy, explorator, -oris, m.
ship, navis, -\s,f (§ 412. a) stand still, take a stand, consisto, 3
shore, ora, -ae,f. state, clvitas, -atis,/; res publica,/
short, brevis, -e stay, permaneo, 2
show, demonstro, I ; ostendo, 3 steadfast, flrmus, -a, -um
signal, signum, -1, n. storm, oppugno, 1 ; take by storm,
similar, similis, -e expugno, 1
since, cum (§ 642) story, fabula, -ae,f.
sister, soror, -oris,/ strange, novus, -a, -um
sit, sedeo, 2 street, via,-ae,f.
size, magnitude, -inis,y; strength, vis, (vis),/
six, sex strong, fortis, -e ; flrmus, -a, -um
sixth, sextus, -a, -um stupid, tardus, -a, -um
skillful, skilled, perltus, -a, -um subdue, paco, 1
slaughter, caedcs, -is,/ such, talis, -e
slave, servus, -I, ?n, suffer, patior, 3 ; laboro, 1
slavery, servitus, -Otis,/ suffer punishment, poenam or sup
slow, tardus, -a, -um plicium do
slowly, tarde sufficient, satis, indecl.
small, parvus, -a, -um suitable, idoneus, -a, -um
smallest, minimus, -a, -um summer, aestas, -atis, f
SO, ita, sic, tam summon, voco, 1
so great, tantus, -a, -um supply, copia, -ae,f.
so that, ut ; so that not, ut non supreme, summus, -a, -um
soldier, miles, -itis, m. sure, certus, -a, -um
some, often not expressed; aliqul, suspend, intermitto, 3
aliqua, aliquod (§ 831) swift, celer, -eris, -ere
some . . . others, alii . . . alii (§ 504) swiftly, celeriter
someone, aliquis (§831) swiftness, celeritas, -atis,/;
take, sums, 3 third, tertius, -a, -um

take, capture, take up, capio, 3 this, hie, haec, hoc(§ 523); is, ea, id
take back, recipio, 3 (§ 203)
take by storm, expugno, 1 those, see that, dem.pron.
tall, altus, -a, -um though, cum
teach, doceo, 2 thousand, mille (§ 536)
tell, dlco, 3 ; narro, I three, tres, tria (§ 824)
ten, decem three hundred, trecentl, -ae, -a
tenth, decimus, -a, -um through, per, with ace.
terrified, perterritus, -a, -um throw, iacio, 3
terrify, perterreo, 2 throw down, deicio, 3
territory, fines, -lum, m.plur. time, tempus, -oris, n.
than, quam timid, timidus, -a, -um
thank, gratias ago, -with dat. to, sign of dat.; ad, in, with ace;
that, demon. pron., is (§ 203), iste, ille expressing purpose, ut, qui, -with
(§ 524); rel.pron., qui, quae, quod subjv. ; ad, with gerund or ge
that, in order that, in purpose rundive
clauses, ut to each other, inter with ace. of a
that not, lest, in purpose clauses, ne reflex, pron.
the, not expressed toil, laboro, 1
the one, the other (of two), alter, top of, summus, -a, -um
altera, alterum tower, turris, -is,/
their, gen. plur. of\%; reflex., suus, town, oppidum, -1, n.
-a,-um(§i35) troops, copiae, -arum, f plur.
their own, suus, -a, -um (§ 135) true, verus, -a, -um
them, see they try, tempto, 1
then, at that time, tum twelfth, duodecimus, -a, -um
then, in the next place, deinde twelve, duodecim
there, as expletive, not expressed two, duo, duae, duo (§ 824)
there, in that place, ibi two hundred, ducentl, -ae, -a
therefore, itaque
these, see this undertake, suscipio, 3
Theseus, Theseus, -i, m. unfavorable, iniquus, -a, -um
they, it, hi, isti, illi, or not expressed unskilled, imperitus, -a, -um
(§ 20s) unwilling (be), not willing, nolo,
thick, creber, -bra, -brum nolle, noluT, (§ 840)
thing, res, x€\,f uphold, sustineo, 2
think, arbitror, 1 ; existimo, 1 ; urge, hortor, 1
puto, 1 us, nos, ace. plur. of ego (§ 509)
v
/alor, virtus, -utis,/ why, cur
' very, superl. degree, maxime; inten- wicked, malus, -a, -um
— sive, ipse, -a, -um (§517) wide, latus' -a, -um
victory, victoria, -ae,/ will, expressed by future tense
villa, villa, -ae,/ willing (be), volo, velle, volui,
violence, vis, (vis),/ (§419) (§ 840)
wind, ventus, -1, m.
wage, gero, 3 wing, cornu, -us, n.
wait, wait for, exspecto, 1 winter, hiems, -emis,/
wall, murus, -i, m. ; vallum, -i, «. wisdom, sapientia, -ae,/
want, inopia, -ae,/ wish, cupio, 3 ; volo, velle, volui,
war, bellum, -i, n. (§ 840)
warn, moneo, 2 wish not, nolo, nolle, nolui,
was, see be (§ 840)
water, aqua, -ae, / wish rather, malo, malle, malul,
way, manner, modus, -i, m. ; ratio, (§ 84o).
-onis, / with, cum, with abl. ; sometimes
we, nos, plur. ofego (§ 509); ornot abl. alone
expressed withdraw, me recipio
wear, gero, 3 without, sine, with abl.
well, bene woman, mulier, -eris,/
well-known, notus, -a, -um work, laboro, I
were, see be worst, pessimus, -a, -um, superl. of
what, quis (qui), quae, quid (quod) malus
(§§ 394, 39S) wound, verb, vulnero, 1
when, ubi, cum (§641); often ex wound, n., vulnus, -eris, n.
pressed by a participle wretched, miser, -era, -erum
whether, introducing an indirect write, scrlbo, 3
question, num wrong, iniuria, -ae, /
where, ubi
which, qui, quae, quod (§ 387) ; which year, annus, -i, m.
of two, uter, utra, utrum (§ 503) yes, certe, ita, vero, or, more usu
whither, quo ally, repeat the verb (§ no)
who, rel., qui, quae (§ 387) ; inter- yet, tamen
rog., quis (§ 394) you, sing., tu ; plur., vos (§ 509); or
whose, cuius or qu5rum, quarum, not expressed
quorum, gen. of qui, quae, quod, your, sing., tuus, -a, -um; plur.,
rel. (§ 387), or of quis, quid, in- vester, -tra, -trum (§ 133)
terrog. (§ 394) yourself, tu
-^w
INDEX
The numbers, unless pages are specified, refer to sections
a or ab, 79, 80, 81, 171 possessive, 132-137

abbreviations, Latin, p. 383 of third declension, 42S-431, 435,
ablative case, 65-67 438
absolute, 396-400 adverbs, 122
of accompaniment, 167 comparison, 466
of agent, 261 formation, regular, 461-465; irreg
of cause, 165 ular, 470, 471
of description, 561, 562 position of, 123
of manner, 168 agent, expressed by the abl. with a or
of means or instrument, 166 ab, 261 ; by the dat., 728, 729
of measure of difference, 451, 452 agreement
of place from which, 295, 4S2 of adjectives, 90, 91
of place in which, 4S3 of appositives, 104
of respect, 551, 552 of predicate nouns, 61
of separation, 296 of relative pronouns, 389, 390
of time, 492, 493 of verbs, 48
accent, 13, 14 aliquis, 528
accompaniment, abl. of, 167 alius, 502-505
accusative case, 32 alphabet, 1-3
of duration or extent, 546-54S alter, 502-504
object, 35 antepenult, 10. c\ accent of, 14
of place to which, 4S1, 484 appendix, grammatical, 804-843
predicate, 681-684 apposition, 103, 104
with prepositions, 78, 35S article, not used in Latin, 27, note
as subject of the infinitive, 363
adjectives, 19, 87-92 Baculus the Centurion, story of, pp.
agreement, 90-91 2S3-293
comparison, regular, 441-444; by base, 71
adverbs, 472; irregular, 456-458
with the dative, 129, 130 cardinal numerals, 522-537, 543
declension of comparatives, 450 case, 31, 32
of first and second declensions, 115, causal clauses with cum' 640, 642, 643
1 16, 120, 126-128 cause, expressed by the abl., 165
position of, 92 characteristic, subjv. of, 721-723
37
38 INDEX
clauses, 384, 385 ; noun or substantive difference, measure of, 450, 451
clause, 600 diphthongs, 6
comparative, declension of, 450 direct statements, 652
comparison domi, locative, 485
abl. of, 309 domus, declension of, 813
of adjectives, 441-445; irregular, duration of time, expressed by the
456-458; six adjectives in -lis, 457 ace, 546, 547
of adverbs, regular, 466 ; irregular,
47i e or ex, 171
degrees of, 441 ego, declension of, 509
complementary infinitive, 369 enclitics, 230. a
compound verbs with the dative, 622, English-Latin vocabulary, pp. 23-25
623 (at the end)
concessive clauses with cum, 640, 642, eo, conjugation of, 842
643 extent of space, expressed by the
conjugation stems, 154, 300-303 ace, 546, 547
conjugations, 140; the four regular,
153; irregular, 838-843 ferS, conjugation of, 841
consonants, 2 ; sounds of, 7 fifth declension, 488-490
copula, 26 filia, declension of, 70. a
cum, conjunction, 639-643 filius, declension of, 117
cum, preposition, 358. a ; enclitic use, fio, conjugation of, 843
S13 first conjugation, 157
first declension, 70
dative case, 52-55 formation of words, see prefixes and
with adjectives, 129, 130 suffixes
of agent, 728, 729 fourth conjugation, 217
with compound verbs, 622, 623 fourth declension, 475-477
of indirect object, 56-59 from, how expressed, 294-296
position of, 59 future infinitive, active, 356
of purpose or end forwhich, 685, 686 future participle, 565, 567
with special verbs, 222-224 future perfect, formation of, active,
dea, declension of, 70. a 330 ; passive, 348
declension, 29, 30, 68, 69 ; general future tense, formation of, 183, 267
rules of, 108
demonstrative adjectives and pro gender
nouns, 201-205, 518, 521-524 in English and in Latin, 83-85
deponent verbs, 557-560, 569 in the first declension, 86
derivation, see prefixes and suffixes in the second declension, 97
descriptive ablative and genitive, in the third declension, 496
561, 562 in the fourth declension, 476
descriptive relative clause, with the in the fifth declension, 489
subjv., 721-723 of an infinitive, 370. a
INDEX 39
general rules of declension, 10S inflection, defined, 28, 29
genitive case intensive pronoun, ipse, declension
with adjectives, 553, 554 and use of, 516, 517, 827
of description, 561, 562 interrogative pronouns, 393-395
of nouns in -ius and -ium, 117 intransitive verbs, defined, 25; with
partitive, or of the whole, 540, 541 the dative, 222-224
position of, 41 io-verbs of the third conj., 241, 242,836
of the possessor, 34, 150 ipse, declension and use of, 516, 517,
gerund, a verbal noun, 691-696 827
with ad to express purpose, 696, 697 irregular adjectives, 502-505
with causa to express purpose, 696, irregular comparison, of adjectives,
697 456,457,820; of adverbs, 471,822
gerundive, a verbal adjective, 697 irregular nouns, 70. a, 419, 813
with ad to express purpose, 697. 5 irregular verbs, 838-843
v/ithcausd to express purpose, 697. 5 is, declension and use of, 203, 205, 828
iste, declension and use of, 521, 522,
hie, declension and use of, 521-523, 524, 828
828 iter, declension of, 419, 813
i, consonant, 3 Latin abbreviations, p. 383

i-stems of nouns, 412, 413, 416 Latin-English vocabulary, pp. 1-22
idem, declension of, 518, 828 (at the end)
ille, declension and use of, 521, 522, Latin order of words, 197-199
524, 828 Latin play, Perseus and Andromeda,
imperative, formation of, 246-250, pp. 279-282
286 ; in commands, 246 ; irreg Latin songs, pp. 294-297
ular, p. 100, ftn. 1 locative case, 485
indefinite pronouns and adjectives,
527-529, 831 magis, maxime, comparison by, 472
independent or main clauses, 384 malo, conjugation of, 840
indirect object, 56-59, 222-224, 622, manner, abl. of, 168
623 means, abl. of, 166
indirect questions, 667-671 measure of difference, abl. of, 451, 452
indireefstatements, 652-654, 656-658 mille, declension of, 536, 824 ; con
infinitive struction with, 542
complementary, 369 moods, defined, T42
definition of, 284 indicative, 147
does not express purpose, 587 subjunctive, 577, 582
formation of, 285, 332, 354~356
in indirect statements, 654-656 -ne, enclitic, in questions, 109
as noun, 370 ne, conj., that not, lest, with negativr
as object, 366, 367 clauses of purpose, 589, 602
used as in English, 369, 370 nine irregular adjectives, 502-505
40 INDEX
nolo, conjugation of, 840 formation, in the active, 315; in
nominative case, 33 the passive, 348
nonne. in questions, 251 meaning of, 311-314
nos, declension of, 509 past absolute, 313
nouns, 17 present perfect, 312
first declension, 70 perfect infinitive, active, 332 ; pas
second declension, 96-98, 102, 107, sive, 355
"7 perfect stem, 301
third declension, 404, 405, 40S, 412, perfect subjunctive, 610
413,416 periphrastic conjugation, active, 726;
fourth declension, 475-477 passive, 727
fifth declension, 488-490 Perseus and Andromeda, Latin play,
nullus, declension of, 503 pp. 279-2S2
mini, in questions, 251, 670 person, 146
number, 45-47, 145 personal endings, active, 146, 177,
numerals, 532-537, 539, 823, 824 248, 304 ; passive, 256, 286
personal pronouns, 509, 510
object, direct, 35; indirect, 56-59, 222- place, where, whither, whence, 480-
224, 622, 623 485 ; names of towns and domus
order of words, 197-199 and riis, 484, 485
ordinal numerals, 539, 823 plus, declension of, 458
original stories, pp. 263-271 position
of adjective, 91, 198. d, 199
participial stem, 302, 347 of adverb, 123, 198./"
participles, defined, 344 of demonstrative, 204
agreement of, 349 of direct object, 59, 198.*
declension of, 566, 817 of genitive, 41
of deponent verbs, 560, 569 of indirect object, 59, 198. b
formation of, 565 of possessive, 137, 19S. <r
tenses of, 565 of subject, 40, igS.a
partitive genitive, 540, 541 of verb, 40, 198.0
parts of speech, 16-20 of vocative, 99, 198. c
passive voice, defined, 141 ; formation possessive pronouns, 132-137
of, 256, 267, 348 possum, conjugation of, 362, 839
past indicative, formation and use of, predicate, defined, 23
176-178, 267 predicate accusative, 681-684
past passive participle, 565, 567 predicate adjective, defined, 93
past perfect indicative, active, 325; predicate noun, 60, 61
passive, 348 prefixes, 238, 258, 341, 373-375- 497
past perfect subjunctive, 61 1 prepositions, with the abl., 79, 358. a ;
penult, 10. c; accent of, 13, 14 with the ace, 78, 358. b
perfect indicative present active participle, 565, 568,817
distinguished from the past, 314 present indicative, 158-160, 256
INDEX 41
present stem, 154, 155 reviews, 732-803
present subjunctive, 579-581, 585, 586 rules for spelling, 573, 630, 631
primary tenses, 593, 594 rules of syntax, pp. 321-324
principal parts, 299 rfls, constructions of, 484, 485
pronouns
classification of, 508 se, distinguished from ipse, 516.«
defined, 18 second conjugation, 188, 833
demonstrative, 201-205, 51^, 521- second declension, 96-98, 102, ro7
524, 828 selections for sight reading, pp. 273-
indefinite, 527-529, 831 278
intensive, 516, 517, 827 sentences, simple, complex, com
interrogative, 393-395, 830 pound, 380-383
persona], 509, 510 separation, abl. of, 296
possessive, 132-137 sequence of tenses, 593-596
reflexive, 511, 512 shortening of vowels, 194
relative, 386-390 songs, Latin, pp. 294-297
pronunciation, 4-7 sounds of letters, 4-7
purpose space, extent of, expressed by the
dative of, 685, 686 ace, 546, 547
expressed by the gerund or gerun spelling, rules for, 573, 630, 631
dive with ad or causa, 696, 697 stems, of nouns, 404. a ; of verbs,
not expressed by the infinitive, 587 154, 300-302
subjunctive of, 587-589, 601-603 subject, defined, 22 ; case of, 33 ; of
the infinitive, 368 ; position of, 40
quality, gen. or abl. of, 561, 562 subjunctive, formation
quam, with a comparative, 445, 446 of the past, 592
quantity, n, 12, 194 of the past perfect, 611
-que, 230 of the perfect, 610
questions, direct, 109, no, 251, 252; of the present, 579, 581, 585, 586
indirect, 667-671 subjunctive constructions
qui, declension anduse of, 387-390, 589 characteristic or description, 722,
quidam, 528, 831 723
quis, indefinite, 528 ; interrogative, indirect questions, 667-671
394. 395 purpose, 587-589, 601-603
quisque, 528, 831 result, 615-619
time, cause, or concession, with
reflexive pronouns, 511, 512 cum, 639-643
relative clauses of characteristic or subjunctive ideas, 582
description, 721-723 subjunctive tenses, 578
relative clauses of purpose, 587-589 subordinate clauses, 384, 385
relative pronouns, 386-390 suffixes, 425, 426, 574, 626-629
respect, expressed by abl., 551, 552 sui, declension of, 512
result clauses, 615-619 sum, conjugation of, 149, 170, 838
42 INDEX
8uus, use of, 135, 208, 209 ut non, with clauses of result, 618,
syllables, 9 j division of, 10 ; quantity 619
of, 11, 12
syntax, rules of, pp. 321-324 verbs, 20
agreement of, 48
temporal clauses, with cum, 640, 641, conjugation of, 140, 153, 832-836
643 deponent, 559, 560, 569, 837
tense, denned, 143, 144; meaning of intransitive, 25
past tense, 178 ; of perfect tense, irregular, 838-843
3"-314 personal endings of, active, 146,
tense signs, 175 177, 248, 304; passive, 256, 286
future, 183, 235 position of, 40
future perfect active, 330 principal parts of, 299
past, 176 transitive, 24
past perfect active, 325 Vis, declension of, 419, 813
tenses, primary and secondary, 594 ; vocabularies
sequence of, 593-595 English-Latin, pp. 23-35 (at the
third conjugation, 212, 241, 834 end)
third declension of nouns Latin-English, pp. 1-22 (at the end)
classes, 404 special, pp. 361-381
consonant stems, 405, 408 vocabulary notebook, p. 382
gender, 496 vocative case, 98, 99
»'-stems, 412, 413, 416 oifilius, 118, note 1
irregular nouns, 419, 813 of mens, 133, note
time, abl. of, 492, 493 ; ace. of, of nouns in -us of the second de
546-548 clension, 98
towns, rules for names of, 484, voice, defined, 141
485 volo, conjugation of, 840
transitive verbs, 24 vos, declension of, 509
tu, declension of, 509 vowels, sounds of, 5, 6 ; quantity of, 5 ;
shortening of, 194
ultima, 10. c
ut, with clauses of purpose, 589; with word lists, for the first and the second
clauses of result, 618 half-year, pp. 357-360
-, _
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This is a reproduction of a library book that was digitized

by Google as part of an ongoing effort to preserve the

BENJAMIN L. D'OOGE, Ph.D.

Ne quid nimis — Terence

GINN AND COMPANY

are presented from the standpoint of English. The order of presenta

LXXXVII. Participles 206

OPTIONAL LESSONS PAGE

REVIEWS, APPENDIXES, VOCABULARIES, ETC.

Latium,1 a small district on the western coast of ancient

LATIN AND THE MODERN WORLD

LATIN AND ENGLISH

Besides, in later years many Latin words have been brought

WHY STUDY LATIN?

THE ALPHABET AND SOUNDS OF

SOUNDS OF THE LETTERS

5. Vowels. Vowels are either long or short. In this book

a as in artist : hac, stas a as in artistic: amat, canas

6. Diphthongs. A diphthong is a combination of two vowels

ae as ai in aisle : taedae eu almost like ew in new : seu

ROMAN CHILDREN AT PLAY

7. Consonants. Consonants are pronounced as in English,

c always has the sound of k : cado, cibus, cena

8. Learn the following Latin mottoes :

ROMAN WRITING TABLETS

10. Words are divided into syllables as follows :

THE PARTS OF SPEECH

INTERIOR VIEW OF A ROMAN HOUSE

FIRST PRINCIPLES OF SYNTAX

21. Subject and Predicate. A sentence is a group of words

24. Transitive and Intransitive Verbs. Some verbs are fol

25. Verbs that have no direct object are called intransitive

26. A form of the verb to be (is, are, was, etc.), connecting

INFLECTION AND CASES

29. The inflection of a verb is called its conjugation ; that

30. Declension. To decline a word means to give in order

31. Cases in English. Observe the following sentences :

32. Cases in Latin. In Latin the subject case is called the

33. Rule for Nominative Subject. The subject ofafinite

FORMS AND POSITION

39. English and Latin Compared. Observe the following

- 43. i. Regina puellam amat. 2. Puella reginam amat.

SINGING THE WEDDING SONG

45. Number. Latin, like English, has two numbers, singular

52. Dative Case. In English many relationships between

54. What dative relations do you discover in the following ?

55. Case Endings of Dative. When the nominative singular

56. Indirect Object. In English the person to whom some

66. Ablative Relations. What ablative relations do you dis

67. Case Endings of Ablative. When the nominative singu

68. Declensions. Latin has five declensions.

69. The declension to which a noun belongs is shown by the

70. First Declension. Nouns having the ending -ae in the

71. Base. That part of the word which remains unchanged

72. How to learn a Declension. First pronounce each form care

per (through) with the ace.

First Review of Vocabulary and Grammar, §§ 732-73^

I AM OF THE OPINION THAT THE VALUE OF CLASSICAL STUDIES IS SERI

83. Gender. Latin, like English, has three genders : mas

90. Agreement of Adjectives. In the phrase aqua bona, we