Introduction to

Object-Oriented Programming

COMP2011: String Class

Dr. Cecia Chan

Dr. Brian Mak
Dr. Pedro Sander
Dr. Dit-Yan Yeung

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
Hong Kong SAR, China

{ kccecia, mak, psander, dyyeung }@cse.ust.hk COMP2011 (Fall 2015) p.1

Introduction
C strings consist of a sequence of characters terminated by
the ’\0’ character, and are stored as char arrays.
C string is not a basic data type and does not natively support
any operations which are, instead, provided by a set of
functions defined in the cstring library.
There is a C++ string class which allows you to manipulate
string objects as if they are from a basic type.
string construction and initialization
input and output
indexing
comparisons
substrings
swapping strings
string length
finding substrings and characters
replacing characters in string
inserting characters in string
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Common Public Member Functions

string::append string::end string::operator+=

string::assign string::erase string::operator[ ]
string::at string::find string::push back
string::begin string::find first not of string::rbegin
string::capacity string::find first of string::rend
string::clear string::find last not of string::replace
string::compare string::find last of string::resize
string::copy string::insert string::rfind
string::c str string::length string::size
string::data string::max size string::substr
string::empty string::operator= string::swap

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Constructors

Default constructor: To create an empty string.

string s; // s is “”

To create a string from n copies of a character.

string rating(3, ’A’); // rating is “AAA”

To create a string object from a C string.

string s1(“hello”);
string s2 = “hello”; // both are “hello”

To create from a substring of a C string:

string s(“hello”, 4); // s is “hell”

{ kccecia, mak, psander, dyyeung }@cse.ust.hk COMP2011 (Fall 2015) p.4

Assignment and Concatenation
To assign one string object to another string object.
string s1(“thank”), s2; // s1 is “thank”, s2 is “”
s2 = s1; // s2 is ”thank” too

To assign a C string to a string object.

string s; s = “good”; // s is “good”

To assign a character to a string object.

string s; s = ’A’; // s is “A”

To concatenate 2 string objects.

string s1(“thank”), s2 = “you”; // s1 is “thank”, s2 is “you”
string s3; // s3 is “”
s3 = s1 + “ ” + s2; // s3 is “thank you”
s1 += s2; // s1 is “thankyou”
{ kccecia, mak, psander, dyyeung }@cse.ust.hk COMP2011 (Fall 2015) p.5
Basic I/O

To read one word into a string object.

string s;
cin  s; // skip leading whitespaces

To output a string object to the console.

string s = “hkust”;
cout  s; // output “hkust” to the screen

To get one line of text until a newline or other delimiter

character.
string s;
getline(cin, s); // read until a newline character
getline(cin, s, ’X’); // read until an ’X’ which is not read in
// but discarded. Next input starts after ’X’.

{ kccecia, mak, psander, dyyeung }@cse.ust.hk COMP2011 (Fall 2015) p.6

Accessing Individual Characters

To get the number of characters in a string object.

string s = “hkust”;
cout  s.length(); // output is 5

2 ways to get the jth character of a string object.

1 use the subscript operator [ ] like the C strings
0 ≤ j ≤ length() − 1
you don’t have to worry about the terminating NULL
character, which will be handled by the class.
if the index j > length() − 1, the behaviour is undefined.
2 member function at()
similar to [ ], but check if the index is valid ⇒ slower.
runtime error if the index is beyond the string length.
string s = “hkust”;
cout  s.at(1); // output is ’k’
s.at(9) = ’a’; // runtime error

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String Comparisons

Comparison is based on the lexicographical order.

Comparison operators: <, <=, >, >=, ==, !=
compare() function: s1.compare(s2)
returns 0 if the strings are the same
returns a +ve number if s1 is lexicographically greater than s2
returns a -ve number if s1 is lexicographically smaller than s2

{ kccecia, mak, psander, dyyeung }@cse.ust.hk COMP2011 (Fall 2015) p.8

Substrings

s.substr(j, N): To get a copy of the substring of s starting at

the index j, consisting of N characters.

// index: 0123456789012345678901234567890123456789
string s = ”The rain in Spain stays mainly in the plain.”;
string s1 = s.substr(1, 2);
string s2 = s.substr(9, 8);
string s3 = s1 + ” is ” + s2;
cout  s3  endl; // Output: he is in Spain

{ kccecia, mak, psander, dyyeung }@cse.ust.hk COMP2011 (Fall 2015) p.9

Find and Replace

s.find(s2, j): To search for the first occurrence of a substring

s2, starting from the jth character of current string object s.
It returns
if found, the position of the found substring in the string
object.
otherwise, a constant string::npos = the max. unsigned int.

s.rfind(s2, j): similar to find() but search backwards.

s.replace(j, N, s2): To replace the substring of s that starts at

the jth character, consisting of N characters by s2.

{ kccecia, mak, psander, dyyeung }@cse.ust.hk COMP2011 (Fall 2015) p.10

Example: Find and Replace
#include <iostream> /∗ File: sfind.cpp ∗/
using namespace std;

int main( )
{
//index: 01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123
string s("The rain in Spain stays mainly in the plain.");
cout  s.length()  endl;

int p1 = s.find("ain"); // Find the first ”ain”

int p2 = s.find("ain", 10); // First ”ain” from the 10th char
int p3 = s.find("ain", 20); // First ”ain” from the 20th char
int p4 = s.find("ain", 30); // First ”ain” from the 30th char
int p5 = s.find("ain", 50); // First ”ain” from the 50th char
cout  p1  ’ ’  p2  ’ ’  p3  ’ ’  p4  ’ ’  p5  endl;

s.replace(p1, 3, "hino"); cout  s  endl;

cout  s.find("ain", 10)  endl; // First ”ain” from the 10th char again
return 0;
}
// 44
// 5 14 25 40 -1
// The rhino in Spain stays mainly in the plain.
// 15
{ kccecia, mak, psander, dyyeung }@cse.ust.hk COMP2011 (Fall 2015) p.11
Example: Find and Replace ..
#include <iostream> /∗ File: find-replace.cpp ∗/
using namespace std;

void print words(const string word[ ], int num words) {

for (int j = 0; j < num words; j++)
cout  word[j]  endl;
}

int main( ) {
string s1("et"); // substring to be replaced
string s2("ad"); // replacing string
const int num words = 5;
string word[num words] = { "met", "deet", "pets", "eta", "set" };
cout  "Before replacement"  endl; print words(word, num words);

// Replace the first occurrence of ”et” by ”ad” in each word

for (int j = 0; j < num words; j++) {
int index = word[j].find(s1, 0);
word[j].replace(index, s1.length(), s2);
}

cout  "After replacement"  endl; print words(word, num words);

return 0;
}
{ kccecia, mak, psander, dyyeung }@cse.ust.hk COMP2011 (Fall 2015) p.12