Beta, Gamma Functions

1. Some basic Formulae of Integration [2 Hrs]

−e − ax
1. ∫ e − ax sin bx dx = [ a sin bx + b cos bx ].
a 2 + b2

e ax
2. ∫ e ax sin bx dx = [ a sin bx − b cos bx ].
a 2 + b2

e − ax
3. ∫ e − ax cos bx dx = [b sin bx − a cos bx ].
a 2 + b2

e ax
4. ∫ e ax cos bx dx = [ a cos bx + b sin bx ].
a 2 + b2

2. Definition of Gamma Function

∞
The function of n(n>0) defined by the integral= ∫ e − x x n −1 dx is called Gamma Function
0

and is denoted by ( n ) .
∞

∫e x n −1 dx = ( n )
−x
i.e.
0

3. Properties of Gamma Function

1. ( n + 1) = n ( n ) OR ( n ) = ( n − 1) ( n − 1)

2. ( n + 1) = n ! (n is positive integer)

( n ) = 2∫ e− x x 2 n−1 dx .
2
3.
0

1
4.   = π
2

1 3
5.     = 2 ⋅ π
4 4
4. Gamma Function:-
∞ ∞
1 1 1 1 m +1
∫e ∫x
− ax n m − ax n
Type-I {Prove That dx = n and Prove That e dx = ⋅ ( m +1) n }.
0 n a n 0
n a n
∞
1 1
∫e
− x4
Q.1- Evaluate dx. Ans- Γ
0
4 4
∞ 2
−x
Q.2- Evaluate ∫e
0
4
dx. Ans- π

∞
1 4
∫e
− x5
Q.3- Evaluate dx. Ans- Γ
0
5 5

3
Q.4- Given Γ   = 1.4891, Find Γ − 7
5 5 ( )
∞
1 3
Q.5- Evaluate ∫x
0
4 − x
e dx. Ans-
2
π

∞
1
∫ xe
− x4
Q.6- Evaluate dx. Ans- π
0
4
∞
67
∫ (x
2
Q.7- Evaluate 4
+ 4)e−2 x dx. Ans- π
0
32

∞ ∞ π
∫ x 2 e− x dx ∫ e − x dx =
4 4
Q.8- Show that
0 0
8 2
∞ ∞ 2
e− x π
∫ xe dx ⋅ ∫
− x2
Q.9- Show that dx =
0 0 x 2 2

Type-II
n
1
( −1)
∫x
n
Q.1- Evaluate m
( log x ) dx = n +1 (
n + 1)
0 ( m + 1)
1 p −1
 1 1
∫x
q −1
Q.2- Evaluate  log  dx Ans- Γp
0  x qp
1

∫ ( log x )
5
Q.3- Evaluate dx Ans- 120
0

1
1 1
Q.4- Evaluate ∫
0
3 log( 1 )dx
x
Ans- Γ
3 3
 1
dx
Q.5- Evaluate ∫0 x ⋅ log(1 x)
Ans- 2π

1
4!
∫ ( x log x )
4
Q.6- Evaluate dx Ans-
0
55

Type-III
∞
xa 1
Q.1-Prove that ∫0 a x dx = (log a)a +1 a + 1
∞
x7 7!
Q.2- Evaluate ∫0 7 x dx. Ans-
(log 7)8
∞
x m −1 Γm
Q.3- Evaluate ∫0 (m − 1) x dx. Ans-
[log(m − 1)]
m

∞
π
∫
2
Q.4- Evaluate 5−4 x dx. Ans-
0 4 log 5

Type-IV
∞
2ab
∫ xe
− ax
Q.1-Prove that sin bxdx = 2
0 (a 2
+ b2 )

∞
(n)
∫e
− ax
Q.2-Show that x n −1dx = where a, n are positive.
0
an

∞
(i ) ∫ e − ax x n −1 cos bx dx =
( n ) ⋅ cos nθ
0 rn
∞
( n ) ⋅ sin nθ
∫
Deduce that (i ) e − ax x n −1 sin bx dx =
0
rn
where r 2 = a 2 + b 2 ,θ = tan −1 (b / a )
Beta Function, Relation between Beta and Gamma Function, Duplication
Formula.
5. Definition of Beta Function
1
n −1
∫ x (1 − x )
m −1
The function of m and n defined by the integral (m, n>0) dx
0

is called Beta Function and is denoted by β (m, n)

1
n −1
∫ x (1 − x ) dx = β (m, n)
m −1
i.e. OR
0

1
n
∫ x (1 − x ) dx = β (m + 1, n + 1)
m

6. Properties of Beta Function

(i) β (m, n) = β (n, m)
(ii) The relation between Beta and Gamma Functions.

β (m, n) =
( m) ( n) =
(m − 1)!(n − 1)!
if m, n are integers.
( m + n) (m + n − 1)!
∏
2
(iii) β ( m, n ) = 2 ∫ sin 2 m−1 θ cos 2 n−1 θ dθ .
0

π 2
1  p +1 q +1 
∫ sin
p
(iv) θ cos q θ dθ = β  , .
0
2  2 2 

∞
x m−1
(v) ∫ (1 + x )m+n dx = β (m, n)
0

1 m −1
x + x n −1
(vi) β (m, n) = ∫ m+ n
dx
0 (1 + x )
 π
(vii) ( p ) ( p + 1) = , 0 < p <1
sin pπ
(viii) Duplication Formula of Gamma Function
 1 π
(m) m +  = ( 2m ).
 m 22 m −1

∫ x (a − x) dx = a m + n +1β ( m + 1, n + 1) }
m n
Type-I { Prove That
0

2
512
∫x
3
Q.1- Evaluate 2 − x dx Ans- 2
0
315
1

∫ (1- x )3 2 dx Ans- 5β (5,5 2)

5
Q.2- Evaluate
0

8
85  2 
∫ y (8 - y ) dx
4 −1 3
Q.3- Evaluate Ans- ⋅ β  5,  .
0
3  3
1
x 2 (4 − x 2 )
Q.4- Evaluate ∫
0 1− x 2
dx Ans- 2β (3 2,1 2) − 1 2 β (5 2,1 2)

a
xm  1
Q.5- Evaluate ∫
0 a−x
dx Ans- a m + (1 2) β  m + 1, 
 2

 m +1
1
1  n 
 ( p + 1)
n p
Type-II {Prove that ∫ x (1 − x ) dx =
m

0
n  m +1 
 + p + 1
 n 
2a
 3 3
∫x
m+ 2
Q.1- Show that m
2ax − x 2 dx = ( 2a ) β  m + , .
0  2 2
2
16  5 2 
∫y (8 - y 3 ) −1 3 dy
4
Q.2- Evaluate Ans- β , 
0 3 3 3
2

∫x Ans- 246 β (2,11).

7
Q.3- Evaluate (16 − x 4 )10 dx
0

3 1
x3 2 dx 432
Q.4- Prove That ∫0
dx ∫
3 − x 0 1− x 14
=
35
π

1 12
π
Q.5- Prove That ∫0
1 − x dx ⋅ ∫ 2 y − 4 y 2 dy =
0
30
 a
a 6π
∫ x (a − x ) dx =
4 2 2 12
Q.6- Prove That
0
32

1 m
m!n !
Type-III {Prove That ∫(
0
1 − n x dx = ) ( m + n )!
1
1 1 3
Q.1- Evaluate ∫
0
1 − x 4 dx Ans- β  , .
4 4 2
1
dx 1 1 1
Q.2- Evaluate ∫
0 1− x 8
Ans- β  ,  .
8 8 2

π 2
1  p +1 q +1
∫ sin
p
Type-IV { θ cos q θ dθ = β  , 
0
2  2 2 
π 2

∫ sin
n
(a) Integral of the form θ dθ
0

π 6
5
∫ sin
6
Q.1- Evaluate 3θ ⋅ dx Ans- π
0 96
3
x3 2 27π
Q.2- Evaluate ∫ (3 − x )
0
12
dx Ans-
8
.

1
11π
∫x sin −1 xdx.
5
Q.3- Evaluate Ans- .
0
192
1
x2n (2n)! π
Q.4- Prove That ∫0 1 − x2
dx = ⋅
2 ⋅ (n !) 2 2
2n

π
sin 4 θ 3
Q.5- Evaluate ∫ (1 + cos θ )
0
2
⋅ dθ . Ans- π .
2

π 2

∫ co s
n
(b) Integral of the form θ dθ
0

∞
x2 35π
Q.1- Evaluate ∫0 (1 + x 6 )7 2 dx. Ans-
256
.

π 2

∫ sin
m
(c) Integral of the form x cos n xdx
0
 π 6
32
∫ cos
3
Q.1- Evaluate 3θ sin 2 6θ dθ . Ans- .
0 315
π
8π
∫ x sin
5
Q.2- Prove that x cos 4 xdx = .
0
315
1
π
∫x
4
Q.3- Evaluate 1 − x 2 dx. Ans- .
0
32
a

∫x ( a − x) n dx = a m + n +1β ( m + 1, n + 1)
m
Q.4-Prove that
0

π 4
2π
Q.5- Evaluate ∫0
tan 2 x ⋅ dx. Ans-
4
.

π 4
1 Γ ( 2 3)
Q.6- Express
−
∫
π 4
(sin θ + cos θ )1 3 dθ . as a Gamma Function. Ans- ⋅
25 6 Γ ( 7 6 )
π

Type-V {Putting x = tan θ }

∞
xm 1  m + 1 2n − m − 1 
Q.1-Prove that ∫ 2 n
dx = β , 
0 (1 + x ) 2  2 2 

∞ 4
 x  π
Q.2- Evaluate ∫   dx. Ans- .
0
1 + x2  32
∞
dx π
Q.3- Evaluate ∫ 1+ x
0
4
dx. Ans-
2 2
.

∞
x3 5π
Q.4- Evaluate ∫ 8 4
dx. Ans- .
0 (1 + x ) 128

Type-VI {Putting x = tan 2 θ }

∞
xm
Q.1-Prove that ∫ (1 + x ) dx = β ( m + 1, n − m − 1)
0
n
 ∞
x m−1
Hence deduce ∫ (1 + x )m+n dx = β (m, n)
0
∞
x5 (1 + x 4 )
Q.2- Evaluate ∫0 (1 + x)16 dx. Ans- 2 β (6,10)

∞
x m−1 1
Q.3- Evaluate ∫ ( a + bx )
0
m+ n
dx. Ans-
ab
β ( m, n )
n m

∞
x5 1
Q.4- Prove that ∫0 (2 + 3x)15 dx = 29 ⋅ 36 β ( 9, 6) .
∞
x 6 (1 − x10 )
Q.5- Prove that ∫0 (1 + x)24 dx = 0

Type-VII
1
x m −1 (1 − x) n −1 β (m, n)
Q.1- Prove that ∫0 (a + bx)m+ n dx = (a + b)m ⋅ a m
1
(1 − x 4 )3 4 3 54
Q.2- Prove that ∫0 (1 + x 4 )2 dx = 32 ⋅ 2 π .

Type-VIII
1
x m −1 + x n −1
Q.1- Prove that ∫0 (1 + x)m+n dx = β ( m, n ) .

1
x2 + x3
Q.2- Prove that ∫0 (1 + x)7 dx = β ( 3, 4 ) .
Type-IX

b
∫a ( x − a) (b − x ) n dx = (b − a ) m + n +1 β ( m + 1, n + 1)
m
Q.1- Prove that

11
5 5
Q.2-Evaluate ∫ 7
4 ( x − 7)(11 − x)dx Ans- 8β  , 
4 4

Type-X { β ( m, n ) =
( m) ( n)
( m + n)
  1 1 π
Q.1- Prove that β ( m, m ) ⋅ β  m + , m +  = ⋅ 21− 4 m
 2 2 m
2
1 ( Γn )
Q.2- Prove that β ( n, n + 1) = . Hence, Deduce that
2 Γ 2n
π 2 14 2
 1 1  (Γ1 4)
∫
0
 3 − 2  ⋅ cos θ dθ =
 sin θ sin θ  2 π

 1− p  π Γ ( p 2)
Q.3- Prove that ΓpΓ   = 1− p
 2  2 cos(π p 2)
1
x2n ( 2n ) ! π .
Q.4- Prove that ∫
0 1 − x2
dx = 2
2 ( n !) 2
2n

2n Γ ( n + (1/ 2 ) )
Q.5-Using duplication formula, Prove that 1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 7.......(2n − 1) =
π
π 2
π πn 
∫ tan
n
Q.6-Show that xdx = sec  
0
2  2 
a
dx π π 
Q.7- Show that ∫ n 1n
= cos ec  
0 (a n
−x ) n n

2
π
sin x ( 3 4)
Q.8- Prove that ∫ ( 5 + 3cos x )
0
32
dx =
2 2π

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