ENGINEERED COMPOSITE PIPING SYSTEMS

The FIBERBOND®
Engineering Guide

www.fiberbond.com
www.futurepipe.com

APRIL 2016
 FIBERBOND®

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. Introduction

II. Series Descriptions

III. Supporting FIBERBOND® Piping Systems

IV. Calculating Expansion

V. Controlling Expansion

VI. Hydraulics

VII. Other Design Considerations

VIII. Physical and Mechanical Properties

IX. Appendix I: References

X. Appendix II: Governing Equations

What is FRP?

FRP was originally an abbreviation for Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic. As

additional fiber reinforcements were introduced, the term has been expanded to
refer to Fiber Reinforced Plastic. You may also hear of terms such as GRP (glass
reinforced plastic), RTP (reinforced thermosetting plastic) and RTRP (reinforced
thermosetting resin pipe). Even more specific, there is GRE (glass reinforced
epoxy), GRVE (glass reinforced vinyl ester) and GRUP (glass reinforced
unsaturated polyester). The list of terms seems to go on and on.

What these terms do have in common is that they refer to a reinforced plastic with
a thermosetting resin as the matrix. Unlike thermoplastics (such as PVC, CPVC,
PE, etc.), thermosetting resins are infusible and insoluble when fully cured and
thus provide better mechanical properties. Combined with the reinforcing fibers,
FRP has an excellent strength-to-weight ratio while maintaining very good
corrosion resistance to a wide range of media.

Page 1 APRIL 2016 EDITION

 FIBERBOND®

INTRODUCTION losses and water hammer in a is aware of the limits of currently

FIBERBOND® Piping System. available industry standards and learns
how the product is designed and
FIBERBOND® Engineered Future Pipe Industries is committed manufactured. We feel it is important
Composite Piping Systems are to supporting its customers. An that the engineer designing a
economical choices for use in engineering staff is on hand to FIBERBOND® Piping System has a
corrosive fluid transport. The answer all your questions or design working knowledge of how the raw
FIBERBOND® product is an the system with the customer. materials interact to provide the
alternative to stainless steels,
chemical resistance and the
copper-nickel, and other reinforced FIBERBOND® Custom Piping mechanical properties of the pipe.
and non-reinforced plastics and Systems Once the engineer understands these
alloys. FIBERBOND® can be used
basic principles, he or she can truly
in environments at temperatures up In addition to the FIBERBOND® appreciate the flexibility FIBERBOND®
to 250°F (121°C) and pressures up Engineered Composite Piping Piping Systems offer in solving difficult
to 290psig (20barg). The Series, Future Pipe Industrieso corrosion piping problems at the lowest
information contained in this offers a custom line of piping possible cost. The information in the
Engineering Guide is the first step systems. FIBERBOND® custom FIBERBOND® Engineering Guide
towards designing the optimum products are pipe systems covers the design of Series 20HV,
FIBERBOND® Piping System. engineered by Future Pipe 20FR-E, 20JF, 20FR16, 20FR20,
Industries to meet individual 20JF16 and 110FW. It is our mutual
FIBERBOND® FRP Piping customer specifications. By interest that the FIBERBOND® Piping
Systems customizing the system, an System selected meets the customer’s
All FIBERBOND® Piping Series optimum pipe product is produced design criteria and is installed at the
use a glass-fiber reinforcement saving the customer time and most economical cost within the
bound in a resin matrix. Together, material. The custom products guidelines set forth by this engineering
the glass-fibers provide strength offered in the FIBERBOND® line guide and other industry standards.
and, the resin matrix provides are engineered, manufactured, The success of your installation is
superior corrosion resistance. fabricated, and installed by Future important to our company…after all, our
FIBERBOND® Engineered Pipe Industries. future depends on it.
Composite Piping Series are
filament wound products with a
winding angle of 54°. This is the
principal axis of loading for internal
pressure. FIBERBOND® Series Statement of Policy
20HV, 20FR-E, 20JF, 20C,
20FR20, 20FR16, and 110FW all Standards are a recognized customer
utilize this winding pattern. need and progress has been made in
developing reliable standards for
Using the FIBERBOND®
composite pipe. However, one of the
Engineering Guide
major benefits of FIBERBOND®
The purpose of “The
Engineered Composite Piping Systems
FIBERBOND® Engineering
manufactured by Future Pipe Industries
Guide” is to help the customer
is the ability to engineer the mechanical
select the proper support spacing,
and physical properties to meet
guide spacing, and anchoring for an
individual customer service
above ground piping system. Other
requirements. Under certain conditions,
methods to deal with the flexibility
industry standards, which are
of the system, such as expansion
misunderstood and/or misapplied,
loops, are also evaluated. In
become a hindrance to the
addition, “The FIBERBOND®
development of new and improved
Engineering Guide” will also allow
products. It is important that the
the customer to approximate head
engineer working with composite pipe

THE FIBERBOND® ENGINEERING GUIDE Page 2

 FIBERBOND®

SUPPORTING
FIBERBOND® PIPING Table 1 Temperature Correction Factors
SYSTEMS 20FR-E,
Supports are designed into a piping 20HV, 20JF,
system to prevent excessive Temperature 20HV-D, 20JF16, 110FW
deflection due to the pipe and fluid 20HV(FDA) 20FR16,
weight. When the mid-span 20FR20
deflection is limited to 0.5 in., the Ambient 1.00 1.00 1.00
bending stress on the pipeline is 150F (65c) 1.00 1.00 1.00
normally below the allowable 175F (79c) 0.93 0.96 0.99
levels of the pipe and fittings. 200F (93c) 0.92 0.99
However, in designs that are more 225F (107c) N/R 0.98
stringent it may be necessary to use N/R
250F (121c) 0.97
shorter spacing. This can be true if Correction factors are equivalent to 3.5% per 10°F rise above 150°F for
there are a number of heavy in-line 20HV, and 20HV-D, 1.5% per 10°F for 20FR-E, 20FR-16, 20FR20,
components, such as valves, in the and 20JF, and 0.25% per 10°F for 110FW.
system, or if the design pressure
and/or temperature are near the
for the Types I, II, III, and IV
product limits. Once support
support conditions.
spacing is calculated, the maximum
stress levels should be determined.
Above 150°F, the support spacing
Support conditions are defined as
may have to be degraded per the
Type I, II, III, or IV. The standard
Temperature Correction Factors
commonly used is the Type II
Table to account for the lower
condition in which the pipe spans
modulus values.
two or more supports. The Types I,
III, and IV conditions refer to
single-span, triple-span, and fixed-
ends, respectively. For very short
runs and anchor locations, these
conditions should be considered.
Refer to the Support Types diagram

Figure 1 Support Type Loading Conditions

Page 3 APRIL 2016 EDITION

 FIBERBOND®

Table 2 Recommended Support Spacing (feet and meters)*

Size 20HV 20JF 110FW 20FR16 20FR20 20C
20FR-E
2in. 9.8 - 12.8 7.8 - 11.8 8.1 - 11.7 9.8 - 12.8 9.8 - 12.8 9.8 - 12.2
(3.0 - 3.9) (2.3 - 3.6) (2.5 - 3.6) (3.0 - 3.9) (3.0 - 3.9) (3.0 - 3.7)
3in. 10.6 - 14.5 8.9 - 13.6 8.6 - 13.1 10.6 - 14.5 10.6 - 14.5 10.6 - 13.8
(3.2 - 4.4) (2.7 - 4.1) (2.6 - 4.0) (3.2 - 4.4) (3.2 - 4.4) (3.2 - 4.2)
4in. 11.1 - 15.8 9.6 - 15.0 8.9 - 14.2 11.1 - 15.8 11.1 - 15.8 11.1 - 15.0
(3.4 - 4.8) (2.9 - 4.6) (2.7 - 4.3) (3.4 - 4.8) (3.4 - 4.8) (3.4 - 4.6)
6in. 12.9 - 18.8 11.6 - 18.1 11.0 - 17.3 11.7 - 17.8 12.7 - 18.6 11.7 - 16.9
(3.9 - 5.7) (3.5 - 5.5) (3.3 - 5.3) (3.5 - 5.4) (3.8 - 5.7) (3.5 - 5.1)
8in. 14.5 - 21.3 13.3 - 20.7 12.7 - 20.0 13.5 - 20.5 14.7 - 21.5 13.4 - 19.3
(4.4 - 6.5) (4.0 - 6.3) (3.8 - 6.1) (4.1 - 6.3) (4.5 - 6.6) (4.0 - 5.9)
10in. 15.8 - 23.5 14.8 - 23.0 14.2 - 22.3 15.1 - 22.9 16.5 - 24.1 13.6 - 20.6
(4.8 - 7.2) (4.5 - 7.0) (4.3 - 6.8) (4.6 - 7.0) (5.0 - 7.3) (4.1 - 6.3)
12in. 17.1 - 25.6 16.2 - 25.1 15.6 - 24.4 16.5 - 25.1 18.2 - 26.5 15.1 - 22.6
(5.2 - 7.8) (4.9 - 7.6) (4.7 - 7.4) (5.0 - 7.6) (5.5 - 8.1) (4.6 - 6.9)
14in. 16.4 - 26.0 16.9 - 26.5 18.0 - 27.3 18.8 - 28.0 16.4 - 24.6
(5.0 - 7.9) (5.1 - 8.1) (5.4 - 8.3) (5.7 - 8.5) (5.0 - 7.5)
16in. 17.6 - 27.8 18.0 - 28.3 19.2 - 29.2 20.1 - 29.9 17.6 - 26.4
(5.3 - 8.5) (5.5 - 8.6) (5.8 - 8.9) (6.1 - 9.0) (5.3 - 8.0)
18in. 18.7 - 29.6 19.1 - 30.0 20.3 - 30.0 21.4 - 30.0 18.7 - 28.0
(5.7 - 9.0) (5.8 - 9.0) (6.2 - 9.0) (6.5 - 9.0) (5.7 - 8.5)
20in. 19.8 - 30.0 20.2 - 30.0 21.4 - 30.0 19.8 - 29.6
(6.0 - 9.0) (6.1 - 9.0) (6.5 - 9.0) (6.0 - 9.0)
24in. 21.7 - 30.0 22.1 - 30.0 23.5 - 30.0 21.7 - 30.0
(6.6 - 9.0) (6.7 - 9.0) (7.1 - 9.0) (6.6 - 9.0)
30in. 20.3 - 30.0 20.8 - 30.0 21.7 - 30.0 20.3 - 30.0
(6.2 - 9.0) (6.3 - 9.0) (6.6 - 9.0) (6.2 - 9.0)
36in. 22.3 - 30.0 22.8 - 30.0 23.8 - 30.0 22.3 - 30.0
(6.8 - 9.0) (6.9 - 9.0) (7.2 - 9.0) (6.8 - 9.0)
42in. 17.4 - 30.0 18.0 - 30.0 21.3 - 30.0 17.4 - 30.0
(5.3 - 9.0) (5.4 - 9.0) (6.5 - 9.0) (5.3 - 9.0)
48in. 18.6 - 30.0 19.2 - 30.0 22.8 - 30.0 18.6 - 30.0
(5.6 - 9.1) (5.8 - 9.0) (6.9 - 9.0) (5.6 - 9.0)
*Table is based on Eq.1 and Eq.2 in appendix II. Valid for water and seawater (s.g. = 1.0 to 1.03). The max-recommended
support spacing is 30ft (9m). Spans are based on a maximum deflection of 0.50in (12.5mm) and a maximum bending stress that
varies from 500psi (3.4MPa) to 1,500psi (10.3MPa). The smaller value is for piping sections with heavy in-line components or
very short runs of piping. The higher value is for long straight runs of piping. e.g., for 10" 20FR-E pipe, spans up to 15.8ft (4.8m)
should be used for short runs of piping or piping with valves and spans up to 23.5ft (7.2m) can be used for long straight runs of
piping.

THE FIBERBOND® ENGINEERING GUIDE Page 4

 FIBERBOND®

CALCULATING temperature use, thus making temperature change and total

thermal expansion linear. expansion. Future Pipe Industries
EXPANSION feels that a better design will result
Thermal Expansion from this approach.
The length change for any Pressure Expansion
aboveground piping system must Although generally neglected, axial
be calculated. The thermal expansion due to internal pressure
expansion of contact molded and can sometimes be in equal
filament wound fiberglass pipe in magnitude to thermal expansion
the axial direction is generally two due to the low modulus values of
to five times greater than that of fiberglass pipe. The result is a
some steels, thus making it significant pressure expansion,
important to adequately design for which must be taken into account to
these length changes. The thermal achieve accurate results.
expansion of fiberglass pipe is a Throughout the rest of this design
function of the expansion guide, Future Pipe Industries
coefficient, temperature change, recommends that both thermal and
and the total length of the piping pressure expansion be included in
system. Thermal expansion the design calculations when
coefficients of FRP are generally justified. Thus, the Anchor Loads
constant over their designed tables, Guide Spacing tables, etc.,
provide data according to

Table 3 Thermal Expansion*

DT (deg F) Expansion DT (deg F) Expansion DT (deg Expansion
(in./100ft) (in./100ft) C) (mm/m)
5 0.06 105 1.26 5 0.09
10 0.12 110 1.32 10 0.18
15 0.18 115 1.38 15 0.27
20 0.24 120 1.44 20 0.36
25 0.30 125 1.50 25 0.45
30 0.36 130 1.56 30 0.54
35 0.42 135 1.62 35 0.63
40 0.48 140 1.68 40 0.72
45 0.54 145 1.74 45 0.81
50 0.60 150 1.80 50 0.90
55 0.66 155 1.86 55 0.99
60 0.72 160 1.92 60 1.08
65 0.78 165 1.98 65 1.17
70 0.84 170 2.04 70 1.26
75 0.90 175 2.10 75 1.35
80 0.96 180 2.16 80 1.44
85 1.02 185 2.22 85 1.53
90 1.08 190 2.28 90 1.62
95 1.14 195 2.34 95 1.71
100 1.20 200 2.40 100 1.80

*Table is based on Eq 3 in appendix II

Page 5 APRIL 2016 EDITION

 FIBERBOND®

Table 4 Pressure Expansion (in/100ft and mm/m) @ 50psig (3.4barg)*

Size 20HV 20JF 110FW 20FR16 20FR20 20C
20FR-E
2in. 0.023 0.015 0.038 0.023 0.023 0.029
(0.019) (0.012) (0.032) (0.019) (0.019) (0.024)
3in. 0.033 0.020 0.054 0.033 0.033 0.040
(0.027) (0.017) (0.045) (0.027) (0.027) (0.034)
4in. 0.042 0.025 0.069 0.042 0.042 0.052
(0.035) (0.021) (0.057) (0.035) (0.035) (0.043)
6in. 0.049 0.031 0.070 0.061 0.051 0.075
(0.040) (0.026) (0.058) (0.050) (0.042) (0.063)
8in. 0.053 0.036 0.071 0.062 0.051 0.078
(0.044) (0.030) (0.059) (0.051) (0.042) (0.065)
10in. 0.056 0.040 0.071 0.062 0.051 0.096
(0.047) (0.033) (0.059) (0.052) (0.043) (0.080)
12in. 0.058 0.043 0.071 0.063 0.050 0.095
(0.048) (0.036) (0.060) (0.052) (0.042) (0.079)
14in. 0.078 0.073 0.063 0.057 0.096
(0.065) (0.061) (0.053) (0.048) (0.080)
16in. 0.077 0.073 0.063 0.057 0.095
(0.064) (0.061) (0.053) (0.048) (0.080)
18in. 0.077 0.073 0.064 0.057 0.095
(0.064) (0.061) (0.053) (0.047) (0.079)
20in. 0.076 0.073 0.064 0.094
(0.063) (0.061) (0.053) (0.079)
24in. 0.076 0.073 0.063 0.094
(0.063) (0.061) (0.053) (0.078)
30in. 0.112 0.106 0.097 0.138
(0.093) (0.089) (0.081) (0.115)
36in. 0.111 0.106 0.097 0.137
(0.092) (0.089) (0.081) (0.114)
42in. 0.221 0.205 0.144 0.274
(0.184) (0.171) (0.120) (0.229)
48in. 0.220 0.206 0.144 0.272
(0.183) (0.172) (0.120) (0.227)

*Table is based on Eq.4 in appendix II with P = 50psig. For design conditions, multiply the value in this
table by (P/50) if P is in psig or (P/3.4) if P is in bar.

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 FIBERBOND®

CONTROLLING tables in this section account for the

thermal and pressure expansion of
EXPANSION FIBERBOND® Engineered
Anchor Loads Composite Piping Systems. To use
One advantage in the design of these tables, refer to the system
fiberglass piping systems is the low design pressure and temperature.
modulus values. In general, For more conservative results the
fiberglass pipe tensile modulus degradation of moduli and strength
values are 1/15th to 1/30th that of are neglected in the equations.
steel. One immediate benefit of this
mechanical property is the small
end loads created from temperature
and pressure effects, allowing
lighter anchors. For anchor-to-
anchor conditions, it is normally
not necessary to include pressure
expansion in the design as pressure
effects only occur at direction
changes. However, for each design
case the pressure effects need
assessment. The Anchor Loads

Table 5 Anchor Loads (lbs) – Series 20HV, 20FR-E, 20JF*

Series 20HV and 20FR-E Series 20JF
Size Temperature Change (deg F) Temperature Change (deg F)
20 60 100 140 20 60 100 140
Expansion (in./100 ft) Expansion (in./100 ft)
0.24 0.72 1.20 1.68 0.24 0.72 1.20 1.68
2in. 495 1,484 2,474 3,464 938 2,814 4,690 6,566
3in. 715 2,144 3,574 5,003 1,323 3,969 6,615 9,260
4in. 935 2,804 4,673 6,542 1,708 5,123 8,539 11,954
6in. 1,735 5,206 8,676 12,147 2,859 8,577 14,294 20,012
8in. 2,763 8,288 13,813 19,338 4,237 12,710 21,184 29,657
10in. 4,017 12,050 20,084 28,118 5,841 17,524 29,207 40,890
12in. 5,498 16,493 27,489 38,485 7,673 23,019 38,364 53,710
14in. 5,652 16,957 28,262 39,567
16in. 7,367 22,101 36,835 51,569
18in. 9,308 27,925 46,542 65,159
20in. 11,477 34,430 57,383 80,336
24in. 16,493 49,480 82,467 115,454
30in. 16,974 50,923 84,872 118,821
36in. 24,410 73,231 122,051 170,871
42in. 16,428 49,284 82,140 114,997
48in. 21,441 64,324 107,207 150,090

*Table is based on Eq.5 in appendix II

Page 7 APRIL 2016 EDITION

 FIBERBOND®

Figure 2 Anchors are placed along straight runs of piping to alleviate expansion, especially in higher
temperature systems (above 150F, 65c).

Table 6 Anchor Loads (lbs) – Series 110FW, 20C*

Series 110FW Series 20C
Size Temperature Change (deg F) Temperature Change (deg F)
20 60 100 140 20 60 100 140
Expansion (in./100 ft) Expansion (in./100 ft)
0.24 0.72 1.20 1.68 0.24 0.72 1.20 1.68
2in. 495 1,484 2,474 3,464 399 1,198 1,997 2,796
3in. 715 2,144 3,574 5,003 577 1,731 2,884 4,038
4in. 935 2,804 4,673 6,542 754 2,263 3,772 5,281
6in. 1,735 5,206 8,676 12,147 1,109 3,328 5,547 7,766
8in. 2,763 8,288 13,813 19,338 1,844 5,533 9,222 12,910
10in. 4,017 12,050 20,084 28,118 2,288 6,864 11,440 16,017
12in. 5,498 16,493 27,489 38,485 3,295 9,885 16,474 23,064
14in. 7,329 21,988 36,646 51,305 4,562 13,687 22,812 31,936
16in. 9,278 27,833 46,388 64,943 5,946 17,839 29,731 41,624
18in. 11,453 34,358 57,263 80,168 7,513 22,540 37,566 52,593
20in. 13,854 41,563 69,272 96,981 9,263 27,790 46,316 64,843
24in. 19,338 58,015 96,692 135,369 13,312 39,937 66,562 93,187
30in. 20,452 61,355 102,259 143,162 13,701 41,102 68,504 95,905
36in. 28,575 85,724 142,874 200,023 19,702 59,107 98,512 137,917
42in. 21,184 63,551 105,918 148,286 13,260 39,779 66,299 92,819
48in. 26,870 80,611 134,352 188,093 17,306 51,919 86,531 121,144

*Table is based on Eq.5 in appendix II

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 FIBERBOND®

Table 7 Anchor Loads (lbs) – Series 20FR16, 20FR20*

Series 20FR16 Series 20FR20
Size Temperature Change (deg F) Temperature Change (deg F)
20 60 100 140 20 60 100 140
Expansion (in./100 ft) Expansion (in./100 ft)
0.24 0.72 1.20 1.68 0.24 0.72 1.20 1.68
2in. 495 1,484 2,474 3,464 495 1,484 2,474 3,464
3in. 715 2,144 3,574 5,003 715 2,144 3,574 5,003
4in. 935 2,804 4,673 6,542 935 2,804 4,673 6,542
6in. 1,374 4,123 6,872 9,621 1,663 4,988 8,313 11,638
8in. 2,342 7,026 11,710 16,394 2,878 8,635 14,391 20,148
10in. 3,564 10,693 17,822 24,951 4,425 13,275 22,125 30,975
12in. 5,042 15,125 25,209 35,292 6,418 19,255 32,091 44,928
14in. 7,025 21,076 35,127 49,178 7,838 23,513 39,188 54,864
16in. 9,047 27,140 45,234 63,328 10,127 30,381 50,634 70,888
18in. 11,323 33,969 56,616 79,262 12,883 38,648 64,414 90,179
20in. 13,854 41,563 69,272 96,981
24in. 19,911 59,732 99,554 139,376
30in. 19,615 58,844 98,073 137,303
36in. 28,074 84,221 140,368 196,515
42in. 25,295 75,886 126,477 177,068
48in. 32,765 98,294 163,824 229,353

*Table is based on Eq.5 in appendix II

Page 9 APRIL 2016 EDITION

 Table 8 Anchor Loads (kN)
Series 20HV, 20FR-E, 20JF, 20HV-C, 20HV(FDA), 20FR-EC, 20JF-C*
Size Series 20HV and 20FR-E Series 20JF
Temperature Change (deg C) Temperature Change (deg C)
10 30 50 70 90 10 30 50 70 90
Expansion (mm/m) Expansion (mm/m)
0.18 0.54 0.90 1.26 1.62 0.18 0.54 0.90 1.26 1.62
Anchor Load (kN) Anchor Load (kN)
1" 1.1 3.3 5.5 7.7 10.0 2.2 6.7 11.1 15.6 20.0
1.5" 1.5 4.6 7.7 10.8 13.9 3.0 9.0 15.0 21.0 27.0
2" 2.0 6.0 10.0 13.9 17.9 3.8 11.3 18.9 26.4 34.0
2.5" 2.4 7.3 12.2 17.0 21.9 4.5 13.6 22.7 31.8 40.9
3" 2.9 8.6 14.4 20.1 25.9 5.3 16.0 26.6 37.3 47.9
4" 3.8 11.3 18.8 26.3 33.8 6.9 20.6 34.4 48.1 61.8
5" 4.8 14.3 23.8 33.3 42.8 8.3 25.0 41.6 58.3 74.9
6" 7.0 20.9 34.9 48.9 62.8 11.5 34.5 57.5 80.5 103.5
8" 11.1 33.3 55.6 77.8 100.0 17.0 51.1 85.2 119.3 153.4
10" 16.2 48.5 80.8 113.1 145.4 23.5 70.5 117.5 164.5 211.5
12" 22.1 66.4 110.6 154.8 199.1 30.9 92.6 154.3 216.1 277.8

14" 22.7 68.2 113.7 159.2 204.7 32.9 98.7 164.5 230.3 296.1
16" 29.6 88.9 148.2 207.5 266.7 41.2 123.6 206.0 288.5 370.9
18" 37.4 112.3 187.2 262.1 337.0 50.4 151.3 252.1 353.0 453.9
20" 46.2 138.5 230.9 323.2 415.5
24" 66.3 199.0 331.7 464.4 597.1

30" 68.3 204.9 341.4 478.0 614.6

36" 98.2 294.6 491.0 687.4 883.8
42" 66.1 198.3 330.4 462.6 594.8
48" 86.3 258.8 431.3 603.8 776.3
54" 109.1 327.3 545.5 763.8 982.0
60" 134.6 403.9 673.2 942.4 1211.7

* Table is based on Equation 5 in Appendix II.

APRIL 2016
 FIBERBOND®
Table 9 Anchor Loads (kN)
Series 110FW, 20C*
Size Series 110FW Series 20C
Temperature Change (deg C) Temperature Change (deg C)
10 30 50 70 90 10 30 50 70 90
Expansion (mm/m) Expansion (mm/m)
0.18 0.54 0.90 1.26 1.62 0.18 0.54 0.90 1.26 1.62
Anchor Load (kN) Anchor Load (kN)
1" 1.1 3.3 5.5 7.7 10.0 1.1 3.3 5.5 7.7 10.0
1.5" 1.5 4.6 7.7 10.8 13.9 1.5 4.6 7.7 10.8 13.9
2" 2.0 6.0 10.0 13.9 17.9 2.0 6.0 10.0 13.9 17.9
2.5" 2.4 7.3 12.2 17.0 21.9 2.4 7.3 12.2 17.0 21.9
3" 2.9 8.6 14.4 20.1 25.9 2.9 8.6 14.4 20.1 25.9
4" 3.8 11.3 18.8 26.3 33.8 3.8 11.3 18.8 26.3 33.8
5" 4.6 13.9 23.2 32.5 41.8 4.6 13.9 23.2 32.5 41.8
6" 7.0 20.9 34.9 48.9 62.8 5.5 16.6 27.6 38.7 49.8
8" 11.1 33.3 55.6 77.8 100.0 9.2 27.6 46.0 64.3 82.7
10" 16.2 48.5 80.8 113.1 145.4 11.4 34.2 57.0 79.8 102.6
12" 22.1 66.4 110.6 154.8 199.1 16.4 49.3 82.1 115.0 147.8

14" 29.5 88.5 147.4 206.4 265.4 22.7 68.2 113.7 159.2 204.7
16" 37.3 112.0 186.6 261.3 335.9 29.6 88.9 148.2 207.5 266.7
18" 46.1 138.2 230.4 322.5 414.7 37.4 112.3 187.2 262.1 337.0
20" 55.7 167.2 278.7 390.2 501.6 46.2 138.5 230.9 323.2 415.5
24" 77.8 233.4 389.0 544.6 700.2 66.4 199.1 331.8 464.5 597.2

30" 82.3 246.8 411.4 575.9 740.5 68.3 204.9 341.4 478.0 614.6
36" 115.0 344.9 574.8 804.7 1034.6 98.2 294.6 491.0 687.4 883.8
42" 85.2 255.7 426.1 596.6 767.0 66.1 198.3 330.5 462.6 594.8
48" 108.1 324.3 540.5 756.7 972.9 86.3 258.8 431.3 603.8 776.3
54" 133.7 401.0 668.3 935.6 1202.9 109.1 327.3 545.5 763.8 982.0
60" 161.9 485.7 809.5 1133.3 1457.1 134.6 403.9 673.2 942.5 1211.8

* Table is based on Equation 5 in Appendix II.

Page 11 APRIL 2016 EDITION

 FIBERBOND®
Table 10 Anchor Loads (kN)
Series 20FR16, 20FR16-C, 20FR20, 20FR20-C*
Size Series 20FR16 Series 20FR20
Temperature Change (deg C) Temperature Change (deg C)
10 30 50 70 90 10 30 50 70 90
Expansion (mm/m) Expansion (mm/m)
0.18 0.54 0.90 1.26 1.62 0.18 0.54 0.90 1.26 1.62
Anchor Load (kN) Anchor Load (kN)
1" 1.1 3.3 5.5 7.7 10.0 1.1 3.3 5.5 7.7 10.0
1.5" 1.5 4.6 7.7 10.8 13.9 1.5 4.6 7.7 10.8 13.9
2" 2.0 6.0 10.0 13.9 17.9 2.0 6.0 10.0 13.9 17.9
2.5" 2.4 7.3 12.2 17.0 21.9 2.4 7.3 12.2 17.0 21.9
3" 2.9 8.6 14.4 20.1 25.9 2.9 8.6 14.4 20.1 25.9
4" 3.8 11.3 18.8 26.3 33.8 3.8 11.3 18.8 26.3 33.8
5" 4.6 13.9 23.2 32.5 41.8 4.6 13.9 23.2 32.5 41.8
6" 5.5 16.6 27.6 38.7 49.8 6.7 20.1 33.4 46.8 60.2
8" 9.4 28.3 47.1 66.0 84.8 11.6 34.7 57.9 81.1 104.2
10" 14.3 43.0 71.7 100.4 129.1 17.8 53.4 89.0 124.6 160.2
12" 20.3 60.8 101.4 142.0 182.5 25.8 77.5 129.1 180.7 232.4

14" 28.3 84.8 141.3 197.8 254.4 31.5 94.6 157.7 220.7 283.8
16" 36.4 109.2 182.0 254.8 327.6 40.7 122.2 203.7 285.2 366.7
18" 45.6 136.7 227.8 318.9 410.0 51.8 155.5 259.1 362.8 466.5
20" 55.7 167.2 278.7 390.2 501.6
24" 80.1 240.3 400.5 560.7 720.9

30" 78.9 236.7 394.6 552.4 710.2

36" 112.9 338.8 564.7 790.6 1016.5
42" 101.8 305.3 508.8 712.4 915.9
48" 131.8 395.4 659.1 922.7 1186.3
54" 85.2 255.5 425.8 596.1 766.4
60" 103.2 309.5 515.8 722.1 928.4

* Table is based on Equation 5 in Appendix II.

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 FIBERBOND®
Guide Spacing modulus values degrade above
150°F at similar rates, the ratio will
In the pipe wall, compressive forces
not be affected. The recommended
from expansion may result in guide spacing design, however,
buckling, and in general, instability, does not take into account the
unless the piping system is properly
combined loading effects of
restrained with guides. Guides are
buckling and dead weight. If a more
rigidly fixed to the supporting
conservative design is desired, this
structure to provide pipe support
phenomenon should be investigated
and prevent buckling due to further. Since guides act as
expansion while still allowing the supports, the guide spacing should
pipe to move in the axial direction.
be designed with the support
Under normal conditions, the linear
spacing for optimum results. The
expansion of the piping system
guide spacing data is based on fixed
between anchor points can be ends. If the system has direction
controlled without exceeding the changes, expansion loops, or
allowable axial stress levels of the
expansion joints, guide spacing
pipe and fittings. The bending-
may be increased. This increase is
compressive modulus ratio that is
dependent upon a total system
used is only valid at ambient evaluation.
temperatures. However, if the

Table 11 Guide Spacing (ft) – Series 20HV, 20FR-E, 20JF*

Series 20HV, 20FR-E Series 20JF
Size Temperature Change (deg F) Temperature Change (deg F)
20 60 100 140 20 60 100 140
Expansion (in./100 ft) Expansion (in./100 ft)
0.24 0.72 1.20 1.68 0.24 0.72 1.20 1.68
2in. 14.9 8.6 6.7 5.6 14.9 8.6 6.7 5.6
3in. 21.5 12.4 9.6 8.1 21.5 12.4 9.6 8.1
4in. 28.0 16.2 12.5 10.6 28.0 16.2 12.5 10.6
6in. 41.5 24.0 18.6 15.7 41.5 24.0 18.6 15.7
8in. 55.0 31.8 24.6 20.8 55.0 31.8 24.6 20.8
10in. 68.5 39.5 30.6 25.9 68.5 39.5 30.6 25.9
12in. 82.0 47.3 36.7 31.0 82.0 47.3 36.7 31.0
14in. 96.3 55.6 43.1 36.4
16in. 109.8 63.4 49.1 41.5
18in. 123.3 71.2 55.1 46.6
20in. 136.8 79.0 61.2 51.7
24in. 163.8 94.6 73.3 61.9
30in. 202.2 116.8 90.4 76.4
36in. 242.3 139.9 108.4 91.6
42in. 279.5 161.4 125.0 105.7
48in. 319.2 184.3 142.8 120.7

*Table is based on Eq.6 in appendix II

Page 13 APRIL 2016 EDITION

 FIBERBOND®

Figure 3 Guides are added to control expansion and prevent buckling and instability in the system.

Table 12 Guide Spacing (ft) – Series 110FW, 20C*

Series 110FW Series 20C
Size Temperature Change (deg F) Temperature Change (deg F)
20 60 100 140 20 60 100 140
Expansion (in./100 ft) Expansion (in./100 ft)
0.24 0.72 1.20 1.68 0.24 0.72 1.20 1.68
2in. 15.5 8.9 6.9 5.8 14.9 8.6 6.7 5.6
3in. 22.0 12.7 9.8 8.3 21.5 12.4 9.6 8.1
4in. 28.6 16.5 12.8 10.8 28.0 16.2 12.5 10.6
6in. 42.1 24.3 18.8 15.9 41.1 23.7 18.4 15.5
8in. 55.6 32.1 24.8 21.0 54.6 31.5 24.4 20.6
10in. 69.1 39.9 30.9 26.1 67.7 39.1 30.3 25.6
12in. 82.6 47.7 36.9 31.2 81.2 46.9 36.3 30.7
14in. 97.7 56.4 43.7 36.9 96.3 55.6 43.1 36.4
16in. 111.2 64.2 49.7 42.0 109.8 63.4 49.1 41.5
18in. 124.7 72.0 55.8 47.1 123.3 71.2 55.1 46.6
20in. 138.2 79.8 61.8 52.2 136.8 79.0 61.2 51.7
24in. 165.2 95.4 73.9 62.5 163.8 94.6 73.3 61.9
30in. 203.7 117.6 91.1 77.0 202.2 116.8 90.4 76.4
36in. 243.8 140.7 109.0 92.1 242.3 139.9 108.4 91.6
42in. 280.9 162.2 125.6 106.2 279.5 161.4 125.0 105.7
48in. 320.6 185.1 143.4 121.2 319.2 184.3 142.8 120.7

*Table is based on Eq.6 in appendix II

THE FIBERBOND® ENGINEERING GUIDE Page 14

 FIBERBOND®

Table 13 Guide Spacing (ft) – Series 20FR16, 20FR20*

Series 20FR16 Series 20FR20
Size Temperature Change (deg F) Temperature Change (deg F)
20 60 100 140 20 60 100 140
Expansion (in./100 ft) Expansion (in./100 ft)
0.24 0.72 1.20 1.68 0.24 0.72 1.20 1.68
2in. 14.9 8.6 6.7 5.6 14.9 8.6 6.7 5.6
3in. 21.5 12.4 9.6 8.1 21.5 12.4 9.6 8.1
4in. 28.0 16.2 12.5 10.6 28.0 16.2 12.5 10.6
6in. 41.1 23.7 18.4 15.5 41.4 23.9 18.5 15.6
8in. 54.6 31.5 24.4 20.6 55.1 31.8 24.6 20.8
10in. 68.2 39.4 30.5 25.8 68.8 39.7 30.8 26.0
12in. 81.7 47.2 36.6 30.9 82.5 47.7 36.9 31.2
14in. 97.0 56.0 43.4 36.7 97.4 56.2 43.6 36.8
16in. 110.5 63.8 49.4 41.8 111.0 64.1 49.7 42.0
18in. 124.1 71.7 55.5 46.9 124.7 72.0 55.8 47.1
20in. 137.7 79.5 61.6 52.0
24in. 164.8 95.2 73.7 62.3
30in. 202.9 117.1 90.7 76.7
36in. 243.1 140.3 108.7 91.9
42in. 281.1 162.3 125.7 106.2
48in. 320.9 185.3 143.5 121.3

*Table is based on Eq.6 in appendix II

Page 15 APRIL 2016 EDITION

 Table 14 Guide Spacing (m)
Series 20HV, 20FR-E, 20JF, 20HV-C, 20HV(FDA), 20FR-EC, 20JF-C*
Size Series 20HV and 20FR-E Series 20JF
Temperature Change (deg C) Temperature Change (deg C)
10 30 50 70 90 10 30 50 70 90
Expansion (mm/m) Expansion (mm/m)
0.18 0.54 0.90 1.26 1.62 0.18 0.54 0.90 1.26 1.62
Anchor Load (kN) Anchor Load (kN)
1" 2.7 1.6 1.2 1.0 0.9 2.7 1.6 1.2 1.0 0.9
1.5" 3.8 2.2 1.7 1.4 1.3 3.8 2.2 1.7 1.4 1.3
2" 4.8 2.8 2.1 1.8 1.6 4.8 2.8 2.1 1.8 1.6
2.5" 5.8 3.4 2.6 2.2 1.9 5.8 3.4 2.6 2.2 1.9
3" 6.9 4.0 3.1 2.6 2.3 6.9 4.0 3.1 2.6 2.3
4" 9.0 5.2 4.0 3.4 3.0 9.0 5.2 4.0 3.4 3.0
5" 11.1 6.4 5.0 4.2 3.7 11.1 6.4 5.0 4.2 3.7
6" 13.3 7.7 6.0 5.0 4.4 13.3 7.7 6.0 5.0 4.4
8" 17.7 10.2 7.9 6.7 5.9 17.7 10.2 7.9 6.7 5.9
10" 22.0 12.7 9.8 8.3 7.3 22.0 12.7 9.8 8.3 7.3
12" 26.3 15.2 11.8 10.0 8.8 26.3 15.2 11.8 10.0 8.8

14" 30.9 17.9 13.8 11.7 10.3 30.9 17.9 13.8 11.7 10.3
16" 35.3 20.4 15.8 13.3 11.8 35.3 20.4 15.8 13.3 11.8
18" 39.6 22.9 17.7 15.0 13.2 39.6 22.9 17.7 15.0 13.2
20" 44.0 25.4 19.7 16.6 14.7
24" 52.6 30.4 23.5 19.9 17.5

30" 65.0 37.5 29.1 24.6 21.7

36" 77.9 45.0 34.8 29.4 26.0
42" 89.8 51.9 40.2 33.9 29.9
48" 102.6 59.2 45.9 38.8 34.2
54" 115.3 66.6 51.6 43.6 38.4
60" 128.1 73.9 57.3 48.4 42.7

* Table is based on Equation 6 in Appendix II.

APRIL 2016
 FIBERBOND®
Table 15 Guide Spacing (m)
Series 110FW, 20C*
Size Series 110FW Series 20C
Temperature Change (deg C) Temperature Change (deg C)
10 30 50 70 90 10 30 50 70 90
Expansion (mm/m) Expansion (mm/m)
0.18 0.54 0.90 1.26 1.62 0.18 0.54 0.90 1.26 1.62
Anchor Load (kN) Anchor Load (kN)
1" 3.4 2.0 1.5 1.3 1.1 2.7 1.6 1.2 1.0 0.9
1.5" 4.8 2.8 2.2 1.8 1.6 3.8 2.2 1.7 1.4 1.3
2" 6.2 3.6 2.8 2.3 2.1 4.8 2.8 2.1 1.8 1.6
2.5" 7.6 4.4 3.4 2.9 2.5 5.8 3.4 2.6 2.2 1.9
3" 9.0 5.2 4.0 3.4 3.0 6.9 4.0 3.1 2.6 2.3
4" 11.8 6.8 5.3 4.5 3.9 9.0 5.2 4.0 3.4 3.0
5" 14.6 8.4 6.5 5.5 4.9 11.1 6.4 5.0 4.2 3.7
6" 16.4 9.5 7.3 6.2 5.5 13.2 7.6 5.9 5.0 4.4
8" 20.8 12.0 9.3 7.9 6.9 17.5 10.1 7.8 6.6 5.8
10" 25.3 14.6 11.3 9.5 8.4 21.7 12.5 9.7 8.2 7.2
12" 29.7 17.1 13.3 11.2 9.9 26.1 15.1 11.7 9.9 8.7

14" 34.6 20.0 15.5 13.1 11.5 30.9 17.9 13.8 11.7 10.3
16" 39.0 22.5 17.4 14.7 13.0 35.3 20.4 15.8 13.3 11.8
18" 43.4 25.0 19.4 16.4 14.5 39.6 22.9 17.7 15.0 13.2
20" 47.7 27.5 21.3 18.0 15.9 44.0 25.4 19.7 16.6 14.7
24" 56.4 32.6 25.2 21.3 18.8 52.6 30.4 23.5 19.9 17.5

30" 70.5 40.7 31.5 26.6 23.5 65.0 37.5 29.1 24.6 21.7
36" 83.4 48.1 37.3 31.5 27.8 77.9 45.0 34.8 29.4 26.0
42" 100.3 57.9 44.8 37.9 33.4 89.8 51.9 40.2 33.9 29.9
48" 113.1 65.3 50.6 42.7 37.7 102.6 59.2 45.9 38.8 34.2
54" 125.9 72.7 56.3 47.6 42.0 115.3 66.6 51.6 43.6 38.4
60" 138.7 80.1 62.0 52.4 46.2 128.1 73.9 57.3 48.4 42.7

* Table is based on Equation 6 in Appendix II.

Page 17 APRIL 2016 EDITION

 FIBERBOND®
Table 16 Guide Spacing (m)
Series 20FR16, 20FR16-C, 20FR20, 20FR20-C*
Size Series 20FR16 Series 20FR20
Temperature Change (deg C) Temperature Change (deg C)
10 30 50 70 90 10 30 50 70 90
Expansion (mm/m) Expansion (mm/m)
0.18 0.54 0.90 1.26 1.62 0.18 0.54 0.90 1.26 1.62
Anchor Load (kN) Anchor Load (kN)
1" 2.7 1.6 1.2 1.0 0.9 2.7 1.6 1.2 1.0 0.9
1.5" 3.8 2.2 1.7 1.4 1.3 3.8 2.2 1.7 1.4 1.3
2" 4.8 2.8 2.1 1.8 1.6 4.8 2.8 2.1 1.8 1.6
2.5" 5.8 3.4 2.6 2.2 1.9 5.8 3.4 2.6 2.2 1.9
3" 6.9 4.0 3.1 2.6 2.3 6.9 4.0 3.1 2.6 2.3
4" 9.0 5.2 4.0 3.4 3.0 9.0 5.2 4.0 3.4 3.0
5" 11.1 6.4 5.0 4.2 3.7 11.1 6.4 5.0 4.2 3.7
6" 13.2 7.6 5.9 5.0 4.4 13.3 7.7 5.9 5.0 4.4
8" 17.5 10.1 7.8 6.6 5.8 17.7 10.2 7.9 6.7 5.9
10" 21.9 12.6 9.8 8.3 7.3 22.1 12.8 9.9 8.4 7.4
12" 26.3 15.2 11.7 9.9 8.8 26.5 15.3 11.9 10.0 8.8

14" 31.2 18.0 13.9 11.8 10.4 31.3 18.1 14.0 11.8 10.4
16" 35.5 20.5 15.9 13.4 11.8 35.7 20.6 16.0 13.5 11.9
18" 39.9 23.0 17.8 15.1 13.3 40.1 23.1 17.9 15.1 13.4
20" 44.2 25.5 19.8 16.7 14.7
24" 53.0 30.6 23.7 20.0 17.7

30" 65.2 37.6 29.2 24.6 21.7

36" 78.1 45.1 34.9 29.5 26.0
42" 90.3 52.1 40.4 34.1 30.1
48" 103.1 59.5 46.1 39.0 34.4
54" 115.0 66.4 51.5 43.5 38.3
60" 127.8 73.8 57.1 48.3 42.6

* Table is based on Equation 6 in Appendix II.

THE FIBERBOND® ENGINEERING GUIDE Page 18

 FIBERBOND®
Guide Spacing for Direction in the fiberglass fittings, and the distance to the first guide or
Changes specifically elbows, at directional hanger. The equation used by
Directional changes, as part of the changes must be kept below the Future Pipe Industries
geometry of the piping system, can allowable bending stress level of approximates a cantilever beam
alleviate the stresses created due to the pipe and fittings. The stress deflected due to thermal and
thermal and pressure expansion. level in the pipe and fittings pressure expansion. There are more
However, the stress levels created depends on the total length change accurate equations, however, since

Table 17 Guide Spacing at Direction Changes (ft and m) – All Series*

Size Series 20HV, 20FR-E Series 20JF
Total Expansion (in. and mm) Total Expansion (in. and mm)
0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5
(12.5) (37.5) (62.5) (87.5) (12.5) (37.5) (62.5) (87.5)
2in. 5.3 9.2 11.8 14.0 5.7 9.8 12.7 15.0
(1.6) (2.8) (3.6) (4.2) (1.7) (3.0) (3.8) (4.5)
3in. 6.3 10.8 14.0 16.6 6.6 11.4 14.7 17.4
(1.9) (3.3) (4.2) (5.0) (2.0) (3.5) (4.5) (5.3)
4in. 7.1 12.3 15.9 18.8 7.4 12.8 16.5 19.5
(2.1) (3.7) (4.8) (5.7) (2.2) (3.9) (5.0) (5.9)
6in. 8.6 14.9 19.2 22.8 8.8 15.3 19.8 23.4
(2.6) (4.5) (5.8) (6.9) (2.7) (4.6) (6.0) (7.1)
8in. 9.9 17.1 22.1 26.2 10.1 17.5 22.6 26.7
(3.0) (5.2) (6.7) (7.9) (3.1) (5.3) (6.8) (8.1)
10in. 11.0 19.1 24.7 29.2 11.2 19.4 25.1 29.7
(3.3) (5.8) (7.5) (8.8) (3.4) (5.9) (7.6) (9.0)
12in. 12.1 20.9 27.0 31.9 12.2 21.2 27.3 32.4
(3.7) (6.3) (8.2) (9.7) (3.7) (6.4) (8.3) (9.8)
14in. 13.0 22.5 29.1 34.4
(3.9) (6.8) (8.8) (10.4)
16in. 13.9 24.1 31.1 36.7
(4.2) (7.3) (9.4) (11.1)
18in. 14.7 25.5 32.9 38.9
(4.5) (7.7) (10.0) (11.8)
20in. 15.5 26.9 34.7 41.0
(4.7) (8.1) (10.5) (12.4)
24in. 17.0 29.4 37.9 44.9
(5.1) (8.9) (11.5) (13.6)
30in. 18.8 32.5 42.0 49.7
(5.7) (9.8) (12.7) (15.0)
36in. 20.5 35.6 45.9 54.4
(6.2) (10.8) (13.9) (16.5)
42in. 22.0 38.0 49.1 58.1
(6.7) (11.5) (14.9) (17.6)
48in. 23.5 40.6 52.5 62.1
(7.1) (12.3) (15.9) (18.8)

*Table is based on Eq.7 in appendix II; since the values in this table are a function of the pipe O.D., the
values will actually vary slightly from series to series.

Page 19 APRIL 2016 EDITION

 FIBERBOND®

Figure 4 A properly guide FRP system at direction changes is one form of controlling thermal and
pressure expansion.

a more conservative result is large diameter pipe to 200% in tables are for butt-welded joints.
produced form this equation, this small diameter pipe. A larger The butt weld has a higher bending
method is recommended. However, directional guide spacing strength than an adhesive bond.
Future Pipe Industries does requirement can mean less This factor should be taken into
recommend a more conservative flexibility in designing the system. account in the design of
governing equation when adhesive Refer to Appendix II for the design FIBERBOND® Engineered
bonded joints are used. This equations. The Guide Spacing for Composite Piping Systems.
equation accounts for the bending Direction Changes table in this
strength of the elbow joint, not the section provides the minimum
pipe, with a safety factor of 8.0. In recommended guide spacing after a
general, if the elbow joint strength directional change. The values are
is neglected, guide spacing valid only for the expansions given.
requirements increase from 25% in The guide spacing values in these

THE FIBERBOND® ENGINEERING GUIDE Page 20

 FIBERBOND®
Expansion Loops more conservative and should be
An expansion loop is another considered in any detailed design.
method used to alleviate stresses Other effects, like seismic loads,
due to length changes in the piping but especially wind loads, have not
system. Expansion loops are been accounted for in this design.
generally employed between With longer and longer expansion-
extremely long straight runs of pipe loop leg lengths, the stresses in the
to alleviate the end loads and elbows increase due to the moments
buckling between anchors. As with created. This combined loading
Guide Spacing for Direction condition should be evaluated in the
Changes, the design recommended detailed design. The Expansion
by Future Pipe Industries is a Loop table in this section contains
simplified approach, however, it the recommended lengths for the
leads to more conservative data. expansion loop legs perpendicular
Other equations are more accurate, to the piping system.
taking into account the flexibility of
the entire loop, but again, they are
omitted for the reasons stated in the
previous section. Again, the design
parameters include thermal and
pressure expansion, not just
temperature change. In addition, as
in all other calculations, the
modulus values have not been
degraded above 150°F. Degrading
the moduli leads to results that are

Figure 5 Expansion loops are another form of controlling thermal and pressure expansion in a
fiberglass piping system.

Page 21 APRIL 2016 EDITION

 FIBERBOND®

Table 18 Expansion Loop Leg Lengths - "A" Leg (ft and m) – Series 20HV, 20FR-E, 20JF*
Size Series 20HV, 20FR-E Series 20JF
Total Expansion (in. and mm) Total Expansion (in. and mm)
1.0 3.0 5.0 7.0 1.0 3.0 5.0 7.0
(25) (75) (125) (175) (25) (75) (125) (175)
2in. 5.3 9.2 11.8 14.0 5.7 9.8 12.7 15.0
(1.6) (2.8) (3.6) (4.2) (1.7) (3.0) (3.8) (4.5)
3in. 6.3 10.8 14.0 16.6 6.6 11.4 14.7 17.4
(1.9) (3.3) (4.2) (5.0) (2.0) (3.5) (4.5) (5.3)
4in. 7.1 12.3 15.9 18.8 7.4 12.8 16.5 19.5
(2.1) (3.7) (4.8) (5.7) (2.2) (3.9) (5.0) (5.9)
6in. 8.6 14.9 19.2 22.8 8.8 15.3 19.8 23.4
(2.6) (4.5) (5.8) (6.9) (2.7) (4.6) (6.0) (7.1)
8in. 9.9 17.1 22.1 26.2 10.1 17.5 22.6 26.7
(3.0) (5.2) (6.7) (7.9) (3.1) (5.3) (6.8) (8.1)
10in. 11.0 19.1 24.7 29.2 11.2 19.4 25.1 29.7
(3.3) (5.8) (7.5) (8.8) (3.4) (5.9) (7.6) (9.0)
12in. 12.1 20.9 27.0 31.9 12.2 21.2 27.3 32.4
(3.7) (6.3) (8.2) (9.7) (3.7) (6.4) (8.3) (9.8)
14in. 13.0 22.5 29.1 34.4
(3.9) (6.8) (8.8) (10.4)
16in. 13.9 24.1 31.1 36.7
(4.2) (7.3) (9.4) (11.1)
18in. 14.7 25.5 32.9 38.9
(4.5) (7.7) (10.0) (11.8)
20in. 15.5 26.9 34.7 41.0
(4.7) (8.1) (10.5) (12.4)
24in. 17.0 29.4 37.9 44.9
(5.1) (8.9) (11.5) (13.6)
30in. 18.8 32.5 42.0 49.7
(5.7) (9.8) (12.7) (15.0)
36in. 20.5 35.6 45.9 54.4
(6.2) (10.8) (13.9) (16.5)
42in. 22.0 38.0 49.1 58.1
(6.7) (11.5) (14.9) (17.6)
48in. 23.5 40.6 52.5 62.1
(7.1) (12.3) (15.9) (18.8)

*Table is based on Eq.7 in appendix II; since the values in this table are a function of the pipe O.D., the
values will actually vary slightly from series to series.

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 FIBERBOND®

HYDRAULICS   for turbulent flows. Generally, for

A    ID 2 pipes, a Reynolds number greater
FIBERBOND® Engineered 4 than 5000 defines turbulent flow.
Composite Piping Systems offer
The Reynolds number is defined as:
significant advantages in flow This velocity should be below the
properties over stainless steels, maximum allowable velocity in the
uD  1 ft 
lined steels, and other alloys due to system. Re   
its smooth resin rich interior surface v  12in. 
and resistance to corrosion. Flow Factors Affecting Velocity
capacities are greater and the Pressure loss obviously needs to be In the above equation, u is the
possibility of fouling is greatly considered when selecting pipe velocity in ft/sec, D is the diameter
reduced. The engineer should take sizes and volume flow rates. This of the pipe in inches, and ν is the
advantage of the superior flow is especially true in small bore pipe kinematic viscosity in ft2/sec. If the
properties of fiberglass over sizes where pressure losses can flow is laminar or transitional (Re
alternative pipe system materials. reach 10psi per 100-feet or more <5000), different equations must be
even at velocities of 16ft/sec or less. applied or correction factors must
Maximum Flow Velocity be used. One example of a
The continuous flow velocities for Intermittent excursions can reach as correction factor is:
most liquids in fiberglass piping high as 10m/sec (32.8ft/sec). Some
will generally fall between 1 and 5 studies have been done for periods L L R
meters per second (3.3 and 16.4 as long as 3 months and at ) lam  ) turb ( e )
ft/sec). One general rule equation to D D 1000
continuous velocities up to
determine the maximum 7.6m/sec (25ft/sec) that have shown
continuous flow velocity is: In this equation, L is the equivalent
little or no degradation of the FRP
length in feet and D is the diameter
piping.
48 64 in inches.
u max  to
 0.33
 0.33 Other factors to consider when
Other Flows
sizing the pipes include 1) erosion,
More complex situations, such as
2) cavitation, and 3) water hammer.
In the above equations, umax is in gas flows, and in general,
ft/sec and ρ is in lb/ft3. For erosive compressible flows, two-phase
Turbulence
fluids, the maximum velocity can flows, and non-Newtonian flows
The information in this section
be as little as half of the values from (where the viscosity is not a
concerning head losses is only valid
this equation. constant), are beyond the scope of

If the volume flow rate (GPM) and Example Hydraulic Calculations:

pipe size are the known variables,
then the actual flow velocity can be Consider an FRP system that is pumping water from a station to
calculated with the following a discharge line. The pumps operate at 6500GPM and the size is
equation. 18in., FIBERBOND® Series 110FW. Calculate the velocity and
check for turbulence.
Q  231in.3  1 min  1 ft 
u    
A  1gal  60 sec  12in. 
With Q = 6500GPM, the actual velocity is:

u = 6500 / (/4 * 182) * 231 / 60 / 12 = 8.2 ft/sec

In the above equation, u is in ft/sec, The Reynold's number is:
Q is the volume flow rate in GPM,
and A is the internal cross-sectional Re = 8.2 * 18 / 0.00001076 / 12 = 1.14 * 106
area in sq. in.:
Therefore, the flow is turbulent and the graphs and tables in this
section can be used.

Page 23 APRIL 2016 EDITION

 FIBERBOND®

Table 19 Properties of Common Fluids and Gases (@ 68F, 20c)*

Fluid Specific Density Kinematic Dynamic
Gravity (lb/cu ft) Viscosity Viscosity
(cSt) (cP)
Air 0.001225 0.0765 14.6 0.0179
Water 1.0 62.4 1.005 1.005
Sea Water 1.025 64.0 1.064 1.091
Brine, 20% NaCl 1.149 71.7 1.498 1.722
Ethanol (ethyl
0.789 49.2 1.525 1.20
alcohol)
Jet Fuel 0.62 - 0.88 38.7 - 54.9 1.2 - 1.5 @ 40c 0.74 - 1.32
Kerosene 0.78 - 0.82 48.7 - 51.2 2.71 2.11 - 2.22
Light Crude Oil 0.855 53.4 9.234 7.895
Medium Crude
0.855 53.4 4.620 3.95
Oil
Methanol
0.810 50.5 0.731 0.592
(methyl alcohol)
20% Sodium
1.22 76.1 4.0 4.88
Hydroxide
Sulfuric Acid 1.841 114.9 13.8 25.4
HCl (31.5%,
1.05 65.5 1.9 1.54
liquid)
 All values are temperature dependent and valid only for ambient temperature unless noted otherwise.
Dynamic (absolute) viscosity = kinematic viscosity * S.G.
 1S.G. = 1kg/m3 = 62.4lb/ft3. 1cSt = 0.03875ft2/hr = 0.01cm2/sec (Stokes). 1cP = 3.6kg/m-hr =
0.000672lb/ft-sec = 0.01g/cm-sec (Poise).

this guide. The engineer is directed The tables/graphs on the following equation for head losses in laminar
to the references listed in the back pages can be used to calculate the flow can be used:
of this guide for further pressure drop in psi for all
information. FIBERBOND® Piping Series.
Knowing the flow rate in ft/s and 0.000273 vLQ
Head Losses in Straight Lengths the nominal pipe diameter, the head Hf 
d4
of Pipe loss and flow velocity can be
One source of head loss is due to the determined. The information in this
In this equation, ν is the absolute
frictional resistance of the pipe section is valid only for seawater
viscosity in centipoises, L is the
material. This pressure drop in (SG = 1.025). Refer to the Fluid
pipe length in feet, d is the internal
FIBERBOND® Piping Systems Conversion Factors to calculate the
diameter in inches, and Q is the
can be accounted for with the head losses for other fluids. These
volume flow rate in GPM. Notice
Darcy-Weisbach equation for factors are a function of the fluid
that the surface roughness of the
water. This analysis calculates the specific gravity and kinematic
pipe is not a factor.
head loss based on the volume flow viscosity. For more accurate
rate, pipe inside diameter, and the results, however, the conversion
friction factor, which is a function factors should not be used. Refer to
of the surface roughness and flow the hydraulic equations in
rate. A surface roughness value of Appendix II. Also, a different
0.00021 in. is used to account for equation must be used to account
the smooth fiberglass pipe interior. for laminar flows. Poiseuille’s

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 FIBERBOND®
Head Losses in Fittings make reference to the L  L   Re 
Elbows, reducers, tees, etc., also manufacturer’s literature for other      
produce pressure losses. For fittings outside of this engineering  D  lam  D  turb  1000 
example, in standard elbows, the guide.
pressure loss is created by the One additional item should be
resistance due to the length and due The Equivalent Pipe Length for mentioned regarding pressure
to the bending in the elbow. On the Fittings table provides the engineer losses and an adhesive bonded
other hand, reducers create pressure data for standard fiberglass fittings. system. It is imperative that
losses due to the reduction in size. To use the table, simply read the qualified FRP pipe fitters install the
All fittings have specific value under the fitting heading for piping system. It is very common
characteristics that lead to pressure the particular nominal diameter to have inexperienced fitters place
losses. One way to account for desired. This value can then be used too much adhesive on the fittings
these losses is to represent the as an equivalent straight length of which will result in as much as 50%
fitting by an equivalent length and pipe and the pressure losses can be pipe closure at a fitting. This results
treat this length as in the previous calculated as in the previous in huge pressure losses in the
section. This method provides an section. Since this approximation is system. No matter how careful the
accurate estimate of the pressure only true for turbulent flow, an system is designed, the quality,
losses in a system. However, since approximation must be made for reliability, and efficiency of the
all manufacturers have their own laminar flow: In this equation, L is system is only as good as the FRP
data for their products, it is the equivalent length in feet and D field crew.
impossible to amass all of the data is the inside diameter in inches.
needed to evaluate every system. It
is recommended that the engineer

Table 20 Equivalent Lengths of Fiberglass Fittings (ft)

Size (in.) 90° Elbow 45° Tee Reducer
Elbow
Long Short Run Branch
2in. 7 9 5 4 18 2
3in. 9 12 7 4 25 2
4in. 11 14 10 5 32 3
6in. 15 19 13 8 46 4
8in. 18 23 16 10 59 5
10in. 21 27 19 12 72 7
12in. 24 31 22 14 85 8
14in. 27 32 24 16 97 9
16in. 29 38 27 18 109 10
18in. 32 41 29 20 121 11
20in. 34 44 31 22 132 12
24in. 39 50 35 26 155 14
30in. 45 59 41 31 188 17
36in. 51 67 47 37 220 20
42in. 57 74 52 42 251 23
48in. 63 81 57 47 282 27
54in. 68 88 62 52 312 28
60in. 73 95 67 57 342 31
* Based on equations in Benedict * Valid for a flow rate of 10 ft/sec.
For 1 ft/sec, multiply by 1.9, for 5 ft/sec, by 1.2, and for 15 ft/sec, by
0.89. Reducer values are for one size reduction, e.g., a 12in. x 10in.
reducer is equal to 8 ft of 12in. pipe.

Page 25 APRIL 2016 EDITION

 FIBERBOND®

Pressure Curves for Water

100.00
3"
20.0 8"
VELOCITY 15.0
4"
(ft/sec) 10"
10.00 10.0
2"
12"
Head Loss (psi/100 ft)

5.0
4.0 6" 14"
3.0 16"
1.00 3"
2.0
8"

1.0 4"
10"
0.10 2"
12"

6" 14"
16"
3"
0.01
1 10 100 1000 10000
Volume Flow Rate (GPM)

* All values are based on Sea Water at ambient temperature.

Table 21 Pressure Curves Conversion Factors

Fluid / Gas Conversion Factor
Seawater 1.014
Brine, 10% NaCl 1.083
Light Crude Oil 1.654 +/- 20%
Medium Fuel Oil 1.378 +/- 12%
Methanol 0.943
HCl (31.5% liquid) 1.129
Conversion factors are based on the fluid/gas specific gravity and
kinematic viscosity. Conversion factors are dependent upon each
fluid with a maximum deviation of 5% unless otherwise noted.
Conversion factors were calculated from the Colebrook equation,
which has a 1% uncertainty.

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 FIBERBOND®

Pressure Curves for Water

10.00

30"
25.0
VELOCITY 20.0 36"
Head Loss (psi Water / 100ft)

(ft/sec) 15.0
1.00 42"
18"
10.0
20" 48"

54"
24"
5.0 60"
0.10
30"

36"

18" 42"
0.01
1000 10000 100000 1000000
Volume Flow Rate (GPM)

* All values are based on Sea Water at ambient temperature. *See conversion percentages to deviate between
different fluids.

Page 27 APRIL 2016 EDITION

 FIBERBOND®
Water Hammer and Transients made about butterfly valves and
When pumping fluid through an other valves that do not have linear
FRP system under normal closing times. Some butterfly
conditions, the internal pressure is valves that are closed to 80% still
maintained. However, during pump have flow rates of 50% or more.
startup/shutdown, or when valves Therefore, closing times may have
are opened or closed quickly, to be lengthened to take this into
pressure surges and transients can account.
be created that are detrimental to
the piping system. The term water
hammer describes the pressure
surge that is created when a valve is
opened or closed too rapidly and
there is a sudden large change in the
momentum of the fluid. The term
transient flow describes the
unsteady flow conditions created
by one or more of the above-
mentioned occurrences. Both of the
subjects are very detailed and
involved, however, their effects on
an FRP system can not be
overlooked. In general, Future Pipe
Industries recommends the
following guidelines to deal with
water hammer: 1. Use valves with
closing times in the 3-5 second
range. For high flow rates or for
large bore piping (> 24in., 600mm),
even longer closing times may be
needed. 2. Never start pumps into
empty discharge lines without the
use of actuated valves. 3. Consider
the design of surge tanks or
pressure accumulators into
pipelines when the potential for
water hammer exists.

Table 11 in this section refers to

recommended minimum valve
closure/opening times. These times
give an approximate pressure surge
equivalent to the maximum shut-in
pressure (133% of design pressure).
It should be noted that these times
are based on particular flow rates
and do not eliminate the potential
negative effects of water hammer.
By keeping valve closing times to
these numbers or higher, you are
simply reducing the surge that is
created. A second note should be

THE FIBERBOND® ENGINEERING GUIDE Page 28

 FIBERBOND®

OTHER DESIGN is important that a spiral wrap be carefully. In addition, freezing of

used for heat tracing. Because of the fluid carried inside the piping
CONSIDERATIONS the low thermal conductivity of system must be prevented to avoid
fiberglass pipe, if only one side of bursting of the fiberglass piping
Thermal Conductivity the pipe is heated, the heat will not system.
Thermal conductivity is defined as transfer properly creating the
the rate of heat transfer per unit potential for bowing to occur in the
area, per unit temperature piping. It is also a good Static Electricity - Internal
differential, per unit thickness, per recommendation to use the Charges
unit time. Thermal conductivity is minimum heat tracing temperature Static electricity is generated when
usually expressed in W/(m-°K), that will meet the design two dissimilar materials generate
BTU/(hr-ft-°F), or BTU-in/(hr-ft2- requirements. It is not uncommon friction from contact. Two typical
°F). Most fiberglass products have in freeze protection applications examples of the potential internal
thermal conductivity values that are that a tracing temperature of as low generation of static electricity in
less than 1% of steel and which are as 120°F will suffice. fiberglass piping systems are 1) dry
only 4 - 8 times greater than that of gas flowing through a duct system
common insulating materials, such at high velocity with non-
as fiberglass or elastomeric foam Abrasive Fluids conductive particle trapped in the
Because of this, there are not nearly Fiberglass piping has been used flow and 2) non-conductive liquids
as many applications of fiberglass successfully in a number of flowing through a pipe or falling
piping that require insulation. different services where abrasion is through into a collection tank. In
However, when the need for present. However, because of the most applications for fiberglass
insulation is required, whether it is large number of variables involved pipe, there is little or no concern for
for controlling heat loss, providing in designing systems for abrasion, the generation of static electricity.
personnel protection, or reducing including fluid velocity, particle However, in applications such as
heat gain, the insulation materials size and shape, and temperature, it those described above, static
for fiberglass piping can be chosen is difficult to determine the electricity can be a serious concern
in the same manner as for steel suitability of a product in a that must be addressed in the design
piping. particular service without actual phase of the project. Typical
test data. Future Pipe Industries fiberglass composites have a
offers a custom manufactured volume resistivity of 10^13 - 10^15
Heat Tracing fiberglass product with abrasion ohms-meter. A volume conductive
Heat tracing, for freeze protection resistant additives built into the material typically has a volume
and/or for maintaining the process liner. Again, because of the number resistivity of less than 10^6 ohms-
fluid at a specified temperature, by of variables involved in the design, meter. The FIBERBOND® 20C
means of electrical tracing is it is recommended that field test Series achieves this level of volume
acceptable for fiberglass pipe as results be obtained from test spools resistivity through the use of a
long as certain precautions are installed in actual service homogenously conductive
taken. 1. The average wall conditions. laminate. By making the piping
temperature created from the heat product homogenously conductive,
tracing must be less than the the static electricity that is
fiberglass temperature rating of the Low Temperature Service generated can be dissipated through
product. 2. The maximum tracing Many fiberglass products, grounding straps as in steel
temperature must be no more than including FIBERBOND®, are systems.
100°F above the temperature rating suitable for use at low
of the fiberglass product. 3. The temperatures. Tests conducted as
maximum temperature at the inside low as -45°F have shown little or no
wall of the fiberglass product must degradation in the mechanical
be less than the temperature rating properties of the fiberglass
of the fiberglass product for the products. In designs at low Static Electricity - Hazardous
particular fluid in the piping. In temperatures, the effect of Areas
addition to the above precautions, it contraction should be investigated

Page 29 APRIL 2016 EDITION

 FIBERBOND®
Static electricity in hazardous areas may occur, it is important to verify The best defense against pulsation
is a completely different the allowable vacuum rating of the is to use a pulsation dampener such
phenomena than those created from product. When economical, as a hydro-pneumatic dampener
internal charges. In hazardous stiffener rings are sometimes which essentially consists of a
areas, the threat is from 1) a static manufactured into the piping pressure vessel containing a
charge source being generated in product to improve the vacuum compressed gas that is separated
the vicinity of the FRP piping, 2) rating. from the liquid by a bladder.
that generated charge accumulating Normally, the dampener should be
on the exterior of the piping system, This, however, is mainly limited to placed as close to the pump as
and 3) the accumulated charge then duct service and very large possible. Note that pulsation is
creating a spark that could ignite the diameter piping (>24in. diameter). normally uncommon with
flammable atmosphere in the centrifugal pumps.
hazardous area. While the
likelihood of all of these events Vibration
occurring at the right times is very Vibration can be a problem in UV / Weathering
low, the negative consequences fiberglass piping systems if it is not All fiberglass piping will
from this combination of events designed for properly. The two experience some changes in
could be catastrophic. concerns of vibration include appearance when exposed to
damage to the piping system sunlight. The exposure to UV will
When static electricity cannot be because of high stresses and cause degradation of some form.
ruled out, we have developed damage to the piping system While this degradation generally
several FIBERBOND® product because of abrasion to the pipe at does not affect the performance of
lines just for these applications. supports. When high stresses are the product, it is an aesthetic
These include Series 20FR-EC, created from vibration, it is problem similar to rusting of steel
20JF-C, 20JF16-C, 20FR16-C, important to isolate the source. In piping. Unlike steel piping,
20FR20-C, and 20HV-C. All of these severe cases, a flexible however, it is a problem that can be
these product lines are identical to connection should be made avoided. All FIBERBOND®
their base product (20FR-E for between the source and the products designed for use in
example) except for the fiberglass piping. The abrasion at aboveground applications are
incorporation of an electrically supports can be easily avoided by manufactured with an external
conductive exterior that can be using wear pads at all steel corrosion barrier, which contains
grounded to earth. Grounding to interfaces. It is standard practice in UV inhibitors and a special
earth is very important as FIBERBOND® Piping Systems to polyester fabric. This external
conductive materials that are use wear pads or some other form corrosion barrier prevents the “fiber
ungrounded pose a greater danger of rubber padding at all FRP / Steel bloom” associated with fiberglass
(due to their increased ability to interfaces to prevent this abrasion products that are not manufactured
accumulate charges) than non- problem. with an external corrosion barrier.
conductive materials. In addition, this external corrosion
barrier makes the FIBERBOND®
Pulsation product splash-resistant to
Vacuum Considerations Pulsation is usually caused by the seawater, freshwater, and oils.
The potential for vacuum collapse acceleration and deceleration of a
can occur in any system. All pumped liquid from a reciprocating
FIBERBOND® products with pump. The forces from this action Fungal / Bacterial Attack
pressure ratings of 150psig or can create pressure spikes several Fiberglass products are considered
higher are rated for full vacuum. times larger than the operating inert to marine life. They offer
Vacuum mainly becomes a concern pressure of the system. From visual neither nourishment nor toxic
with larger diameter piping (> 12in. inspection, the pipe appears to be effects. Therefore, while marine
diameter) and with very thin wall vibrating and eventually damage fouling can occur, long-term
piping, such as those used for duct will be caused to seals, gauges, and studies have shown that this fouling
service. When piping such as these even the piping material itself. can easily be cleaned. Fouling is
are used in services where vacuum most common in lines which are

THE FIBERBOND® ENGINEERING GUIDE Page 30

 FIBERBOND®
stagnant for long periods of time. hammer include 1) slow
Studies at one facility where FRP closing/opening valves, 2) complex
pipes were left under stagnant systems with many branches and Fatigue Loading
conditions for one-month showed short runs of piping, and and 3) low The standard long term test method
some fouling to occur. Other operating velocities. for FRP materials is the ASTM
facilities have had FRP systems in D2992 Procedure "B" which is a
operation for 5 years with The best solution to the water static long term internal pressure
maximum flow velocities of 5ft/sec hammer problem is elimination of test procedure. Typically, when the
with no signs of fouling. When the source. If these sources can not number of cycles in the design life
continuous operating lines maintain be eliminated and the water of the system is less than 7000
flow velocities, fouling is hammer problem is severe, some (about one cycle per day in a 20-
uncommon. type of surge tank or pressure year design), the system can be
accumulator should be designed considered static and no
Marine life, such as oysters, into the system. As with all consideration needs to be given to
mussels, and barnacles tend to systems, the surge pressures due to fatigue loading.
attach less to FRP pipes compared water hammer should be kept
to steel due to the smooth interior below the maximum allowable When fatigue loading is a concern,
surface of FRP. pressure rating of the piping fatigue data should be used for
system. determining the allowable stresses.
Hypochlorination is an effective Depending upon the severity of the
method to prevent fouling fatigue loading, the allowable
problems. Some studies have Cavitation fatigue stress can be as little as half
shown continuous chlorination If the pressure in a closed piping of the static value. This can be true
concentrations as low as 0.25 to system were to drop below the at 10^8 cycles of loading.
0.5ppm to be effective. fluid's vapor pressure, then cavities
would form. These cavities are air It should be noted that occasional
spaces and the phenomena is also loads, such as a 50-year storm
Water Hammer known as water column separation. design, are typically not fatigue
Water hammer is the surge of This is another consequence of cases since the number of cycles is
internal pressure created when the quick closing valves since the same below 7000. Daily wave action, on
liquid velocity suddenly changes. pressure wave that causes a the other hand, can be a fatigue
Since the liquid is essentially pressure surge also causes a case.
incompressible, any energy that is pressure drop.
applied to it is instantly transmitted An alternative to the fatigue data is
somewhere else (to the pipes, The result is essentially a vacuum in ISO14692 which has a "factor"
fittings, joints, valves, even on the piping system, which if large for de-rating the static allowable
supports). enough, can lead to collapse of the stress to a "cyclic" allowable stress.
pipe wall. And when the water This is the so-called "A3" factor for
The biggest cause of water hammer columns rejoin, the result is usually de-rating for cyclic service.
in FRP systems is the quick closing a pressure spike in the system. This Reference should be made to Part 3
valve. Unfortunately, there is no is especially true in large diameter (design) of ISO14692.
simple calculation to determine piping systems with thin pipe walls.
whether water hammer is a concern With water or seawater systems,
or not. Negative factors that affect water column separation is less
the magnitude of water hammer are likely to occur because of the very
1) fast valve closing times, 2) long low vapor pressure of the fluid. For Sodium Hypochlorite
straight runs of piping with no water, the vapor pressure is about Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl) is a
fittings nor branches, and 3) high 0.5psia (14.2psig below very strong oxidizer that, at certain
operating velocities. atmospheric) at ambient concentrations, can be detrimental
temperature and about 3.5psia to the performance of FRP. Most
Factors that are positive and can (11.2psig below atmospheric) at FIBERBOND® products are
help reduce the effect of water 150F. suitable for exposure to NaOCl up

Page 31 APRIL 2016 EDITION

 FIBERBOND®
to 100ppm and up to 120F (49c). corrosion is dominated by either Safety Factors
Above this concentration, special physical or chemical mechanisms Safety factors (the inverse of the
liners may be required. Corrosion or a combination of both. In service factors in ASME B31.3 or
resistant testing has been performed aqueous media, a physical attack the partial factors in ISO14692) can
at concentrations as high as 15% can occur on the FRP due to the vary widely for FRP materials,
(150,000ppm) with satisfactory osmotic permeation of the resin by depending upon the test method,
performance. However, at the fluid. The physical attack on duration, loading condition, etc.
concentrations above 10%, a dual- FRP is often more severe when the For example, for a short term
laminate (a PVC, CPVC, or PTFE fluid is pure water rather than ionic "burst" test such as ASTM D1599,
liner with FRP structure) may be solutions. These physical attacks 4.0 is a typical safety factor. For a
more suitable. can result in delaminations or long term regression analysis such
blisterings. as ASTM D2992, the safety factor
would be closer to 1.5. Long term
Chemical attacks can also occur. safety factors for occasional loads
Corrosion Resistance An example is the saponification by can be even lower, closer to 1.12.
While metallic corrosion is sodium hydroxide or the oxidation
dominated by electrochemical by sodium hypochlorite.
corrosion mechanisms, FRP

THE FIBERBOND® ENGINEERING GUIDE Page 32

 FIBERBOND®

PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

Table 22 Typical Strengths and Moduli

Property 20HV, 20HV-C, 20FR-E, 20FR-EC, 110FW 20C

20HV(FDA), 20HV- 20FR16, 20FR16-C,
D 20FR20, 20FR20-C,
20JF, 20JF-C

Temp Rating 150F 185F 250F 185F

(65c) (85c) (121c) (85c)
Axial Tensile 8,400psi 8,400psi 8,400psi 6,780psi
Strength (57.9MPa) (57.9MPa) (57.9MPa) (46.7MPa)
Axial Tensile 1,400,000psi 1,400,000psi 1,400,000psi 1,130,000psi
Modulus (9.7GPa) (9.7GPa) (9.7GPa) (7.8GPa)
Hoop Tensile 26,400psi 26,400psi 26,400psi 20,400psi
Strength (182.0MPa) (182.0MPa) (182.0MPa) (140.7MPa)
Hoop Tensile 2,200,000psi 2,200,000psi 2,200,000psi 1,700,000psi
Modulus (15.2GPa) (15.2GPa) (15.2GPa) (11.7GPa)
Bending Strength 16,800psi 16,800psi 16,800psi 13,560psi
(115.8MPa) (115.8MPa) (115.8MPa) (93.5MPa)
Bending Modulus 1,400,000psi 1,400,000psi 1,400,000psi 1,130,000psi
(9.7GPa) (9.7GPa) (9.7GPa) (7.8GPa)
Density 0.06lb/in.3 0.06lb/in.3 0.06lb/in.3 0.06lb/in.3
1.7g/m3 1.7g/m3 1.7g/m3 1.7g/m3
Thermal 0.00001in./in./F 0.00001in./in./F 0.00001in./in./F 0.00001in./in./F
Expansion 0.000018mm/mm/C 0.000018mm/mm/C 0.000018mm/mm/C 0.000018mm/mm/C
Coefficient
Major Poisson's 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35
Ratio,
Ea/Eh*νha=νah
Minor Poisson’s 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55
Ratio, νmin=νha
Hazen Williams 150 150 150 150
Specific 0.0002in 0.0002in 0.0002in 0.0002in
Roughness (0.0005cm) (0.0005cm) (0.0005cm) (0.0005cm)

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 FIBERBOND®

APPENDIX II: REVISION LOG

APPENDIX I: REFERENCES

March 2010: clarified major and minor

Many excellent texts and other references were utilized in poisson’s ratio; updated wording on fatigue
the writing of this Engineering guide and the following loading.
are recommended for further information:
June 2015: No major changes; updated some
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, wording to maintain consistency from one
ASME Code for Pressure Piping B31.3, section to another and with other documents.
Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refining Piping,
ASME, New York, 1996 Edition. April 2016: Added equation for pressure drop
per the Hazen-Williams equation; added
Benedict, Robert P., Fundamentals of Pipe equation for calculating the Reynolds number.
Flow, John Wiley & Sons, New York, Copyright
1980.

Holmes, Ernest, CEng, FIMechE, MIES, FRSA,

Ed., Handbook of Industrial Pipework
Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, New York,
Copyright 1973.

Mallinson, John H., P.E., Corrosion-Resistant

Plastic Composites in Chemical Plant Design,
Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, Copyright
1988.

NBS Voluntary Product Standard, PS15-69,

Custom Contact-Molded Reinforced Polyester,
Chemical Resistant Process Equipment,
Department of Commerce.

Parmakian, John, Waterhammer Analysis,

Prentice-Hall, New York, Copyright 1955.

Stringfellow, P.E., Ed., Fiberglass Pipe

Handbook, The Composites Institute, A
Division of the Society of the Plastics Industry,
New York, Copyright 1989.

Wylie, Benjamin E., Fluid Transients, FEB

Press, Ann Arbor, MI, Corrected Edition,
Copyright 1983.

Young, Warren C., Roark’s Formulas for Stress

and Strain, 6th Edition, McGraw-Hill, New
York, Copyright 1989.

THE FIBERBOND® ENGINEERING GUIDE Page 34

 FIBERBOND®

Page 35 APRIL 2016 EDITION

 FIBERBOND®

APPENDIX III: GOVERNING SUPPORT SPACING

Stress Based Design
EQUATIONS
I r
The following equations were used in the calculations of Ls 
design standards for all FIBERBOND® Engineered wo c  144in.2 
 
Composite Piping Series. The full derivation of each 8  1 ft.2 
equation is not included here. The engineer is directed to the
references at the end of this guide for further information. (2)

SUPPORT SPACING Ls - Support spacing, ft

Deflection Based Design σ - Bending stress, psi
Ir - Moment of inertia, reinforced, in4
1 c - Pipe outside radius, in
 E I   4  1 ft.  wo - Pipe and fluid weight, lb/in.
Ls   b r    (1)
 Kwo   12in.  Consider Example 1, except, now design the supports for a
maximum bending stress of 500psi:
Ls - Support spacing, ft
Eb - Axial flexural (bending) modulus, psi σ = 500 psi
Ir - Moment of inertia, reinforced, in4 Ir = π /64 (3.54 - 3.044) = 3.17 in.4
Δ - Allowable deflection = 0.5in. c = 1.75 in.
wo - Pipe and fluid weight, lb/in. wo = π /4 (3.52 - 3.02) (0.06) + π /4 (3.02) (0.0361) (1.2) =
K - Support type factor 0.46 lb/in.
= 0.013 for Type I Ls = 10.5 ft
= 0.0069 for Type II
= 0.0065 for Type III
= 0.0026 for Type IV
THERMAL EXPANSION

 12in. 
Example 1 Calculations:  Thermal  Ct T 100 ft   (3)
Consider a 3in. 20HV Series (200psig) piping system  1 ft. 
operating at ambient temperature and 100psig and
carrying a fluid with a specific gravity of 1.2. Calculate Δ Thermal - Thermal expansion, in./100 ft
the required support spacing based on a deflection of 0.5" Ct - Coefficient of thermal expansion, in./in./°F
and a bending stress of 1,000psi. Δ T - Temperature change, °F

Eb = 1,400,000 psi - For total thermal expansion, multiply Δ Thermal by (Length /

Ir = π /64 (3.54 - 3.044) = 3.17 in.4 100ft).
Δ = 0.5 in.
K = 0.0065 Example 2 Calculations:
wo = π /4 (3.52 - 3.02) (0.06) + π /4 (3.02) (0.0361) (1.2) = Consider a pipeline, made of 24in. piping, Series 110
0.46 lb/in. (100psig). The operating temperature of the system is
Ls = 13.8 ft 180°F. The installation temperature is 75°F. Calculate the
thermal expansion for a 90 ft section of piping.

Ct = 0.000010 in./in./°F
Δ T = 105°F
Δ Thermal = 1.26 in./100 ft = (90/100) * 1.26 = 1.13 in./90 ft

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 FIBERBOND®
PRESSURE EXPANSION ANCHOR LOADS

 r  r  12in.  PA  At Et 
 min 100 ft  P 
(5)
PF  
 2t r Et t r E h   1 ft. 
P - Anchor loads, lbs
(4) At - Cross-sectional area, total, sq. in
 E  Et - Axial tensile modulus, psi
v min  v  h
 Δ - Expansion, in./in.
 E t  - Note that the anchor load is not a function of the total
length; expansion is dimensionless.
ID  2 * tl  tr - Modulus values are not degraded at design temperature (for
r  conservative results).
2

PF - Pressure expansion, in./100 ft Example 4 Calculations:

r - Radius, in. For a 16in. 110 Series (150psig) system calculate the
tr - Structural wall thickness, in. anchor loads along a straight run of piping with the
tl - Liner thickness, in. following design data: design temperature = 140°F,
ID = Inside diameter, in. installation temperature = 70°F, and design pressure =
Et - Axial tensile modulus, psi 50psig. First, the total expansion of the system needs to
Eh - Hoop tensile modulus, psi be calculated:
v - Poisson’s ratio
vmin - Minor Poisson’s ratio
P - Internal pressure, psi At = π /4 (17.502 - 16.252) = 33.1 in2
E = 1,400,000 psi
Example 3 Calculations: Ct = 0.000010 in./in./°F
Consider a pipeline made of 12in. Series 20HV 200psig Δ T = 70°F
piping with a design pressure of 200psig and a design r = 8.375 in.
temperature change of 30°F. Calculate the pressure t = 0.39 in.
expansion. Et = 1,400,000 psi
v = 0.4
r = 6.26 in. Eh = 2,200,000 psi
tr = 0.48 in. P = 50 psig
tl = 0.02 in. vmin = 0.63
Et = 1,400,000 psi Δ = 0.84 + 0.09 = 0.93 in./100 ft = 0.000778 in./in.
v = 0.4 P = 36,052 lbs
Eh = 2,200,000 psi
P = 200 psig If the layout does not require pressure expansion to be
vmin = 0.63 included as part of the design, then:
PF = 0.22 in./100 ft
Ct = 0.000010 in./in./°F Δ = 0.84in./100 ft = 0.0007 in./in.
Δ T = 30°F P = 32,438 lbs
Δ Thermal = 0.36 in./100 ft

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 FIBERBOND®
GUIDE SPACING GUIDE SPACING FOR DIRECTION
CHANGES
For pipe:
  2 Eb I r   1 ft. 
L g    *
  12in.  (6)
 Ar E c    2.33E b D   1 ft. 
LD1    *  (7)
 2   12in. 
Lg - Guide spacing, ft
 - 3.14159
Ir - Moment of inertia, reinforced, in.4 LD1 - Guide spacing for direction changes, ft
Ar - Cross-sectional area, reinforced, in.2 Eb - Axial flexural (bending) modulus, psi
Δ - Expansion, in./in. D - Outside diameter, in.
Eb - Axial flexural (bending) modulus, psi Δ - Total expansion, in.
Ec - Compressive modulus, psi σ - Allowable bending strength, psi = 1,500 psi
ID - Inside diameter, in.
- Refer to the Support Spacing section for notes. - Expansion is the length change from the anchor to the
first direction change.
Example 5 Calculations: - includes a 2.3 stress intensity factor.
Consider a piping system operating at 125°F and
150psig with an installation temperature of 75°F. Example 6 Calculations:
Calculate the recommended guide spacing for a 6in. For a 14in. 20HV system, operating at 155°F
20FR-E system. (installation temperature = 75°F) and 150psig, calculate
the guide spacing at a direction change. The distance
π = 3.14159 from the elbow to the anchor is 24.0 ft.
Eb = 1,400,000 psi
Ir = B/64 (6.6254 - 6.044) = 29.23 in.4 Eb = 1,400,000 psi
Ar = B/4 (6.6252 - 6.042) = 5.82 in.2 D = 15.125 in.
Ec = 1,400,000 psi Ct = 0.000010 in./in./°F
Ct = 0.000010 in./in./°F T = 80°F
Δ T = 50°F r = 7.335 in.
r = 3.3166 in. t = 0.42 in.
t = 0.2925 in. v = 0.4
Et = 1,400,000 psi P = 150 psig
v = 0.4 Et = 1,400,000 psi
Eh = 2,200,000 psi Eh = 2,200,000 psi
P = 150 psig vmin = 0.63
vmin = 0.63 Δ = 0.96 + 0.07 = 1.03 in./100 ft = 0.25 in. for 24 ft run
Δ = 0.6 + 0.14 = 0.74 in./100 ft = 0.000617 in./in. LD1 = 9.2 ft
Lg = 23.6 ft
Neglecting pressure expansion, For systems where the fitting/joint may be weaker in
Δ = 0.6 in./100 ft = 0.0005 in./in. bending than the pipe, such as many adhesive-bonded
Lg = 26.2 ft "socket" systems, the strength of the fitting/joint should be
taken into account with this equation:

 2.34.5Eb DID  
1/ 3
 1 ft. 
LD 2     (8)
 2   12in. 

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 FIBERBOND®
EXPANSION LOOP LEG LENGTHS HYDRAULICS
For pipe: Head Losses in Straight Lengths of Pipe
Turbulent flow (Darcy-Weisbach equation):
 2.31.5Eb D   1 ft. 
L A1    *  (9) 0.000216 fLQ 2 
 2   12in.  Hf  (11)
D5
Hf - Turbulent head loss, psi
f - Moody’s friction factor, dimensionless
- Refer to the previous section for notes.
L - Pipe length, ft
- Expansion is the length change along both straight runs on
D - Fluid density, lb/cu ft
each side of the loop, not one straight run.
Q - Volume flow rate, GPM
D - Inside diameter, in.
Example 7 Calculations:
For a 24in. Series 110 piping system, operating at 200°F
Laminar flow:
(installed at 75°F) and 50psig, calculate the leg lengths
needed to alleviate the stresses along a 200 ft section of
0.000273 LQ
pipe between two anchors. Hf  (12)
D4
D = 26.00 in. Hf - Laminar head loss, psi
Eb = 1,400,000 psi ν - Absolute (dynamic) viscosity, cP
σ = 1,500 psi L - Pipe length, ft
Ct = 0.000010 in./in./°F Q - Volume flow rate, GPM
Δ T = 125°F D - Inside diameter, in.
r = 12.50 in.
t = 0.265 in. Friction Factor
2
Et = 1,400,000 psi  e 
5.74 
f o  0.25log D  0.9 
Eh = 2,200,000 psi
(13)
v = 0.4   3.7 Re 
P = 50 psig   
vmin = 0.63
Δ = 1.5 + 0.20 = 1.70 in./100 ft = 3.40 in. for a 200 ft run
e 2.51 
 2.0 log D 
LA1 = 31.4 ft 1
(14)
f 0.5  3.7 Re fo 0.5 
For systems where the fitting/joint may be weaker in  
bending than the pipe, such as many adhesive-bonded
"socket" systems, the strength of the fitting/joint should be fo - Moody’s friction factor, first guess, dimensionless
taken into account with this equation: f - Moody’s friction factor, dimensionless
e - Absolute roughness = 0.0002 in.
 2.32.25Eb DID  
1/ 3
 1 ft.  D - Inside diameter, in
L A2     (10) Re - Reynold’s number, dimensionless
 2   12in. 
When, Re < 100,000, an alternate equation for the friction
factor is:

0.3164
f  (15)
R e0.25

Page 39 APRIL 2016 EDITION

 FIBERBOND®
HYDRAULICS (continued) c - Celerity (Speed of sound in the fluid), ft/sec
Reynolds number a - Pressure wave speed, ft/sec
K - Liquid bulk modulus, psi
d v g - Gravity = 32.2ft/sec2 at sea level
Re  (16) ρ - Density, lbm/ft3
12   ID - Inside diameter, in.
E - Tensile modulus, psi
Re – Reynolds number t - Wall thickness, in.
v – velocity, ft/sec C1 = Pipe restraint coefficient, typically 0.84 (for a fully
μ – Kinematic viscosity, ft2/sec anchored system) to 1.0 (for a system with expansion)
d - Inside diameter, in.
Water Hammer for Instantaneous Closure
1 SSU = 0.22 CSt = 2.365*10-6 ft2/sec (Joukowsky's Formula)

Head Losses in Straight Lengths of Pipe au

Hazen-Williams equation (valid for water, 40 to 75F) Pins tan t 
144 g
(16)
4.52  Q1.85
H (17) Water Hammer for Timed Closure
C1.85  d 4.875
2 Lu
H – head loss, psi per foot Ptime  for T  Tquick (19a)
Q – flow rate, GPM 144 gT
C – Hazen-Williams coefficient, typically 150 for
fiberglass au
d - Inside diameter, in. Ptime  for T  Tquick (19b)
144 g

WATER HAMMER Definition of Quick Closing Valve

Celerity (velocity of sound in the liquid)
2L
2
Tquick  (20)
Kg 144in a
c * (18a)
 1 ft 2
Pinstant - Water Hammer due to instantaneous valve closure
(in addition to line pressure), psi
Pressure Wave Speed a - Pressure wave speed, ft/sec
u - Flow rate, ft/s
a  c for rigid pipes (18b) ρ - Density, lbm/ft3
g - Gravity = 32.2ft/sec2 at sea level
Kg 144in 2 Ptime - Water Hammer due to a timed valve closure (in
*
 1 ft 2 addition to line pressure), psi
a for non  rigid pipes (18c) L - Pipe length, ft
K * ID * C1
1 T - Valve closure time, sec
E *t
Tquick - Closing time for quick closing valve, s

THE FIBERBOND® ENGINEERING GUIDE Page 40