Understanding Test Points and Sweep Traces

John J. Downey
Broadband Network Engineer

Cisco Systems
[email protected]

Introduction
Before we start troubleshooting any problems, we must have an understanding of the test points that
will be used so we can be totally non-interruptive. Non-intrusive testing is a must with today’s
critical services and unforgiving customers. Starting with a solid foundation is always a good place
to begin and that’s the intent of this article. Let’s start with some fundamentals before we get into
sweep trace analysis.

Test Point Fundamentals

Know how to recognize and handle different test points and their associated problems to accelerate
testing and troubleshooting. Some of these issues include: resistive vs directional test points, high
loss vs low loss, and the use of taps. Test probes, housing-to-F adapters, and in-line attenuators are
also used in some situations, and have their own issues to be discussed.

Many amplifier manufacturers are utilizing directional test points to eliminate standing waves.
Standing waves are created when an impedance mismatch reflects some of the energy back 180
degrees out of phase with the original signal as shown in Figure 1 later in this article. This is
especially a problem with return path sweeping. A standing wave, or ringing, may be more prevalent
when reverse sweeping then on forward path sweeping. The reason is attributed to the higher coax
loss at higher frequencies. If the ports of a low value tap aren’t terminated, it is an impedance
mismatch and will reflect energy. In regards to forward sweeping and higher frequencies, the
reflective signal is attenuated before it adds back into the test point because it is usually placed far
away. Lower frequencies aren’t attenuated as much and the lower value tap will create standing
waves when reverse sweeping.

If all TPs are directional, how will we see standing waves? Both styles have their place. A resistive /
bi-directional TP isn’t bad; it just doesn’t have much isolation. A resistive test point uses resistors in
a splitter design to create a voltage divider. This design is inexpensive and was one of the first
attempts to allow a place for a technician to test signal levels. The problem is its lack of isolation,
hence it’s also called bi-directional. This is what led to directionally coupled test points that utilize
toroids to eliminate reflective energy, which caused standing waves.

Resistive test points allow for efficient troubleshooting by displaying the standing wave. With the
use of a formula, the distance to the fault can be predicted. This is the premise behind frequency
domain reflectometry (FDR). More on this topic later under “Sweep Trace Analysis”.
Taps
Taps are a combination of a directional coupler (DC) and a splitter network to make up the value or
loss of the tap and the number of ports. Figure 1 shows a subscriber tap diagram and inner
components. Newer taps now have changeable DCs and accessories to change the value of the tap.

This
would be
8 a DC-12
Port
23 The splitter
dB network =
tap ~11 dB of
loss
Figure 1 Subscriber Tap Diagram

The directionality of the tap blocks the reflective energy from adding back in, thus eliminating the
standing wave appearance. Depending on the severity and proximity of the mismatch, you may still
see a partial standing wave. You also have port-to-port isolation to consider. A standing wave could
result from reflections on one house affecting another house. This leads to a trailing edge ghost if
severe enough.

Taps represent what the subscriber is seeing and transmitting in to, so these make very good test
points. Be sure you have a good connection on the port. Sometimes the connection can be loose
from prior testing with RG-6 test leads spreading the contacts. Push-on fittings could be recessed,
which doesn’t allow a good connection. Remove the push-on fitting and try another port of the tap
if the measurement is in question.

Some things to keep in mind are lower valued taps equal more through-loss and usually less
isolation. Remember your 3 terminating taps, 2x4, 4x8, & 8x11. These can be good for
troubleshooting. If you have the luxury to disconnect the plant, a terminating tap installed can easily
segment the plant without actually disconnecting cables. Be sure to terminate the tap ports!

One caveat to using tap ports for testing is you can’t see reverse noise spectrum. The isolation
blocks the noise or ingress from displaying on your test equipment. One way around this is to
probe the seizure screw to make your own bi-directional TP.

Test Probes
Some new probes from SignalVision and Gilbert create a good ground and quick connect. Higher
loss probes provide less insertion loss on the “live” leg and possibly a better impedance match than a
regular F-to-housing adapter. F-to-housing adapters cause severe standing waves because of; bad
grounding (if not screwed in), RF power splitting, and an impedance mismatch.

Note: A probe will always be bi-directional unless it’s in series with the circuit and will cause an
impedance mismatch itself. This is something to keep in mind when troubleshooting. Sometimes an
in-line pad can be attached to decrease the amount of energy tested, which in turn, may create a
better match. Be careful when probing seizure screws, though. The ac present will harm in-line
pads and certain test equipment. You’ll have a very distinctive smell of burnt electronics.
Antec Telewire sells the 213-416, Pogo to "F" (Gilbert Part # NS9178-1) for about $41.42 each. It
seems sturdy and is a quick connect. It's flanged so you don't have to screw it in. The bad thing is it
isn't dc/ac blocked and it's just a straight reading, not 20 dB down. Because it has a thin probing
mechanism, it can actually probe the seizure screws of the new 9" stretch tap from SA. Boy, I wish
SA would have made a place to probe the input seizure screw on those taps!

SignalVision makes the SV-03 Probe for about $12.00 each. It looks sturdy, but I've had a couple
break their solder connection inside the probe and the tip popped out. It's also tough to screw in on
shallow tap seizure ports. It's also not dc/ac blocked and it's just a straight reading, not 20 down.
They also sell the SV-VBC-90 AC block for about $0.99 each. This is an ac block (similar in size to
an in line pad), which can be used in conjunction with either the SignalVision or Gilbert probes.
Both manufacturers may have a new version now.

The I-Stop probe from Trilithic is a cool idea. It’s a way to use a "dummy" terminal unit in the field
to see headend reverse noise response. You press a button to induce a mismatch at lower
frequencies and observe the headend noise change. If ingress was coming in on that leg, the
mismatch would reflect some energy back and the HE would drop in level. This is great in theory for
a single source of ingress, but not for multiple sources and it could be intrusive. Instead of creating a
mismatch, it would be better to use an analyzer in the field and just observe the noise on each leg to
determine where it's coming from.

Test Point Considerations

Know the test point; location, loss, directionality, and which port they’re aligned to. Remember,
you’re at the mercy of the aligner, especially the fiber transmitter in the headend. The TP may
be aligned for the input to the “box” or the laser diode itself. Sweep traces are only as good as
your reference. Look at the “raw” sweep (without a reference) & channel scan to verify it’s
not the reference or a sweep set-up problem.

Now that we have covered some test point issues, let’s move on to actual sweep trace analysis.
Correct identification of the symptoms usually will aid in problem isolation and location. Some of
these problems are standing waves, roll-off (low and high), and “suckouts”.
 Sweep Trace Analysis
If you consider rough balancing with 6 channels, you may as well just plug in the pads and EQs that
are listed on the system map. By only looking at a few channels, you could be grossly in error,
whereas plugging in the system designed pad and EQ could actually be better.

Some people with a full channel line-up will just look at the carriers on a spectrum analyzer or similar
instrument to get an idea of the frequency response. This is a bit like connecting the dots to see
what’s going on with the network’s frequency response. Some may call this “Sweepless”
sweeping. While it will provide an approximate indication of gross response problems, it may
not have the capability to do normalization or the process of storing a reference to make
comparisons from one point to another. Back to the old way of holding traces on top of each
other to see the difference! This definitely doesn’t address reverse path alignment, which will
never be fully loaded with continuous carriers. It also won’t show in-channel or narrow
bandwidth frequency response problems. These are arguably much more serious anyway,
because they are most likely to cause group delay problems at the affected frequencies.
Granted, most naturally occurring problems will take out much more than 6 MHz, but you may
need to see micro-reflections and in-channel response on certain channels.

Standing Waves – Tight

The first sweep trace problem we’ll look at is standing waves. Refer to figure 2 for the standing
wave formula and usage. This picture is showing frequency vs. amplitude. By utilizing this formula
we can predict the distance to the fault. This is known as FDR as previously mentioned.

The “D” stands for distance in feet; “Vp” stands for velocity of propagation, which is approximately .
87 for all foam dielectric, hard-line, coax cable; and “F” stands for the frequency delta between any 2
of the standing wave peaks.

D = 492*Vp/F
F

Figure 2 Standing Wave & Formula

The test point needs to be resistive to see the standing wave properly. If a resistive test point is not
available, you could probe the seizure screw to make your own bi-directional test point. Tighter
ringing equates to a problem farther downstream, past the active.

Note: Usually a standing wave is created by a mismatch reflecting signal back. This leads you to
believe that the problem is always past you. Sometimes two mismatches upstream could create a
standing wave on your display even though both mismatches are before you.
The amplitude indicates the severity of the mismatch, which is calculated with the formula
20*log[Reflected wave voltage/main wave voltage]. This is expressed in decibels in relation to
return loss (dBrl).

Tip: Another little trick is to measure the peak-to-valley of the standing wave and divide by 2. Look
this number up in the middle of a voltage addition chart found in most CATV pocket guides. The
corresponding number will be the approximate return loss in dB. Loss in the path can make the
return loss appear better than it really is, especially passive loss since the signal will travel through it
twice.
Standing Waves - Wide
Problems close to the test point create a wider standing wave (ringing) as shown in figure 3. The
severity of the standing wave may be masked by the isolation of a directional TP. This could even be
a reflection between the TP & the test equipment. This is usually created from 20 dB TPs, sweeping
past 550 MHz, and amplifiers with high outputs. This shows up as high-end standing waves from
550 to 750 MHz. Tight, low-end ringing is created from problems far away.

Figure 3 Wide Standing Wave

Note: The sweep plan resolution can give misleading information. If you are only using a sweep
point every 6 MHz, the farthest impedance mismatch this formula can predict is about 36 ft. If you
use a point every 1 MHz like a reverse sweep, the farthest fault could be about 214 ft.

The sweep trace appears differently once you pass the point of the mismatch as shown in figure 4.
Low end roll off Suckout High end roll off

55.25 MHz 745.25 MHz

Figure 4. Sweep Problem Identification

Low-end roll-off or instability is typically caused by loose center seizure screws or dirty fiber
connections. An open circuit is like a capacitor. Higher freq.s can cross the gap with no problem
while lower frequencies cannot. This roll-off is also caused by bad EQs/CSs or diplex filters.
“Suck-outs” are typically mechanical related and grounding issues such as loose connectors. Suck-
outs can also occur from multiple impedance mismatches, which are spaced at even intervals.

High-end roll-off is typically cable orientated or water in a passive. Water causes a high resistive
short to ground, which allows higher frequencies to be grounded. This also occurs from diplex filters
and accessories.

Tip: If you happen to keep track of power supply current draw, see if it has unexplainably gone up
lately. Water in a passive causes a high impedance short to ground (assuming there is voltage at the
location of water) and could cause the total current draw to go up, but the voltage drop to not be
severe enough to affect the amplifiers.

If you can probe a tap seizure screw with a reverse sweep and happen to see standing waves, then
you may be able to figure the distance to the fault using freq domain reflectometry.

492*.87(assuming foam dielectric hardline cable) / standing wave delta = distance to fault in feet. I
recommend reverse sweep because sweeping at lower frequencies can give a more accurate distance
and granularity. Assuming a sweep plan of every 1 MHz, then the tightest the "ringing" (standing
wave delta) could get is 2 leading to 492*.87/2 = 214 feet. An impedance mismatch this far away
wouldn't look so pronounced on a forward sweep because of coax attenuation and the normal
forward sweep plan granularity of every 6 MHz.

Refer to Acterna’s Application Notes for more information and sweeping tips. Their App. Notes can
be found at: http://www.acterna.com/products/cable_networks/training/ViewableSeminars.html.

Summary
Identification of sweep problems is an art. Whether caused by water, loose fittings, poor
construction, bad cable, or other causes, a good look at the symptom may help locate the problem.

The whole mindset here is to look at sweeping as a proactive stance against system response
problems that occur at the beginning of a new/re-build or over years from aging plant. Most sweep
manufacturers have incorporated troubleshooting features into their devices in addition to sweep
capability to aid in problem identification and resolution.

Contact your sweep equipment manufacturer and see what they can do for you. Agilent
Technologies (http://www.agilent.com/cm/maintain/catv/index.shtml) sold their sweep equipment
(CaLan) to Sunrise Telecom (http://www.sunrisetelecom.com/broadband/products_catv.shtml) and
Wavetek became Wavetek Wandel Goltermann, then Acterna
(http://www.acterna.com/products/cable_networks/cable_index.html).

Most of the fires we put out are either self-induced from the previous fires we thought we put out or
could have been avoided with a little preventive maintenance. Sometimes we have to take a step
back to eventually take five steps forward!