PARAKONTEL 4G OPTIMIZATION ONLINE COURSE (P4O2C)

ADVANCED LEVEL
 LTE FLASH
INTRODUCTION
LTE/SAE Network Elements
Main references to architecture in 3GPP specs.: TS23.401,TS23.402,TS36.300
Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN) Evolved Packet Core (EPC)

HSS
eNB Mobility
Management
Entity Policy & Charging Rule
S6a Function

MME S10
X2 S7 Rx+
PCRF
S11
S1-U S5/S8 SGi
PDN
LTE-Uu Serving PDN
Evolved Node B
Gateway Gateway
LTE-UE (eNB)
SAE
Gateway
What is Bearer ?

“Bearer” is the way how packet data transmitted from the UE until the Internet Cloud area. In another
word Bearer is the pipeline that pass through the communication content which can be transform from
one pipeline to another pipeline. As we can see on above picture that during the transmission of
internet content via LTE Networks called as EPS Bearer (Evolved Packer System). Out side LTE
environment called as External Bearer.
Bearer Components

If you see the diagram shown above, you would notice that this bearer has two main part. One is 'Radio
Bearer' and the other part is Core network bearer.
In LTE, the both 'Radio Bearer' part and 'Core Network Bearer' both configured by a single message,
'RRC Connection Reconfiguration'. Actually within 'RRC Connection Reconfiguration' message there is
one part for Radio configuration and another part for Core Network configuration.
Signaling Radio Bearer

• SRB0 is for RRC messages using the CCCH logical channel;

• SRB1 is for RRC messages (which may include a piggybacked NAS message) as well as for NAS
messages prior to the establishment of SRB2, all using DCCH logical channel;

• SRB2 is for RRC messages which include logged measurement information as well as for NAS
messages, all using DCCH logical channel. SRB2 has a lower-priority than SRB1 and is always
configured by E-UTRAN after security activation.
Channel Mapping
Bearer Level QoS

• Default bearer 1: Used for signaling messages (sip signaling) related to IMS network. It uses qci 5
• Dedicated bearer: Used for VoLTE VoIP traffic. It uses qci 1 and is linked to default bearer 1
• Default bearer 2: Used for all other smartphone traffic (video, chat, email, browser etc), assuming
qci 9 is used here
Cell Search (1/2)
Remember?
What are all the steps and the physical
channels involved ?
1. PSS Primary Synchronisation Signal
(Time-slot & Frequency synchronisation
+ Physical cell id (0,1,2) )

2. SSS Secondary Synchronisation Signal

(Frame synchronisation
+ Physical Cell id group (1..168) )

3. DL Reference Signals
(Channel estimation & measurements
UE
eNodeB 4. PBCH – Physical Broadcast Channel
(MIB – DL system bandwidth, PHICH configuration)
MIB = Master Information Block
PHICH = Physical HARQ Indicator Channel
Cell Search
Challenge:
 The PBCH contains only the MIB (Master Information Block) → the SIBs (System Information
Blocks) are on the PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Channel)!
 need to read SIBs on PDSCH
 Problem: The UE should read PDSCH but it doesn't know which resource blocks are reserved for
it and where are they placed (in time & frequency)

Solution:
 PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Channel) indicates the size of PDCCH (Physical
Downlink Control Channel)
 the PDCCH is indicating which resource blocks are scheduled and where are located
Cell Search (2/2)

5. PCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator Channel

(How many OFDM symbols (1,2,3) in the beginning of
the sub-frame are for PDCCH)

6. PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel

(Resource allocation for PDSCH )

7. PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel

(SIBs: Cell global ID, parameters for cell selection / UE
reselection, … )
eNodeB

→ CELL SELECTION & RESELECTION

SIB: System Information Block
What are the Next Steps?

 The UE has selected one cell → “camping on the cell” procedure

 The “camping on the cell” procedure will be explained later

 The UE can start the initial access

I have found one suitable

cell. What is next?
UE eNodeB
Random Access (1/2)
8. PRACH preamble (A)
(A –1st random preamble*)

.
.
. (C)
8. PRACH preamble
(C –3rd random preamble)
UE
eNodeB
Challenge:
Several UEs may send the same preamble. How to solve the
collision ?
Solution:
→ contention resolution
* 64 Random Access Preamble Signatures available per Cell
Random Access (2/2)
response to RACH Preamble on PDSCH

9. PCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator Channel

(How many OFDM symbols (1,2,3) in the beginning of
the sub-frame are for PDCCH)
10. PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel
(Resource allocation for PDSCH)

11. PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel

(Random Access response: ID of the received UE
preamble, C-RNTI)
eNodeB

C-RNTI: Cell Radio Network Temporary Identity

Contention Resolution for the Initial Access
several UE with same RACH
Preamble Signature
 getting same UL grant 8. PRACH Preamble
 collision with RRC
Connection Request

11. PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel

(Random Access response: ID of received preamble, UL
resources for TX*, C-RNTI)

12. PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel

(RRC: RRC Connection Request, *C-RNTI, TMSI or
random number) UE
eNodeB 13. PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel
(Contention Resolution, C-RNTI & TMSI or random
TMSI = Temporary Mobile Subscriber number)
Identity * UL grant  PUSCH resources All other UEs not receiving correct
answer (TMSI)
 restart Random Access (8)
What are the Next Steps?

 The random access procedure is successfully finished

 Next steps:
- RRC Connection Establishment
- Registration
- UE-CN signaling (Attach)
 Higher layer signaling -> not shown here eNodeB

Now I am connected so I can

download the web page from the
Internet. www.nokia.com
UE
 DL Transmission
1. DL Reference signals  Channel Estimate / CQI

2. PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel (or PUSCH) Note:

(CQI based on DL reference signals measurements) CQI along with
3. PCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator Channel data  PUSCH
(How many symbols (1,2,3) in the beginning of the
sub-frame are for PDCCH)
4. PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel
(DL assignment for PDSCH: Modulation & coding,
resource blocks*)
5. PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel UE
(user data  initial transmission)
eNodeB
6. PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel (or PUSCH)
CQI = Channel Quality Indicator (ACK/ NACK for HARQ)
ACK = Acknowledgment
NACK = Negative ACK 7. PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel
HARQ = Hybrid Automatic
Repeat Request (user data → eventual re-transmission)
* Physical Resource Allocation
 UL Transmission
1. PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel (or PUSCH)
(UL scheduling request*)
2. UL Sounding Reference Signal SRS
(used by Node-B for channel dependent scheduling)

3. UL Demodulation Reference Signal

(UL channel estimation, demodulation → like DPCCH in UMTS)
4. PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel
(UL grant – capacity allocation)
5. PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel
eNodeB (user data → initial transmission)
UE
6. PHlCH Physical HARQ Indicator Channel
DPCCH = Dedicate Physical Control
Channel (ACK/ NACK for HARQ)
ACK = Acknowledgment
NACK = Negative ACK 7. PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel
HARQ = Hybrid Automatic Repeat
Request (user data → eventual re-transmission)
* scheduling request only needed for applications with QoS like best effort
Resource allocation for PDSCH

Downlink Resource Allocation

• eNB allocates number of PRBs in the downlink through DCI sent in PDCCH.
• In order to indicate where these PRBs are located, eNB needs a bitmap.
 Example: 20MHz system has 100 RBs, UE is allocated 15 RBs in the downlink. eNB needs to send 100 bits in every DCI to
tell UE where the 15 RBs allocated to that UE are located within the 100 RBs.
• In order to reduce overhead for control information (PRB bitmaps), PRBs are translated into Virtual Resource
• Blocks (VRBs) which are then localized in groups, called Resource Block Group (RBG)
RBG Allocation Strategy

• With 10 MHz system has 17 RBGs with size 3

RBG 0 RBG 1 RBG 2 RBG 15 RBG 16

VRB 0 VRB 1 VRB 2 VRB 3 VRB 4 VRB 5 VRB 6 VRB 7 VRB 8 ….. VRB 45 VRB 46 VRB 47 VRB 48 VRB 49

• With 15 MHz system has 19 RBGs with size 4

RBG 0 RBG 1 RBG 18 RBG 19

VRB 0 VRB 1 VRB 2 VRB 3 VRB 4 VRB 5 VRB 6 VRB 7 VRB 8 ….. VRB 68 VRB 69 VRB 70 VRB 71 VRB 72 VRB 73 VRB 74

• With 20 MHz system has 25 RBGs with size 4

RBG 0 RBG 1 RBG 23 RBG 24

VRB 0 VRB 1 VRB 2 VRB 3 VRB 4 VRB 5 VRB 6 VRB 7 VRB 8 ….. VRB 92 VRB 93 VRB 94 VRB 95 VRB 96 VRB 97 VRB 98 VRB 99
Recommendation

If the number of RB required is not that of an integral number of RBG size, the allocation is defined
according to Huawei Specific parameter RbgAllocStrategy.
Value Notes
If the number of required RBs is less than that of one RBG, the actual number of RBs are allocated to UEs at the
current transmission time interval (TTI)
ROUND_DOWN ADAPTIVE
(Current Settings) If the number of required RBGs is greater than N but less than N+1 (N is greater than or equal to 1), RBs of N RBG allocation provides
RBGs are allocated to UEs in the current TTI and the other required RBs are allocated to UEs in the next TTI. lowers the number of
The number of allocated RBGs is rounded down and an integral number of RBGs are allocated to the scheduled consumed CCEs,
UE.
higher DL rates due to
In this situation, RBs are efficiently used but the scheduling times also increase and the DL user rates decrease.
higher number of RBs
allocated, while not
The number of allocated RBGs is rounded up and an integral number of RBGs are allocated to the scheduled
wasting RB resources
ROUND_UP UE, regardless of whether the number of required RBs is greater or less than that of one RBG. when UE requires RB
below RBG size
In this situation, a few RBs are wasted but the scheduling times also decrease and the DL user rates increase.
This function may slightly
If the number of required RBs is less than that of one RBG, the actual number of RBs are allocated to UEs at the
decrease the average number
current transmission time interval (TTI)
of scheduled users per TTI in
21
ADAPTIVE
(Recommended) If the number of required RBs is greater than that of one RBG, the number of allocated RBGs is rounded up and
the downlink.
an integral number of RBGs are allocated to the scheduled UE.

Compared with RBG round-up, this mode prevents RB waste when the number of required RBs is less than that
of one RBG.
Recommendation
Round Down (0) Round Down (0)
PRB 49 PRB 49 PRB 49 PRB 49
RBG 16 RBG 16 RBG 16 RBG 16
PRB 48 PRB 48 PRB 48 PRB 48
PRB 47 PRB 47 PRB 47 PRB 47
RBG 15 PRB 46 RBG 15 PRB 46 RBG 15 PRB 46 RBG 15 PRB 46
PRB 45 PRB 45 PRB 45 PRB 45

PRB 2 PRB 2 PRB 2 PRB 2

RBG 1 PRB 1 RBG 1 PRB 1 RBG 1 PRB 1 RBG 1 PRB 1
PRB 0 PRB 0 PRB 0 PRB 0
PRB 2 PRB 2 PRB 2 PRB 2
RBG 0 PRB 1 RBG 0 PRB 1 RBG 0 PRB 1 RBG 0 PRB 1
PRB 0 PRB 0 PRB 0 PRB 0

Round Up (1) Round Up (1)

N(RBG)<1 N(RBG)+1
PRB 49 PRB 49 PRB 49 PRB 49
RBG 16 RBG 16 RBG 16 RBG 16
PRB 48 PRB 48 PRB 49 PRB 48 PRB 48
PRB 49 RBG 16
RBG 16 PRB 47 PRB 47 PRB 48 PRB 47 PRB 47
PRB 48 RBG 15 PRB 46 RBG 15 PRB 46 RBG 15 PRB 46 RBG 15 PRB 46
PRB 47
PRB 47 PRB 45 PRB 45 PRB 45 PRB 45
RBG 15 PRB 46
RBG 15 PRB 46
PRB 45
PRB 45

PRB 2 PRB 2 PRB 2 PRB 2

RBG 1 PRB 1 RBG 1 PRB 1 PRB 2 RBG 1 PRB 1 RBG 1 PRB 1
PRB 2 PRB 0 PRB 0 PRB 0 PRB 0
RBG 1 PRB 1
RBG 1 PRB 1 PRB 2 PRB 2 PRB 2 PRB 2
PRB 0
PRB 0 RBG 0 PRB 1 RBG 0 PRB 1 RBG 0 PRB 1 RBG 0 PRB 1
PRB 2
PRB 2 PRB 0 PRB 0 PRB 0 PRB 0
RBG 0 PRB 1
RBG 0 PRB 1
PRB 0
PRB 0
Adaptive (2) Adaptive (2)
PRB 49 PRB 49 PRB 49 PRB 49
RBG 16 RBG 16 RBG 16 RBG 16
PRB 48 PRB 48 PRB 48 PRB 48
PRB 47 PRB 47 PRB 47 PRB 47
RBG 15 PRB 46 RBG 15 PRB 46 RBG 15 PRB 46 RBG 15 PRB 46

Ex: with 10 MHz

PRB 45 PRB 45 PRB 45 PRB 45

system, It has 17 PRB 2 PRB 2 PRB 2 PRB 2

RBGs with size 3 RBG 1 PRB 1
PRB 0
RBG 1 PRB 1
PRB 0
RBG 1 PRB 1
PRB 0
RBG 1 PRB 1
PRB 0
PRB 2 PRB 2 PRB 2 PRB 2
RBG 0 PRB 1 RBG 0 PRB 1 RBG 0 PRB 1 RBG 0 PRB 1
PRB 0 PRB 0 PRB 0 PRB 0
 Uplink- Downlink-to-Uplink Subframe number
downlink Switch-point
LTE TDD/FDD configuration
0
periodicity
5 ms
0

D
1

S
2

U
3

U
4

U
5

D
6

S
7

U
8

U
9

Frame and 1
2
5 ms
5 ms
D
D
S
S
U
U
U
D
D
D
D
D
S
S
U
U
U
D
D
D

Channel Type 3
4
10 ms
10 ms
D
D
S
S
U
U
U
U
U
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
5 10 ms D S U D D D D D D D
6 5 ms D S U U U D S U U D
LTE Physical Layer Structure – Frame Structure (FDD)
• FDD Frame structure ( also called Type 1 Frame) is common to both UL & DL
• Divided into 20 x 0.5ms slots
– Structure has been designed to facilitate short round trip time
- Frame length = 10 ms
0.5 ms slot
- FDD: 10 sub-frames of 1 ms for UL & DL
sy0 sy1 sy2 sy3 sy4 sy5 sy6
- 1 Frame = 20 slots of 0.5ms each
10 ms frame - 1 slot = 7 (normal CP) or 6 OFDM symbols
(extended CP)
s s s s s s s s ….. s18 s19
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0.5 ms slot
SF: SubFrame
SF0 SF1 SF2 SF3 ….. SF9
s: slot
1 ms sub-frame Sy: symbol
•In FDD, there is a time offset between uplink and downlink transmission.
 LTE Physical Layer Structure – Frame Structure (TDD)
Frame Type 2 (TS 36.211-900; 4.2)
• each radio frame consists of 2 half frames = 10 subframes = 10 ms (1 subframe = 1 ms)
• Half-frame = 5 ms = 5 Sub-frames of 1 ms
• UL-DL configurations with both 5 ms & 10 ms DL-to-UL switch-point periodicity are supported
• Special subframe with the 3 fields DwPTS, GP & UpPTS; length of DwPTS + UpPTS +GP = 1 subframe; (i.e. depending on frame
configuration one or two Special Subframes)
• DL / UL ratio can vary from 1/3 to 8/1 according to service requirements of the carrier
Radio Frame: 10ms
Half Frame: 5 ms
f SF SF SF SF SF SF SF SF

DwPTS
DwPTS

UpPTS
UpPTS
GP

GP
UL/DL
carrier
#0 #2 #3 #4 #5 #7 #8 #9

Subframe 1ms time

DwPTS: Downlink Pilot time Slot Downlink Subframe
UpPTS: Uplink Pilot Time Slot Uplink Subframe
GP: Guard Period to separate between DL/UL Special Subframe
DL or UL Subframe
UL/DL Configurations
– TDD allows flexible bandwidth allocation between UL & DL to support asymmetric traffic
• The number of subframes dedicated to UL & DL within the 10ms frame can be adjusted
– 7 different frame configurations
• Chosen UL/DL Configuration should be the same across all cells of a network to avoid interference between transmission
directions (Rel.8 static or semi-static TDD system)
– Nokia RL45 supports Configuration 1 & 2:
• Configuration 1 DL:UL=2:2
• Configuration 2 DL:UL=3:1

Uplink-downlink Downlink-to-Uplink Subframe number

configuration Switch-point periodicity 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 5 ms D S U U U D S U U U
1 5 ms D S U U D D S U U D
2 5 ms D S U D D D S U D D
3 10 ms D S U U U D D D D D
4 10 ms D S U U D D D D D D
5 10 ms D S U D D D D D D D
6 5 ms D S U U U D S U U D

D Downlink S Special U Uplink

Special Subframe Configuration More info: TS36.21
– Total length of special subframe is 1ms but the length of the each field may vary
• 9 different formats supported

Fields:
– Downlink Pilot time Slot (DwPTS)
• shortened DL subframe
• for Reference Signals & control information
• may carry user data
• contains PSS (note: SSS transmitted on
the last symbol of subframe 0)
– Uplink Pilot Time Slot (UpPTS)
• mainly used for RACH and SRS transmission
– Guard Period (GP)
• Switching point between DL & UL transmission
• Compensates for the delay when switching between transmission directions
• Its length determines the maximum supportable cell size

For 5ms periodicity subframe#6 is also a

special subframe (otherwise is normal)

SUBFRAME 1
 LTE Radio
Resource
Management
LTE RRM: Power Control
Improve cell edge behaviour, reduce inter-cell interference & power consumption

•Downlink:
– There is no adaptive or dynamic power control in DL but semi-static power setting

– eNodeB gives flat power spectral density (dBm/PRB) for the scheduled resources:
• The power for all the PRBs is the same
• If there are PRBs not scheduled that power is not used but the power of the remaining scheduled
PRBs doesn’t change:
– Total Tx power is max. when all PRBs are scheduled. If only 1/2 of the PRBs are scheduled the
Tx power is 1/2 of the Tx power max ( i.e. Tx power max -3dB)

– Semi-static: PDSCH power can be adjusted via O&M parameters

• Cell Power Reduction level CELL_PWR_RED [0...10] dB attenuation in 0.1 dB steps
Sample Power Calculation
START Check remaining Power RRU

Check RRU Type & the max power Sample

2 x MRFUd = 2x 80 Watt = 160 Watt
: Total Power RRU

Check number of TRX in DCS & the Power Sample After GFR/Refarming max 4 TRX x 20 Watt
: Power DCS = 80 Watt

Sample 10 MHz With MIMO 2 Port x 20 Watt = 40

Check LTE Power : Power LTE
Watt
Remaining Power = 160 – 80 – 40 = 40
Remaining Power = Total Power RRU – Sample Watt.
Power DCS – Power LTE. Still enough 20 Watt to increase LTE 30
Watt per port
END

Parameter Huawei Nokia Ericsson ZTE Remark

Power per port - pMax configuredOutputPower* transmissionPower* Ericsson & ZTE per Cell
PA PaPcOff dlRsBoost crsGain paForDTCH
PB Pb allowPbIndexZero* pdschTypeBGain pb
RS Power ReferenceSignalPwr - - cellReferenceSignalPower
DL Power Allocation
RS Power Calculation & Sample Case
Pre :: Bw 10 Mhz Value Post :: Bw 15 Mhz Value
How to maintain coverage penetration after bandwidth expansion ?
Power per Port(W) 20 Power per Port(W) 30
Coverage related with RSRP which coming from average of received port num 2 port num 2
power Reference Signal resource elements. Therefore the Reference bandwidth(M) 10 bandwidth(M) 15
Signal Power should remain unchanged to maintain the coverage RB num 50 RB num 75
penetration. PA(db) -3 PA(db) -3
PB(db) 1 PB(db) 1
Reference Signal Power formula antenna number 2 antenna number 2
= Power per single port - 10*log(12*Number of RB)+ power boosting RS power(dbm) 18.2 RS power(dbm) 18.2

Ex. 10 MHz, Power 20 Watt per port with Pa = -3 and Pb = 1. Power/port 5 Mhz 10 Mhz 15 Mhz 20 Mhz
= 43 - 10*log (12*50) + 3 = 43 – 27.78 +3 = 18.21 dBm 10 Watt 18.2 15.2 13.5 12.2
15 Watt 20 17 15.2 14
20 Watt 21.2 18.2 16.5 15.2
30 Watt 23 20 18.2 17
Power Control
Improve cell edge behaviour, reduce inter-cell interference and power consumption
Uplink:
• UL PC is a mix of Open Loop Power Control & Closed Loop Power Control:

PPUSCH (i)  min{ PCMAX ,10 log10 ( M PUSCH (i))  P0 _ PUSCH ( j )   ( j )  PL  TF (i)  f (i)}[dBm]
• Closed Loop PC component f(i): Makes use of feedback from the eNB. Feedback are TCP commands send via PDCCH to instruct the
UE to increase or decrease its Tx power

• UL Power control is Slow power control:

2) SINR measurment
– No need for fast power control as in 3G: if UE Tx power 3) Setting new power offset
4) TX power level
adjustment with the new
was high it incremented the co-channel for other UEs. offset
– In LTE all UEs resources are orthogonal in frequency & 1) Initial TX power level
time

TPC: Transmit Power Control

MIMO
MIMO Type
3GPP Transmission Modes Summary
Mode 1 Single-antenna port (SISO)

Mode 2 Transmit diversity (SFBC, Frequency Shift Time Diversity)

Open-loop SM (CQI and RI reported by UE, PM def. by eNb, rank adapt., rank
Mode 3
1 ≈ TM2, otherwise SM)
FDD & TDD
Mode 4 Closed-loop SM (CQI, RI, PMI reported by UE, rank adaptation) Rel 8

Mode 5 Multiuser-MIMO

Mode 6 Closed loop rank 1 precoding

Mode 7 Single-antenna port, port 5 (BF, DRS)

TDD only
Mode 8 Dual layer BF (port 7 and/or 8) Rel 9

Mode 9 Multi-stream beamforming with CSI-RS (Channel state information) Rel 10 FDD & TDD

Parameter Huawei Nokia Ericsson ZTE

Rank CrsPortNum/MaxMimoRankPara/TxRxMode riEnable noOfTxAntennas

MIMO Mode MimoAdaptiveSwitch dlMimoMode transmissionmode flagSwiMode
 RF
Measurement
LTE Measurement
LTE Measurements
•Physical layer measurements have not been extensively discussed in the LTE standardization. They could change.
Intra LTE measurements ( from LTE to LTE)
– UE measurements
• CQI measurements
• Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP)
• Reference Signal Received Quality ( RSRQ)
– eNB measurements
• Non standardized (vendor specific): TA, Average RSSI, Average SINR, UL CSI, detected PRACH
preambles, transport channel BLER
• Standardized: DL RS Tx Power, Received Interference Power, Thermal Noise Power
•Measurements from LTE to other systems
– UE measurements are mainly intended for Handover.
• UTRA FDD: CPICH RSCP, CPICH Ec/No and carrier RSSI
• GSM: GSM carrier RSSI
• UTRA TDD: carrier RSSI, RSCP, P-CCPCH
• CDMA2000: 1xRTT Pilot Strength, HRPD Pilot Strength

CSI: Channel State Information (received power per PRB)

TA: Timing Advance
 eNB
NB LTE

Inter Layer WCDMA

Mobility
Introduction to Inter-layer Mobility : Idle Mode

Same priority
LTE LTE LTE L1800 within LTE
Different Priority
L900 from 3G/2G

F1, F2, F3 Higher priority for

UMTS 2100 UMTS 2100 UMTS 2100 U2100 L2U reselection

Low priority for L2U

reselection. If U900
UMTS 900 UMTS 900 F4 U900 already continuously
coverage then can set
high priority

GSM 1800 GSM 1800 GSM 1800 G1800

GSM 900 Coverage Trigger

G900
Priority Trigger
Reselection Flow

Priority System
7 LTE 1800

6 LTE 900

4 UMTS 2100

3 UMTS 900

1 GSM

0
Measurement Management for cell Reselection
LTE – Thresholds and periodicity for measurements
RSRP [dBm] serving cell

sintrasearch -112 dBm

Search for higher priority frequency/RATs (low periodicity)
Re-select higher priority frequency/RATs if target is better than
Threshx,high
sNonintrsearch -116 dBm
Search for higher and lower priority frequency/RATs (high periodicity)
Re-select higher priority frequency/RATs if target is better than Threshx,high

ThresServLow -118 dBm

Search for higher and lower priority frequency/RATs (high periodicity)
Re-select higher priority frequency/RATs if target is better than Threshx,high
Re-select lower priority frequency/RATs if target is better than Threshx,low

S-criteria qRxLevMin -122 dBm

Start cell selection
 Idle Mode

-68 dBm -118 dBm -124dBm -130 dBm

When RSRP < -68 dBm UE When RSRP < -118 dBm UE
starts to measure intra-freq starts to measure on LTE (Inter)
neighbours and WCDMA

interFrqThrL
sIntrasearch sNonIntrsearch threshSrvLow Qrxlevmin (Used by Serving Cell)
qrxlevminintraF (Used By Neigh Cell)

Qhyst = 3dB threshSrvLow = 6 (-124 dBm) threshSrvLow = 6 (-124 dBm)

interFrqThrL = 4 (-120 dBm) utraFrqThrL = 0 (-115 dBm)
Reselection to other LTE cell will happen: qRxLevMinInterF= -130dBm qRxLevMinUtra= -115 dBm
1. When neighbor is 3dB better than serving
2. For a time tReselEutr = 1s Reselection to LTE Interfreq cell will happen: If no suitable LTE cell found, then reselection to
3. AND more than 1 s has elapsed since the 1. When serving is below -124dBm AND LTE WCDMA will happen
UE camped in the currrent cell neighbour’s RSRP is better than -120 dBm 1. When serving cell is below -124 dBm and
2. For a time intertResEutr = 1s neighboring WCDMA cell RSCP > -115 dBm
3. AND more than 1 s has elapsed since the 2. For a time tResUtra = 1s
UE camped in the current cell 3. AND more than 1 s has elapsed since the UE
camped in the current cell
Confidential
Introduction to Inter-layer Mobility: Connected Mode
 U900 is not considered for
L2U interworking for
LTE LTE LTE LTE connection mode mobility
before U900 is continuous
coverage.
 Also U900 quality need to
monitor considering uplink
interference on 900MHz
U2100 U2100 U2100 F1~F4 UMTS band.

U900
CSFB
GSM 1800 GSM 1800 GSM 1800 G1800
Load Based redirection (MLB)
Coverage Based PS redirection
GSM 900 GSM 900 GSM 900 G900
G->L Fast Return
U->L Fast Return
 Fast Return will not enable on U900 cells since it has bigger coverage than L1800.
 In future if U900 is verified good performance and continuous coverage, then can consider U2L service based redirection
Interworking to U900 instead of U2100 by blind redirection.
HO Process
Intra RAT HO events
Event Meaning Application

A1 Serving becomes better than threshold Quit Gap mode

Enter Gap mode for Inter-Freq or Inter-RAT

A2 Serving becomes worse than threshold
measurement, or trigger Blind Redirection

A3 Neighbor becomes offset better than serving Trigger Intra-Freq or Inter-Freq handover within LTE

A4 Neighbor becomes better than threshold Trigger Inter-Freq handover within LTE

Serving becomes worse than threshold1 and

A5 Huawei not use A5 event/Nokia & Ericsson use A5
neighbor becomes better than threshold2

B1 Inter RAT neighbor becomes better than threshold Trigger Inter-RAT handover or redirection

Serving becomes worse than threshold1 and inter-

B2 Huawei not use B2 event, Nokai & Ericsson use B2
RAT neighbor becomes better than threshold2
Measurement Activation

radio coverage by RSRP decreases

RSRP (reported)
Threshold2GERAN Threshold2Wcdma Threshold2InterFreq Threshold1

Intra-frequency Intra-frequency Intra-frequency Intra-frequency No neighbors

& Inter-frequency & Inter-frequency & Inter-frequency measurements measurements
& GERAN & UMTS & UMTS measurements only except the serving
measurements measurements cell

Assumptions* for this example:

Threshold2GERAN < Threshold2Wcdma < Threshold2InterFreq< Threshold1
HO Flow

49
X-2 HO Preparation

50
X-2 HO Execution

51
X-2 HO Completion

52
Inter eNB Handover via S1 (preparation, execution)

53
Inter eNB Handover via S1 (completion)

54
4G to 4G| X2 and S1 Handover Different Vendor
HO from 4G ERICSSON to 4G Nokia via S1 HO from 4G ERICSSON to 4G Nokia via X2

A3 event : serving PCI 149: A3 event : serving PCI 149:

(-95 dBm) and neighbor (-89 dBm) and neighbor PCI
PCI 501 (Nokia) : (-90 dBm) 501 (Nokia) : (-84 dBm)

Handover Complete Handover Complete

Handover Handover
Command to PCI Command to PCI
501 501

X2 status from existing 4G Ericsson to 4G Nokia status is lock X2 status from existing 4G Ericsson to 4G Nokia status is unlock
(Disabled). So Handover successfully via S1 (Enabled). So Handover successfully via X2
HO to WCDMA
HO to WCDMA
 Connected Mode
• Intra and Inter-frequency Handovers

Event A1 Event A2 Interfreq

Event A5 Thd1
-50 dBm -116 dBm -122dBm

Only Serving UE measure intra/Inter

Cell Frequency Neighbors UE perform HO
UE perform HO
Measurement Neighbor to inter Freq
Neighbor

-114 dBm -120 dBm

Event A5 Thd2 Event A4 Interfreq
 Connected Mode
• IRAT WCDMA Handovers

Threshold2WCDMA
-115dBm

Event A1 b2Threshold1UTRA Event A2

-50 dBm -124dBm -130 dBm

Only Serving UE measure UE measure

Cell intra Frequency WCDMA UE perform HO RRC Release
Measurement Neighbors Neighbors to WCDMA with Redirect
Neighbor

b2Threshold2UTRA
-120dBm
 Redirection from LTE to WCDMA
• Another mobility from LTE to WCDMA is Redirection. With redirection, LTE RRC connection is released with
target RAT information. Ue Released from LTE , than go idle mode in WCDMA

[..] RRC: MEASUREMENT REPORT

event A2
RRC: RRC CONNECTION RELEASE for redirection
target RAT
indicated
Sample Redirection from LTE to WCDMA
• Too early L2U redirection due to RSRQ, propose to disable trigger quantity due to RSRQ to prevent pingpong
redirection & to increse traffic.
• Too late L2U redirection due to RSRP threshold too low (-119 dBm),

Event B2 for L2U and L2G can be disabled to reduce measurement gap setup.
CS Fallback to UTRAN
No CS domain in Evolved Packet System (EPS)
eNB
NB
LTE E-UTRAN attached UEs
WCDMA request CS voice service

UEs must be redirected / handed over

towards other Radio Access Technology
(RAT) that provides CS-domain services
• CS Fallback

eNB MME
UE

RRC:
S1AP: UL NAS TRANSPORT
(Extended Service Request)

S1AP: (CS Fallback Indicator)

CS Fallback
MME
/ eNB MO UE RNC MSC

Extended Service Request (MO CSFB)

Start MO call
ESR Procedure
RRC Connection Setup Procedure

RRC Connection Release (with UARFCN)

UMTS
Acquisition UMTS cell
MO CSFB Call Setup Duration

acquisition
< Status: UMTS Cell Acquired >

UMTS
SIB Read Time SIB reading
< Status: Camped on UMTS Cell >

UE time to Send
RRC Connection
Request
RRC Connection Request

NW RRC
RRC Connection Setup
UMTS
Call Setup
Duration UE UMTS Service
Req. (Location Update Procedure)

( = RRC & NAS Procedures

CM Service Request
on UMTS)
CC Setup
UMTS NAS
CC Call Proceeding

CC Alerting

63
Sample CS Fallback Calculation
Initial Call CSFB CST (ms) LTE Call Setup (ms) L2W Transition (ms) WCDMA Call Setup (ms) Return Time to LTE (ms)

4G Huawei 4793 153 766 3197 677

4G ZTE 4527 73 459 3362 633

4G Nokia 5659 108 1109 3748 694

CSFB Call Setup TIme Remark :

• LTE Call Setup : from Extended Service Request to RRC
Sum of LTE Call Setup (ms) Sum of L2W Transition (ms)
Connection Release
Sum of WCDMA Call Setup (ms)
• L2W Transition : from LTE RRC Connection Release to
6000
WCDMA RRC Connection Request
5000 • WCDMA Call Setup : from RRC Connection Request to
4000 Alerting
• Return Time to LTE : from WCDMA RRC Connection
ms

3000 3748
3197
2000 3362 Release to Tracking Area Update Complete
1000
766 1109
153 459
0 108 73
4G Huawei 4G Nokia 4G ZTE
Sample Layering Overall

65