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Network Design: An Introduction: Hongwei Zhang

The document provides an introduction to network design by discussing key topics such as different network types (e.g. traffic, transport), network elements (e.g. links, routers), network demands, and approaches to network management at different timescales. It also outlines the scope and materials covered in the book, including modeling network design problems, routing algorithms, optimization methods, and design of resilient, fair, and multi-layer networks.

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MaryjaneA.Dizon
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98 views16 pages

Network Design: An Introduction: Hongwei Zhang

The document provides an introduction to network design by discussing key topics such as different network types (e.g. traffic, transport), network elements (e.g. links, routers), network demands, and approaches to network management at different timescales. It also outlines the scope and materials covered in the book, including modeling network design problems, routing algorithms, optimization methods, and design of resilient, fair, and multi-layer networks.

Uploaded by

MaryjaneA.Dizon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Network Design: An Introduction

Hongwei Zhang
http://www.cs.wayne.edu/~hzhang

Acknowledgment: the slides are based on those from Drs. Yong Liu, Deep Medhi, and Michał Pióro.
From Telephone Networks to Data Networks

 voice calls v.s. datagrams


 circuit switching v.s. packet switching

 multiplexing/de-multiplexing at edge, shared network core


Network Service Providers

 multiple autonomous systems (ASes) managed by different network providers


 peering at gateway routers

 dealing with network design within one admin. domain


Traffic Networks vs. Transport Networks

 Traffic Networks: provide


application services to end users
 the Internet
 telephone networks
 private networks

 Transport Networks: provide


physical facility to transport
traffic for customer networks
 setting up leased circuits/trunks
(semi-)permanently
 SONET, WDM, cross connects
Network Resource & Cost

 link
 capacity (bps, pps)
 router/switch
 memory (bytes)
 processing power (CPU, Hz)

 network cost:
 provisioning cost ($, hours)
 operational cost ($, hours)
Network Demand
 traffic characteristics
 how much? point to point traffic volume
• stationary+stochastic
 where? traffic demand matrix
 different natures for different networks
 the Internet: packets
 telephone network: calls
 transport network: circuits

 demand of traffic networks generated by end users


 demand of transport network generated by its customer
traffic networks
Traffic Demand in the Internet

 bits,bytes,packets/second
 very “random”
 controlled by end-users and protocol behaviors
 highly variable, bursty, long-range-dependent, self-
similar, …
 predictable? reasonable models?
 characteristics on a single link
 packet arrival process: approximately Poisson :)
 packet size distribution: non-exponential :(
Packet Delay on a Single Link
 M/M/1 Approximation:
 packet delay on a T1(1.5Mbps) link

Traffic not
being Poisson

benefit of multiplexing
 ten 1.5Mbps links v.s. one 15Mbps link: latter is better
Traffic in Telephone Network
 circuit switching
 calls blocked if no available circuit
 call arrivals approximately Poisson :)
 call duration approximately exponential :)
 offered load unit -- Erlang:

where λt is average call arrival rate, and τt is average call duration


 call blocking probability
 Erlang-B loss formula:

where c is link capacity in terms of # of voice circuits


 24 Erls to link with capacity 24 --> 14.6% loss
 240 Erls to link with capacity 240 --> 4.9% loss (why not 0%?)
Demand in Transport Network

 demand to transport network is less dynamic


 well specified start-end time
 measured in modular data rates

Signal Name Bit Rate (Mbps)


Digital signal (DS)0 (voice) 0.064
T1 1.54
T3 45
Optical Carrier (OC)-3 155.52
OC-48 2,488.32
OC-192 9,953.28
A Simple Design Example

 set up links to carry demand under link


utilization constraint of 60%.

A A A
300Kbps 300Kbps 300Kbps 300Kbps 300Kbps 300Kbps

300Kbps
B C B C B C
300Kbps 300Kbps

demand matrix three T1 links two T1 links


utili.=19.5% utili.=39%
Logical v.s. Physical Network View

 traffic networks runs on


top of transport network

 two independent logical


links might go through
same physical link
 implications on failure
recovery, restoration, network
reliability
 multiple-layer network design
Network management: timescale

Time Scale Micro-secs Mili-secs Seconds Minutes Hours Days Weeks Months

Packet Discarding Traffic Network


Call Routing, Periodic Traffic Engineering,
Traffic Net. Buffer Management TCP Feedback control
Call Setup, Traffic Estimation OSPF weight updates,
Capacity
Expansion
Packet Routing Call Admission Control, Trunk Rearrangement
Call Rerouting,
Routing Information
Update

Transport Network
Trans. Net. SONET/SDH ring Mesh Transport Transport Network Capacity
restoration Network Restoration Routing/Loading Planning/Expansion
Network management: feedback loop

Forecast adjustment, New Transport Demand,


Marketing input Marketing input

traffic data Network fill


capacity expansion/ factor, loading
capacity change protection

routing update Route loading

various controls restoration

secs-mins Real-Time Traffic Management Near Real-Time Management


mins-hours

Capacity Management, Capacity Management,


days-weeks Traffic Engineering days-weeks Network Engineering

Network Planning Network Planning


months-years
months-years

Network Management Network Management

Traffic Network (IP, circuit-switched) Transport Network


Scope of the book
 Network View
 different routing, flow and link capacity representations
 uncertainties: link/node failures, traffic variations
 multi-layer interaction: traffic/transport, logical/physical
 large scale problems
 Approaches/algorithms/theory view
 model selection
 solution with optimization tools
 approximate/heuristic algorithms for large problems
 fundamental principles

 Small timescale management not covered here


Material Overview

 Network Design Problem Modeling


 Multi-Commodity Flow Routing
 Optimization Methods

 Location and Topological Design


 Networks with Shortest-Path Routing
 Fair Networks
 Resilient Network Design
 Multi-hour/Multi-time period Design
 Multi-Layer Networks

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