Lesson no 2-WORK AND ENERGY

INTRODUCTION
 Work-Work is said to be done when a force applied on an object causes
displacement of the object.
W= Force x displacement.
If θ is the angle between the force F and displacement s, the work done
by the force is W= Fs COS θ
1. If θ = 00, cos θ = 1 ֒ W=Fs
0
2. If θ = 90 , cos θ = 0 ֒ W= 0
3. If θ = 1800, cos θ = -1 ֒ W= -Fs
Work has magnitude, but not direction. Thus it is a scalar quantity. The SI
unit of work is joule and CGS unit is erg.
1 joule = 1 newton x 1 metre
1J = 1N.m
1 erg = 1 dyne x 1 centimetre
= 1 dyne. Centimetre
1 J = 107 ergs.
 Positive , negative and zero work-
1. When the force acting on the body and the displacement of the
body have the same direction, the work done by the force is
positive. (θ = 0)
2. When the force and displacement have opposite directions (θ =
1800), the work done is negative.
3. When the force and displacement are perpendicular to each
other, the work done is zero.

 Energy- The capacity of a body to perform work is called its energy. It is

a scalar quantity. Its SI unit is Joule and CGS is erg.
There are different types of energy but here we are going to learn form
of mechanical energy, namely potential and kinetic energy.
 Kinetic energy- The energy which an object has because of its motion is
called its kinetic energy. The kinetic energy of a body of mass m, moving
1
with velocity v is mv2.
2

 Potential energy- The energy stored in an object because of its specific

state or position is called its potential energy. It is calculated as W= mgh,
where, ‘m’ is the mass, ‘h’ is the height above the earth surface and ‘g’ is
magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity at that position.

 Different forms of energy- Mechanical energy, heat, light, sound,

electrical, solar, chemical, nuclear energy etc. Energy can be converted
from one form to another. i.e. Transformation of energy.

 Law of conservation of energy- Energy can neither be created nor

destroyed. It can be converted from one form into another. Thus, the
total amount of energy in the universe remains constant.

 Free fall- An object falling solely under the influence of the gravitational
force acting on it, due to the earth is said to be in free fall or to be falling
free.

 Power- Power is the rate at which work is done. If W is the work done in
𝑊
time t, power is given by P = . It is a scalar quantity. The SI unit is watt
𝑡
and CGS unit is erg per second.
1 watt = 1 joule per second
= 107 ergs per second.
Power is measured in horsepower unit.
1 hp = 746 watts.
1 kW hour = 3.6 x 106 J
Electricity used for domestic purpose is measured in unit kW.h.
Q1) Fill in the blanks.
1. For work to be performed, energy must be transferred from one place to
another, transformed from one type to another.
2. Joule is the unit of work, energy.
3. Which of the forces involved in dragging a heavy object on a smooth,
horizontal surface, have the same magnitude gravitational force,
reaction force in vertical direction.
4. Power is the measure of the rapidity with which work is done, the
slowness with which work is performed.
5. While dragging or lifting an object, negative work is done by frictional
force, gravitational force.
6. Flowing water has potential energy.
7. The potential energy of your body is least when you are sleeping on the
ground.
8. The total energy of an object falling freely towards the ground remains
unchanged.
9. If we increase the velocity of a car moving on a flat surface to four times
its original speed, its potential energy will not change.
10.The work done on an object does not depend on initial velocity of the
object.
11.Work done can be positive, negative or zero.
12.The gravitational potential energy of a body at a height h from the
surface of the earth is mgh.

Q2) State true or false.

1. Power is a scalar quantity- True.
1
2. The kinetic energy of a body of mass, m moving with velocity v = mv2-
2
True.

Q3) Find odd man out.

1. Work, energy, power, force.
Ans- Force.
 2. A stretched spring, A body placed at some height from the ground, A
stretched bow, A bullet fired from the gun.
Ans- A bullet fired from the gun.

Q4) Complete the table.

K.E. (J) m (kg) V (m/s)
1. ……… 28 15
2. 2000 10 ……..
3. 9520 ………. 4

Ans- Calculations-
1
1. K.E.= mv2
2
1
= x 28kg x 15 x 15 (m/s2)
2
= 14 x 225
= 3150 J.

2 𝑋 2000 𝐽
2. V2=
10 𝑘𝑔
= 400 (m/s)2
= 20 m/s

2 𝑥 9520𝐽
3. m =
4(𝑚/𝑠)2
9520
= kg
8
= 1190 kg.

Q2) Answer the following –

1) Give scientific reasons-
1. It is easy to swim in a swimming pool than in a river.
Ans- 1) In a river, flowing water exerts a force on the swimmer. To cross
the river or to swim upstream, the swimmer has to overcome this resistive
force. This requires spending a lot of energy.
 2) As there is no flow of water in a swimming pool, the swimmer does not
have to overcome the resistive force as in above.
3) Hence, it is easy to swim in a swimming pool than in a river.

2. When a bullet fired from a gun strikes the target, the target becomes hot.
Ans- 1) A bullet fired from a gun possesses a large kinetic energy due to its high
velocity.
2) When it strikes the target, part of its kinetic energy is transformed into heat
due to which the target becomes hot.

Q2) Difference between-

1. Kinetic and potential energy.

Kinetic energy Potential energy

1. The energy possessed by a 1. The energy possessed by a
body due to its motion is body on account of its
called its kinetic energy. specific state or position is
called its potential energy.

2. It occurs only in one form 2. It occurs in various form

and for doing work it does such as gravitational,
not have to be transformed potential energy and
into another form. electric energy but work is
done till it is transformed
into kinetic energy.

3. It is directly proportional to 3. It is directly proportional to

the square of the velocity. the height at which the
body is raised.

1
4. It is given by K.E = mv2. 4. It is given by P.E = mgh.
2

2. Power and work.

 Power Work

1. Power is the rate at which 1. Work is the product of force

work is done. and displacement.

𝑊
2. It is given by P = . 2. It is given by W= F.s
𝑡

3. Its SI unit is Watt (W). 3. Its SI unit is joule (J).

3. Solve the following Numericals-

1. Ravi applied a force of 10 N and moved a book 30cm in the direction of the
force. How much was the work done by Ravi?
Ans- Given data,
F= 10N, s= 30cm=0.3m, W=?
W= Fs
= 10N x 0.3m
= 3J.
֒ The work done by Ravi = 3J.
2. When a force of 20N acts on a body, the body is displaced by 5m. If the
angle between the force and displacement is 600, find the work done by the
force.
Ans- Given data,
F = 20N, s = 5m, θ = 600 , W=?
W = Fs cos θ
= 20N x 5mx cos 600
= 100 x 0.5 J
= 50 J.
֒ The work done by the force = 50 J.
3. If the energy of a ball falling from a height of 10 m is reduced by the 40%,
how high will it rebound?
Ans- Given data,
h1=10m
E2= E1 – E2
40
= E1- E1 x
100

= E1 (1- 0.4) = 0.6 E1.

h2 =?
E1= mgh1, E2 = mgh2
E2 = 0.6 E1
֒ h2 =0.6 h1
= 0.6 x 10m
= 6m.
֒ The ball will rebound to a height of 6 m.

4. A man carrying a box of mass 20 kg climbs upto a height of 10m in 40s.

Calculate the power delivered by him to the box.
Ans- Given data,
M = 20 kg, h = 10 m, t = 40s, g = 9.8 m/s2, P=?
𝑚
𝑊 𝑚𝑔ℎ 20 𝑘𝑔 𝑥 9.8 𝑥 10 𝑚
𝑠2
P= = =
𝑡 𝑡 40 𝑠
= 9.8 x 5 W
= 49 W.
֒ The power delivered by the man to the box = 49 W.

4. Define the terms-

1) 1 Joule- The amount of work done when a force of one newton acting
on an object displaces it through a distance of one metre along its
own direction is called one joule.
2) 1 erg- The amount of work done when a force of one dyne acting on
an object displaces it through a distance of one centimetre along its
own direction is called one erg.
 3) Potential energy- The energy stored in an object because of its
specific state or position is called its potential energy.
4) 1 Watt- If a device does work at the rate of 1 joule per second, the
power of the device is said to be 1 watt.

Q3) Answer in brief-

1) If an object has 0 momentum, does it have kinetic energy? Explain your
answer.
Ans- Kinetic energy of a body of mass m and speed v.
1
K = mv2
2
𝑚2 𝑣2
=
2𝑚
𝑃2
= , where P= mv (momentum of the body)
2𝑚
If P = 0, the kinetic energy of the body is zero.

2) Why is the work done on an object moving with uniform circular

motion zero?
Ans- 1) The work done is positive when the force acting on the body and
the displacement of the body have the same direction.
2) The work done is negative when the force acting on the body and the
displacement of the body have opposite directions.
3) The work done is zero when there is no displacement of the body due
to the applied force or when the force acting on the body and the
displacement of the body are perpendicular to each other as in uniform
circular motion where the force is always towards the centre of the
circle and the displacement is always tangential.
Q3) Solve the numericals-
1. The velocity of a car increases from 54 km/hr to 72 km/hr. If the mass
of the car is 1500 kg, find the work done to increase the velocity.
Ans- Given data,
5400 𝑚
M = 1500 kg, u = 54 km/hr = = 15 m/s.
3600 𝑠
7200 𝑚
V= 72 km/hr = = 20 m/s, W=?
3600 𝑠
W= Increase in kinetic energy.
1 1
= mv2 - mu2
2 2
1
= m (v2 – u2)
2
1
= x 1500 kg x [(20 m/s)2 – (15 m/s)2]
2

= 750 x (400 – 225) J

= 750 x 175 J
=131250 J.
֒ The work done to increase the velocity of the car is 131250 J.

2. If a 1200 W electric iron is used daily for 30 min, how much total
electricity is consumed in the month of April?
Ans- Given data,
P = 1200W
30 𝑚𝑖𝑛 60 𝑠
t = 30 days x x = 54000 s.
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑚𝑖𝑛

W =?
𝑊
P=
𝑡

֒ W = Pt
֒ W = 1200 W x 54000 s
= 648 x 105 J
= 6.48 x 107 J
6.48 𝑥 107
= units
3.6 𝑥 106

= 18 units.
3. An electric bulb of 40 W is used for 25 days at 10 hrs per day. Find the
units of energy consumed by the bulb and the cost of using electricity
at the rate Rs 2 per unit.
Ans- Given data,
 10 ℎ𝑟𝑠
P = 40 W, t = 25 days x = 250 hrs.
𝑑𝑎𝑦

Energy consumed and cost at the rate Rs 2 per unit =?

Energy consumed = Pt
= 40 W x 250 hrs
40 𝑥 250 𝑘𝑊ℎ
=
1000

= 10 kW h.
= 10 units.
֒ The energy consumed by the bulb = 10 kW.h = 10 units.
𝑅𝑠 2
Cost of using electricity = 10 units x
𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡

= Rs 20.
֒ The cost of using electricity = Rs 20.
Q4) Answer in brief-
1. Derive the formula for the kinetic energy of an object of mass m,
moving with velocity v.
Ans- Consider a body of mass ‘m’ moving with a uniform acceleration ‘a’
along a straight line. If ‘u’ is the initial velocity of the body, ‘v’ is the final
velocity and‘s’ is the distance covered by the body during this change of
velocity, we have.
v2 = u2 + 2as (Kinematical equation of motion)
֒ v2 – u2 = 2as
𝑣2−𝑢2
֒s= ----------------- (1)
2𝑎

If F is the net force acting on the body and W is the work done by the force,
W= Fs ---------------- (2)
F = ma ---------------- (3)
From equation (1), (2), (3), we get
𝑣2−𝑢2
W = max
2𝑎
 1
= m (v2 – u2)
2

For a body initially at rest, u = 0

1
֒ W = mv2
2

֒ Work done on a body change in the kinetic energy of the body.

1
֒ Kinetic energy of the body = mv2.
2

2. Prove that the kinetic energy of a freely falling object on reaching the
ground is nothing but the transformation of its initial potential energy.
Ans- Consider a body of mass m initially at rest at point A at a height h from
the ground. Suppose that the body is released so that it follows the
downward path ABC freely (i.e. the buoyancy due to air and air resistance
are ignored)
 3
3. Determine the amount of work done when an object is displaced at an
angle of 300 with respect to the direction of the applied force.
Ans- In the
 3. Complete the following chart-

Engine/fan Heater
Mechanical Electrical energy Heat
energy Thermo-couple energy
Generator
Loudspeaker

Electric lamp microphone

Primary secondary cell

cell
Light Chemical Sound
energy energy energy

Q4) Study the following activity and answer the questions.

1. Take two aluminium channels of different lengths.
2. Place the lower ends of the channels on the floor and their upper ends
at the same height.
3. Now take two balls of the same size and weight and release them from
the top end of the channels. They will roll down and cover the same
distance.

Questions-
1. At the moment of releasing the balls, which energy do the balls have?
Ans- Potential energy.
2. As the balls roll down which energy is converted into which other
form of energy?
Ans- Potential energy Kinetic energy.
3. Why do the balls cover the same distance on rolling down?
Ans- They have the same speed.
4. What is the form of the eventual total energy of the balls?
Ans- Kinetic energy.
5. Which law related to energy does the above activity demonstrate?
Explain.
Ans- Law of conservation of energy.