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com‬‬

‫ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧـــﺎت اﻟـــﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﻮاﺳـــﻌﺔ )‬

‫اﳌﻮﺟﻬـــﺎت ‪ Routers‬واﻟﺒﻮاﺑـــﺎت‬
‫‪. ( Ports‬‬
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‫ﲢﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻴﻊ؛؛؛‬

‫ﺳﺄﺑﺪﺃ ﺇﻥ ﺷﺎﺀ ﺍﷲ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﻭﻋﻴﻮﺏ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺴﻮﺭ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌـﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ ﺃﲤﲎ ﻟﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﺃﻥ ﺷﺎﺀ ﺍﷲ‪.‬‬
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‫ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﻭﺻﻒ ﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ‪.Router‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺳﺮﺩ ﻟﻼﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳉﺴﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﻭﺻﻒ ﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ‪ Gateway‬ﻭﺳﺮﺩ ﳑﻴﺰﺍﻬﺗﺎ ﻭﻋﻴﻮﻬﺑﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ‪:Router‬‬

‫ﻫﻮ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﺘﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﳛﻘﻖ ﺍﺗﺼﺎ ﹰﻻ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻗـﺴﺎﻡ ﺷـﺒﻜﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺫﻭﺍﺕ ﺗﺼﺎﻣﻴﻢ ﻭﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻻﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺑﺄﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻮﺭ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﻓﻠﺘﺮﻩ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﲔ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺭﺑﻂ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻣﻌﹰﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺑﻌﻜﺲ ﺍﳉﺴﻮﺭ ﻻ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﲟﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬـﺔ ﳉﻤﻴـﻊ ﺍﳌـﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ ‪Broadcast‬‬
‫‪.Message‬‬
‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﲢﻜﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﲝﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﻟﻌﻨﻮﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺣﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺰﻡ ﻋﱪ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺬﺍﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﱪﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻻﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﲟﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﺍﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﻴﺢ ﳍﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻔﺸﻞ ﰲ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻻﺗـﺼﺎﻝ‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﺬ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺐ ﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺣﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻠﻘﺎﻫﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺘﺮﲨﺔ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ‪TCP/IP‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﲟﻌﲎ ﺃﺩﻕ ﺗﺮﲨﺔ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﰲ ﺣﺰﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﻳﻔﻬﻤﻬـﺎ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛـﻮﻝ ‪ TCP/IP‬ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﱄ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﻳﻔﻬﻤﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ‪ Frame Relay‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺳﻌﺔ‪.‬‬
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‫ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻪ ﲟﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﻗﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﺯﺩﺣﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺣﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧـﺎﺕ ﻋﱪﻫـﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﰎ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﺰﺩﲪﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺴﺎﺭ ﺁﺧﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﳊﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﲨﻴﻊ ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﺑﲔ ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﱪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﳍﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﻣﻊ ﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻛﺬﺍﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﳍﺎ ﻛﻞ ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻬﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺟﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﺗـﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺴﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻜﻤﻦ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﰲ ﺃﻥ ﺟﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺴﻮﺭ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ‪MAC‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﻞ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺟﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻌﹰﺎ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺎﺕ ‪ Algorithms‬ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺟﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴـﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ‪:‬‬
‫)‪1. OSPE ( Open Short test First‬‬
‫)‪2. RIP ( Routing Information Protocol‬‬
‫)‪3. NLSP ( Netware Link Services Protocol‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺔ ‪ OSPF‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺃﻭ ‪ Link-State‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﲟﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﻷﻱ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﳛﺚ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﻻﺣﺘﻮﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻭﻣﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﻟﺘﺼﺎﻣﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻓﺄ‪‬ـﺎ ﺗـﻮﻓﺮ ﻣﻌﺮﻓـﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺑﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﻐﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‪.‬‬
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‫ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺔ ‪ OSPF‬ﻣﺪﻋﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ‪ ،TCP/IP‬ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠـﻲ‬

‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﺘﻤﺮ ﺧﻼﳍﺎ ﺍﳊﺰﻡ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺃﻧﺴﺒﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﰐ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻔﺰﺍﺕ ‪ HOPS‬ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﻣﻌﹰﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﺭ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﺭ ﻭﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﳛﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺔ ‪ RIP‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﳌـﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴـﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺟﻬـﺔ ﺍﳌـﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪Distance-‬‬
‫‪ Vector Algorithms‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺪﻋﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ‪ TCP/IP‬ﻭ ‪ IPX‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠـﻲ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﲰﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺔ ‪ NLISP‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ‪ Link-State‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺪﻋﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ‬
‫‪ ،IPX‬ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺔ ‪ Link-State‬ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﲢﺜﺚ ﺍﺯﺩﺣﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻋﻠـﻲ ﺍﻟـﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺎﺕ ‪.Distance-Vector‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺃﺑﻄﺄ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﳉﺴﻮﺭ ﻭﺫﺍﻟﻚ ﻷﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻛﻞ‬
‫ﺣﺰﻣﺔ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﻠﻔﺎﻫﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﺴﻠﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺣﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﺇﱄ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺓ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺟـﻪ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻳﻘـﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺑﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺍﳊﺰﻣﺔ ﺇﱄ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﳊﺰﻣﺔ ﺃﻟﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﻘـﻮﻡ ﺣـﺰﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﳌﺮﻭﺭ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺟﻪ ﺇﱄ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻞ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺰﻣﺔ ﻭﻳﻘـﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺑﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﻫﻴﺌﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻓﻬﻤﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻣﻌﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴـﻪ‬
‫ﻷﻧﺘﻢ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
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‫ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﲢﻜﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﺎﳊﺰﻡ ﲟﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﻣﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﺭ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﺯﺩﺣﺎﻡ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻼﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳉﺴﻮﺭ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻋﻨﻮﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻪ ﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺇﱄ ﺃﻗـﺴﺎﻡ ﺃﺻـﻐﺮ ﻳﻄﻠـﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ ﻋـﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫‪ ،Subnets‬ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﲤﻨﻊ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﺇﱄ ﻛـﻞ ﺍﳌـﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ ‪Broadcast‬‬
‫‪ Message‬ﻓﺄ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﲤﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﻋﻮﺍﺻﻒ ‪.Broadcast Storms‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ‪:‬‬

‫ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ‪:‬‬

‫‪1.‬‬ ‫‪DECNET‬‬
‫‪2.‬‬ ‫‪TCP/IP‬‬
‫‪3.‬‬ ‫‪IPX‬‬
‫‪4.‬‬ ‫‪OSI‬‬
‫‪5.‬‬ ‫‪XNS‬‬
‫‪6.‬‬ ‫‪AppleTalk‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻓﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬

‫‪ Digital.‬ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ‪1. ( LAT) Local Area Transport‬‬

‫‪2. NetBIOS‬‬
‫‪3. NetBEUI‬‬

‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺳﺎﻛﻨﺔ ‪.Static‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻜﻴﺔ ‪Dynamic‬‬
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‫ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻛﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺟﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻬﺑﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﻡ ﻣﻮﻛﻠﺔ ﳌﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻓﺄﻥ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻛﱪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﳍـﺬﺍ ﻓﻬـﻲ‬
‫ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱄ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺿﺌﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـﺴﺎﻛﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫـﻲ ﺗﻘـﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻟﺘﺘﺨﺬ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺐ ﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺍﳊﺰﻡ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﱪ ﻭﺻﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺳﻌﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﹰﺎ ﻗﺪ ﳜﻠﻂ ﺍﳌﺮﺀ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﻜﻤﻦ ﺳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺣﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﻓﻬﻢ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺴﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳉﺴﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﰲ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳉﺴﻮﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ‪.‬‬

‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺭﺅﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺃﺫﺍ ﻋﺮﻓﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳉﺴﺮ ﻻ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺳﻮﻯ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻞ ﻭﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﳉﻬـﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻓﺄﻧﻪ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﻤﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳊﺰﻣﺔ ﺇﱄ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻷﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻧﻄﻠﻘﺖ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻵﻥ ﺃﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺃﻗﺴﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻓﻼ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺃﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻭﺃﻗﺴﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺰﻣﺔ ﺇﱄ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻷﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟـﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱄ ﺃﺑﻄﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻅ ﺑﻞ ﺭﲟﺎ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺫﺍﻟﻚ ﺇﱄ ﺗﻮﻗﻔﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﻳﻦ ﻳﻘﻊ ﻛﻞ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺪ ﹰﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺫﺍﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﻛﺬﺍﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺍﳊﺰﻡ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﻻ ﲤﺮﺭ ﺃﺑﺪﹰﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺇﱄ ﻛﻞ ﺍﳌـﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ‬
‫ﻭﲤﻨﻊ ﺑﺬﺍﻟﻚ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ‪.Broadcast Storm‬‬
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‫ﻻ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﳉﺴﻮﺭ ﺇﻻ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﺴﺎﺭ ﻭﺣﻴﺪ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻓﺘﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻲ ﲨﻴـﻊ ﺍﳌـﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﻭﲣﺘﱪﻫﺎ ﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﺪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻓﺄ‪‬ﺎ ﲤﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺑـﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺃﺑﻄﺄ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺴﻮﺭ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻓﺄﻧﻚ ﻟﺴﺖ ﲝﺎﺟﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺇﻻ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻟﺪﻳﻚ ﻋﻠﻲ ‪ 20‬ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﻛﻞ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻻﺕ ﻣﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪.TCP/IP‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱄ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ‪ LAN‬ﻣﻊ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ‪.WAN‬‬

‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﳚﻤـﻊ ﺑـﲔ ﻣﻴـﺰﺍﺕ ﻛـﻞ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﳉـﺴﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬـﺎﺕ ﻭﻳـﺴﻤﻰ ‪ Brouter‬ﺃﻭ‬
‫‪ ،Multiprotocol Router‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻤﻮﺟﻪ ﻣﻊ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﻭﻛﺠﺴﺮ ﻣﻊ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻻﺕ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ‪ Brouter‬ﺑﺎﳌﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻻﺕ ﳐﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﺠﺴﺮ ﻟﻠﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﲟﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﳛﻘﻖ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻭﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺟﺴﺮ ﻭﻣﻮﺟﻪ ﻣﻌﹰﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺍﺑﺔ ‪ Gateway‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻳﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﲔ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﲔ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺎﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻻﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﳊﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺗﺼﺎﻣﻴﻢ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
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‫ﻟﻨﺄﺧﺬ ﻣﺜﺎ ﹰﻻ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﻟﻴﻜﻦ ﺑﻮﺍﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺪ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﱐ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃﻭ ﹰﻻ‪ :‬ﺗﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺍﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻴﻌﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﹰﺎ‪ :‬ﺗﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﱄ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﹰﺎ‪ :‬ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﱄ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺭﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺑﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻳﻨﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺰﻭﺩ ﻭﻳﻨﺪﻭﺯ ‪ NT‬ﻭﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺃﻧﻈﻤـﺔ‬
‫‪ IBM‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻔﻌﻞ ﺫﺍﻟﻚ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﺣﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱄ ﰒ ﺗﻘـﻮﻡ ﺑﺈﺯﺍﻟـﺔ ﻛـﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻻﺕ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﰒ ﺗﻌﻴﺪ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﳊﺰﻣﺔ ﻭﺗـﻀﻴﻒ ﺃﻟﻴﻬـﺎ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻮﻛـﻮﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺍﺑﺔ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻘﹰﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛـﻮﻝ ﺇﱄ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﺁﺧﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺫﻭﺍﺕ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﻣﺰﻭﺩ ﺧﺎﺹ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺳـﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻌـﺐ ﺩﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺍﺑﺔ ﻭﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺍﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻻﺕ ﻳﻌﺘـﱪ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻷﻣـﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﺔ ﻟﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﻓﺄﻧﻪ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﺴﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﺑﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺍﺑﺔ ﳐﺼﺺ ﻓﻘﻂ ﳍﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻬﻤﺔ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻻ ﺗﻮﻛﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﻬﺎﻡ ﺁﺧﺮﻱ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﲟﻬﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻭﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﲣﻔﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻮﺏ ﻓﺘﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺃﻥ ﻣﻬﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺑﻄﺊ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﻣﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﻦ‪.‬‬
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‫ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﳑﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ‪ Routers‬ﺑﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥ ﺳﺎﻛﻨﺔ ﻭﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻻ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﺇﻻ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﻭﲤﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﻋﻮﺍﺻﻒ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻗﻞ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺴﻮﺭ ‪.Bridges‬‬
‫ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳚﻤﻊ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺴﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ‪.Brouter‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ‪ Gateway‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
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‫ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻠﻘﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻡ ﺇﻥ ﺷﺎﺀ ﺍﷲ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺧﲑ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ ) ﻫﻞ ﺃﺗﺎﻙ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺷﻴﺔ* ﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﻳﻮﻣﺌﺬ ﺧﺎﺷﻌﺔ* ﻋﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻧﺎﺻﺒﻪ* ﺗﺼﻠﻲ ﻧﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﺣﺎﻣﻴﺔ* ﺗﺴﻘﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻋﲔ‬
‫ﺃﻧﻴﺔ* ﻟﻴﺲ ﳍﻢ ﻃﻌﺎﻡ ﺇﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺿﺮﻳﻊ* ﻻ ﻳﺴﻤﻦ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻐﲎ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻮﻉ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﺧﻮﻛﻢ ‪Hack_1Killer /‬‬

‫ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﺳﻠﺔ ‪[email protected]‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﺳﻠﺔ ‪[email protected]‬‬

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