Applying ASHRAE Standard 62.

1: Ventilation for
Acceptable Indoor Air Quality
Ventilation refers to the introduction of an adequate amount of fresh
outdoor air to dilute contaminants that are generated inside the building
(by people, equipment, processes, or furnishings). This requires the
removal of an equal quantity of air from the building.

The “Ventilation Rate Procedure” (Section 6.2) in ASHRAE Standard 62.1,

Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality, prescribes the quantity of
outdoor air that must be delivered to each zone, based on the expected
use of that zone, and then prescribes how to calculate the outdoor airflow
needed at the system-level intake.

To demonstrate this procedure, we’ll use an example VAV system with

three breathing zones. We’ll also discuss how these calculations are
implemented in TRACE™ 700.

Zone-level ventilation requirements

ASHRAE Standard 62.1 outlines the following procedure to determine the
outdoor airflow required for each ventilation zone.

Determine minimum outdoor airflow requirement, Vbz, for

each breathing zone(s)
The breathing zone outdoor airflow (Vbz), is determined using Equation 6-1
from ASHRAE Standard 62.1.

Vbz = (Rp · Pz) + (Ra · Az )

where

Vbz = breathing zone outdoor airflow

Az = zone floor area: the net occupiable floor area of the ventilation
zone ft2 (m2)
Ra = outdoor airflow rate required per unit area as determined from
Table 6-1
Pz = zone population: the number of people in the ventilation zone
during typical usage.
Rp = outdoor airflow rate required per person as determined from
Table 6-1

Applying ASHRAE Standard 62.1: Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality 1
 These values are calculated
for each room in TRACE when
the Apply ASHRAE Std62-1-
2004/2007 field is set to
“Yes” on the Create Rooms -
Airflows tab.

For this example, the required ventilation airflow has been calculated for
each zone to be:

2 Applying ASHRAE Standard 62.1: Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality
 Calculate the zone outdoor airflow
The next step is to calculate the zone outdoor airflow (Voz), which is the
outdoor airflow rate that must be provided to the ventilation zone by the
supply air distribution system. The zone outdoor airflow accounts for the
zone air distribution effectiveness (Ez) found in Table 6-2.

The zone outdoor airflow is calculated using the following equation:

Voz = Vbz / Ez
where

Voz = zone outdoor airflow

Vbz = breathing zone outdoor airflow
Ez = zone air distribution effectiveness

In this example, a VAV system supplies cool air to each zone from the
ceiling, so the zone air distribution effectiveness is 1.0. As a result,
Voz = Vbz.

System-level ventilation requirements

ASHRAE Standard 62.1 also defines procedures for calculating the
outdoor airflow needed at the system-level intake (Vot) to make sure that
the required quantity of outdoor air is delivered to each zone (Voz). Which
procedure to use depends on the configuration of the ventilation system.

1 To enable the ASHRAE

Standard 62.1 calculations
at the system level in
TRACE, go to Create
Systems and click the
Advanced button.

Applying ASHRAE Standard 62.1: Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality 3
 2 In the System Ventilation
field, select either ASHRAE
Std 62.1 2004/2007 or
ASHRAE Std 62.1 2004/
2007 w/Vent Reset.

TRACE performs the

calculations behind the
scenes and displays the
results on the ASHRAE
Standard 62.1 report.

Calculate the system-level outdoor air intake flow

A VAV system is a multiple-zone recirculating system, so the outdoor air
intake flow is determined in accordance with Sections 6.2.5.1 through
6.2.5.4 of the standard.

Begin by determining the uncorrected outdoor air intake flow (Vou) for the
system by totaling the breathing zone outdoor airflow requirements from
all of the spaces served by a common system using Equation 6-6.

Vou = D all zones (Rp · Pz) +  all zones (Ra · Az)

where

Vou = uncorrected outdoor air intake

Az = zone floor area: the net occupiable floor area of the ventilation
zone ft2 (m2)
Ra = outdoor airflow rate required per unit area as determined from
Table 6-1
Pz = zone population: the number of people in the ventilation zone
during typical usage
Rp = outdoor airflow rate required per person as determined from
Table 6-1
D = occupant diversity determined using Equation 6-7 to account for
variations in population within the ventilation zones served by the
system

4 Applying ASHRAE Standard 62.1: Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality
 For this example, a diversity ratio of 1.0 is assumed and the uncorrected
outdoor air intake (Vou) is calculated as follows:

200 cfm + 300 cfm + 200 cfm = 700 cfm

If the calculations ended here, and the air handler only delivered 700 cfm
of outdoor air to the occupied spaces, it is almost certain that at least one
of the breathing zones would be inadequately ventilated. The reason is
that after the outdoor air drawn into the air handler is fully mixed with
recirculated air, it is impossible to deliver discrete quantities (cfm) of
outdoor air to the individual breathing zones. Instead, the supply air is
delivered as a homogenous mixture of outdoor air and recirculated air,
which means that all of the breathing zones receive the same percentage
of outdoor air.

To determine what that percentage needs to be, the primary outdoor air
fraction (Zp) must be calculated for each zone.

Calculate the primary outdoor air fraction Zp

The primary outdoor air fraction is the amount of outdoor air that must be
supplied to each breathing zone as a percentage of the minimum
expected primary airflow (outdoor air and recirculated air), at design
conditions, delivered to the breathing zone. It is calculated using Equation
6-5.

Zp = Voz / Vpz - min

where

Zp = primary outdoor air fraction

Voz = zone outdoor airflow
Vpz – min = minimum expected zone primary airflow at the design
condition analyzed

Applying ASHRAE Standard 62.1: Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality 5
 In TRACE 700, Vpz - min is set in
the VAV Minimum Rate field
on the Create Rooms –
Airflows tab. For most
systems the default value is
30%.
Note: In TRACE 700, Vpz - min is
also equal to the VAV minimum
heating airflow.

In the figure below, the minimum zone primary airflows have been added
to the example and the primary outdoor air fraction has been calculated for
each breathing zone:

6 Applying ASHRAE Standard 62.1: Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality
 In this example, 50% of the system primary air must be outdoor air to
properly ventilate the critical zone. This means that all of the zones will
receive 50% outdoor air and any zone with a lower primary outdoor air
fraction than the critical zone will be overventilated. This overventilation
results in “unused” outdoor air that is recirculated in the return air coming
from these zones and can be used to offset the ventilation requirements
of the system.

Determine system ventilation efficiency Ev

ASHRAE Standard 62.1 accounts for this unused outdoor air by means of
a system ventilation efficiency (Ev). The system ventilation efficiency may
be determined using either of two methods:

■ read the value from Table 6-3, or

■ calculate it using the approach found in Appendix A.

TRACE 700 determines the system ventilation efficiency using both methods
and then selects the higher of the two efficiencies.

Method 1: Table 6-3

To use Table 6-3, compare the primary outdoor-air fractions for the zones
that the ventilation system serves. Use the largest value (maximum Zp) to
determine the system ventilation efficiency.

Note: For values of Max (Zp) between 0.15 and 0.55, the corresponding
value of Ev may be determined by interpolating the values in Table 6-3.

For the VAV system in this example, the Ev for a primary outdoor air
fraction of 50% would be 0.65 (65%).

Table 6-3 System Ventilation Efficiency

Max (Zp) Ev
≤ 0.15 1
≤ 0.25 0.9
≤ 0.35 0.8
≤ 0.45 0.7
≤ 0.55 0.6
> 0.55 Use Appendix A

Table 6-3 may result in unrealistically low values of Ev for systems with
higher average outdoor air fraction values, and the use of Appendix A may
yield more practical results.

Applying ASHRAE Standard 62.1: Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality 7
 Method 2: Appendix A
Section A1.2.1 from Appendix A states:

“For ‘single supply’ systems, wherein all of the air supplied to each
ventilation zone is a mixture of outdoor air and system-level recirculated
air, zone ventilation efficiency (Evz) shall be determined in accordance with
Equation A-2.”

Evz = 1 + Xs – Zd
where

Evz = efficiency with which a system distributes outdoor air from the
intake to an individual breathing zone
Xs = average outdoor air fraction for the ventilation system
Zd = the percentage of outdoor air in the air discharged to the zone

The discharge outdoor air fraction (Zd) is calculated for each zone using the
equation:

Zd = Voz / Vdz
where

Voz = design outdoor airflow required in the zone

Vdz = expected discharge airflow to the zone

where

Vdz = the primary zone airflow (Vpz) + any locally recirculated airflow

For this example, it is assumed that all of the VAV boxes are shutoff boxes
and as a result: Vdz = Vpz and Zd = Zp for all of the zones.

In TRACE 700,

Vpz = Vpz - min / (VAV Minimum Rate)

8 Applying ASHRAE Standard 62.1: Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality
 Applying the default VAV Minimum Rate of 30% to all three zones, the
resulting primary zone airflows will be:

■ Zone 1 Vpz = 1333 cfm

■ Zone 2 Vpz = 3000 cfm

■ Zone 3 Vpz = 3333 cfm

The average outdoor air fraction (Xs) is calculated by dividing the

uncorrected outdoor air intake by the system primary airflow (Vps).

Xs = Vou/Vps

In TRACE 700, Vps is reported as “Vfan” on the ASHRAE Standard 62.1

report and is equal to the “Main Fan” airflow found on the System
Checksums report.

For this example:

Vps = ΣVpz = 7667 cfm

Xs = 700 cfm / 7667 cfm = 0.0913

The system ventilation efficiency may now be calculated for each zone
using Equation A-2:

■ Zone 1: Evz = 1 + 0.0913 – 0.5 = 0.5913

■ Zone 2: Evz = 1 + 0.0913 – 0.3333 = 0.7580

■ Zone 3: Evz = 1 + 0.0913 – 0.2 = 0.8913

After the ventilation efficiency (Evz) has been calculated for all of the zones,
the system ventilation efficiency (Ev) is determined to be the smallest zone
ventilation efficiency per Equation A-3:

Ev = minimum (Evz)
For this example, Ev = 0.5913.

Comparison of the results

Since the system ventilation efficiency of 0.65 from Table 6-3 is higher
than the calculated value of 0.5913, the system ventilation efficiency is
chosen to be 0.65 (65%).

Applying ASHRAE Standard 62.1: Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality 9
 Find outdoor-air intake flow Vot
The final step is to calculate the outdoor air intake flow (Vot) by dividing the
uncorrected outdoor air intake (Vou) by the highest system ventilation
efficiency (Ev):

Vot = 700 cfm / 0.65 = 1077 cfm

For this example, 1077 cfm of unconditioned outdoor air is required to
adequately ventilate all spaces.

TRACE 700 - ASHRAE Standard 62.1 report

A report showing the ASHRAE Standard 62.1 calculations is available in
TRACE 700.

Note: This report is only available when ASHRAE Standard 62.1

calculations have been enabled. (See the sidebar on pages 3-4.)

10 Applying ASHRAE Standard 62.1: Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality
Applying ASHRAE Standard 62.1: Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality 11
 Frequently Asked Questions
What’s the difference between ASHRAE Std 62.1 2004/2007
and ASHRAE Std 62.1 2004/2007 w/Vent Reset?

These two options are available from the System Ventilation Flag field
on the Create Systems - Advanced screen (accessed from the Create
Systems screen by clicking the Advanced button).

When ASHRAE Std 62.1 2004/2007 is selected, the outdoor air intake
flow (Vot) is maintained at a constant flow rate established at design
conditions while TRACE™ 700 performs the building simulation
calculations.

When ASHRAE Std 62.1 2004/2007 w/Vent Reset is selected, TRACE

700 recalculates the outdoor air intake flow on an hourly basis as the
population changes in the individual rooms.

12 Frequently Asked Questions

 In the following example, the population in the West Office is changing
during a weekday according to the People – Office schedule.

The graph below shows the difference in the ventilation airflow (cfm) for a
typical weekday in January without ventilation reset (alt 1) and with
ventilation reset (alt 2).

3
No vent reset

2.5
Vent reset
ventilation airflow, cfm

1.5

0.5

0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

time of day

Frequently Asked Questions 13

 Why does the system call for 100% outdoor air when ASHRAE
Standard 62.1 is implemented?

This condition occurs if at any time the zone outdoor airflow (Voz) is equal
to the lowest zone primary airflow value expected at the design condition
analyzed (Vpz). The System Checksums report below shows an example of
this.

Under these conditions, the resultant primary outdoor air fraction is now
equal to 1.0 (i.e., the critical zone requires 100% outdoor air). This excerpt
from a TRACE 700 ASHRAE Standard 62.1 report shows a room in this
condition.

14 Frequently Asked Questions

 In this situation, the only way to satisfy the outdoor air requirement of the
critical zone is for the system to supply 100% outdoor air to all of the
zones.

To prevent this situation from occurring, you can set a maximum outdoor
air fraction limit in TRACE. This value can be entered in the ASHRAE
Std62 Max Vent (Z) Ratio Allowed field on the Create Systems-
Advanced screen.

Frequently Asked Questions 15

 Entering a value in this field prevents the primary outdoor air fraction (Zp)
for any zone from exceeding this value. Because the amount of outdoor air
that must be supplied to each zone (Voz) is fixed, the only way the equation
Zp = Voz / Vpz - min can be solved is by increasing the minimum expected
zone primary airflow (Vpz – min). As a result, the outdoor air requirement of
the critical zone is met with a lower concentration of outdoor air in the
primary airflow.

In the following example, the ASHRAE Std62 Max Vent (Z) Ratio
Allowed value has been set to 60%. Zones 1 and 3 are unaffected
because their respective calculated Z ratios are both less than 60%. Zone
2, however, is affected because its calculated Z ratio of 1.0 (100%) is
greater than the imposed limit of 0.60 (60%). As a result, the zone primary
airflow (Vpz) for Zone 2 must now be calculated.

Solving for Vpz:

Vpz = 300 cfm/0.60 = 500 cfm

The resulting zone primary airflow is increased from an initial value of 300
cfm—the required airflow to meet the load in the space—to 500 cfm, the
required airflow to meet the outdoor air requirement of the space.

The remaining calculations for determining the outdoor air intake flow (Vot)
are unchanged by the limited ventilation ratio.

For this example, it is assumed that all of the VAV boxes are shutoff boxes.
As a result, Vdz = Vpz and Zd = Zp for all of the zones.

16 Frequently Asked Questions

 It is also assumed that the uncorrected outdoor air intake flow (Vou) for the
system is the sum of the design outdoor airflows required in each zone:

Vou = Voz = 700 cfm

In TRACE 700:

Vpz = Vpz - min / (VAV Minimum Rate)

For this example, the default VAV Minimum Rate of 30% is applied to all
three zones to determine the primary zone airflows:

■ Zone 1 Vpz = 1350 / 0.3 = 4500 cfm

■ Zone 2 Vpz = 500 / 0.3 = 1667 cfm

■ Zone 3 Vpz = 1000 / 0.3 = 3333 cfm

The average outdoor air fraction (Xs) is calculated by dividing the

uncorrected outdoor air intake by the system primary airflow (Vps).

Xs = Vou/Vps

In TRACE 700, Vps is reported as “Vfan” on the ASHRAE Standard 62.1

report and is equal to the “Main Fan” airflow found on the System
Checksums report.

Vps = ΣVpz = 9500 cfm

Xs = 700 cfm / 9500 cfm = 0.0737

The system ventilation efficiency may now be calculated for each zone
using Equation A-2:

■ Zone 1: Evz = 1 + 0.0737 – 0.1481 = 0.9256

■ Zone 2: Evz = 1 + 0.0737– 0.6 = 0.4737

■ Zone 3: Evz = 1 + 0.0737 – 0.2 = 0.8737

Frequently Asked Questions 17

 After the ventilation efficiency (Evz) has been calculated for all of the zones,
the system ventilation efficiency (Ev) is determined to be the smallest zone
ventilation efficiency per Equation A-3:

Ev = minimum (Evz)
For this example, Ev = 0.4737.

Because the maximum ventilation ratio Zp (0.60) is greater than 0.55, Table
6-3 cannot be used to determine the system ventilation efficiency for this
example so: Ev = 0.4737.

The final step is to calculate the outdoor air intake flow (Vot) by dividing the
uncorrected outdoor air intake (Vou) by the highest system ventilation
efficiency (Ev):

Vot = 700 cfm / 0.4737 = 1478 cfm

For this example, 1478 cfm of unconditioned outdoor air is required to
adequately ventilate all spaces.

Limiting the primary ventilation fraction significantly reduced the amount

of unconditioned outdoor air required to adequately ventilate these spaces
from 9500 cfm (100% outdoor air) to 1478 cfm.

What is the “right” value for the Maximum Vent (Z) Ratio
Allowed field?

It is left to your discretion to define the Max Vent (Z) Ratio Allowed
value. While reducing the ventilation fraction decreases the outdoor air
intake flow, it increases the fan energy because of the higher system
airflow. It also increases the amount of VAV reheat required (if present) to
temper the air delivered to the affected zones, or it may lead to
overcooling in the affected zones without reheat.

18 Frequently Asked Questions