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Assignment 1

This document discusses different types of instruments used to measure physical quantities including: 1) Active instruments which require an external power source, passive instruments which produce energy from the quantity measured, deflection instruments which display measurements as pointer movement, and null instruments which balance weights until a null point is reached. 2) Sensors convert physical quantities into measurable electrical outputs like voltage, while transducers convert one form of energy into another. 3) An example mercury in glass thermometer has a precision and resolution of 0.1°C, range of 0-100°C, span of 100, and tolerance and drift of ±1°C and 1/2°C respectively. Errors include imprecision, bias

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Roshaan Ashraf
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42 views

Assignment 1

This document discusses different types of instruments used to measure physical quantities including: 1) Active instruments which require an external power source, passive instruments which produce energy from the quantity measured, deflection instruments which display measurements as pointer movement, and null instruments which balance weights until a null point is reached. 2) Sensors convert physical quantities into measurable electrical outputs like voltage, while transducers convert one form of energy into another. 3) An example mercury in glass thermometer has a precision and resolution of 0.1°C, range of 0-100°C, span of 100, and tolerance and drift of ±1°C and 1/2°C respectively. Errors include imprecision, bias

Uploaded by

Roshaan Ashraf
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1)

a) Active Instruments
Active instruments require external source of power;
either a battery or an external voltage source.
Example: Float-type petrol tank

b) Passive Instruments
Passive instruments have no external power source and
energy output is entirely produced by quantity being
measured.
Example: Passive Pressure Gauge

c) Deflection Type Instruments


Value of quantity being measured is displayed in terms of
amount of movement of a pointer.
Example: Iron Vane

d) Null Type Instruments


Weights are added until the piston reaches a datum
level, known as the null point. Pressure measurement
is made in terms of the value of the weights needed to
reach this null position.
Example: Deadweight Gauge
e) Analogue Instruments
An analogue instrument gives an output that varies
continuously as the quantity being measured changes.
Example: Moving Iron Meter

f) Digital Instruments
The digital instrument is an instrument that indicates
the value of measurement in the form of numbers or to
be very precise decimal numbers.
Example: Rev Counter

g) Indicating Instruments
Indicating instruments indicate the value of the
electrical quantity to be measured generally by
deflection of pointer on calibrated scale.
Example: Ammeter/Voltmeter

2)

A sensor is a device, that senses a physical quantity and converts it into an analogue
quantity which can be measured electrically such as voltage, capacitance, inductance
and ohmic resistance. For example, a microphone which converts sound into electrical
energy.

A transducer is a device which converts one form of energy into another form. A good
example of a transducer is an antenna, which can be used to convert electricity to
electromagnetic waves and vice versa.
3)

a)
Physical Quantity: Temperature
Instrument: Mercury In Glass Thermometer

Precision: 0.1 °C
Resolution: 0.1 °C
Range: 0 – 100 °C
Span: 100
Tolerance: ±1 °C
Drift: 1 / 2 °C

Dynamic Characteristic: First Order Instrument

b) Most expected error type is error in precision, bias or parallax error.

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