2nd order problems

1. there was a ball that has a velocity of 100m/s then when it hits the ground the acceleration has
decreases to Xo=0 to Xf=2 with the time of y= 1s the differential equation of the velocity of the
𝑑𝑦 6
ball is given by = 𝑦𝑥 2 − 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 5
Find the velocity at time n=5s

Manual solution: 1 2
ynew=y+( 𝑘1 + 𝑘2)𝑛
3 3
Step 1 y3=0.438218
K1=f(x0,y0)
= f(0,1)
= -1.2 Step 4
3 3
K2=𝑓(𝑥0 + 4 𝑛, 𝑦0 + 4 𝑘1𝑛) K1=f(x3,y3)
=f(2/5,13/25) =f(1.2,0.438218)
=-0.5409 =0.105172
1 2
ynew=y+(3 𝑘1 + 3 𝑘2)𝑛
3 3
y1= 0.65184 K2=𝑓(𝑥2 + 𝑛, 𝑦2 + 𝑘1𝑛)
4 4
=f(1.6,0.482086)
Step 2 =0.65319
K1=f(x1,y1)
=f(2/5,0.65184)
=-0.677914 1 2
ynew=y+( 𝑘1 + 𝑘2)𝑛
3 3
y4=0.58989
3 3
K2=𝑓(𝑥1 + 4 𝑛, 𝑦1 + 4 𝑘1𝑛)
=f(0.8,0.380675) Step 5
=-0.213178 K1=f(x4,y4)
=f(1.6,0.58989)
1 2 =0.80225
ynew=y+(3 𝑘1 + 3 𝑘2)𝑛
y2=0.473622
3 3
K2=𝑓(𝑥2 + 4 𝑛, 𝑦2 + 4 𝑘1𝑛)
Step 3 =f(2,0.91079)
K1=f(x2,y2) =2.55021
=f(0.8,0.473622)
=-0.265228
1 2
ynew=y+( 𝑘1 + 𝑘2)𝑛
3 3 3 3
K2=𝑓(𝑥2 + 4 𝑛, 𝑦2 + 4 𝑘1𝑛) y5=1.26038
=f(1.2,0.36753)
=0.0882073 True error = exact-approximate

=1.30561-1.26038
=0.0452262
Matlab result

The 2nd Order Runge-Kutta Method of Solving Ordinary Differential Equations

***************************Introduction*******************************
The 2nd Order Runge-Kutta method approximates the solution to an
ordinary differential equation by using the equation expressed in
the form dy/dx = f(x,y) to approximate the slope. This slope is used
to project the solution to the ODE a fixed distance away.

***************************Input Data*******************************
Below are the input parameters to begin the simulation which can be
changed in the m-file input section

f = dy/dx
x0 = initial x
y0 = initial y
xf = final x
a2 = constant value between 0 and 1.
= 0.5, Heun Method
= 1.0, Midpoint Method
= 0.66667, Ralston's Method
n = number of steps to take

-----------------------------------------------------------------

f(x,y) = dy/dx = y*x^2-1.2*y

x0 = 0
y0 = 1
xf = 2
a2 = 0.5
n=5

-----------------------------------------------------------------
For this simulation, the following parameter is constant.

h = ( xf - x0 ) / n
=(2-0)/5
= 0.4
 a1 = 1 - a2
= 1 - 0.5
= 0.5

p1 = 1 / ( 2 * a2 )
= 1 / ( 2 * 0.5 )
=1

q11 = p1
=1

***************************Simulation******************************

Step 1
-----------------------------------------------------------------
1) Find k1 and k2 using the previous step information.
k1 = f( x0 , y0 )
= f( 0 , 1 ) )
= -1.2

k2 = f( x0 + p1 * h , y0 + q11 * k1 * h )
= f( 0 + 1 * 0.4 , 1 + 1 * -1.2 * 0.4)
= f( 0.4 , 0.52 )
= -0.5408

2) Apply the Runge-Kutta 2nd Order method to estimate y1

y1 = y0 + ( a1 * k1 + a2 * k2 ) * h
= 1 + -0.8704 * 0.4
= 0.65184

at x1 = 0.4

Step 2
-----------------------------------------------------------------
1) Find k1 and k2 using the previous step information.
k1 = f( x1 , y1 )
= f( 0.4 , 0.65184 ) )
= -0.677914

k2 = f( x1 + p1 * h , y1 + q11 * k1 * h )
 = f( 0.4 + 1 * 0.4 , 0.65184 + 1 * -0.677914 * 0.4)
= f( 0.8 , 0.380675 )
= -0.213178

2) Apply the Runge-Kutta 2nd Order method to estimate y2

y2 = y1 + ( a1 * k1 + a2 * k2 ) * h
= 0.65184 + -0.445546 * 0.4
= 0.473622

at x2 = 0.8

Step 3
-----------------------------------------------------------------
1) Find k1 and k2 using the previous step information.
k1 = f( x2 , y2 )
= f( 0.8 , 0.473622 ) )
= -0.265228

k2 = f( x2 + p1 * h , y2 + q11 * k1 * h )
= f( 0.8 + 1 * 0.4 , 0.473622 + 1 * -0.265228 * 0.4)
= f( 1.2 , 0.36753 )
= 0.0882073

2) Apply the Runge-Kutta 2nd Order method to estimate y3

y3 = y2 + ( a1 * k1 + a2 * k2 ) * h
= 0.473622 + -0.0885104 * 0.4
= 0.438218

at x3 = 1.2

Step 4
-----------------------------------------------------------------
1) Find k1 and k2 using the previous step information.
k1 = f( x3 , y3 )
= f( 1.2 , 0.438218 ) )
= 0.105172

k2 = f( x3 + p1 * h , y3 + q11 * k1 * h )
= f( 1.2 + 1 * 0.4 , 0.438218 + 1 * 0.105172 * 0.4)
= f( 1.6 , 0.480286 )
= 0.65319
2) Apply the Runge-Kutta 2nd Order method to estimate y4
y4 = y3 + ( a1 * k1 + a2 * k2 ) * h
= 0.438218 + 0.379181 * 0.4
= 0.58989

at x4 = 1.6

Step 5
-----------------------------------------------------------------
1) Find k1 and k2 using the previous step information.
k1 = f( x4 , y4 )
= f( 1.6 , 0.58989 ) )
= 0.80225

k2 = f( x4 + p1 * h , y4 + q11 * k1 * h )
= f( 1.6 + 1 * 0.4 , 0.58989 + 1 * 0.80225 * 0.4)
= f( 2 , 0.91079 )
= 2.55021

2) Apply the Runge-Kutta 2nd Order method to estimate y5

y5 = y4 + ( a1 * k1 + a2 * k2 ) * h
= 0.58989 + 1.67623 * 0.4
= 1.26038

at x5 = 2

********************************Results**********************************

Approximate = 1.26038
Exact = 1.30561

True Error = Exact - Approximate

= 1.30561 - 1.26038
= 0.0452262

Absolute Relative True Error Percentage

= | ( Exact - Approximate ) / Exact | * 100
= | 0.0452262 / 1.30561 | * 100
= 3.46399
>>
Matlab codes

clc
clf
clear all

fcnstr='y*x^2-1.2*y' ;
f=inline(fcnstr) ;

x0=0 ;

y0=1 ;

xf=2 ;

% a2 = 0.5 Heun's Method

% = 2/3 Ralston's Method
% = 1.0 Midpoint Method

a2=0.5 ;

% n, number of steps to take

n=5 ;

%**********************************************************************

% Displays title information

disp(sprintf('\n\nThe 2nd Order Runge-Kutta Method of Solving Ordinary
Differential Equations'))
disp(sprintf('\n***************************Introduction**********************
*********'))

% Displays introduction text

disp('The 2nd Order Runge-Kutta method approximates the solution to an ')
disp('ordinary differential equation by using the equation expressed in')
disp('the form dy/dx = f(x,y) to approximate the slope. This slope is used')
disp('to project the solution to the ODE a fixed distance away.')

% displays what inputs are used

disp(sprintf('\n\n***************************Input
Data*******************************'))
disp('Below are the input parameters to begin the simulation which can be')
disp('changed in the m-file input section')
disp(sprintf('\n f = dy/dx '))
disp(sprintf(' x0 = initial x '))
disp(sprintf(' y0 = initial y '))
disp(sprintf(' xf = final x '))
disp(sprintf(' a2 = constant value between 0 and 1.'))
disp(sprintf(' = 0.5, Heun Method'))
disp(sprintf(' = 1.0, Midpoint Method'))
disp(sprintf(' = 0.66667, Ralston''s Method'))
disp(sprintf(' n = number of steps to take'))
format short g
disp(sprintf('\n-------------------------------------------------------------
----\n'))
disp(sprintf([' f(x,y) = dy/dx = ' fcnstr]))
disp(sprintf(' x0 = %g',x0))
disp(sprintf(' y0 = %g',y0))
disp(sprintf(' xf = %g',xf))
disp(sprintf(' a2 = %g',a2))
disp(sprintf(' n = %g',n))
disp(sprintf('\n-------------------------------------------------------------
----'))
disp(sprintf('For this simulation, the following parameter is constant.\n'))

% Calculates constants used in the method

h=(xf-x0)/n ;
disp(sprintf(' h = ( xf - x0 ) / n '))
disp(sprintf(' = ( %g - %g ) / %g ',xf,x0,n))
disp(sprintf(' = %g',h))
a1=1-a2 ;
disp(sprintf('\n a1 = 1 - a2'))
disp(sprintf(' = 1 - %g',a2))
disp(sprintf(' = %g',a1))
p1=1/2/a2 ;
disp(sprintf('\n p1 = 1 / ( 2 * a2 )'))
disp(sprintf(' = 1 / ( 2 * %g )',a2))
disp(sprintf(' = %g',p1))
q11=p1 ;
disp(sprintf('\n q11 = p1'))
disp(sprintf(' = %g',q11))

xa(1)=x0 ;
ya(1)=y0 ;

disp(sprintf('\n\n***************************Simulation**********************
********'))

for i=1:n
disp(sprintf('\nStep %g',i))
disp(sprintf('-------------------------------------------------------------
----'))

% Adding Step Size

xa(i+1)=xa(i)+h ;

% Calculating k1 and k2
k1 = f(xa(i),ya(i)) ;
k2 = f(xa(i)+p1*h,ya(i)+q11*k1*h) ;

% Using 2nd Order Runge-Kutta formula

ya(i+1)=ya(i)+(a1*k1+a2*k2)*h ;

disp('1) Find k1 and k2 using the previous step information.')

disp(sprintf(' k1 = f( x%g , y%g )',i-1,i-1))
disp(sprintf(' = f( %g , %g ) )',xa(i),ya(i)))
 disp(sprintf(' = %g\n',k1))
disp(sprintf(' k2 = f( x%g + p1 * h , y%g + q11 * k1 * h )',i-1,i-1))
disp(sprintf(' = f( %g + %g * %g , %g + %g * %g *
%g)',xa(i),p1,h,ya(i),q11,k1,h))
disp(sprintf(' = f( %g , %g )',xa(i)+p1*h,ya(i)+q11*k1*h))
disp(sprintf(' = %g\n',k2))

disp(sprintf('2) Apply the Runge-Kutta 2nd Order method to estimate

y%g',i))
disp(sprintf(' y%g = y%g + ( a1 * k1 + a2 * k2 ) * h',i,i-1))
disp(sprintf(' = %g + %g * %g',ya(i),a1*k1+a2*k2,h))
disp(sprintf(' = %g\n',ya(i+1)))
disp(sprintf(' at x%g = %g',i,xa(i+1)))

end

disp(sprintf('\n\n********************************Results********************
**************'))

% The following finds what is called the 'Exact' solution

xspan = [x0 xf];
[x,y]=ode45(f,xspan,y0);
[yfi dummy]=size(y);
yf=y(yfi);

% Plotting the Exact and Approximate solution of the ODE.

hold on
xlabel('x');ylabel('y');
title('Exact and Approximate Solution of the ODE by the 2nd Order Runge-Kutta
Method');
plot(x,y,'--','LineWidth',2,'Color',[0 0 1]);
plot(xa,ya,'-','LineWidth',2,'Color',[0 1 0]);
legend('Exact','Approximation');

disp(sprintf('\n Approximate = %g',ya(n+1)))

disp(sprintf(' Exact = %g',yf))
disp(sprintf('\n True Error = Exact - Approximate'))
disp(sprintf(' = %g - %g',yf,ya(n+1)))
disp(sprintf(' = %g',yf-ya(n+1)))
disp(sprintf('\n Absolute Relative True Error Percentage'))
disp(sprintf(' = | ( Exact - Approximate ) / Exact | * 100'))
disp(sprintf(' = | %g / %g | * 100',yf-ya(n+1),yf))
disp(sprintf(' = %g',abs( (yf-ya(n+1))/yf )*100))

2. a boy stand still on a air-condition room with 15 degree Celsius, then the boy tries to change the
speed of the air condition to Xo=0, Xf=3 find the temperature rate when the boy lower the level
of the air condition the differential equation of the room temperature is.
 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥𝑦 2 − 2.1𝑥 Find the temperature at n=5s

Manual solution: y3=-0.550826

Step 1
K1=f(x0,y0)
= f(0,1) Step 4
=0 K1=f(x3,y3)
3 3 =f(1.8,-0.550826)
K2=𝑓(𝑥0 + 𝑛, 𝑦0 + 𝑘1𝑛)
4 4
=f(0.6,1) =-3.23386
=-0.66
3 3
1 2
ynew=y+( 𝑘1 + 𝑘2)𝑛 K2=𝑓(𝑥2 + 4 𝑛, 𝑦2 + 4 𝑘1𝑛)
3 3
y1= 0.802 =f(2.4,-2.49114)
=9.85392
Step 2
K1=f(x1,y1)
1 2
=f(0.6,0.802) ynew=y+(3 𝑘1 + 3 𝑘2)𝑛
=-0.874078 y4=1.43519

3 3 Step 5
K2=𝑓(𝑥1 + 4 𝑛, 𝑦1 + 4 𝑘1𝑛)
=f(1.2,0.277553) K1=f(x4,y4)
=-2.42756 =f(2.4,1.43519)
=-0.0965512
1 2
ynew=y+(3 𝑘1 + 3 𝑘2)𝑛 3 3
K2=𝑓(𝑥2 + 4 𝑛, 𝑦2 + 4 𝑘1𝑛)
y2=-0.18849
=f(3,1.37726)
Step 3 =-0.609471
K1=f(x2,y2)
=f(1.2,-0.18849)
1 2
=-2.47737 ynew=y+(3 𝑘1 + 3 𝑘2)𝑛
y5=1.22338
3 3
K2=𝑓(𝑥2 + 4
𝑛, 𝑦2 + 4
𝑘1𝑛)
=f(1.8,-1.67491) True error = exact-approximate
=1.26958
= -1.44906-1.22338
=-2.67244
1 2
ynew=y+( 𝑘1 + 𝑘2)𝑛
3 3
Matlab result

The 2nd Order Runge-Kutta Method of Solving Ordinary Differential Equations

***************************Introduction*******************************
The 2nd Order Runge-Kutta method approximates the solution to an
ordinary differential equation by using the equation expressed in
the form dy/dx = f(x,y) to approximate the slope. This slope is used
to project the solution to the ODE a fixed distance away.

***************************Input Data*******************************
Below are the input parameters to begin the simulation which can be
changed in the m-file input section

f = dy/dx
x0 = initial x
y0 = initial y
xf = final x
a2 = constant value between 0 and 1.
= 0.5, Heun Method
= 1.0, Midpoint Method
= 0.66667, Ralston's Method
n = number of steps to take

-----------------------------------------------------------------

f(x,y) = dy/dx = x*y^2-2.1*x

x0 = 0
y0 = 1
xf = 3
a2 = 0.5
n=5

-----------------------------------------------------------------
For this simulation, the following parameter is constant.

h = ( xf - x0 ) / n
=(3-0)/5
= 0.6
 a1 = 1 - a2
= 1 - 0.5
= 0.5

p1 = 1 / ( 2 * a2 )
= 1 / ( 2 * 0.5 )
=1

q11 = p1
=1

***************************Simulation******************************

Step 1
-----------------------------------------------------------------
1) Find k1 and k2 using the previous step information.
k1 = f( x0 , y0 )
= f( 0 , 1 ) )
=0

k2 = f( x0 + p1 * h , y0 + q11 * k1 * h )
= f( 0 + 1 * 0.6 , 1 + 1 * 0 * 0.6)
= f( 0.6 , 1 )
= -0.66

2) Apply the Runge-Kutta 2nd Order method to estimate y1

y1 = y0 + ( a1 * k1 + a2 * k2 ) * h
= 1 + -0.33 * 0.6
= 0.802

at x1 = 0.6

Step 2
-----------------------------------------------------------------
1) Find k1 and k2 using the previous step information.
k1 = f( x1 , y1 )
= f( 0.6 , 0.802 ) )
= -0.874078

k2 = f( x1 + p1 * h , y1 + q11 * k1 * h )
= f( 0.6 + 1 * 0.6 , 0.802 + 1 * -0.874078 * 0.6)
 = f( 1.2 , 0.277553 )
= -2.42756

2) Apply the Runge-Kutta 2nd Order method to estimate y2

y2 = y1 + ( a1 * k1 + a2 * k2 ) * h
= 0.802 + -1.65082 * 0.6
= -0.18849

at x2 = 1.2

Step 3
-----------------------------------------------------------------
1) Find k1 and k2 using the previous step information.
k1 = f( x2 , y2 )
= f( 1.2 , -0.18849 ) )
= -2.47737

k2 = f( x2 + p1 * h , y2 + q11 * k1 * h )
= f( 1.2 + 1 * 0.6 , -0.18849 + 1 * -2.47737 * 0.6)
= f( 1.8 , -1.67491 )
= 1.26958

2) Apply the Runge-Kutta 2nd Order method to estimate y3

y3 = y2 + ( a1 * k1 + a2 * k2 ) * h
= -0.18849 + -0.603892 * 0.6
= -0.550826

at x3 = 1.8

Step 4
-----------------------------------------------------------------
1) Find k1 and k2 using the previous step information.
k1 = f( x3 , y3 )
= f( 1.8 , -0.550826 ) )
= -3.23386

k2 = f( x3 + p1 * h , y3 + q11 * k1 * h )
= f( 1.8 + 1 * 0.6 , -0.550826 + 1 * -3.23386 * 0.6)
= f( 2.4 , -2.49114 )
= 9.85392

2) Apply the Runge-Kutta 2nd Order method to estimate y4

 y4 = y3 + ( a1 * k1 + a2 * k2 ) * h
= -0.550826 + 3.31003 * 0.6
= 1.43519

at x4 = 2.4

Step 5
-----------------------------------------------------------------
1) Find k1 and k2 using the previous step information.
k1 = f( x4 , y4 )
= f( 2.4 , 1.43519 ) )
= -0.0965512

k2 = f( x4 + p1 * h , y4 + q11 * k1 * h )
= f( 2.4 + 1 * 0.6 , 1.43519 + 1 * -0.0965512 * 0.6)
= f( 3 , 1.37726 )
= -0.609471

2) Apply the Runge-Kutta 2nd Order method to estimate y5

y5 = y4 + ( a1 * k1 + a2 * k2 ) * h
= 1.43519 + -0.353011 * 0.6
= 1.22338

at x5 = 3

********************************Results**********************************

Approximate = 1.22338
Exact = -1.44906

True Error = Exact - Approximate

= -1.44906 - 1.22338
= -2.67244

Absolute Relative True Error Percentage

= | ( Exact - Approximate ) / Exact | * 100
= | -2.67244 / -1.44906 | * 100
= 184.426

Matlab codes
clc
clf
clear all

fcnstr='x*y^2-2.1*x' ;
f=inline(fcnstr) ;

x0=0 ;

y0=1 ;

xf=3 ;

% a2 = 0.5 Heun's Method

% = 2/3 Ralston's Method
% = 1.0 Midpoint Method

a2=0.5 ;

% n, number of steps to take

n=5 ;

%**********************************************************************

% Displays title information

disp(sprintf('\n\nThe 2nd Order Runge-Kutta Method of Solving Ordinary
Differential Equations'))
disp(sprintf('\n***************************Introduction**********************
*********'))

% Displays introduction text

disp('The 2nd Order Runge-Kutta method approximates the solution to an ')
disp('ordinary differential equation by using the equation expressed in')
disp('the form dy/dx = f(x,y) to approximate the slope. This slope is used')
disp('to project the solution to the ODE a fixed distance away.')

% displays what inputs are used

disp(sprintf('\n\n***************************Input
Data*******************************'))
disp('Below are the input parameters to begin the simulation which can be')
disp('changed in the m-file input section')
disp(sprintf('\n f = dy/dx '))
disp(sprintf(' x0 = initial x '))
disp(sprintf(' y0 = initial y '))
disp(sprintf(' xf = final x '))
disp(sprintf(' a2 = constant value between 0 and 1.'))
disp(sprintf(' = 0.5, Heun Method'))
disp(sprintf(' = 1.0, Midpoint Method'))
disp(sprintf(' = 0.66667, Ralston''s Method'))
disp(sprintf(' n = number of steps to take'))
format short g
disp(sprintf('\n-------------------------------------------------------------
----\n'))
disp(sprintf([' f(x,y) = dy/dx = ' fcnstr]))
disp(sprintf(' x0 = %g',x0))
disp(sprintf(' y0 = %g',y0))
disp(sprintf(' xf = %g',xf))
disp(sprintf(' a2 = %g',a2))
disp(sprintf(' n = %g',n))
disp(sprintf('\n-------------------------------------------------------------
----'))
disp(sprintf('For this simulation, the following parameter is constant.\n'))

% Calculates constants used in the method

h=(xf-x0)/n ;
disp(sprintf(' h = ( xf - x0 ) / n '))
disp(sprintf(' = ( %g - %g ) / %g ',xf,x0,n))
disp(sprintf(' = %g',h))
a1=1-a2 ;
disp(sprintf('\n a1 = 1 - a2'))
disp(sprintf(' = 1 - %g',a2))
disp(sprintf(' = %g',a1))
p1=1/2/a2 ;
disp(sprintf('\n p1 = 1 / ( 2 * a2 )'))
disp(sprintf(' = 1 / ( 2 * %g )',a2))
disp(sprintf(' = %g',p1))
q11=p1 ;
disp(sprintf('\n q11 = p1'))
disp(sprintf(' = %g',q11))

xa(1)=x0 ;
ya(1)=y0 ;

disp(sprintf('\n\n***************************Simulation**********************
********'))

for i=1:n
disp(sprintf('\nStep %g',i))
disp(sprintf('-------------------------------------------------------------
----'))

% Adding Step Size

xa(i+1)=xa(i)+h ;

% Calculating k1 and k2
k1 = f(xa(i),ya(i)) ;
k2 = f(xa(i)+p1*h,ya(i)+q11*k1*h) ;

% Using 2nd Order Runge-Kutta formula

ya(i+1)=ya(i)+(a1*k1+a2*k2)*h ;

disp('1) Find k1 and k2 using the previous step information.')

disp(sprintf(' k1 = f( x%g , y%g )',i-1,i-1))
disp(sprintf(' = f( %g , %g ) )',xa(i),ya(i)))
disp(sprintf(' = %g\n',k1))
disp(sprintf(' k2 = f( x%g + p1 * h , y%g + q11 * k1 * h )',i-1,i-1))
disp(sprintf(' = f( %g + %g * %g , %g + %g * %g *
%g)',xa(i),p1,h,ya(i),q11,k1,h))
 disp(sprintf(' = f( %g , %g )',xa(i)+p1*h,ya(i)+q11*k1*h))
disp(sprintf(' = %g\n',k2))

disp(sprintf('2) Apply the Runge-Kutta 2nd Order method to estimate

y%g',i))
disp(sprintf(' y%g = y%g + ( a1 * k1 + a2 * k2 ) * h',i,i-1))
disp(sprintf(' = %g + %g * %g',ya(i),a1*k1+a2*k2,h))
disp(sprintf(' = %g\n',ya(i+1)))
disp(sprintf(' at x%g = %g',i,xa(i+1)))

end

disp(sprintf('\n\n********************************Results********************
**************'))

% The following finds what is called the 'Exact' solution

xspan = [x0 xf];
[x,y]=ode45(f,xspan,y0);
[yfi dummy]=size(y);
yf=y(yfi);

% Plotting the Exact and Approximate solution of the ODE.

hold on
xlabel('x');ylabel('y');
title('Exact and Approximate Solution of the ODE by the 2nd Order Runge-Kutta
Method');
plot(x,y,'--','LineWidth',2,'Color',[0 0 1]);
plot(xa,ya,'-','LineWidth',2,'Color',[0 1 0]);
legend('Exact','Approximation');

disp(sprintf('\n Approximate = %g',ya(n+1)))

disp(sprintf(' Exact = %g',yf))
disp(sprintf('\n True Error = Exact - Approximate'))
disp(sprintf(' = %g - %g',yf,ya(n+1)))
disp(sprintf(' = %g',yf-ya(n+1)))
disp(sprintf('\n Absolute Relative True Error Percentage'))
disp(sprintf(' = | ( Exact - Approximate ) / Exact | * 100'))
disp(sprintf(' = | %g / %g | * 100',yf-ya(n+1),yf))
disp(sprintf(' = %g',abs( (yf-ya(n+1))/yf )*100))