C++ Programming: From Problem

Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition,

Fifth Edition

Chapter 7: User-Defined
Functions II
 Objectives
In this chapter, you will:
• Learn how to construct and use void
functions in a program
• Discover the difference between value and
reference parameters
• Explore reference parameters and value-
returning functions
• Learn about the scope of an identifier
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 2
 Objectives (cont'd.)
• Examine the difference between local and
global identifiers
• Discover static variables
• Learn how to debug programs using
drivers and stubs
• Learn function overloading
• Explore functions with default parameters

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 3

 Void Functions

• Void functions and value-returning

functions have similar structures
– Both have a heading part and a statement part
• User-defined void functions can be placed
either before or after the function main
• If user-defined void functions are placed
after the function main
– The function prototype must be placed before
the function main
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 4
 Void Functions (cont'd.)
• A void function does not have a return type
– return statement without any value is
typically used to exit the function early
• Formal parameters are optional
• A call to a void function is a stand-alone
statement

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 5

 Void Functions (cont'd.)
• Function definition syntax:

• Formal parameter list syntax:

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 6

 Void Functions (cont'd.)

• Function call syntax:

• Actual parameter list syntax:

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 7

 Void Functions (cont'd.)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 8

 Void Functions (cont'd.)
• Value parameter: a formal parameter that
receives a copy of the content of
corresponding actual parameter
• Reference parameter: a formal parameter
that receives the location (memory
address) of the corresponding actual
parameter

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 9

 Void Functions (cont'd.)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 10

 Value Parameters
• If a formal parameter is a value parameter
– The value of the corresponding actual
parameter is copied into it
• The value parameter has its own copy of
the data
• During program execution
– The value parameter manipulates the data
stored in its own memory space

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 11

 Reference Variables as
Parameters
• If a formal parameter is a reference
parameter
– It receives the memory address of the
corresponding actual parameter
• A reference parameter stores the address
of the corresponding actual parameter
• During program execution to manipulate
data
– The address stored in the reference parameter
directs it to the memory space of the
corresponding actual parameter

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 12

Reference Variables as Parameters
(cont'd.)
• Reference parameters can:
– Pass one or more values from a function
– Change the value of the actual parameter
• Reference parameters are useful in three
situations:
– Returning more than one value
– Changing the actual parameter
– When passing the address would save
memory space and time

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 13

 Example 7-5: Calculate Grade

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 14

 Example 7-5: Calculate Grade
(cont'd.)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 15

 Example 7-5: Calculate Grade (cont'd.)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 16

 Value and Reference Parameters
and Memory Allocation
• When a function is called
– Memory for its formal parameters and
variables declared in the body of the function
(called local variables) is allocated in the
function data area
• In the case of a value parameter
– The value of the actual parameter is copied
into the memory cell of its corresponding
formal parameter

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 17

 Value and Reference Parameters
and Memory Allocation (cont'd.)
• In the case of a reference parameter
– The address of the actual parameter passes
to the formal parameter
• Content of formal parameter is an address
• During execution, changes made by the
formal parameter permanently change the
value of the actual parameter
• Stream variables (e.g., ifstream) should
be passed by reference to a function

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 18

 Value and Reference Parameters
and Memory Allocation (cont'd.)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 19

 Value and Reference Parameters
and Memory Allocation (cont'd.)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 20

 Value and Reference Parameters
and Memory Allocation (cont'd.)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 21

 Value and Reference Parameters
and Memory Allocation (cont'd.)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 22

 Value and Reference Parameters
and Memory Allocation (cont'd.)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 23

 Value and Reference Parameters
and Memory Allocation (cont'd.)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 24

 Value and Reference Parameters
and Memory Allocation (cont'd.)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 25

 Value and Reference Parameters
and Memory Allocation (cont'd.)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 26

 Reference Parameters and Value-
Returning Functions
• You can also use reference parameters in a
value-returning function
– Not recommended
• By definition, a value-returning function
returns a single value
– This value is returned via the return statement
• If a function needs to return more than one
value, you should change it to a void function
and use the appropriate reference
parameters to return the values
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 27
 Scope of an Identifier
• The scope of an identifier refers to where
in the program an identifier is accessible
• Local identifier: identifiers declared within
a function (or block)
• Global identifier: identifiers declared
outside of every function definition
• C++ does not allow nested functions
– The definition of one function cannot be
included in the body of another function

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 28

 Scope of an Identifier (cont'd.)
• Rules when an identifier accessed:
– Global identifiers
• Declared before function definition
• Function name different from identifier
• Parameters to function have different names
• All local identifiers have different names

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 29

 Scope of an Identifier (cont'd.)
– Nested block
• Identifier accessible from declaration to end of
block
• Within nested blocks if no identifier with same
name exists
– Scope of function name similar to scope of
identifier declared outside any block

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 30

 Scope of an Identifier (cont'd.)
• Some compilers initialize global variables to
default values
• The operator :: is called the scope
resolution operator
• By using the scope resolution operator
– A global variable declared before the definition of
a function (block) can be accessed by the
function (or block)
– Even if the function (or block) has an identifier
with the same name as the variable

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 31

 Scope of an Identifier (cont'd.)
• C++ provides a way to access a global
variable declared after the definition of a
function
– In this case, the function must not contain any
identifier with the same name as the global
variable

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 32

 Global Variables, Named
Constants, and Side Effects
• Using global variables causes side effects
• A function that uses global variables is not
independent
• If more than one function uses the same
global variable and something goes wrong
– It is difficult to find what went wrong and where
– Problems caused in one area of the program may
appear to be from another area
• Global named constants have no side effects
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 33
 Static and Automatic Variables
• Automatic variable: memory is allocated at
block entry and deallocated at block exit
– By default, variables declared within a block
are automatic variables
• Static variable: memory remains allocated
as long as the program executes
– Variables declared outside of any block are
static variables
– Declare a static variable within a block by
using the reserved word static

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 34

 Static and Automatic Variables
(cont'd.)
• The syntax for declaring a static variable is:

• The statement
static int x;
declares x to be a static variable of the type int
• Static variables declared within a block are
local to the block
– Their scope is the same as any other local
identifier of that block

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 35

 Debugging: Using Drivers and
Stubs
• Driver program: separate program to test a
function
– Make sure that each function is working
properly
• When results calculated by one function
are needed in another function
– Use a stub: function that is not fully coded

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 36

 Function Overloading: An
Introduction
• In a C++ program, several functions can
have the same name
– This is called function overloading or
overloading a function name

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 37

 Function Overloading (cont'd.)
• Two functions are said to have different
formal parameter lists if both functions
have:
– A different number of formal parameters, or
– If the number of formal parameters is the
same, then the data type of the formal
parameters, in the order you list them, must
differ in at least one position

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 38

 Function Overloading (cont'd.)
• The following functions all have different
formal parameter lists:

• The following functions have the same

formal parameter list:

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 39

 Function Overloading (cont'd.)
• Function overloading: creating several
functions with the same name
• The signature of a function consists of the
function name and its formal parameter list
• Two functions have different signatures if
they have either different names or
different formal parameter lists
• Note that the signature of a function does
not include the return type of the function
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 40
 Function Overloading (cont'd.)
• Correct function overloading:

• Syntax error:

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 41

 Functions with Default
Parameters
• In a function call, the number of actual and
formal parameters must be the same
– C++ relaxes this condition for functions with
default parameters
• You specify the value of a default parameter
when the function name appears for the first
time (e.g., in the prototype)
• If you do not specify the value of a default
parameter, the default value is used

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 42

 Functions with Default Parameters
(cont'd.)
• All default parameters must be the
rightmost parameters of the function
• In a function call where the function has
more than one default parameter and a
value to a default parameter is not
specified:
– You must omit all of the arguments to its right
• Default values can be constants, global
variables, or function calls
– However, you cannot assign a constant value
as a default value to a reference parameter
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 43
 Functions with Default Parameters
(cont'd.)
• Consider the following prototype:

• Assume:
– a, b are int, ch is char, d is double
• Examples of legal calls:

• Examples of illegal calls:

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 44

 Functions with Default Parameters
(cont'd.)
• Examples of illegal function prototypes
with default parameters:

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 45

 Programming Example: Classify
Numbers
• In this example, we use functions to
rewrite the program that determines the
number of odds and evens from a given
list of integers
• Main algorithm remains the same:
– Initialize variables, zeros, odds, evens to 0
– Read a number
– If number is even, increment the even count
• If number is also zero, increment the zero count;
else increment the odd count
– Repeat Steps 2-3 for each number in the list
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 46
 Programming Example: Classify
Numbers (cont'd.)
• The program functions include:
– initialize: initialize the variables, such as
zeros, odds, and evens
– getNumber: get the number
– classifyNumber: determine if number is
odd or even (and whether it is also zero); this
function also increments the appropriate
count
– printResults: print the results
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 47
 Programming Example: Classify
Numbers (cont'd.)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 48

 Programming Example: Classify
Numbers (cont'd.)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 49

 Programming Example: Main
Algorithm
• Call initialize to initialize variables
• Prompt the user to enter 20 numbers
• For each number in the list
– Call getNumber to read a number
– Output the number
– Call classifyNumber to classify the number
and increment the appropriate count
• Call printResults to print the final
results
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 50
 Programming Example: Main
Algorithm (cont’d.)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 51

 Summary
• Void function: does not have a data type
– A return statement without any value can
be used in a void function to exit it early
– The heading starts with the word void
– To call the function, you use the function
name together with the actual parameters
in a stand-alone statement
• Two types of formal parameters:
– Value parameters
– Reference parameters
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 52
 Summary (cont'd.)
• A value parameter receives a copy of its
corresponding actual parameter
• A reference parameter receives the
memory address of its corresponding
actual parameter
– If a formal parameter needs to change the
value of an actual parameter, you must
declare this formal parameter as a reference
parameter in the function heading
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 53
 Summary (cont'd.)
• Variables declared within a function (or block)
are called local variables
• Variables declared outside of every function
definition (and block) are global variables
• Automatic variable: variable for which memory
is allocated on function/block entry and
deallocated on function/block exit
• Static variable: memory remains allocated
throughout the execution of the program
• C++ functions can have default parameters

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 54