7/25/2015

Building Management Systems

(EE5118)
Part -1
for MSc @ UOM

Jagath Wickramasekara, Bsc

Control Strategies
Why Control Strategies …? à Benefits of BMS

Type -1

• Air Side Controlling Strategies

Control • Chilled water side Controlling Strategies The Building
Services
Strategies Research
and Information
Type -2 Association
- Local Control Strategies AG 7/98
- Supervisory control Strategies

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Local Control & Supervisory Control

• Local Control
• AHU Supply Air temperature Control
• Static Pressure Control
• Zone Temperature Control
• Fresh Air Supply Control
• Ect

• Supervisory Control
• Static Pressure Set-point Reset
• AHU Supply Air set-point reset
• Ect..

Terms
• CAV – Constant Air Volume System- constant speed fan
• VAV – Variable Air Volume System
• PAU/FAU – Primary/Fresh Air Handling Unit – provides fresh air to
above systems , Constant Speed fan, no Control of Outdoor Air.
• FCU – Fan Coil Units
• AHU – Air Handling Unit

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HVACSystem…
• Chillers
• Chilled ( Primary , secondary) water Pumps/ Condenser water pumps
• Cooling Tower
• AHUs/ FCU/VAV/CAV

How Can we control an AHU…..?

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AHU -Constant Air Volume System

• Electrical Controlling (On /OFF, Auto/Manual , Trip , On/Off Status, Flow Status)
• Electrical Single Line Diagram ( DOL / Star – Delta )
• Air Side and Chilled water Controlling

Relays & Contactors – Digital Actuators

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Click here for the

Drawings

Mixed Air Control

• Also Known As Economizer Control
• Dry climate and low dew point
• OA , MXA, and RA are measured
• When OA temp goes up it closes the OA damper, more RA is taken
• Minimum OA damper Continues operate to feed minimum OA requirement
Supplied Air Temperature Control
• Areas like Lobby, VAV Supply Air

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Enthalpy Controlling
• If the enthalpy of Fresh lower than that of return Air, Fresh air can be directly
used maintain the Supply Air temperature.
• If Fresh Air Damper has reached to its maximum position , mechanical cooling
can be introduced.
• If fresh Air temp/enthalpy is higher than Return Air , damper should remain its
minimum position to introduce minimum fresh requirement, while mechanical
cooling works on return air + Fresh Air Mixture.

Control of VAV Air Handling unit

• Supply Air temp is Constant ( or will be varied by Supervisory strategy)
• Supply Air Volume is changed to satisfy the cooling load
• SO the Air Volume needs to be adjusted ( VSD, Fitch angle , inlet/outlet vanes control)

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Controlling……
• Supply air Static Pressure controller (PC-1) controls the Speed of the Motor (M-
1) to keep pressure @ set point
• Return air fan speed is regulated based on difference of flow or flow ration
• In Many cases return Air fan is used to keep space static pressure positive or
negative

VAV Air Handling unit

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YCogTVa3XOw

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Static Pressure Control

• In VAV system, it maintains the minimum pressure through the Duct
• Methods
• Duct Static Pressure – Pressure Sensor located at the down stream of the Duct
• Building Static Pressure – pressure located at occupied spaces
• Above pressures reported to the DDC and then VSD maintains the
Static pressure
• Controlling Air in SA fan
• Discharge Damper – not energy efficient
• Inlet Vane Damper – less energy but High maintenance and high noise
• VSD
• When critical pressure conditions are to be maintained – volumetric control is
deployed
• Flow meter measures the Air Volume and adjust the speed of the RA fan
• For recommended method
• Both RA and SA volume are measured
• According to the difference, RA fan speed changed

VAV Controlling Terminal Controlling

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YCogTVa3XOw
• Pressure dependent
• No measurement of System Pressure
• Depend on Central fan to adjust the flow
• Box near to fan get more air
• Pressure Independent
• If there is change in the pressure in the supply air duct , flow changes
accordingly

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VAV Terminal Control

• To supply the Minimum Cooling air of the space
• As per the Space temperature set point, damper regulated
• Pressure Dependent terminals – modulate the air volume in response to the
changes in space temperature irrespective of upstream static pressure
• Pressure Independent type terminals – minimum quantity of supply air must
be provided

Demand Ventilation Controlling

• Conventional ventilation control (economizer with lower limit fresh air enthalpy
control) do not support
• ASHRAE – Standards 62-2004 requires that minimum outdoor fresh air
ventilation based on occupancy
• CO2 is measured as occupancy indicator , Non occupancy based pollutants cant
be detected ( Furniture , building materials)
• CO2 <1000 ppm, CO, VOC , NO

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FCU Controlling

Thermostats
• Sensor & Controller combined
• Used for FCU controlling
• Comfort, Economy and Protection mode operation
• Coil Protection
• Very important items in the hotel Industry

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Types/Features
• Day/Night Function/ Night Setback- One set point day
time, lower set point night time ( to prevent too cold),
Automatic or Manual changeover
• Combination Heat / Cool thermostats
• Dead band Thermostat

• Output Can be Modulating or On/OFF type

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Topologies

VAV Controlling Will be discussed separately..

Supervisory Control – Supply Air temp Set-point Controlling

• Air flow rate to zone is reduced by closing down the VAV damper when the load is low
• Under partial load, the total flow rate of a zone may be reduced to be very low in order
to meet the reduced load
• Reduction is flow rate reduce power of the fan
• However low ventilation flow rate causes dumping , poor air circulation in the room
• When minimum flow rate is introduced space may be over cooled under low partial load
if supply air temperature is low
• Proper resetting of supply air temperature avoid poor ventilation & save energy from the
fan.

Heat Wheel Controlling

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Chilling System has 3 subsystems

• Chillers – ( Reciprocating , Rotary screw , Centrifugal)
• Heat Rejection System
• Chilled water Distribution System

Chillers & Cooling Towers

• COP = Coefficient of Performance = Amount of heat Ejected / amount of work
• Normally COP >100% ( 2.5 ~ 7 Range )
• Chiller optimization by increasing evaporating temperature or decreasing condensing
temperature
• Chiller Internal Capacity Controlling , safety interlocks , special parameters monitoring
• Water Cooling , Air Cooled , Cooling Tower
• Cooling Towers cool water 2.5 to 5.5 k above the ambient is cooled down

Cooling Circuits types

The goal of the chilled water system is to produce and
distribute chilled water reliably , low cost and high
flexibility
• Constant Primary only Pumping System
• Constant Primary & Variable Secondary System
• Variable Primary Only System

The distribution system à variable flow with two

way valves or Constant flow with three way
valves

• Primary System – Production system

• Secondary system – Distribution System

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Constant Primary Only

• Pumps at a constant speed
• DPV help s maintain the constant chilled water
flow through chillers
• DP is monitored and controlled
• MV is controlled based on DP
• Waste of energy at Chiller part loads
• Two way valves and bypass line w/o VSD
• Energy saving by chiller loading and unloading
• Not savings by Pumps as they are running
@100% speed
• At part load , waste by pump power

Constant Primary / Variable Secondary

• Less power for primary pumps , balance for design flow rate
• Higher power for secondary pumps – can be either constant speed or variable
Speed

• Instead of check valve a flow meter can be installed to measure flow

through by pass line , accordingly chiller selection can be done

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Variable Primary Only System

• Its not possible to get proper saving by only controlling the secondary pumps
• Controller maintains DP ( differential pressure) at the most critical path
• Flow meter ensures minimum flow through the chillers
• Complex in bypass valve operation and sequencing

Chiller energy performance

• Condenser temperature as low as possible / evaporator temperature as high as
possible
• Increase of 1K of evaporator / condenser temp increase COP by 3% ( practically
1.5 ~2.5 %)
• Lower load lower efficiency / higher load higher efficiency , however centrifugal
as per the graph

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Optimal Set-point reset of chilled water supply temperature

• Variable water volume system -When return
temp is constant, each I K increase of supply
temp , reduces compressor operating cost by
2 ~ 3 % , but chilled water distribution cost by
10%.
• Constant water volume system – set point is
kept as high as possible , since no savings
from pumps, savings from chillers
• If all water valves are unsaturated or the
discharge air temperatures of all AHUs with
saturated valves are lower than the set- point,
increase the chilled water supply temperature set-
point.
• If more than one valve is saturated at 100 per
cent open and their corresponding discharge air
temperatures are greater than their set- points,
decrease the chilled water supply temperature set-
point.

Chilled Water Reset

§ Establish chiller plant leaving chilled water
temperature based on AHU requirements

§ Identify zone requiring most cooling and do

water balancing to save even more energy

§ Note that this strategy may increase space

humidity levels (okay in office)

§ For primary-secondary systems, use valve

position to reset secondary flow

§ Use similar strategy to reset static pressure

setpoint of VAV system

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Chiller sequencing
Multiple Chillers , why – chillers can be fully loaded, life time is increased, easy
maintenance
Economical loading and unloading of chiller is called chiller sequencing ( high
overall COP)
Typical sequencing method
• Temperature Based – Monitor the return chilled water temperature
• Bypass flow based – Difference in Primary circuit & Secondary circuit
• Total Cooling Load based
Temperature Based -
• Return temp is measured
• Chillers with pumps operated - interlock
• Dead Band to prevent cycling

By pass flow based sequencing

• Strategy attempts to keep secondary flow
larger than the primary flow
• Flow in secondary increases , another
chiller starts
• When the flow in by pass line (sup to
return) exceeds design flow of a chiller ,
chillers is OFF
Cooling load based sequencing
• Direct load is calculated
• Best method
• High accurate sensors needed

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Pumps sequencing & speed

• Interlocking with lag and lead time for
operation
• Secondary pumps
• Pumps in operation should meet demand
• Controlled variable can be à flow rate or
differential pressure of chilled water
supplied to the load side

Cooling tower
• Cooling tower Fan Speed control
• Modulating cooling tower fan speed
• Usually runs @ 100% speed
• Modulate the fan to meet condenser water set point
• Measuring Wet bulb temperature and chiller load
• Running at 24 C is more energy efficient ( usually 30 ~ 32 C)
• Low cooling tower supply water increase chiller efficiency , but more work on Cooling
tower fans
• Each 1K reduction in Cooling tower supply temperature can reduce 2.5% compressor
operating cost

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Multiple Chiller configuration

• Option -1
• Multiple Chillers and bypass loop with differential pressure regulator
• Option -2
• Chiller in constant flow circuits
• Distribution system variable flow
• By pass line with Flow meter
• If the flow meter flow is equal to the flow a chiller pump, one chiller can be
turned off
• Flow switch is needed to detect the direction
• Reverse direction of flow needs additional chiller to operate

Monitoring Strategies
• Power Consumption Metering
• Water/ Gas consumption
• Strange operation – Jokey pumps
• Critical Area Temp/RH monitoring - Freezers
• Trend Log
• Operation report
• Maintenance Time Reminder ( MTR)
• Energy Management Reports

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Supervisory Controlling
• Independent from Local and system control
• It has the capability to override local programmed control when it is needed to
achieve the overall objectives
• Example – PID adjustment, Supply Air set point of AHU, emergency stop of
system under smoke condition
• Anticipate problem based on historical data

Supervisory Control Strategies

• Turn it OFF when not needed
• Time Scheduled Control – in rush current reduction by staggering start time of fans
and lights
• Optimal Start/Stop – based on previous data system predicts time to start
• Duty Cycle Control – turning OFF the devices for short period of time , speed change
is more effective à leads to complains
• Load Shedding – based on the electricity demand ON/OFF is done, Bulk of load
should be sheddable for reasonable result ( Lights Elevator )
• Temperature Setback – based on outdoor condition temperature set point is adjusted
• Optimization Control Routines

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BMS Design
Air Handling unit ( AHU) of a conference hall area should be controlled as per the
following strategies
• Motorized valve modulation as per the return air temperature ( Set-point 25 C –
adjustable)
• ON/OFF operation and Status monitoring by the BMS
• Auto/Manual Status Monitoring by the BMS
• Trip Alarm Status monitoring by the BMS
• RH level of Return Air and temperature of supply Air should also be monitored
• When the Air Filter is Clogged, an alarm must appear at the BMS
• Fresh Air supply to the Building must be regulated as per the prevailing CO2 level ( Set-
point 1000 ppm – adjustable)
• BTU Consumption by the AHU must also be monitored
• If the Duct Smoke Is Presented , FAN should go off, OA damper must be closed

Approach
• Draw the sketch
• Write all the control Strategies
Consultants
• Prepare point list
• Prepare the specifications for every item

• Configure DDCs as per the Point List

• Select Sensors and Actuators – as per the specifications
• DDC panel Sizing and cabling
Contractors
• Software sizing
• Third-party integration
• Pricing & Estimation

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End

Jagath Wickramasekara,( Bsc, PGD-Industrial Automation)

Direct : 0094 011 460 7141

General : 0094 011 460 7100
0094 011 460 7140
Fax : 0094 011 460 7101
0094 011 460 7136
Mobile : 0094 0778 47 98 58
E-mail : [email protected]

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