Advanced Network

Security
Richard Clayton

Check Point Course

7 September
S t b 2009
 Overview
• Is the infrastructure secure ?
– attacks on DNS
– attacks on BGP

• ISP log processing

– using
g heuristics to detect email spam
p

7th September 2009 Advanced Network Security

All your mailserver
are belong to us
 CAUTION
This talk describes possible attacks on Internet infrastructure,
especially DNS & BGP. But, not all of these attacks work
everywhere, and people may be reluctant to discuss whether
they work or not in their part of the real world.

So don’t assume it’s all entirely true!

However, it isn
isn’tt entirely false either!

Any mention I make of particular networks, ISPs or countries

i merely
is l to make
k abstract
b ideas
id concrete, not an analysis
l i off
actual flaws.
NB: Do
o not
o try
y any
a y of
o this at
a home
o (OR
(O at
a work)
o )

7th September 2009 Advanced Network Security

 Threat scenario
• I wish to capture a significant amount of incoming
email to a major ISP mail server
– email may contain passwords etc
– email can be made to contain passwords etc
– answering email often “proves” identity
– obvious opportunity to blackmail the ISP, or just trash
their
h reputation as being
b secure
• Attack should “scale” to many ISPs
– 0-day
0 day exploit on sendmail
d il not considered here

7th September 2009 Advanced Network Security

 Resources
• Back bedroom attackers
– can now have control of a reasonable size botnet
• Criminal entrepreneurs
– may own (or 0wn!) a smallish ISP in Ruritania
• Organised crime ??
– simpler for them just to bribe an employee!
• I am NOT assuming that BGP or DNS are too
obscure to be attacked effectively
y

7th September 2009 Advanced Network Security

 Underlying strategies
• Cannot just steal packets – people notice
– cf YouTube outage in February 2008 (Pakistan Telecom)
• Accept email, resend to the correct ISP
– top 50 senders is a give-away,
give-away so use botnet
• Reject email end of data with a 4xx response
– email generally re
re-delivered
delivered after a delay, so suitable for
intermittent attacks
• Tunnel SMTP packets to correct place
– either a peer of target or customer within target

7th September 2009 Advanced Network Security

 DNS (I): active attacks
• DNS server asks for data
– attacker supplies incorrect answer first
• 16 bit identifier is not long enough!
• but, modern software randomises request port
• Older software is flawed
– predictable random numbers!
• or even accepts non-authorised data!
• No-one monitors for attacks
– however
h this
thi scales
l b badly,
dl so off li
limited
it d iinterest
t t
– BUT WAIT!

7th September 2009 Advanced Network Security

 DNS (II): Kaminsky
• Ask for multiple sub-domains (sub1, sub2 etc.)
– neat way of ensuring resolver always has to ask
• Attacker tries to get their answer in first
– BUT of course only poisons some obscure sub-domain
• Kaminsky realised could supply NS data as well
– “in-bailiwick”
in bailiwick data (extra info from authoritative server)
– relied upon for some purposes! So devastating attack!
• Mitigate
g ((only)
y) with lots of entropy
py (as
( before))
– and what of clever servers behind dumb firewalls?
– only real fix is DNSSEC

7th September 2009 Advanced Network Security

 DNS (III): phishing
• “Rock-phish” gang spoofed GoDaddy Aug07
– probably just wanted some cheap domains
– BUT control of a registrar account permits changes to
name server identities
• Registrars for grown-ups will check validity of
changes out-of-band, $10 hosting will not
– significant number of US banks were vulnerable
• Attack vector might also be malware…

7th September 2009 Advanced Network Security

 DNS (IV): root of trust
• 13 top level name servers (A-M)
– maximum that will fit in a DNS response
• Included with BIND (etc) as a text file
– you have to start bootstrapping somewhere!
• L moved from 198.32.64.12 to 199.7.83.42
– moved 1 Nov 2007 (warnings sent 24 Oct 2007)
– AS20144 (ICANN) announced route until 2 May 2008
• BUT other AS’s announced route
– Dec 15 (AS42909), Mar 18 (AS 4555), Apr 1 (AS9584)
– all serving the right thing (through May, we think!)

7th September 2009 Advanced Network Security

 Attacks on BGP
• Basic idea: announce a /32 for mailserver
– BGP prefers a “more specific” announcement
• Traffic then flows to Ruritania
– email contents are available for inspection
• /32 may not propagate, so /24 may be better
– leads to complexity if other hosts or services on /24
– hence tunnelling packets back to ISP may be best (and
just sniff them as they pass)
• Sniffing possible anyway at other ISPs
– difference here is scale and remoteness

7th September 2009 Advanced Network Security

 More specifics…
• Route should not be accepted
– mnt
mnt-lower
lower prevents creation of new route objects
– so everyone ought to notice that route isn’t valid
– complexities with multiple registries
• Route may be spotted by monitoring
– MyASN
y @ RIPE,, Renesysy etc
– note that bogon filtering hides route from owner! and so
Best Practice prevents give-away failures

7th September 2009 Advanced Network Security

 Unauthorised announcements
• Existing route: hope to be a shorter AS path
– BGP counts AS’s to determine preference
– so more effective in Ruritania than London
• May help to forge origin for peer to accept the
route (entirely dependent on filters)
• Once again, monitoring detects wickedness
– but registry data error-prone and incomplete so can
perhaps only consider changes?
– and of course you need to know all about multi-homed
customers! Is this possible?

7th September 2009 Advanced Network Security

 More BGP Stuff
• RIPE
MyASN & lots of other initiatives
• Experimental alerting systems
http://iar.cs.unm.edu/alerts.php
http://iar cs unm edu/alerts php
http://phas.netsec.colostate.edu
• Anirudh Ramachandran and Nick Feamster
SIGCOMM 2006: Understanding the
Network-Level Behavior of Spammers

7th September 2009 Advanced Network Security

 SMTP Defence I: encryption
• Opportunistic encryption (RFC3207)
– uses STARTTLS capability & command
– negotiate mutually acceptable algorithm
• Plus points:
– works out of the box for major MTAs
– only
y end-points
p can decrypt
yp the traffic
• Minus points:
– increases processing load (may not matter)
– no “man-in-the-middle” protection

7th September 2009 Advanced Network Security

SMTP Defence II: authentication
• Check certificates before sending email
– prevents man-in-the-middle
man in the middle
• Plus points:
– works out of the box for major MTAs
• Minus points:
– increases processing load (albeit may not matter)
– needs a Public Key Infrastructure (or a lot of bilateral
arrangements)

7th September 2009 Advanced Network Security

 Network level defences
• Anti-spoofing filters on customer links
– motherhood! (but tedious for custom customers)
• Much harder to do on border routers
– unicast reverse path forwarding (RPF) can help
– but at IXPs this may not be practicable
• Can check if traffic coming from correct peer
– straightforward(ish) sFlow/Netflow analysis

7th September 2009 Advanced Network Security

 Secure DNS/BGP
• Secure DNS almost here
– some TLDs already signed,
signed more to come
– unlikely that will be fully deployed for years
– BUT Kaminsky exploit has given it a huge boost

• Secure BGP(s)
( ) experimental
p at p
present
– concerns about performance (cf MD5)
– concerns about key distribution
– when will it be stable and inter-working?

7th September 2009 Advanced Network Security

 Blended attacks
• Some key distribution schemes use DNS
• Attack
Att k the
th DNS and d you may beb able
bl to
t
compromise systems that are “secure”
• Best use of a BGP attack may be to capture the
DNS servers (think long TTL), and then you can
go after the mail servers at leisure!
• …and of course you may just want to DoS
– so y
you don’t mind if your
y attack is noticed

7th September 2009 Advanced Network Security

 But
B t why
h nott j
just
t
attack the customer
directly?
 Customer equipment
• Windows machines may keep name server
identities in registry – easy for malware to change
• But in practice, usually set by DHCP
• Hence only need to compromise home routers
– may have no password at all (and insecure wireless)
– may be configurable from “the
the outside”
outside
– may be insecure, with buffer overflows &c
– may still have the standard password
• With wireless as well, some researchers postulate
an out-of-band worm!

7th September 2009 Advanced Network Security

 Negligence
• The failure to use reasonable care
• Current
C t ttestt for
f “duty
“d t off care”:
”
– harm must be (1) reasonably foreseeable
(2) there must be a relationship of proximity between
the plaintiff and defendant and
(3) it must be “fair, just and reasonable” to impose
liability
• If one of my attacks is effective on a mailserver,
because of firewall failings, are you negligent?
• Short term specific: if your router/firewall makes
DNS IP-IDs ppredictable,, are you
y negligent?
g g
7th September 2009 Advanced Network Security
Looking for spam
in ISP logs
 Email “spam” : key insight
• Lots of spam is to ancient email addresses
• Lots
L t off spam iis tto invented
i t d addresses
dd
• Lots of spam is blocked by remote filters

• Can process server logs to pick out this

information Spam has many delivery failures
information.
whereas legitimate email mainly works

7th September 2009 Advanced Network Security

 spammer customer
t
yahoo.com
customer ISP email hotmail com
hotmail.com
server example.com
customer (smarthost) example.co.uk
beispiel.de
spammer etc.etc.etc
customer
Logs

ISP
S
Complaints
abuse@
team
7th September 2009 Advanced Network Security
 Log processing heuristics
Report “too many” failures to deliver
– more than 20 works pretty well
• Ignore “bounces” !
– have null “<
<> >” return path,
path these often fail
– detect rejection daemons without < > paths
• Ignore “mailing
mailing lists”
lists (fixed sender)
– most destinations work, only some fail (10%)
– more than one “mailing list” is a spam indicator!
• Ignore “forwarding” (fixed destination)
– multiple forwarding destinations is common

7th September 2009 Advanced Network Security

 Bonus! also detects viruses
• Common for mass mailing “worms” to use
address book (mainly valid addresses)
– though worms are currently rather out of fashion
• Often remote sites will reject malware

AND, VERY USEFUL!

AND
• Virus authors don’t know how to say HELO
• So virus infections are also detected
– out of fashion, but many still getting infected

7th September 2009 Advanced Network Security

2007-05-19 10:47:15 [email protected] Size=2199
!!! [email protected]
!!! [email protected]
!!! [email protected]
-> [email protected]
-> [email protected]
2007-05-19 10:50:22 [email protected] Size=2206
!!! [email protected]
88222@
!!! [email protected]
-> [email protected]
->
> [email protected]
3219@h t il
-> [email protected]
-> [email protected]
and 31 more valid destinations
2007-05-19 10:59:15 [email protected] Size=2228
!!! [email protected]
->
> peter
[email protected]
y@seed net tw
-> [email protected]
-> [email protected]
->
> [email protected]
-> [email protected]
7th September 2009 Advanced Network Security
and 44 more valid destinations
HELO = lrhnow.usa.net

2007-05-19 23:11:22 [email protected] Size= 8339

-> [email protected]

HELO = lkrw.hotmail.com

2007-05-19 23:11:24 [email protected] Size=11340

-> [email protected]

HELO = pshw.netscape.net

2007 05 19 23:14:52 dscceljzmy@netscape

2007-05-19 [email protected]
net Size= 6122
-> [email protected]

HELO = zmgp
zmgp.cs.com
cs com

2007-05-19 23:18:06 [email protected] Size= 6925

->
> [email protected]

7th September 2009 Advanced Network Security

ISP email handling

Smarthost
Th Internet
The I

MX host

7th September 2009 Advanced Network Security

 Incoming email
• Some spam runs will also target other customers
– complex for spammers to avoid this
• Some spammers try and use the smarthost, but
using the MX record doesn’t
doesn t work too well
– major ISPs don’t do “in” and “out” on the same machine
• Hence processing incoming server logs can locate
the spammers who don’t use the smarthost
– heuristics can in fact be set much more sensitively
– once again, good at spotting virus activity

7th September 2009 Advanced Network Security

 Email log processing @ demon

Detection of spam (black) and viruses (red)

7th September 2009 Advanced Network Security
 Incoming reports (all sources)

spam (black), viruses (red), reports (blue)

7th September 2009 Advanced Network Security

 Traffic analysis
• This is a specific example of a general technique
called “traffic
traffic analysis”
analysis which permits analysis of
activity without access to the content
• The spooks have done it for ages,
ages but is now
getting significant traction in open community

• This leads to an even more general principle:

“It’s
It s hard to make one thing look like another
another”
especially when attacker doesn’t know exactly (for your
chosen measurement) what “normal” looks like

7th September 2009 Advanced Network Security

Advanced Network
Security
Richard Clayton

http://www lightbluetouchpaper org

http://www.lightbluetouchpaper.org

Check Point Course

7 September
S t b 2009