52

Katherine Isabel T. Remulla Problem 25 Page 1 of 2

Let us estimate the entropy and temperature of a charge neutral non-rotating black hole.

2.54a Consider a single photon attempting to escape a black hole. The potential energy U and
the kinetic energy T are given by
GM m 1
U= 2
K = mv 2 (1)
R 2
where G is the gravitational constant, M is the mass of the black hole, m is the mass of the
photon, R is the radius, and v is the escape velocity. Conservation of energy tells us that the
magnitude of the kinetic and potential energy of a photon attempting to escape a black hole should
be equal. That is, |U | = |T |. From (1),

GM m 1
2
= mv 2 (2)
R 2
Solving for r and substituting the velocity v for the speed of light c,
2GM
R= . (3)
c2

2.54b To find entropy, let us assume that S ∝ N k. The energy per photon is simply given by

M c2 M c2
E= ⇒ N= (4)
N E
where N is the number of photons. The energy of a photon is also related to its wavelength by
the Planck constant. Mathematically, this is given by
c
E = hv = h . (5)
λ
Let λ = 2R. (3) becomes

4GM
λ= . (6)
c2
Substituting (6) into (5) allows us to obtain

hc3
E= . (7)
4GM
To find N , we substitute E in (4) for (7).

4GM 4GM 2
N = M c2 = (8)
hc3 hc
4GM 2
∴ S∝k (9)
hc
The result in (9) shows the correct dependence on G, M , h, c, and k. However, we know that
the correct expression for the entropy of a black hole is

8π 2 GM 2
S=k (10)
hc
To calculate the entropy of one solar mass black hole, let us use M = 2 × 1030 kg. From (10),

∴ Ssolar mass = 1.4650 × 1054 J/K (11)

2.54c Next let us express the entropy in terms of the surface area A of the black hole instead
of M . We may assume the black hole to be spherically symmetric and the radius R between the
photon and the center of the black hole to be the radius of the black hole itself.

A = 4πR2 (12)
Using (3) in (12),
2
16πG2 M 2

2GM
A = 4π = (13)
c2 c4
and isolating M ,
r
Ac4
M= . (14)
16πG2
Lastly, let us use (14) in (10).

8π 2 G Ac4
S=k (15)
hc 16πG2
πkAc3
∴ S= (16)
2hG

2.54d Express S in terms of the total energy E instead of M and determine the temperature for
a one solar mass black hole. We know that the total energy of a black hole is E = M c2 . Therefore,
the entropy becomes

8π 2 Gk E 2 8π 2 Gk 2
 
S= = E
hc c4 hc5
dS 16π 2 Gk
= E (17)
dE hc5
∂E ∂S −1
We shall use the following relations: T = ∂S = ( ∂E ) From (17),

hc5
T = (18)
16π 2 GkE
To find the one solar mass blackhole, we use (18) while substituting E for M c2 .

hc3
Tsolar mass = = 6 × 10−8 K (19)
16π 2 GkM