Procedure Proposal

Dystan Medical Company - Cold Packs and Hot Packs

Colin Hancock

Wolfgang Allred

1225 - #202

18 March 2017
Introduction

In this lab, we are employed by the Dystan Medical Supply Company. Our task is to

design an efficient and cost effective hot pack and cold pack for medical usage. We simply

must find out: what salt will most effectively increase or reduce heat, and which salt turns

back the most profit while doing so? Looking at the equations and the placement of the

heat, it seems that LiCl will be the best for heating packs while KCl will be the best for

cooling packs.

This experiment is important because it is necessary to determine what materials

are to be used in medical-grade hot and cold packs. These packs are very important

medically to treat burns or inflammation, as well as in athletics for sports-related injuries.

This experiment will effectively allow these packs to be produced, eventually making it to

the market and allowing many consumers to treat a variety of injuries. This will be very

beneficial to many people, as they now have access to easy medical treatment.

Hot packs and cold packs work by having an internal packet of a salt surrounded by

a solvent. When the packet is broken, the salt is dissolved and depending upon the ionic

compound it is either an endothermic or exothermic process. If the dissolution is

endothermic then the temperature of the solution will drop, and if it is exothermic the

temperature of the solution will rise. The cold pack and hot pack must have temperatures

of 0°C and 65°C respectively, with 100 mL of water in them each. Calorimetry will be used

exclusively in this experiment. Using this technique, we will first find the calorimeter

constant by combining hot and cool water in the calorimeter and recording the
temperature. After calculating the constant, we can then move on to using the calorimeter

to determine the heats of dissolution of each of the salts. This will be done by adding salt to

cool water and measuring the temperature, followed by a series of calculations resulting in

the heat of dissolution. We will compare these heats to determine which salt will be most

effective in each of the packs. Using the data, the exact mass of salt necessary for the

desired temperature in a cold pack or hot pack can be calculated. Once we have determined

the mass required of each salt, the cost for each pack can be determined using the cost

chart provided in the lab manual. The total cost for each pack must be under $5.00 in order

to return a profit. We will then compare the prices and use that comparison to decide

which salt is the most effective and yet maximizes profits.

Experimental

Following is a table of the chemicals to be used during this experiment. As they are all given

as solid salts, molarity will not be applicable.

Reagents

Ammonium Nitrate (NH​4​NO​3​)

Calcium Chloride (CaCl​2​)

Lithium Chloride (LiCl)

Potassium Chloride (KCl)

REQUIRED EQUIPMENT

Two styrofoam cups, a lid, a temperature probe, a ring stand, a utility clamp, a two-hole

stopper, a stir bar, a magnetic stir plate, a hot plate, and heat-proof gloves.

PART A - DETERMINATION OF A CALORIMETER CONSTANT

Once you have prepared the MeasureNet system to record a thermogram, set up the hot

plate at least two feet away from the MeasureNet system and set it to medium heat. Add

45-50 grams of water to the calorimeter, writing down the exact mass, and write down the

temperature of the cool water given by the temperature probe.

Add about 100mL of water to a 500mL beaker and place it on the hot plate, closely

monitoring its temperature. Once the temperature has reached 80-90℃, use the heat-proof

gloves and a graduated cylinder to measure out about 50mL of hot water, writing down the

exact volume and converting it to grams. Take the temperature of the hot water using a

thermometer and write it down, and then press ​Start​ on the MeasureNet system. Quickly

open the lid of the calorimeter and pour all of the hot water into the calorimeter, replacing

the lid afterwards. Once the temperature has stabilized, press ​Stop​ on the MeasureNet

system.

Press ​File Options​ and ​F3​ and use the given number keys to assign the data a three-digit

code. Write down this code and press ​Display​ to clear the previous scan. Use a magnetic

rod to remove the stir bar, decant the water into the sink, and dry the calorimeter
thoroughly. Perform a second trial using the previous steps and write down all relevant

information. Afterwards, make sure to email the files to yourself. Follow the ​Calculations

instructions following to complete the experiment.

PART B - DETERMINATION OF THE ENTHALPY OF DISSOLUTION OF VARIOUS SALTS

Once you have prepared the MeasureNet system to record a thermogram, choose a salt to

perform a thermogram on and measure out about one gram of it, writing down the exact

mass. Add 45-50 grams of water to the calorimeter, writing down the exact mass, and write

down the temperature of the cool water given by the temperature probe.

Press ​Start​, and after a few seconds have elapsed, pour all of the salt into the water-filled

calorimeter and quickly close the lid. Once the temperature has stabilized at an

equilibrium, press ​Stop​. Press ​File Options​ and ​F3​ and use the given number keys to

assign the data a three-digit code. Write down this code and press ​Display​ to clear the

previous scan. Use a magnetic rod to remove the stir bar, decant the solution into the sink,

rinse off the temperature probe, and dry the calorimeter thoroughly. Perform two trials

using these instructions for each of the salts, writing down all relevant information, and

once you have done so make sure to email all of the files to yourself. Follow the

Calculations​ instructions following to complete the experiment.

CALCULATIONS
Use the following equation to calculate calorimeter constant, where C​warm water​ and C​cool water

are equal to 4.18J/g°C. 𝚫T is the change in temperature depending on which water is

required. The mass is also required and is shown as “m”.

−(mwarm water × C warm water × ΔT warm water ) − (mcool water × C cool water × ΔT cool water )
C calorimeter = ΔT cool water

Use the following equations for the calculation of molar heat and cost for each of the salts.
−((msolution × C solution × ΔT solution ) + (C calorimeter × ΔT calorimeter ))
ΔH reaction = moles salt added

T emp. Required 1899.1 Joules mole salt molar mass salt dollar
C ost = 1
× 1° Celsius
× Joules
× mole salt
× grams salt

Results

Following is a table for the first portion of the experiment: the determination of a

calorimeter constant.

Temperatur Temperatur Final

Mass of Cool Mass of Hot
Trial e of Cool e of Hot Temperatur
Water Water
Water Water e

Work for Finding Calorimeter Constant for Both Trials:

Calorimeter Constant for Trial 1: _______________

Calorimeter Constant for Trial 2: _______________

Average Calorimeter Constant: _______________

Following is a set of tables for the second part of the experiment: the determination of the

enthalpy of dissolution of various salts.

Ammonium Nitrate

Mass of DI Temperature of Final

Trial Mass of Salt
Water DI Water Temperature

Work for Finding Heat of Dissolution for Both Trials:

Heat of Dissolution for Trial 1: _______________

Heat of Dissolution for Trial 2: _______________

Average Heat of Dissolution: _______________

Calcium Chloride

Mass of DI Temperature of Final

Trial Mass of Salt
Water DI Water Temperature

Work for Finding Heat of Dissolution for Both Trials:

Heat of Dissolution for Trial 1: _______________

Heat of Dissolution for Trial 2: _______________

Average Heat of Dissolution: _______________

Lithium Chloride

Mass of DI Temperature of Final

Trial Mass of Salt
Water DI Water Temperature

Work for Finding Heat of Dissolution for Both Trials:

Heat of Dissolution for Trial 1: _______________

Heat of Dissolution for Trial 2: _______________

Average Heat of Dissolution: _______________

Potassium Chloride
 Mass of DI Temperature of Final
Trial Mass of Salt
Water DI Water Temperature

Work for Finding Heat of Dissolution for Both Trials:

Heat of Dissolution for Trial 1: _______________

Heat of Dissolution for Trial 2: _______________

Average Heat of Dissolution: _______________

Bibliography

Stanton, B., Zhu, L., & Atwood, C. H. (2006). ​Experiments in General Chemistry Featuring

MeasureNet​. Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole.