Review Jurnal Aisyah

Subject : English of physics
THE THEORY OF VIRTUAL PARTICLES AS AN

ALTERNATIVE TO SPECIAL RELATIVITY
CRITICAL JOURNAL
By :
NAME : AISYAH
NIM : 8176175001
CLASS : PHYSIC EDUCATION REGULER 2017
MAGISTER PROGRAM STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2017
Journal Name : International Journal of Physics
Publishing Volume : 5
Publication Year : 2017
Edition : DOI:10.12691/ijp-5-4-5
Number of Articles : 4
Journal description:
1. Journal title
The Theory of Virtual Particles as an Alternative to Special Relativity
2. Author
Liudmila B. Boldyreva
3. Introduction
According to the United Nations Development programme (UNDP), 780 million people
lack access to clean drinking water that is approximately one in nine people in any population
sample [1]. Moreover, World Health Organization [2] reported that over 41% of Kenyans do
not have access to clean water and rely directly on rivers as the main source of water [3].
Many rivers are reportedly prone to high bacterial contamination due to heightened
ecological activities and may therefore be unsuitable for human consumption when untreated
[4]. Study has indicated that the microbial quality of the River Njoro water sources is poor
and unacceptable for human consumption due to consistent increase in total and fecal
coliforms and also due to pathogenic loading downstream [5]. This water is contaminated
with pathogens which lead to widespread of acute and chronic illnesses which are major
cause of death and misery. In 2012, World Health Organization indicated in their report that
about 3.41 million people die each year from water, sanitation and hygiene-related causes [2].
The water and sanitation crisis claims more lives through disease than any war claims
through guns [3].
In latest years, several studies have been performed to verify direct effects exerted by
extremely low-frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields (EMFs) on cell functions. In
particular, it has been demonstrated that ELF-EMF can negatively [6,7,8,9] or positively
[10,11] affect functional parameters (cell growth and viability) of a cell. The effects of
magnetic fields on cells are thus not fully understood since some of the results have been
inconsistent and have in other cases contradicted each other.
4. Formulation of the Problem
The formulation of the problem is :

How is the effect of magnetic flux density on the population salmonella species in water?
5. Research Porpuse
The aim of this study was thus to evaluate the effect of magnetic flux density on the
population of Salmonella species in water.
6. The Theories Used in the Study

It is possible that MFD has a short period inhibition of Salmonella Species. This shows
that the electromagnetic field was used either to inhibit or to stimulate the growth of the
microorganism under appropriate conditions.
7. Reference
[1] Human Development Report 2010. 20th Anniversary Edition. The Real Wealth of
Nations: Pathways to Human Development. http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr,
UNDP 2010. Accessed on 2012/8/3, 1626hrs.
[2] World Health Report 2012. W H O. http://www.who.int/rpc/whr2012/en/index.html;
accessed on 2012/8/3, 1614hrs.
[3] World Health Statistics 2011. http://www.who.int/whosis/whostat/2011/en/index.html,
WHO 2011. Accessed on 2012/8/3, 1626hrs.
[4] World Water Assessment Programme, (2006), Kenya National Water Development
Report. Case study. In UN-Water/WWAP/2006/12.
[5] Kiruki S. et.al. Bacteriological quality and diarrhoeagenic pathogens on River Njoro and
Nakuru Municipal water, Kenya. International Journal for Biotechnology and
Molecular Biology Research, 2: 150-162, 2011.
[6] Kronenberg K., "Experimental evidence for the effects of magnetic fields on moving
water". Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Transactions on Magnetics,
21: 2059-2066, 1985.
[7] Lin I.J. and Yotvat J., Exposure of irrigation and drinking water to a magnetic field with
controlled power and direction. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 83:
525-526, 1990.
[8] Balcavage W.X. et. al, A mechanism for action of extremely low frequency
electromagnetic fields on biological systems. Biochemical and Biophysical Research
Communication, 222: 374-378, 1996.
[9] Molouk M.K.A. and Amna A.N.S, The effect of magnetic field on the physical, chemical
and microbiological properties of the lake water in Saudi Arabia. Journal of
Evolutionary Biology Research, 2: 7-14, 2010.
[10] Smothers K.W, et. al. Water Treatment. Public Works Technical Bulletin, 420:34-449,
2001.
[11] Szkatula A, et. al. Magnetic treatment of industrial water. Silica activation. The
European Physical Journal Applied Physics, 18: 41, 2002.
[12] Murimi, Shadrack Kiana. Environmental impact assessment of soil and water resources
in the watershed of Lake Nakuru. Kenyatta University. 2012.
[13] Neill M. Microbiological indices for total coli form and E. coli bacteria in estuarine
waters. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 49: 752-760, 2004.
[14] APHA., Standard Methods for the Examination of water and Wastewater, 25th edition.
American Public Health Association/ American Water Works Association/ Food
safety and Inspection Services: Washington, DC, 2008.
[15] USDA-FSIS, Most probable number procedures and tables: Laboratory Guide Book. pp.
5-8, 2008.
[16] Mohamed A.A. et. al. Effect of magnetic field on the biophysical, biochemical properties
and biological activity of Salmonella typhi, Master Thesis Submitted for Biophysics
Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Egypt. pp: 12-35, 1997.
[17] USEPA. Current drinking water standards. United States Environmental Protection
Agency: Washington, DC, 2003.
8. Research Metodhs
a. Location of the Study Area

River Njoro is located within the Kenyan Rift Valley in Nakuru County. It is a high
altitude stream with its source at the eastern segment of Mau Hills around 2700 m a. s. and
terminates in Lake Nakuru. Its geographical location is S00° 34.588´; E035° 54.684´ [12]
b. Sample Collection, Experiment Setup and Analysis
 Water samples were collected at Njoro Bridge, along River Njoro. Sampling was
done weekly for five months using sterilized water sample bottles (250ml).
 Magnetic treatment of the samples was done in the Physics Laboratory of Egerton
University. Microbiological parameters and spectrophotometry were evaluated from
Water Resource Management Authority (WRMA) laboratories in Nakuru.
 Analysis was done within 0-24 hours after sampling to avoid changes of the bacteria
count due to growth or die off [13]. Analysis involved the use of membrane filtration
(MF) procedures to estimate the initial number of Salmonella species present in the
water samples.
c. Membrane Filtration
 Membrane filtration was done according to American Public Health Association
(APHA) Standard Methods [14]. Appropriate dilutions of the water sample were
done using distilled water. 100ml of the sample was aseptically filtered through a
membrane filter (47mm diameter, 0.45μm pore size) on a filtration unit.
 The filter was then taken off using a pair of sterilized forceps and placed on the
surface of the corresponding culture media. Colony forming units (CFU) per 100 ml
of the sample were calculated as described in the United States Department of
Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Services manual [15]. To isolate Salmonella
species, the filters were placed on Salmonella Shigella agar and incubated at 370C
for 24 hours. Black colonies on the plate indicated the presence of Salmonella
species and their numbers were also expressed as CFU’s /100ml.
 The water samples were subjected to three different magnetic flux densities (2mT,
6mT and 10mT) treatments in addition to control which was not subjected to a
magnetic field. For each magnetic field, the samples were exposed for 2 time periods
(6hours and 18 hours). The magnetic B field was produced by Helmholtz coils
which were connected to a power supply producing a direct current see, Plate 1. An
ammeter was also connected in series with the power supply to measure the amount
of current passing through the Helmholtz coils.
 Magnetic flux densities were varied using different currents. A teslameter was used
to measure the amount of the magnetic B-field produced.
d. Data Analysis
All experiments were replicated three times and the statistical significance of each
difference observed among the mean values was determined by standard error analysis.
All mean data were statistically analysed with a general linear model procedure of
statistical analysis system. The Statistical analysis was done using the Statistical Package
for Social Sciences (SPSS) software (Version 17.5). One-way ANOVA with 95%
confidence level was done to compare the effect of the magnetic field intensities with the
Salmonella species count
9. Research Result
This study investigated the biological effect of magnetic fields, as a component of the non-
ionizing radiations, on a unicellular system. Pathogenic microorganism, especially S.typhi
was chosen as it is the main cause of typhoid fever. The bacterial cultures were exposed to
different MFD (2 mT, 6 mT and 10 mT) at 25°C. The duration of exposure was 6 hours and
18 hours which were within the range of the bacterial logarithmic growth phase.
The fact that MFD could inhibit Salmonella Species growth is quite promising as a
potential technique for disinfecting water contaminated with Salmonella Species. Moreover,
the relevance of the findings is strongly supported by the fact that Salmonella species are
quite heterogeneous and the said genera is an assembly of over 2600 serotypes. Further the
infective dose of Salmonella typhi the most pathogenic species is 107 cells/ml [17].
Correlation analysis demonstrated that MFD was negatively significantly correlated with
mean number of CFU (r = -.999, p<0.05) and (r = -995, p<0.05) for 6hours and 18hours of
exposure respectively.
10. Conclution
Based on the findings of this study, the following conclusions can be drawn that the
maximum disinfectionefficiency was 77% for Salmonella species exposed to 10mT of
magnetic flux density for a period of 6 hours.

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Subject : English of physics

THE THEORY OF VIRTUAL PARTICLES AS AN

MAGISTER PROGRAM STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN

4. Formulation of the Problem

The formulation of the problem is :

6. The Theories Used in the Study

a. Location of the Study Area

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