AC Air Cycles PDF
AC Air Cycles PDF
AC Air Cycles PDF
ﺃﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺘﻜﻴﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻫﻰ ﺃﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻰ ﻟﻠﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺎ ﻜﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻌﻤل ﻜﻨﻅﺎﻡ
ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻑ ﻭﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﺩﻓﺌﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺘﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻟﻜﻰ ﻴﺼﺒﺢ
ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺎ ﻟﻠﺭﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﻨﺴﺎﻥ ،ﻭﺃﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺘﻜﻴﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺘﻨﻘﺴﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺘﻜﻴﻴﻑ ﺼﻴﻔﻰ Summer air
conditioningﺃﻭ ﺃﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺘﻜﻴﻴﻑ ﺸﺘﻭﻯ ،Winter air conditioningﻭﻫﻤﺎ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻜﺭﻭﻤﺘﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺌﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺭﻁﺏ ،ﻓﻔﻰ ﺃﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻴﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻔﻰ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ
ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻴﻑ ﻭﺘﺤﻭﻴﻠﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﺭﻁﺏ ﺃﻗل ﻓﻰ
ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺃﻗل ﻓﻰ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻰ ﻴﻤﺭ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻠﻑ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺩﻯ ﻟﻠﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻓﺘﻘل ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻴﺘﻜﺎﺜﻑ ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ،ﺃﻤﺎ
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻴﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﺘﻭﻯ ﻓﻴﻠﺯﻡ ﺘﺴﺨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻭﺭﻓﻊ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﻭﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻟﺭﻓﻊ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ
ﺍﻟﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ،ﻭﻓﻰ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻴﻴﻑ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺨﻠﻁ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻓﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺯﺝ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻔﻰ
ﻟﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﺘﻬﻭﻴﺔ ﻗﺒل ﺘﺩﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻓﻰ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﻟﻠﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻓﺔ
ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺤﻤل ﺒﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺭﺠﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻹﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ.
Example 8-1
An air conditioning room is maintained at 25 oC db and RH 50 %. The ambient
conditions are 38 oC db and 27 oC wb. The room has sensible heat gain of 40 kW
and latent heat gain of 10 kW. The re-circulated air contains 30 % by weight fresh
air. The re-circulated air is supplied to the room at 14 oC. Calculate, the sensible
heat factor, the total amount of conditioned air, the cooling coil dew point, the
cooling coil capacity in TR, the cooling coil efficiency, and the rate of water
removed from the air.
Data: t R = 25 o C , RH R = 50 %, t o = 38 o C db, t o = 27 o
& o = 0.3 m
C wb , m &a
QS = 40 kW, QL = 10 kW , t S = 14 o
C
Required: RSHF , m& a , Adp, RC, η coil , m& w
QS 40
RSHF = = = 0.8
QS + Q L 40 + 10
hm = 60.6 kJ / kg , ω m = 12.5 g / kg da
Re-circulated air,
Qt = m
& a (hR − hS ), 50 = m
& a (50.34 − 35.5), ∴m
& a = 3.369 kg / s
Condensate water,
&w = m
m & a (ω m − ω S ), & w = 3.369 × (12.5 − 8.7) × 10 −3 × 60 = 0.768 kg / min
m
Example 8-2
In a summer air conditioning system shown the fresh air is mixed with return air
by equal mass before entering the cooling coil. After pre-cooled the air
adiabatically humidified in air washer to 90 % RH. The outside air conditions
are 35 ºC db and 17 ºC wb. The inside air conditions are 27 ºC db and 21 ºC wb.
Internal sensible heat gain is 35 kW and latent heat gain is 15 kW. Estimate; the
Solution
QS 35
RSHF = = = 0.7
QS + Q L 35 + 15
hm = 54 kJ / kg , ω m = 9 g / kg da
hS = 47 kJ / kg , ω S = 11.5 g / kg da , t S = 17.9 o
C db, t a = Adp = 16.6 o
C
Re-circulated air,
Qt = m
& a (hR − hS ), 50 = m
& a (60.68 − 47), ∴m
& a = 3.655 kg / s
Example 8-3
A summer air conditioning systems consists of water chiller and air re-heater as
shown below. The return air is mixed partially before the water chiller and by
passed after it with equal masses. The inside conditions are 25ºC db and 50 % RH
and outside conditions are 38 ºC db and 26ºC wb. Fresh air for ventilation is 0.5
m3/s. The internal sensible heat gain is 21 kW and internal latent heat gain is 7
kW. The air leaving water chiller saturated at 10 oC and the temperature difference
between inside and supply air is 8 ºC db. Determine the refrigeration capacity of
the water chiller and the heating capacity of the air reheated.
Data: t R = 25 o C , RH R = 50 %, t o = 38 o C db, t o = 26 o C wb , m& o = 0.5 m3 / s
QS = 21 kW, Q L = 7 kW , t S = 25 − 8 = 17 o
C , RH 1 = 100 %, t1 = 10 o
C
Required: RSHF , m& a , RC, Power reh
Solution
QS 21
RSHF = = = 0.75
Qt 28
Qt = m
& a (hR − hS ), 28 = m
& a (50.34 − 37.5), ∴m
& a = 2.181 kg / s
& R1 + m
m & R2 = m&a −m &o
∴m & R1 = m& R2 = (2.181 − 0.5527) / 2 = 0.8142 kg / s
ﻧﻼﺣﻆ أن ﻗﺪرة اﻟﺴﺨﺎن اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﻰ ﺻﻐﯿﺮة ﺟﺪاً ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﻜﻤﯿﺔ ھﻮاء اﻟﺘﻐﺬﯾﺔ ﻷن ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ھﻮاء اﻟﺘﻐﺬﯾﺔ ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ
واﻟﺴﺨﺎن اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﻰ ھﻨﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ،ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﮭﻮاء اﻟﻘﺎدم ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﻤﺮ اﻟﺘﺠﻨﯿﺒﻰ واﻟﮭﻮاء اﻟﺨﺎرج ﻣﻦ ﻣﻠﻒ اﻟﺘﺒﺮﯾﺪ
.ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﺤﺴﻮﺳﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ھﻮاء اﻟﺘﻐﺬﯾﺔ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻨﮫ ﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺣﻤﻞ ﺣﺮارى
Example 8-4
In an air conditioning unit, air is supplied at a rate of 0.65 m3/s with 25ºC db and
60 % RH. The unit consists of a cooling coil where air is cooled and dehumidified
Solution
Power = m
& o (h2 − h1 ), Power = 0.755 × (55 − 33) = 16.61 kW
& o −m
(m & b )ω 3 + m
& bω 2 = m
& oω S , (0.755 − m
& b ) × 8.2 + m
& b × 4.8 = 0.755 × 6.8
ﺃﻤﺎ ﻏﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻁﻴـﺏ، S\→R ﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻹﺘﺠﺎﻩR ﻴﻤﻴﻨﺎﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺴﻔل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔRSHF ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻓﺔ ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺨﻁ
. ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺃﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﻜﻰ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻹﻨﺜﺎﻟﺒﻴﺎHumidification ﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ
Example 8-5
Air flow of 11 m3/min is supplied to air conditioning room at 24 oC db and 50 %
RH. The outside air conditions at 10 oC db and 90 % RH. The return air is mixed
with the fresh air before entering the primary heater in ratio of 2 to 1 by weight.
The air is first preheated until its wet bulb temperature is equal to the room wet
bulb temperature. Then, the air is adiabatic saturated in air washer to 90 % RH.
Finally the air is reheated to 35 oC before being supplied to the room. Determine
the heat added in both two heaters in kW, the mass of water evaporated in the air
washer, and the air washer efficiency.
Data: t R = 24 o
C db, RH R = 50 %, t o = 10 o
C db, RH o = 90 %, m
& a = 11 m3 / min
& o = 2, t S = 35
&R /m
m o
C db, RH 2 = 90 %
Required: Power1 , Power 2 , η washer
Solution
From Psychrometric chart as Fig. 8-6 and the air properties are,
Power 2 = m
& a (hS − h2 ) = 0.215 × (65.3 − 47.83) = 3.756 kW
ω 2 − ω1 11.8 − 8.5
η washer = = = 0.86.84 = 86.84 %
ω a − ω1 12.3 − 8.5
Example 8-6
A winter air conditioning unit, consists of preheating coil, adiabatic air washer and
reheating coil is used to maintain the condition inside a room at 25 oC db and 50 %
RH. The re-circulated air is mixed with fresh air at equal parts by weight before
the preheating coil. An amount of 56.6 m3/min fresh air is supplied to the unit at 5
o
C db and 90 % RH. The air leaves the humidifier at 85 % RH and leaves the
reheating coil at 33 oC db and 35 % RH. Representation the processes on the
Psychrometeric chart and calculate the heating capacity of each heating coil, the
rate of water to be consumed in the humidifier, and the humidifying efficiency.
Data: t R = 25 o C db, RH R = 50 %, t o = 5 o C db, RH o = 90 %, m& R = m& o
V&o = 56.6 m3 /min, RH 2 = 85 % t S = 33 o
C db, RH S = 35 %
Required: Power1 , Power 2 , m& w , η washer
Solution
From Psychrometric chart as Fig. 8-5 and the air properties are,
hR = 50.34 kJ / kg , ho = 17.23 kJ / kg , v o = 0.7943 m3 / kg
V& 56.6
&o = o =
m = 1.188 kg / s
vo 60 × 0.7943
Power 2 = m
& a (hS − h2 ) = 2.376 × (61.42 − 46.1) = 36.4 kW
ω 2 − ω1 11.01 − 7.4
η washer = = = 0.8805 = 88.05 %
ω a − ω1 11.50 − 7.4
Example 8-7
A winter air conditioning unit consists of a preheating coil a spray system and a
reheating coil. The unit is designed to handle 3200 kg of air per hour and 100 % of
which is fresh air. The heat loss from the space is 9 kW. The outside air enters the
unit at 7 ºC db and 4 ºC wb. The air leaves the spray system at 90 % RH. The unit
delivers the air at 33 ºC db and 30 % RH. Note that SHF=1, determine the
condition maintained inside the space, and the heating capacities of preheating and
Website: http://guider55.4t.com ١٠٧ Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
reheating coil.
Data: t o = 7 o
C db, t o = 4 o
C wb, RH 2 = 90 %, m
& a = 3200 kg / hr = 0.889 kg / s
Qt = 9 kW, RSHF = 1, t S = 33 o
C db, RH S = 30 %
Power1 = m
& a (h1 − ho ) = 0.889 × (38.5 − 16.6) = 19.469 kW
Power 2 = m
& a (hS − h2 ) = 0.889 × (57.5 − 38.5) = 16.891 kW
Example 8-8
In air conditioning system shown below, all dehumidification occurs in the
adsorbent dehumidifier (Adiabatic dehumidification). Sketch the cycle on the
Psychrometric chart and find the condition of air leaving the adsorbent
Problems
1. A certain building is to be air conditioned in summer. The following data are
given. The outside air is 38 ºC db, 25 ºC wb, and inside air 24 ºC db, 50 % RH.
Website: http://guider55.4t.com ١١٠ Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Estimated heat from the building is 17.6 kW, electric lighting and machines are
40 kW. The total number of persons is 100, and sensible heat per person is 80
W and latent heat per person is 103 W. The ratio of return air and fresh air is
2:1 by mass. The air leaves the cooling coil at 90 % R.H. Determine the
sensible heat factor, the total amount of conditioned air, the cooling coil dew
point, the cooling coil capacity in TR, the cooling coil efficiency, and the rate
of water removed from the air.
2. In a summer air conditioning system, employing evaporative cooling equal
masses of fresh air and return air, after mixing air first pre-cooled then
adiabatically humidified to 100 % R.H by passing through a spray water
system. The outside air conditions are 35 ºC db and 17 ºC wb. The inside air
conditions are 27 ºC db, and 21 ºC wb. Internal sensible heat gain is 30 kW and
latent heat gain is 15 kW. Find the temperature to which the air is pre-cooled,
the temperature to which the sprayed water must be held, the amount of
supplied air, the capacity of the pre-cooler, and the make up water.